ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

American National Standard

ASNT Standard for
Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel

Secretariat

The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.

Approved December 7, 1995

American National Standards Institute

Abstract
This standard applies to personnel whose specific tasks or jobs require appropriate knowledge of the
technical principles underlying nondestructive testing (NDT) methods for which they have responsibilities
within the scope of their employment. These specific tasks or jobs include, but are not limited to,
performing, specifying, reviewing, monitoring, supervising, and evaluating NDT work.

To the extent applicable to the standard set forth herein, The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Inc. (ASNT) does not assume the validity or invalidity, enforceability or unenforceability of patent rights,
registered trademarks or copyrights in connection with any item referred to in this standard, study
materials, or examinations. Users of this standard, study materials, or examinations are further cautioned
and expressly advised that determination of the validity or enforceability of any such patent rights,
trademarks, or copyrights, and the risk of the infringement of such rights through misuse of protected
materials are the responsibility of the user. Reference to or pictorial depiction of specific types of products
or equipment are for purposes of illustration only and do not represent the endorsement of such products
or equipment by ASNT.

Employers or other persons utilizing nondestructive testing services are cautioned that they retain full
responsibility for ultimate determination of the qualifications of NDT personnel and for the certification
process. The process of personnel qualification and certification as detailed in the standard does not
relieve the employer of the ultimate legal responsibility to ensure that the NDT personnel are fully qualified
for the tasks being undertaken.

This standard is subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by ASNT.

i
American Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the
requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met
National by the standards developer.

Standard Consensus is established when, in the judgement of the ANSI Board of Standards Review,
substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests.
Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily
unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a
concerted effort be made toward their resolution.
The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does
not in any respect preclude anyone, whether they have approved the standards or not,
from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing or using products, processes, or products
not conforming to the standards.
The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no
circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no
person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National
Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for
interpretations should be addressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears
on the title page of this standard.

CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at

any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action
be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of American
National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing
the American National Standards Institute.

Published by:

The American Society for

Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
1711 Arlingate Lane
Columbus, OH 43228-0518

Copyright © 1996 by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any

form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,
without prior written permission of the publisher.

Printed in the United States of America

ISBN 1-57117-005-7

ii
Contents
Page
Abstract .....................................................................................................................................i

Foreword ..................................................................................................................................v

ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel ........ 1
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................ 1
2. Definitions ......................................................................................................................... 1
3. Levels of Qualification ....................................................................................................... 2
4. Qualification Requirements ............................................................................................... 2
5. Qualification and Certification ........................................................................................... 3
6. Examinations .................................................................................................................... 4
7. Expiration, Suspension, Revocation, and Reinstatement of Employer Certifications ....... 5
8. Employer Recertification ................................................................................................... 6
9. Records ............................................................................................................................ 6
10. Referenced Publications ................................................................................................... 7

Tables
Table 1: General Examination ................................................................................................. 8
Table 2: Specific Examination .................................................................................................. 8

Appendices
Appendix A – Initial Training and Experience Requirements for Level I and Level II ............... 9
Appendix B – Training Outlines .............................................................................................. 11

Training Outlines
Acoustic Emission Testing Method ........................................................................................ 11
Recommended Training for Level I Acoustic Emission Testing ........................................ 11
Basic Acoustic Emission Physics Course ................................................................. 11
Basic Acoustic Emission Technique Course ............................................................. 11
Recommended Training for Level II Acoustic Emission Testing ....................................... 12
Acoustic Emission Physics Course ........................................................................... 12
Acoustic Emission Technique Course ....................................................................... 13
Recommended Training References ............................................................................... 15

Electromagnetic Testing Method ............................................................................................ 16

Recommended Training for Level I Electromagnetic Testing ........................................... 16
Basic Electromagnetic Physics Course .................................................................... 16
Electromagnetic Technique Course .......................................................................... 16
Recommended Training for Level II Electromagnetic Testing .......................................... 17
Electromagnetic Evaluation Course ........................................................................... 17
Recommended Training References ............................................................................... 18

Leak Testing Method ............................................................................................................. 19

Recommended Training for Level I Leak Testing ............................................................. 19
Fundamentals in Leak Testing Course ....................................................................... 19
Safety in Leak Testing Course .................................................................................... 19
Leak Testing Methods Course .................................................................................... 20
Recommended Training for Level II Leak Testing ............................................................ 21
Principles of Leak Testing Course .............................................................................. 21
Pressure and Vacuum Technology Course ................................................................. 22
Leak Test Selection Course ........................................................................................ 23
Recommended Training References ............................................................................... 23

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 Page
Liquid Penetrant Testing Method ........................................................................................... 26
Recommended Training for Level I Liquid Penetrant Testing ........................................... 26
Recommended Training for Level II Liquid Penetrant Testing .......................................... 26
Recommended Training References ............................................................................... 26

Magnetic Particle Testing Method .......................................................................................... 28

Recommended Training for Level I Magnetic Particle Testing ......................................... 28
Recommended Training for Level II Magnetic Particle Testing ........................................ 29
Recommended Training References ............................................................................... 30

Neutron Radiographic Testing Method .................................................................................. 31

Recommended Training for Level I Neutron Radiographic Testing .................................. 31
Neutron Radiographic Equipment Operating and Emergency Instructions Course .... 31
Basic Neutron Radiographic Physics Course ............................................................. 31
Basic Neutron Radiographic Technique Course ......................................................... 32
Recommended Training for Level II Neutron Radiographic Testing ................................. 32
Neutron Radiographic Physics Course ....................................................................... 32
Neutron Radiographic Technique Course ................................................................... 33
Recommended Training References ............................................................................... 34

Radiographic Testing Method ................................................................................................ 36

Recommended Training for Level I Radiographic Testing ................................................ 36
Radiographic Equipment Operating and Emergency Instructions Course ................. 36
Basic Radiographic Physics Course ........................................................................... 36
Radiographic Technique Course ................................................................................ 38
Recaommended Training for Level II Radiographic Testing ............................................... 38
Film Quality and Manufacturing Processes Course ................................................... 38
Radiographic Evaluation and Interpretation Course ................................................... 39
Recommended Training References ............................................................................... 40

Ultrasonic Testing Method ..................................................................................................... 42

Recommended Training for Level I Ultrasonic Testing ..................................................... 42
Basic Ultrasonic Course ............................................................................................. 42
Ultrasonic Technique Course ...................................................................................... 42
Recommended Training for Level II Ultrasonic Testing .................................................... 43
Ultrasonic Evaluation Course ..................................................................................... 43
Recommended Training References ............................................................................... 44

Visual Testing Method ............................................................................................................45

Recommended Training for Level I Visual Testing ........................................................... 45
Recommended Training for Level II Visual Testing .......................................................... 45
Recommended Training References ............................................................................... 46

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Foreword (This foreword is not part of American National Standard CP-189-1995.)

An essential element in the effectiveness of nondestructive testing (NDT) is the

qualification of the personnel who are responsible for and who perform nondestructive
testing. Formal training and actual experience are important and necessary elements
in acquiring the skills necessary to effectively perform nondestructive tests.

The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. (ASNT) has, therefore,
undertaken the preparation and publication of this standard which specifies the
procedures, essential factors, and minimum requirements for qualifying and certifying
NDT personnel.

The ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing

Personnel (Document No. ASNT-CP-189) was initially processed and approved for
submittal to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) by the ASNT Standards
Writing Committee. This revision was processed by the ASNT Standards
Development Committee. Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily
imply that all committee members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this
standard, the Standards Development Committee had the following members:

Todd S. Fleckenstein, Chairman

Kaydell C. Bowles, Vice-Chairman
George C. Belev
Paul Deeds, Jr.
Grover Hardy
Manuel S. Hernandez
Victor Hernandez
Robert M. Hosman
Stephen J. Lavender
Martin J. McCormack
Michael McDaniel
James R. Mitchell
Cornelius Murren
Ronald T. Nisbet
Bruce D. Schlueter
Nancy Shalkowski
Kirit V. Smart
Richard L. Tiefenaur
John H. Weiler
Donald A. Yoder

Approved by the Standards Development Committee March 21, 1994.

(As circulated to the Canvass Committee 10/92, with editorial revisions by the
Standards Development Committee at meetings 3/21/94 and 9/18/94.)

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 ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995
American National Standard ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

ASNT Standard for universities established for the sole purpose of

providing instruction in an orderly, planned, and
Qualification and systematic fashion.

Certification of 2.1.5 Employer. The corporate, private, or public

Nondestructive Testing entity that employs personnel for wages or salary.

Personnel 2.1.6 Evaluation. A determination of the significance

of a relevant indication. (See also interpretation.)

2.1.7 Examination. A formal, controlled,

documented interrogation conducted in accordance
with a procedure.
1. Scope
2.1.8 Experience. Actual performance or
1.1 This standard establishes the minimum observation conducted during work time resulting in
requirements for the qualification and certification of the acquisition of skill and knowledge. Classroom or
nondestructive testing (NDT) personnel. laboratory training time or both shall not be
considered as experience.
1.2 This standard details the minimum training,
education, and experience requirements for NDT 2.1.9 General examination. A written examination
personnel and provides criteria for documenting addressing the basic principles of the applicable NDT
qualifications and certification. method.

1.3 This standard requires the employer to establish 2.1.10 Indication. A response or evidence of a
a procedure for the certification of NDT personnel. response occurring during a nondestructive test.

1.4 This standard requires that the employer 2.1.11 Interpretation.

incorporate any unique or additional requirements in
the certification procedure. 2.1.11.1 Interpretation (of NDT test data). The
determination of whether indications are relevant, or
nonrelevant. (See also evaluation.)
2. Definitions
2.1.11.2 Interpretation (general). To clarify the
2.1 Purpose. These definitions are intended to clarify meaning of.
the meanings of terms used in this standard, as they
apply to this standard, and only to this standard. No 2.1.12 Method. One of the disciplines of NDT; for
broader application of these definitions is implied. example, ultrasonic testing, within which various test
techniques may exist.
2.1.1 Certification. Written testimony that an
individual has met the applicable requirements of this 2.1.13 NDT instructor. An individual qualified and
standard. designated in accordance with this standard to train
or educate NDT personnel. (See also Section 3.)
2.1.2 Closed-book examination. An examination
administered without access to reference material 2.1.14 Practical examination. An examination used
except that supplied with or in the examination. to demonstrate an individual’s ability in conducting
the NDT methods that will be performed for the
2.1.3 Documented. The condition of being in written employer. For practical examinations, questions and
form. answers need not necessarily be written, but
observations and results must be documented.
2.1.4 Education. An institutionalized program,
prescribed by appropriate authorities, that is offered 2.1.15 Procedure. A detailed, written instruction for
by schools, institutes, organizations, colleges, or conducting a nondestructive test or certifying

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ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

personnel. Method Procedures shall be approved document results in accordance with procedures
by the NDT Level III certified in the applicable method. approved by an NDT Level III. The Level II shall be
thoroughly familiar with the scope and limitations of
2.1.16 Qualification. The education, skills, training, the method to which certified and should be capable
knowledge, and experience required for personnel of directing the work of trainees and Level I personnel.
to properly perform to a specified NDT Level. The Level II shall be able to organize and report
nondestructive test results.
2.1.17 Specific examination. A written examination
to determine an individual’s understanding of 3.4 Level I. A Level I shall have the skills and
procedures, codes, standards, specifications, and knowledge to properly perform specific calibrations,
equipment or instrumentation for an NDT method specific tests, and with prior written approval of the
used by the employer. NDT Level III, perform specific interpretations and
evaluations for acceptance or rejection and document
2.1.18 Test technique. A category within an NDT the results, in accordance with specific approved
method; for example, immersion ultrasonic testing. procedures. The Level I shall be able to follow
approved nondestructive testing procedures and shall
2.1.19 Training. An organized and documented receive the necessary guidance or supervision from
program of activities designed to impart the a certified NDT Level II or NDT Level III individual.
knowledge and skills required to be qualified to this
standard. 3.5 Trainee. A person who is not yet certified to any
level shall be considered a trainee. Trainees shall
2.2 NDT Levels work with a certified person, under the direction of
an NDT Level II or NDT Level III and shall not
2.2.1 NDT Level I, NDT Level II. An individual independently conduct any tests or write a report of
certified in accordance with this standard. (See also test results.
Section 3.)
3.6 NDT Instructor. An NDT instructor shall have
2.2.2 NDT Level III. An individual possessing a the skills and knowledge to plan, organize, and
currently valid ASNT NDT Level III certificate (See present classroom, laboratory, demonstration, and/
10.3) and certified in accordance with this standard. or on-the-job NDT instruction, training, and/or
(See also Section 3.) education programs in accordance with course
outlines approved by an NDT Level III.

3. Levels of Qualification
4. Qualification Requirements
3.1 Classification. Five levels of qualification are
defined in terms of the skills and knowledge required 4.1 Training. Candidates for certification as NDT
in a given method or methods to perform specified Level I or Level II shall complete sufficient organized
NDT activities. training to become familiar with the principles of the
method and the practices of the applicable test
3.2 Level III. A Level III shall have the skills and technique. This training shall be conducted in
knowledge to establish techniques; to interpret codes, accordance with a course outline approved by an NDT
standards, and specifications; designate the particular Level III. The course shall include all of the topics
technique to be used; and to verify the adequacy of contained in Appendix B for the appropriate NDT
procedures. The individual shall also have general method, plus such additional topics as deemed
familiarity with the NDT methods covered in Tables 1 necessary by the NDT Level III. The sequence,
and 2 of this standard. The Level III shall be capable content, amount of time spent, and depth of coverage
of conducting or directing the training and examining for each topic shall be approved by the NDT Level III.
of NDT personnel in the methods for which the Training programs shall include sufficient
Level III is qualified. examinations to demonstrate that the necessary
information has been comprehended.
3.3 Level II. A Level II shall have the skills and
knowledge to set up and calibrate equipment, to 4.1.1 Credit. To receive credit for training hours, the
conduct tests, and to interpret, evaluate, and individual shall pass a final examination covering the

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 ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

topics contained in that program. b) have academic credentials at least equivalent

to a B.S. in engineering, physical science, or
4.1.2 Level I and Level II. The minimum number of technology, and possess adequate knowledge
hours of classroom training required for Level I and in the NDT method to be taught; or
Level II candidates is described in Appendix A. c) be a graduate of a two-year school of science,
engineering, or NDT and have five or more years
4.1.3 Presentation of Training. All training shall be of experience as an NDT Level II, or equivalent,
presented by an NDT instructor. However, the NDT in the NDT method to be taught; or
instructor may use personnel with specialized d) have ten or more years of NDT experience as
expertise (for example, metallurgists, welding an NDT Level II, or equivalent, in the NDT
engineers, etc.) who are not qualified in accordance method to be taught.
with this standard to assist in presentation of specific
information. The NDT Level III shall in all cases be 4.4.2 Designation. The NDT instructor shall be
responsible for the content of the completed course. designated by an NDT Level III individual. The
designation shall become part of the individual’s
4.1.4 Level III. Training requirements for NDT qualification records.
Level III will be satisfied if the individual holds a current
ASNT NDT Level III certificate in the specific NDT 4.5 Outside Services. At the option of the employer,
method. an outside organization may be engaged to perform
the duties of an NDT Level III. In such instances, the
4.2 Experience. Candidates for certification shall employer shall be responsible for evaluating the
have acquired the practical experience to assure they organization to assure the services are in accordance
are capable of performing the duties of the level in with the employer’s certification procedure and this
which certification is being sought. standard, and so documented. An NDT Level III of
the engaged outside organization shall be responsible
4.2.1 Level I and Level II. The minimum number of for the services provided.
hours of experience required for Level I and Level II
candidates is described in Appendix A.
5. Qualification and Certification
4.2.2 Level III. Experience requirements for NDT
Level III will be satisfied if the individual holds a current 5.1 Procedure. The employer shall develop and
ASNT NDT Level III certificate in the specific NDT maintain a procedure detailing the program that will
method. be used for qualification and certification of NDT
personnel in accordance with this standard.
4.3 Previous Training and Experience.
5.2 Procedure Requirements. The procedure shall
4.3.1 Level I and Level II. A candidate’s previous describe the minimum requirements for certifying
training and experience may be accepted by the personnel in each NDT method and the levels of
employer if verified and documented in writing by the qualification desired. The procedure shall satisfy the
previous employer(s) or, for training, by the previous requirements of this standard. The procedure shall
training agency(ies). Any claimed training and include, as a minimum, the following:
experience which cannot be verified and documented a) personnel duties and responsibilities including,
shall be considered invalid. if the employer has more than one NDT Level III
for a specific method, the employer shall
4.3.2 Level III. The employer shall verify and designate one individual as the principal NDT
document the current validity of a candidate’s ASNT Level III for each such method;
Level III certificate. b) training requirements;
c) experience requirements;
4.4 NDT Instructor d) examination requirements;
e) records and documentation requirements,
4.4.1 Criteria. An NDT Instructor shall meet at least including control, responsibility, and retention
one of the following criteria: period; and
a) possess a current ASNT NDT Level III certificate f) recertification requirements.
in the NDT method to be taught.

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ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

5.3 Approval. The employer’s certification procedure standards that are applicable to that employer, a
shall be approved by an NDT Level III designated by written practical examination (for example,
the employer. preparation of a procedure) is not required. If
experience is substituted for the written practical
examination, the employer shall document the
6. Examinations pertinent practical experience of the Level III
candidate.
6.1 Vision.
6.2.4 Demonstration Examination. If the NDT
6.1.1 Near Distance. Prior to certification, NDT Level III will be required to perform tests or evaluate
personnel shall be examined to ensure that they have test results, the practical examination shall include
natural or corrected near-distance acuity in at least demonstrations of the candidate’s ability to perform
one eye such that each individual is capable of the required activity(ies).
reading Jaeger Number 1 test chart or equivalent at
a distance of not less than twelve inches. 6.3 Level I and Level II Examinations.

6.1.2 Color Vision. NDT personnel for all methods 6.3.1 General. A general examination shall be
shall demonstrate the ability to differentiate among approved by an NDT Level III. Administration of the
the colors used in the method. examination shall be in accordance with paragraph
6.4 of this standard and shall be closed-book.
6.1.3 Frequency. Vision examinations shall be Reference material, such as charts, formulas, tables,
administered annually, except that color differentiation and graphs may be provided by the NDT Level III.
examinations need be repeated only at each Questions shall be developed which represent a cross
recertification. section of the body of knowledge (Appendix B)
applicable to each method and NDT level. The
6.1.4 Administration. Vision examinations shall be minimum number of questions required for each
administered in accordance with a procedure, and method and level is listed in Table 1. Questions used
by personnel, approved by an NDT Level III in general examinations for Level I and Level II
designated by the employer. personnel shall be similar in type and difficulty to those
published by ASNT.

6.2 Level III Examinations. 6.3.2 Specific. A specific examination shall be

approved by an NDT Level III. Administration shall
6.2.1 Initial Requirement. Prior to the employer’s be in accordance with paragraph 6.4 of this standard.
certification examinations, the candidate shall hold The NDT Level III shall determine whether
an ASNT Level III certificate with a currently valid appropriate procedures, specifications, standards, or
endorsement for each method for which employer code sections will be provided. The examination shall
certification is sought. address various examples of equipment, procedures,
and test techniques that the candidate may use in
6.2.2 Specific Examination (for each method). The the performance of assigned duties. The minimum
employer shall administer a written examination number of questions required for each method and
consisting of at least thirty questions relating to the level is listed in Table 2.
comprehension of the NDT-related requirements of
specifications or standards used by the employer. 6.3.3 Practical. A practical examination shall be
Copies of the applicable specifications or standards approved by an NDT Level III. Administration shall
shall be available as reference material during the be in accordance with paragraph 6.4 of this standard.
examination. The practical examination shall consist of the
following:
6.2.3 Practical Examination. The candidate shall a) Level I. The candidate shall demonstrate
prepare an NDT procedure appropriate to the proficiency using the applicable nondestructive
employer ’s needs; however, if documented test method to examine at least one test sample
experience demonstrates that the candidate has for each technique to be used in the candidate’s
previously prepared acceptable NDT procedures in job and by documenting the results of the test.
the method using the specifications, codes, and The test samples shall be representative of the

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 ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

products that the candidate will encounter in If the Level I will interpret or evaluate results, the
performing the job functions. checklist shall include these item(s).
b) Level II. The candidate shall demonstrate
proficiency by performing the applicable 6.4.5 Level II Practical Examinations. The NDT
nondestructive test method in examining at least Level III shall use a written checklist in administering
one sample per technique and a minimum of and grading Level II practical examinations. The
two samples per method and by interpreting, checklist shall address at least the following items:
evaluating, and documenting the results of the proficiency in use of techniques and equipment;
examination. The test samples shall be proper adherence to procedure, test sequence,
representative of the product that the candidate calibration, and materials; satisfactory detection and
will encounter in performing the job functions. location of discontinuities; proper extent of
examination; and the accuracy and completeness of
6.4 Administration and Grading. interpretations, evaluations, and documentation of the
activities and test results.
6.4.1 Responsibilities. An NDT Level III shall be
responsible for the administration and grading of 6.4.6 Level III Practical Examinations. Persons
examinations for NDT Level I and Level II personnel administering Level III practical examinations shall
for those methods in which the NDT Level III has a use a written checklist. The checklist shall address
valid ASNT Level III certificate. The administration items relating to the technical and practical adequacy
and grading of multiple-choice questions may be of the NDT procedure(s) prepared by the candidate.
delegated by the NDT Level III if so documented. For When applicable to the candidate’s job
the practical examination, the individual administering responsibilities, the checklist shall also address the
the examination must be an NDT Level III in the items listed in 6.4.5.
respective test method. The employer shall be
responsible for having an individual possessing a 6.5 Reexamination. Candidates who fail to attain
current ASNT NDT Level III certificate develop, the required passing grade must receive additional
administer, and grade Level III specific and practical documented training, or wait at least thirty (30) days
examinations. for reexamination. This training shall address the
deficiencies which caused failure. A candidate shall
6.4.2 Employer Examinations. For each employer- not be reexamined using the examination or
administered certification examination, each specimen previously failed or both.
candidate shall achieve a grade of at least 70% and
an average grade of 80% to be eligible for certification. 6.6 Administration of Examinations. In no case
All certification examinations shall have equal weight shall an examination be prepared or administered by
in determining the average grade. one’s self or by one’s subordinate.

6.4.3 Prerequisites for Passing Practical 6.7 Administration of Level III Examinations. The
Examinations. A prerequisite for passing the Level I employer’s representative who administers the
and Level II practical examinations shall be the Level III examinations shall possess a current ASNT
detection of the discontinuities or conditions NDT Level III certificate in the method for which the
previously specified by the NDT Level III. A examination is administered and shall be
prerequisite for passing the Level III practical knowledgeable and familiar with the standards,
examination shall be detection, if performance of specifications, and products used or made by the
testing is required, and correct evaluation, if evaluation employer.
is required, of the discontinuities or conditions
previously specified by the NDT Level III.
7. Expiration, Suspension, Revocation,
6.4.4 Level I Practical Examinations. The NDT and Reinstatement of Employer
Level III shall use a written checklist in administering Certification
and grading Level I practical examinations. This
checklist shall address at least the following items: 7.1 Expiration. Individual certifications shall expire:
proficiency in use of equipment and technique, proper a) when employment with the employer is
adherence to procedure, test sequence, calibrations, terminated;
materials, documentation, and extent of examinations. b) at the end of three years for NDT Level I and

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ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

NDT Level II individuals; verifying that the individual’s ASNT NDT Level III
c) for NDT Level III individuals, when the ASNT certificate is current in each method for which
Level III certificate has expired. recertification is sought.

7.2 Suspension. The employer shall suspend an

individual’s certification if: 9. Records
a) the vision examination interval exceeds one
year. Certification is reinstated concurrently with 9.1 Responsibility for Documentation. The
passing the vision reexamination; or employer shall document certifications in accordance
b) the individual has not performed the duties in with this standard.
the method(s) for which certified during any
consecutive twelve month period; or 9.2 Contents of Documentation. The employer’s
c) the individual’s performance is determined to certification documentation shall include at least a
be deficient in the required method or technique certification record, an experience record, a record
for specific documented reasons; or of previous experience (if applicable), and a vision
d) for NDT Level III personnel, when the ASNT examination record.
Level III certificate has not been renewed.
9.2.1 Certification Record. The certification record
7.3 Revocation. The employer shall revoke an shall include at least the following information:
individual’s certification when: a) level of certification and NDT method, including
a) the individual has not performed the duties in the test technique covered;
the method(s) for which certified during any b) results of all, and copies of the most recent,
consecutive twenty-four month period; or employer examinations that the individual has
b) for NDT Level III personnel, the ASNT NDT taken;
Level III certificate has been revoked; or c) for Level III personnel, a copy of the candidate’s
c) an individual’s conduct is deemed by the ASNT Level III certificate;
employer to be or have been unethical or d) dates of certification and expiration; and
incompetent. e) signature, printed name, and title of the
employer’s certifying representative.
7.4 Reinstatement.

7.4.1 Suspended Certifications. Reinstatement 9.2.2 NDT Training Record. A documented history
of suspended certifications for NDT Level I or NDT of the employee’s training shall be maintained which
Level II shall be determined by the NDT Level III. identifies: NDT training received by the individual, the
Reinstatement of suspended Level III certifications organization providing the training, dates of the
shall be determined by the employer, except that the training, hours of training, evidence of satisfactory
requirement for ASNT NDT Level III certification may completion, and the instructor’s name.
not be waived.
9.2.3 NDT Experience Record. A record which
7.4.2 Expired or Revoked Certifications. identifies the individual’s experience performing
Certifications which have expired or have been various nondestructive tests shall be maintained for
revoked may only be reinstated by complying with purposes of verifying initial certification experience
Section 6. and continuing experience.

9.2.4 Record of Previous Experience.

8. Employer Recertification Documented evidence of the individual’s previous
NDT training and experience shall be maintained if
8.1 NDT Level I and NDT Level II. NDT Level I and previous training and experience are used to satisfy
NDT Level II personnel shall be recertified in any part of the requirements of this standard.
accordance with Section 6.
9.2.5 Visual Examination Records. Current records
8.2 NDT Level III. NDT Level III personnel shall be of vision examinations required by 6.1 shall be
recertified by the employer every five years by maintained.

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 ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

10. Referenced Publications

10.1 Provisions. The following documents contain

provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this standard. Copies may
be obtained from the American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, Inc., PO Box 28518,
Columbus, OH 43228-0518, USA.

10.2 ASNT Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-

1A, “Personnel Qualification and Certification in
Nondestructive Testing,” 1992 Edition.

10.3 Application package for certification of Level III

Nondestructive Testing Personnel.

7
ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

Table 1 – General Examination

Minimum Number of Questions

Method
Level I Level II
Acoustic Emission 40 40
Electromagnetic 40 40
Leak Test:
Bubble 20 20
Pressure Change 20 20
Halogen Diode 20 20
Mass Spectrometer 20 20
Liquid Penetrant 30 30
Magnetic Particle 30 30
Neutron Radiography 40 40
Radiography 40 40
Ultrasonic 40 40
Visual 30 30

Table 2 – Specific Examination

Minimum Number of Questions

Method
Level I Level II
Acoustic Emission 20 20
Electromagnetic 30 20
Leak Test:
Bubble 15 15
Pressure Change 15 15
Halogen Diode 15 15
Mass Spectrometer 20 40
Liquid Penetrant 20 15
Magnetic Particle 20 15
Neutron Radiography 15 15
Radiography 20 20
Ultrasonic 20 20
Visual 20 20

8
 ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

Appendix A – Initial Training and Experience Requirements for Level I and Level II
Required Experience
Evaluation Level Technique Required Minimum Hours (Total Hours in
Method Training in Method NDT)
(Hours)
AE I 40 200 400
II 40 600 1200
ET I 12 65 130
II 40 600 1200
LT I BT 4 7.5 15
II BT 2 40 80
I PCT 24 100 200
II PCT 16 265 530
I HDLT 12 100 200
II HDLT 8 265 530
I MSLT 40 265 530
II MSLT 24 400 800
MT I 12 65 130
II 8 200 400
NR I 28 400 800
II 40 1200 2400
PT I 8 65 130
II 8 135 270
RT I 40 200 400
II 40 600 1200
UT I 40 200 400
II 40 600 1200
VT I 8 65 130
II 12 130 270
AE = Acoustic Emission Testing VT = Visual Testing
ET = Electromagnetic Testing LT = Leak Testing
MT = Magnetic Particle Testing BT = Bubble Test
NR = Neutron Radiographic Testing PCT = Pressure Change Test
PT = Liquid Penetrant Testing HDLT = Halogen Diode Leak Test
RT = Radiographic Testing MSLT = Mass Spectrometer Leak Test
UT = Ultrasonic Testing

NOTES – :
A: Experience shall be based on the actual hours worked in the specific method.
B: A person may be qualified directly to NDT Level II with no time as a certified NDT Level I,
providing the required training and experience consists of the sum of the hours required
for NDT Level I and NDT Level II.
C: The required minimum experience shall be documented by method and by hour with
supervisor or NDT Level III approval.
D: While fulfilling total NDT experience requirement, experience may be gained in more than
one (1) method. Minimum experience hours must be met for each method.

9
 ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

Appendix B – Training Outlines

The entire body of knowledge contained in Basic Acoustic Emission Technique Course
these training outlines for the applicable
method shall be covered in the training course. 1. Instrumentation and Signal Processing
The amount of time and depth of coverage for 1.1 Cables
each topic shall be as approved by the NDT 1.1.1 Coaxial cable
Level III. These training outlines and 1.1.2 Twisted pair cable
recommended references are presented here as 1.1.3 Noise problems in cables
printed in the 1992 edition of ASNT’s 1.1.4 Connectors
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A. 1.2 Signal conditioning
1.2.1 Preamplifiers
1.2.2 Amplifiers
Recommended Training for Level I Acoustic 1.2.3 Filters
Emission Testing 1.2.4 Units of gain measurement
1.3 Signal detection
1.3.1 Threshold comparator
Basic Acoustic Emission Physics Course 1.3.2 Units of threshold measurement
1.3.3 Sensitivity determined by gain
1. Principles of Acoustic Emission Testing and/or threshold
1.1 Characteristics of acoustic emission 1.4 Signal processing
1.1.1 Continuous emission 1.4.1 Waveform characteristics
1.1.2 Burst emission 1.4.2 Discrimination techniques
1.1.3 Emission/signal levels and 1.4.3 Distribution techniques
frequencies 1.5 Source location techniques
1.2 Sources of acoustic emission 1.5.1 Single channel location
1.2.1 Sources in crystalline materials - 1.5.2 Linear location
introduction 1.5.3 Planar location
1.2.2 Sources in nonmetals - 1.5.4 Other location techniques
introduction 1.6 Acoustic emission test systems
1.2.3 Sources in composites - 1.6.1 Single channel systems
introduction 1.6.2 Multi-channel systems
1.2.4 Other sources 1.6.3 Dedicated industrial systems
1.3 Wave propagation - introduction 1.7 Accessory techniques
1.3.1 Wave velocity in materials 1.7.1 Audio indicators
1.3.2 Attenuation 1.7.2 X-Y and strip chart recording
1.3.3 Reflections, multiple paths 1.7.3 Oscilloscopes
1.3.4 Source input vs. signal output 1.7.4 Others
1.4 Repeated loadings: Kaiser and Felicity
effects, and Felicity ratio 2. Acoustic Emission Test Techniques
1.4.1 In metals 2.1 Equipment calibration and setup for test
1.4.2 In composites 2.1.1 Calibration signal generation
1.5 Terminology (refer to AE Glossary, techniques
ASTM E1316) 2.1.2 Calibration procedures
2.1.3 Sensor placement
2. Sensing the AE Wave 2.1.4 Adjustment of equipment controls
2.1 Sensors 2.1.5 Discrimination technique
2.1.1 Principles of operation adjustments
2.1.2 Construction 2.2 Loading procedures
2.1.3 Frequency 2.2.1 Type of loading
2.2 Sensor attachment 2.2.2 Maximum test load
2.2.1 Coupling materials 2.2.3 Load holds
2.2.2 Attachment devices 2.2.4 Repeated and programmed
loadings

11
ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

2.2.5 Rate of loading 4.2 Structural applications

2.3 Data display 4.2.1 Pressure vessels (metal)
2.3.1 Selection of display mode 4.2.2 Storage tanks (metal)
2.3.2 Use and reading of different kinds 4.2.3 Pressure vessels/storage tanks
of display (composite)
2.4 Noise sources and pre-test identification 4.2.4 Piping and pipelines
techniques 4.2.5 Bucket trucks
2.4.1 Electromagnetic noise 4.2.6 Aircraft
2.4.2 Mechanical noise 4.2.7 Bridges
2.5 Precautions against noise 4.2.8 Mines
2.5.1 Electrical shielding 4.2.9 Dams, earthen slopes
2.5.2 Electronic techniques 4.2.10 Pumps, valves etc.
2.5.3 Prevention of movement 4.2.11 Rotating plant
2.5.4 Attenuating materials and 4.2.12 In-process weld monitoring
applications 4.2.13 Leak detection and monitoring
2.6 Data interpretation and evaluation: 4.2.14 Other structural applications
introduction
2.6.1 Separating relevant AE
Recommended Training for Level II
indications from noise
Acoustic Emission Testing
2.6.2 Accept/reject techniques and
evaluation criteria
2.7 Reports
2.7.1 Purpose Acoustic Emission Physics Course
2.7.2 Content and structure
1. Principles of Acoustic Emission Testing
3. Codes, Standards and Procedures 1.1 Characteristics of acoustic emission
3.1 Guide-type standards (glossaries, testing
calibration etc.) 1.1.1 Introductory concepts of source,
3.2 Standardized/codified AE test propagation, measurement,
procedures display, evaluation
3.3 User-developed test procedures 1.1.2 Relationships between AE and
other NDT methods
4. Applications of Acoustic Emission Testing 1.1.3 Significance of applied load in AE
(course should include at least 3 testing
categories from 4.1 and at least 4 1.1.4 Basic math review (exponents,
categories from 4.2) graphing, metric units)
4.1 Laboratory studies (material 1.2 Materials and deformation
characterization) 1.2.1 Constitution of crystalline and
4.1.1 Crack growth and fracture noncrystalline materials
mechanics 1.2.2 Stress and strain
4.1.2 Environmentally assisted cracking 1.2.3 Elastic and plastic deformation;
4.1.3 Dislocation movement (metals) crack growth
4.1.4 Clarifying deformation 1.3 Sources of acoustic emission
mechanisms (composites) 1.3.1 Burst emission, continuous
4.1.5 Phase transformation and phase emission
stability 1.3.2 Emission/signal levels, units of
4.1.6 Creep amplitude measurement
4.1.7 Residual stress 1.3.3 Sources in crystalline materials
4.1.8 Corrosion a. Dislocations - plastic
4.1.9 Fatigue deformation
4.1.10 Rupture b. Phase transformations
4.1.11 Ductile/brittle transition c. Deformation twinning
4.1.12 Other material characterization d. Nonmetallic inclusions
applications e. Subcritical crack growth

12
 ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

1. Subcritical crack growth 2. Sensing the AE Wave

under increasing load 2.1 Transducing processes (piezoelectricity,
2. Ductile tearing under etc.)
increasing load 2.2 Sensors
3. Fatigue crack initiation and 2.2.1 Construction
growth 2.2.2 Conversion efficiencies
4. Hydrogen embrittlement 2.2.3 Calibration (sensitivity curve)
cracking 2.3 Sensor attachment
5. Stress corrosion cracking 2.3.1 Coupling materials
1.3.4 Sources in nonmetals 2.3.2 Attachment devices
a. Microcracking 2.3.3 Waveguides
b. Gross cracking 2.4 Sensor utilization
c. Crazing 2.4.1 Flat response sensors
d. Other sources in nonmetals 2.4.2 Resonant response sensors
1.3.5 Sources in composites 2.4.3 Integral-electronics sensors
a. Fiber breakage 2.4.4 Special sensors (directional,
b. Matrix cracking mode responsive)
c. Fiber-matrix debonding 2.4.5 Sensor selection
d. Delamination
e. Fiber pull-out, relaxation Acoustic Emission Technique Course
f. Friction
1.3.6 Other sources 1. Instrumentation and Signal Processing
a. Pressure leaks 1.1 Cables
b. Oxide and scale cracking 1.1.1 Coaxial cable
c. Slag cracking 1.1.2 Twisted pair cable
d. Frictional sources 1.1.3 Optical fiber cable
e. Liquefaction and solidification 1.1.4 Noise problems in cables
f. Loose parts, intermittent 1.1.5 Impedance matching
contact 1.1.6 Connectors
g. Fluids and nonsolids 1.2 Signal conditioning
h. Crack closure 1.2.1 Preamplifiers
1.4 Wave propagation 1.2.2 Amplifiers
1.4.1 Near-field impulse response 1.2.3 Filters
1.4.2 Modes of propagation 1.2.4 Units of gain measurement
1.4.3 Mode conversion, reflection and 1.3 Signal detection
refraction 1.3.1 Threshold comparator
1.4.4 Wave velocity in material 1.3.2 Units of threshold measurement
1.4.5 Anisotropic propagation in 1.3.3 Sensitivity determined by gain
composites and/or threshold
1.4.6 Specimen geometry effects 1.4 Signal processing
1.5 Attenuation 1.4.1 Waveform characteristics
1.5.1 Geometric attenuation a. Amplitude analysis
1.5.2 Dispersion b. Pulse duration analysis
1.5.3 Scattering, diffraction c. Rise time analysis
1.5.4 Attenuation due to energy loss d. Event and event rate
mechanisms processing
1.5.5 Attenuation vs. frequency e. MARSE
1.6 Kaiser and Felicity effects, and Felicity 1.4.2 Discrimination techniques
Ratio 1.4.3 Distribution techniques
1.6.1 In metals 1.5 Source location techniques
1.6.2 In composites 1.5.1 Single channel location
1.6.3 In other materials 1.5.2 Linear location
1.7 Terminology (refer to AE Glossary, 1.5.3 Planar location
ASTM E1316) 1.5.4 Other location techniques

13
ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

1.6 Acoustic emission test systems 2.7.1 Electrical shielding

1.6.1 Single channel systems 2.7.2 Electronic techniques
1.6.2 Multi-channel systems 2.7.3 Prevention of movement
1.6.3 Dedicated industrial systems 2.7.4 Attenuating materials and
1.7 Accessory techniques applications
1.7.1 Audio indicators 2.8 Data interpretation
1.7.2 X-Y and strip chart recording 2.8.1 Recognizing noise in the recorded
1.7.3 Oscilloscopes data
1.7.4 Magnetic recorders 2.8.2 Noise elimination by data filtering
1.7.5 Others techniques
1.8 Advanced signal processing techniques 2.8.3 Relevant and nonrelevant AE
1.8.1 Signal definition response
1.8.2 Signal capture 2.9 Data evaluation
1.8.3 Frequency analysis 2.9.1 Methods for ranking, grading,
1.8.4 Pattern recognition accepting/rejecting
2.9.2 Comparison with calibration
2. Acoustic Emission Test Techniques signals
2.1 Factors affecting test equipment 2.9.3 Source evaluation by
selection complementary NDT methods
2.1.1 Material being monitored 2.10 Reports
2.1.2 Location and nature of emission 2.10.1 Purpose
2.1.3 Type of information desired 2.10.2 Content and structure
2.1.4 Size and shape of test part
2.2 Equipment calibration and setup for test 3. Codes, Standards, Procedures and
2.2.1 Calibration signal generation Societies
techniques 3.1 Guide-type standards (glossaries,
2.2.2 Calibration procedures calibration etc.)
2.2.3 Sensor selection and placement 3.2 Standardized/codified AE test procedures
2.2.4 Adjustment of equipment controls 3.3 User-developed test procedures
2.2.5 Discrimination technique 3.4 Societies active in AE
adjustments
2.3 Loading procedures 4. Applications of Acoustic Emission Testing
2.3.1 Type of loading (course should include at least 3
2.3.2 Maximum test load categories from 4.1 and at least 4
2.3.3 Load holds categories from 4.2)
2.3.4 Repeated and programmed 4.1 Laboratory studies (material
loadings characterization)
2.3.5 Rate of loading 4.1.1 Crack growth and fracture
2.4 Special test procedures mechanics
2.4.1 High temperature/low temperature 4.1.2 Environmentally assisted cracking
tests 4.1.3 Dislocation movement (metals)
2.4.2 Interrupted tests (including cyclic 4.1.4 Clarifying deformation
fatigue) mechanisms (composites)
2.4.3 Long term tests 4.1.5 Phase transformation and phase
2.4.4 Tests in high noise environments stability
2.5 Data display 4.1.6 Creep
2.5.1 Selection of display mode 4.1.7 Residual stress
2.5.2 Use and reading of different kinds 4.1.8 Corrosion
of display 4.1.9 Fatigue
2.6 Noise sources and pre-test identification 4.1.10 Rupture
techniques 4.1.11 Ductile/brittle transition
2.6.1 Electromagnetic noise 4.1.12 Other material characterization
2.6.2 Mechanical noise applications
2.7 Precautions against noise 4.2 Structural applications

14
 ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

4.2.1 Pressure vessels (metal) Drouillard, T. F. Acoustic Emission: A Bibliography

4.2.2 Storage tanks (metal) with Abstracts. New York: Plenum Press, 1978.
4.2.3 Pressure vessels/storage tanks
(composite) Liptai, R. G., D. O. Harris, and C. A. Tatro, eds.
4.2.4 Piping and pipelines Acoustic Emission – STP 505. Philadelphia,
4.2.5 Bucket trucks PA: American Society for Testing and Materials,
4.2.6 Aircraft 1972.
4.2.7 Bridges
4.2.8 Mines Miller, Ronnie K., and Paul McIntire, eds.
4.2.9 Dams, earthen slopes Nondestructive Testing Handbook, second
4.2.10 Pumps, valves etc. edition: Volume 5, Acoustic Emission Testing.
4.2.11 Rotating plant Columbus, OH: American Society for
4.2.12 In-process weld monitoring Nondestructive Testing, 1987.*
4.2.13 Leak detection and monitoring
4.2.14 Other structural applications Nichols, R. W., ed. Acoustic Emission. Essex,
England: Applied Science Publishers, 1976.

Recommended Training References Spanner, J. C. Acoustic Emission: Techniques and

Acoustic Emission Testing Method, Level I, Applications. Evanston, IL: Intex Publishing
II, and III Co., 1974.*

Spanner, J. C., and J. W. McElroy, eds. Monitoring

American Society for Metals. Nondestructive Structural Integrity by Acoustic Emission – STP
Inspection and Quality Control: Metals 571. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for
Handbook, Volume 11, eighth edition. Metals Testing and Materials, 1975.
Park, OH, 1976.*
* Available from the American Society for
American Society for Testing and Materials. Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH.
“Metallography; Nondestructive Testing,”
Volume 03.03. Philadelphia, PA, latest edition.*

15
ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

Recommended Training for Level I (4) Flux leakage theory and principle
Electromagnetic Testing (a) Residual
(b) Active
(c) Tangential leakage
Basic Electromagnetic Physics Course (d) Normal leakage fields

1. Introduction to Electromagnetic Testing Electromagnetic Technique Course

(Eddy Current/Flux Leakage)
a. Brief history of testing 1. Readout Mechanism
b. Basic principles of testing a. Calibrated or uncalibrated meter
b. Null meter with dial indicator
2. Electromagnetic Theory c. Oscilloscope
a. Eddy current theory d. Alarm, lights, etc.
(1) Generation of eddy currents by means e. Numerical counters
of an AC field f. Marking system
(2) Effect of fields created by eddy g. Sorting gates and tables
currents (impedance changes) h. Cutoff saw or shears
(3) Effect of change of impedance on i. Automation and feedback
instrumentation j. Strip-chart recorder
(4) Properties of eddy current
(a) Travel in circular direction 2. Types of Eddy Current Sensing Elements
(b) Strongest on surface of test a. Probes
material (1) Types of arrangements
(c) Zero value at center of solid (a) Absolute
conductor placed in an alternating (b) Differential
magnetic field (2) Lift-off
(d) Strength, time relationship, and (3) Theory of operation
orientation as functions of test- (4) Applications
system parameters and test-part (5) Advantages
characteristics (6) Limitations
(e) Have properties of compressible b. Through, encircling, or annular coils
fluids (1) Types of arrangements
(f) Small magnitude of current flow (a) Absolute
(g) Relationship of frequency and (b) Differential
plane with current in coil (2) Fill factor
(h) Effective permeability variations (3) Theory of operation
when induced in magnetic (4) Applications
materials (5) Advantages
(i) Effect of discontinuity orientation (6) Limitations
(j) Power losses c. Factors affecting choice of sensing elements
b. Flux leakage theory (1) Type of part to be inspected
(1) Terminology and units (2) Type of discontinuity to be detected
(2) Principles of magnetization (3) Speed of testing required
(a) B-H curve (4) Amount of testing (percentage) required
(b) Magnetic properties (5) Probable location of discontinuity
(c) Magnetic field
(d) Hysteresis loop 3. Types of Flux Leakage Sensing Elements
(e) Magnetic permeability a. Principles of magnetic-measurement
(f) Factors affecting permeability techniques
(3) Magnetization – electromagnetism b. Inductive-coil sensors
theory (1) Theory of electromotive force (emf)
(a) Oersted’s law induced in coil
(b) Faraday’s law (2) Various constructions and designs of
(c) Electromagnetics coils

16
 ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

(3) Coil parameters affecting the flux d. Methods of improving signal-to-noise ratio
leakage response
(4) Sensing-coil systems and connections 5. Selection of Test Frequency
(single- and multielement probes) a. Relationship of frequency to type of test
c. Semiconductor sensing elements b. Considerations affecting choice of test
(1) Hall-effect probes (1) Signal-to-noise ratio
(2) Magnetoresistors (2) Phase discrimination
(3) Magnetodiodes (3) Response speed
(4) Magnetotransistors (4) Skin effect
(5) Magnetic and electric characteristics of
semiconductor sensing elements 6. Selection of Method of Magnetization for
d. Other methods of magnetic leakage field Flux Leakage Testing
detection a. Magnetization characteristics for various
(1) Magnetic-tape system magnetic materials
(2) Magnetic powder b. Magnetization by means of electric fields
(3) Magnetic-resonance sensor (1) Circular field
(2) Longitudinal field
(3) Value of flux density
Recommended Training for Level II
c. Magnetization by means of permanent
Electromagnetic Testing
magnets
(1) Permanent magnet relationship and
theory
Electromagnetic Evaluation Course (2) Permanent magnet materials
d. Selection of proper magnetization method
1. Review of Electromagnetic Theory
a. Eddy current theory 7. Coupling
b. Flux leakage theory a. “Fill factor” in through-coil inspection
c. Types of eddy current sensing probes b. “Lift-off” and compensation in probe coil
d. Types of flux leakage sensing probes inspection
c. Flux leakage “fill factor” in flux leakage
2. Factors That Affect Coil Impedance testing
a. Test part d. “Lift-off” in flux leakage testing
(1) Conductivity
(2) Permeability 8. Field Strength and Its Selection
(3) Mass a. Permeability changes
(4) Homogeneity b. Saturation
b. Test system c. Effect of AC field strength on eddy current
(1) Frequency testing
(2) Coupling d. Effect of field strength in flux leakage testing
(3) Field strength
(4) Test coil and shape 9. Field Orientation for Flux Leakage Testing
a. Circular field
3. Factors That Affect Flux Leakage Fields b. Longitudinal field
a. Degree of magnetization
b. Defect geometry 10. Instrument Design Considerations
c. Defect location a. Amplification
d. Defect orientation b. Phase detection
e. Velocity factor c. Differentiation of filtering
f. Distance between adjacent defects
11. Applications
4. Signal-to-Noise Ratio a. Flaw detection
a. Definition (1) Eddy current methods
b. Relationship to eddy current testing (2) Flux leakage methods
c. Relationship to flux leakage testing b. Sorting for properties related to conductivity

17
ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

– eddy current Cecco, V. S., G. Van Drunen, and F. L. Sharp.

c. Sorting for properties related to permeability Eddy Current Testing. Columbia, MD: GP
(1) Eddy current methods Courseware, 1987.*
(2) Flux leakage methods
d. Thickness evaluation – eddy current Eddy Current Testing, Classroom Training
e. Measurement of magnetic-characteristic Handbook (CT-6-5). San Diego, CA: General
values Dynamics/Convair Division, 1979.*
(1) Eddy current methods
(2) Flux leakage methods Eddy Current Testing, Programmed Instruction
Handbook (PI-4-5). San Diego, CA: General
12. User Standards and Operating Procedures Dynamics/Convair Division, 1980.*
a. Explanation of standards and specifications
used in electromagnetic testing Libby, Hugo L. Introduction to Electromagnetic
b. Explanation of operating procedures used in Nondestructive Test Methods. Huntington, NY:
electromagnetic testing Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co., 1971.*

McGonnagle, Warren J. Nondestructive Testing,

Recommended Training References
second edition. New York: Gordon and Breach,
Electromagnetic Testing Method, Level I, II,
1975.
and III
McMaster, Robert C., ed. Nondestructive Testing
Handbook, first edition. Columbus, OH:
American Radio Relay League. Radio Amateur’s American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Handbook. Neurington, CT. 1959.*

American Society for Metals. Nondestructive Mester, M. L., and Paul McIntire, eds.
Inspection and Quality Control: Metals Nondestructive Testing Handbook, second
Handbook, Volume 11, eighth ed. Metals Park, edition: Volume 4, Electromagnetic Testing.
OH, 1976.* Columbus, OH: American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, 1986.*
American Society for Nondestructive Testing.
Supplement to Recommended Practice No. Mix, Paul E. Introduction to Nondestructive
SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Eddy Current Test Testing: A Training Guide. New York: John
Method and Flux Leakage Test Method. Wiley & Sons, 1987.*
Columbus, OH, 1995.*
* Available from the American Society for
American Society for Testing and Materials. Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH.
“Metallography; Nondestructive Testing,”
Volume 03.03. Philadelphia, PA, latest edition.*

18
 ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

Recommended Training for Level I Leak (a) Kinetic theory

Testing (b) Mean free path
(3) Gas laws
(4) Quantity, throughput, and conductance
Fundamentals in Leak Testing Course of gas
(a) Quantity
1. Introduction (11) Comparison with an electric
a. History of leak testing circuit
b. Reasons for leak testing (21) Comparison with water flow
(1) Material loss prevention (b) Conductance analogy with
(2) Contamination electrical resistance
(3) Component/system reliability (11) Resistance connected in
(4) Pressure-differential maintenance series
(5) Personnel/public safety (21) Resistance connected in
c. Functions of leak testing parallel
(1) Categories g. Vacuum system operation
(2) Applications (1) Effects of evacuating a vessel
d. Training and certification (2) Pump-down time
h. Vacuum system characteristics
2. Leak Testing Fundamentals (1) General
a. Terminology (a) Operating limits
(1) Leakage terms (b) Rate of pressure rise –
(2) Leakage tightness measurement
(3) Quantitative/semi-quantitative (2) Vacuum pumps
(4) Sensitivity/calibration terms (a) Mechanical pumps (positive
b. Leak testing units displacement)
(1) Mathematics in leak testing (11) Oil-sealed rotary pumps
(2) Exponential notation (a1) Construction
(3) Basic and fundamental units (b1) Operation
(4) Système Internationale (SI) units (c1) Pump fluids
c. Physical units in leak testing (d1) Difficulties with rotary
(1) Volume and pressure pumps
(2) Time and temperature (e1) Care of rotary pumps
(3) Absolute values (21) Mechanical booster pumps
(4) Standard or atmospheric conditions (b) Vapor (diffusion) pumps
(5) Leakage measurement (11) Construction
d. Leak testing standards (21) Operation
(1) Capillary or permeation (31) Pump fluids
(2) National Institute of Standards and (41) Difficulties with diffusion
Technology (NIST) standards pumps
(3) System vs. instrument calibration (51) Diagnosis of diffusion pump
(4) Inaccuracy of calibration trouble
e. Flow characteristics (c) Sublimation pumps (getter pumps)
(1) Gas flow (d) Ion pumps
(2) Liquid flow (e) Turbomolecular pumps
(3) Correlation of leakage rates (f) Absorption pumps
(4) Anomalous leaks (g) Cryopumps
(5) Leak clogging
f. Vacuum fundamentals Safety in Leak Testing Course
(1) Introduction to vacuum
(a) Terminology Note: It is recommended that the trainee, as well as
(b) Principles all other leak testing personnel, receive instruction
(c) Units of pressure in this course prior to performing work in leak
(2) Characteristics of gases testing.

19
ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

1. Safety Considerations (a) Sonic/mechanical flow

a. Personnel and the public (b) Sound generator
b. Product serviceability (3) Voltage discharge testing
c. Test validity (a) Voltage spark
d. Safe work practices (b) Color change
(4) Pressure leak testing
2. Safety Precautions (a) Hydrostatic
a. Explosive/implosive hazards (b) Pneumatic
b. Flammability, ignitibility, combustibility (5) Ionization
hazards (a) Photoionization
c. Toxicity and asphyxiation hazards (b) Flame ionization
d. Cleaning and electrical hazards (6) Conductivity
(a) Thermal conductivity
3. Pressure Precautions (b) Solid state
a. Pressure test vs. proof test (7) Radiation absorption
b. Preliminary leak testing (a) Infrared
c. Pressurization check (b) Ultraviolet
d. Design limitations (c) Laser
e. Equipment and setup (8) Chemical-based
(a) Chemical penetrants
4. Safety Devices (b) Chemical gas tracer (colorimetric)
a. Pressure control valves and regulators (9) Halogen detector
b. Pressure relief valves and vents (a) Halide torch
c. Flow rate of regulator and relief valves (b) Electron capture
(c) Halogen diode
5. Hazardous and Tracer Gas Safety (10) Pressure change measurement
a. Combustible gas detection and safety (a) Absolute
b. Toxic gas detection and safety (b) Reference
c. Oxygen-deficiency detectors (c) Pressure rise
d. Radioisotope detection (d) Flow
(e) Pressure decay
6. Types of Monitoring Equipment (f) Volumetric
a. Area monitors (11) Mass spectrometer
b. Personnel monitors (a) Helium or argon leak detector
c. Leak-locating devices (b) Residual gas analyzer
(12) Radioisotope
7. Safety Regulations
a. State and federal regulations 2. Leak Testing Method Course Outline
b. Safety codes/standards a. The following may be applied to any of the
c. Hazardous gas standards listed methods.
d. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) b. Terminology
radiation requirements c. Basic techniques and/or units
(1) Leak location – measurement/
Leak Testing Methods Course monitoring
(2) Visual and other sensing devices
1. The following leak testing methods may be (3) Various techniques
incorporated as applicable. d. Testing materials and equipment
a. Each of these methods can be further (1) Materials, gases/fluids used
divided into major techniques as shown in (2) Control devices and operation
the following examples. (3) Instrument/gages used
(1) Bubble testing (4) Range and calibration of instrument/
(a) Immersion gages
(b) Film solution e. Testing principles and practices
(2) Ultrasonic testing (1) Pressure/vacuum and control used

20
 ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

(2) Principles of techniques used (6) System at, above, or below

(3) Effects of temperature and other atmospheric pressure
atmospheric conditions e. Leak testing specifications
(4) Calibration for testing (1) Design vs. working conditions
(5) Probing/scanning or measurement/ (2) Pressure and temperature control
monitoring (3) Types of leak testing methods
(6) Leak interpretation evaluation (4) Sensitivity of leak testing methods
f. Acceptance and rejection criteria (5) Test method and sensitivity needed
g. Safety concerns (6) Preparation of a leak testing
h. Advantages and limitations specification
i. Codes/standards f. Detector/instrument performance factors
(1) Design and use
(2) Accuracy and precision
Recommended Training for Level II Leak
(3) Linearity (straight/logarithmic scale)
Testing
(4) Calibration and frequency
(5) Response and recovery time

Principles of Leak Testing Course 2. Physical Principles in Leak Testing

a. Physical quantities
1. Introduction (1) Fundamental units
a. Leak testing fundamentals (2) Volume and pressure
(1) Reasons for leak testing (3) Time and temperature
(2) Functions of leak testing (4) Absolute values
(3) Terminology (5) Standard vs. atmospheric conditions
(4) Leak testing units (6) Leakage rates
(5) Leak conductance b. Structure of matter
b. Leak testing standards (1) Atomic theory
(1) Leak standards (2) Ionization and ion pairs
(2) National Institute of Standards and (3) States of matter
Technology (NIST) traceability and (4) Molecular structure
calibration (5) Diatomic and monatomic molecules
(3) Instrument calibration vs. test (6) Molecular weight
qualification c. Gas principles and laws
(4) System calibration techniques (1) Brownian movement
(5) Inaccuracy of calibration (2) Mean free path
(6) Tracer-gas leak rate/air-equivalent leak (3) Pressure and temperature effects on
rate gases
c. Leak testing safety (4) Pascal’s law of pressure
(1) Safety considerations (5) Charles’ and Boyle’s gas laws
(2) Safety precautions (6) Ideal gas law
(3) Pressure precautions (7) Dalton’s law of partial pressure
(4) Tracer gas safety and monitoring (8) Vapor pressure and effects in vacuum
(5) Safety devices d. Gas properties
(6) Cleaning and electrical hazards (1) Kinetic theory of gases
(7) Safe work practices (2) Graham law of diffusion
(8) Safety regulations (3) Stratification
d. Leak testing procedure (4) Avogadro’s principle
(1) Basic categories and techniques (5) Gas law relationship
(2) Leak location vs. leakage (6) General ideal gas law
measurement (7) Gas mixture and concentration
(3) Pressurization or evacuation (8) Gas velocity, density, and viscosity
(4) Sealed units with or without tracer gas
(5) Units inaccessible from one or both 3. Principles of Gas Flow
sides a. Standard leaks

21
ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

(1) Capillary d. Leak testing background/noise variables

(2) Permeation (1) Atmospheric changes
b. Modes of gas flow (2) Liquid/air temperature correction
(1) Molecular and viscous (3) Vapor pressure (evaporation/
(2) Transitional condensation)
(3) Laminar, turbulent, sonic (4) Vapor/moisture pockets
c. Factors affecting gas flow (5) Geometry/volume changes
d. Geometry of leakage path (6) Surface/internal vibration waves
(1) Mean free flow of fluid e. Detector/instrument performance variables
(2) Clogging and check valve effects (1) Instrument calibration variables
(3) Irregular aperture size (2) Limits of accuracy
(4) Leak rate vs. cross section of flow (3) Intrinsic and inherent safety
(5) Temperature and atmospheric performance
conditions (4) Protection for electromagnetic
(6) Velocity gradient vs. viscosity interference, radio frequency
(7) Reynolds number vs. Knudsen number interference, shock, etc.
(5) Flooding, poisoning, contamination
Pressure and Vacuum Technology Course f. Measurement and data documentation
(1) Experimental, simulation, and/or
1. Pressure Technology preliminary testing
a. Properties of a fluid (2) Analysis of background/noise variables
(1) What is a fluid? (3) Analysis of leakage indications/signals
(2) Liquid vs. gas (4) Validation and error analysis
(3) Compressibility (5) Interpretation and evaluation of results
(4) Partial and vapor pressure (6) Documentation of data and test results
(5) Critical pressure and temperature
(6) Viscosity of a liquid 2. Vacuum Technology
(7) Surface tension and capillarity of a a. Nature of vacuum
liquid (1) What is a vacuum?
b. Gas properties (2) Vacuum terminology
(1) Review of gas properties (3) Degrees of vacuum
(2) What is a perfect/ideal gas? (4) Mean free path in a vacuum
(3) Pressure and temperature effects on (5) Gas flow in a vacuum
gases b. Vacuum measurement
(4) Viscosity of a gas (1) Pressure units in a vacuum
(5) Gas flow modes (2) Absolute vs. gage pressure
(6) Gas flow conductance (3) Mechanical gages
(7) Dynamic flow measurements (a) Bourdon or diaphragm
(8) Factors affecting gas flow (b) Manometer (U-tube or McLeod)
c. Pressurization (c) Capacitance manometer
(1) Pressure measurements (4) Electrical gages
(2) Types of pressure gages (a) Thermal conductivity
(a) Bourdon or diaphragm (b) Ionization
(b) Manometers (5) Gage calibration – full range
(3) Pressure control and procedure c. Vacuum pumps
(4) Mixing of gases (1) Types of vacuum pumps
(5) Tracer gases and concentration (2) Mechanical pumps
(6) Pressure hold time (a) Reciprocating vs. rotary
(7) Pressure vs. sensitivity (b) Roots, turbomolecular, drag pumps
(8) Gage calibration (3) Nonmechanical pumps
(a) Working range (a) Fluid entrainment or diffusion
(b) Frequency (b) Condensation or sorption
(c) Master gage vs. dead-weight (4) Pump oils
tester (5) Pumping speed and pump-down time

22
 ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

d. Vacuum materials a. Basic categories of leak testing

(1) Outgassing – vapor pressure (1) Leak location
(2) Elastomers, gaskets, O-rings (2) Leakage measurement
(3) Metals, metal alloys, and nonmetals (3) Leakage monitoring
(a) Carbon steel vs. stainless steel b. Types of leak testing methods
(b) Aluminum, copper, nickel, and (1) Specifications
alloys (2) Sensitivity
(4) Nonmetals c. Basic techniques
(a) Glass, ceramics (1) Pressurization or evacuation
(b) Plastics, Tygon™, etc. (2) Sealed unit with or without tracer gases
(5) Joint design (3) Probing or visual leak location
(a) Sealed joint (4) Tracer or detector probing
(b) Welded/brazed joint (5) Accumulation techniques
(c) Mechanical joint
(6) Vacuum greases and sealing materials
Recommended Training References Leak
(7) Tracer gas permeation through
Testing Method, Level I, II, and III
materials
e. Design of a vacuum system
(1) Production of a vacuum
(a) Removal of gas molecules American National Standards Institute.
(b) Gas quantity or throughput “Containment System Leakage Testing
(c) Conductance Requirements (ANSI/ANS 56.8).” New York,
(2) Stages of vacuum pumping 1981.
(a) Various vacuum pumps
(b) Various traps and baffles American National Standards Institute. “Leakage-
(c) Pumping stages or sequences rate Testing of Containment Structures for
(3) Vacuum valve location Nuclear Reactors (N45.4).” New York, 1972.
(a) Vacuum valve design and seat
leakage American National Standards Institute. “Testing of
(b) Isolation and protection Nuclear Air-Cleaning Systems (ANSI/ASME
(c) Automatic vs. manual N510).” New York.
(d) Venting
f. Maintenance and cleanliness American Society of Mechanical Engineers. “Water
(1) Maintenance of vacuum equipment and Steam in the Power Cycle (Purity and
(a) Under constant vacuum Quality, Leak Detection and Measurement)
(b) Dry gas (nitrogen) (PTC 19.11, Part II).” New York, 1970.
(2) Routing oil changes
(3) System cleanliness American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
(a) Initial cleanliness “ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspection
(b) Cleaning procedures and effects Code – Section V, Article 10, Leak Testing.”
on leak location and measurement New York.
(c) Continued cleanliness
g. Analysis and documentation American Society for Metals. Nondestructive
(1) Analysis of outgassing and background Inspection and Quality Control: Metals
contamination Handbook, Volume 11, eighth edition. Metals
(2) Instrument/system calibration Park, OH, 1976.*
(3) Analysis of leakage indications/signals
(4) Interpretation and evaluation American Society for Nondestructive Testing.
(5) Documentation of calibration and test Supplement to Recommended Practice No.
results SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Bubble Leak Testing.
Columbus, OH, 1994.*
Leak Test Selection Course
American Society for Nondestructive Testing.
1. Choice of Leak Testing Procedure Supplement to Recommended Practice No.

23
ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Halogen Diode “Leak Detection Manual (Halogen), 1D-4816.”
Detector Leak Testing. Columbus, OH, 1995.* Shenandoah, GA: General Electric.

American Society for Nondestructive Testing. “Leak Detection Manual (Helium), 4820-48000.”
Supplement to Recommended Practice No. Wilmington, DE: CEC/Du Pont, 1982.
SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Mass Spectrometer
Test Method. Columbus, OH, 1996.* “Leakage Testing Handbook” by General Electric
and NASA under contracts CR-952 and
American Society for Nondestructive Testing. NAS7-396, NASA Report #N69-38843,
Supplement to Recommended Practice No. available as report IST-295 from National
SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Pressure Change Technical Information Services, Springfield, VA.
Measurement Testing. Columbus, OH, 1994.*
McGonnagle, Warren J. Nondestructive Testing,
American Society for Testing and Materials. second edition. New York: Gordon and Breach,
“Metallography; Nondestructive Testing,” 1975
Volume 03.03. Philadelphia, PA, latest edition.*
McMaster Robert C., ed. Nondestructive Testing
American Vacuum Society. “Calibration of Leak Handbook, second edition: Volume 1, Leak
Detectors of the Mass Spectrometer Type (2.1).” Testing. Columbus, OH: American Society for
New York, 1973. Nondestructive Testing, 1982.*

American Vacuum Society. “Method for Vacuum Military Publications**

Leak Detection (2.2).” New York, 1968.
“Leak Detection Compound, Oxygen Systems
American Vacuum Society. “Procedure for the (MIL-I-2556C).”
Calibration of Gas Analyzers of the Mass
Spectrometry Type (2.3).” New York, 1973. “Leak Detector, Refrigerant Gas; Acetylene
Burning with Search Hose (MIL-L-3516C).”
Drinkwine and Lichlman. Partial Pressure Analyzer
and Analysis. New York: American Vacuum “Leak Detector, Full System (MIL-L-83774).”
Society, 1979.
“Liquid Dye for Leak Detection (MIL-D-81298).”
Dushman, S. “Scientific Foundation of Vacuum
Technique,” Third Printing. Somerset, NJ: John Mix, Paul E. Introduction to Nondestructive
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1965. Testing: A Training Guide. New York: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1987.*
Guthrie, A. “Vacuum Technology.” Somerset, NJ:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1963. Modey and Brown, eds. History of Vacuum
Science and Technology. New York: American
Halmshaw, R., ed. Mathematics and Formulas in Vacuum Society, 1984.
NDT. British Institute of Non-Destructive
Testing, 1978.* “Nondestructive Testing – A Survey.” NASA Report
SP-5113, Southwest Research Institute,
Instrument Society of America. “Light Water available as Report N73-28517 from National
Reactor Coolant Pressure Boundary Leak Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
Detection (S67.03).” Pittsburgh, PA.
O’Hanlon, J. A User’s Guide to Vacuum
International Organization for Standardization. Technology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
“Vacuum Technology – Mass Spectrometer
Type Leak Detector (3530).” Geneva, Quality Assurance Provision for Nondestructive
Switzerland. Testing Handbook, QE-702-14E. Alabama:
U.S. Army Redstone Arsenal.*
“Introduction to Vacuum and Leak Detection.”
Plainview, NY: Veeco Instruments, Inc., 1980.

24
 ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

Tompkin, H. Introduction to the Fundamentals of “Vacuum Technology: Its Foundation, Formula, and
Vacuum Technology. New York: American Tables.” E. Syracuse, NY: Inficon Leybold-
Vacuum Society, 1984. Heraeus, 1980.

U.S. Government, Department of Energy. Varian Assn. “Introduction to Helium Mass

“Nondestructive Evaluation Criteria for Use of Spectrometer Leak Detection.” Lexington, MA,
ASME Section III and USASI B31.7. Div., 1980.
Reactor Dev. and Tech.”**
Weast, R. C. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics.
U.S. Government, Department of Energy. “Primary Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Reactor Containment Leakage Testing for
Water-Cooled Power Reactors (Appendix J Title Wilson, N., and L. Beavis. Handbook of Vacuum
10 CFR Part 50).”** Leak Detection. New York: American Vacuum
Society, 1979.
U.S. Government Fed. Test Method Standards**
*Available from the American Society for
“Leak Testing (Helium Mass Spectrometer) Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH.
(#151 b-method 441).”
**Available from the Naval Publications and Forms
“Leak Testing (Pressurized Gas) (#151 b- Center, 5801 Tabor Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19120.
method 442).”

“Leak Testing (Vacuum) (#151 b-method 443).”

25
ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

Recommended Training for Level I Liquid (1) Penetrant used

Penetrant Testing (2) Prior processing
(3) Technique used
1. Introduction c. Indications from cracks
a. Brief history of nondestructive testing (1) Cracks occurring during
and liquid penetrant testing solidification
b. Purpose of liquid penetrant testing (2) Cracks occurring during
c. Basic principles of liquid penetrant processing
testing (3) Cracks occurring during service
d. Types of liquid penetrants commercially d. Indications from porosity
available e. Indications from specific material forms
(1) Forgings
2. Liquid Penetrant Processing (2) Castings
a. Preparation of parts (3) Plate
b. Adequate lighting (4) Welds
c. Application of penetrant to parts (5) Extrusions
d. Removal of surface penetrant f. Evaluation of indications
e. Developer application and drying (1) True indications
f. Inspection and evaluation (2) False indications
g. Postcleaning (3) Relevant indications
(4) Nonrelevant indications
3. Various Penetrant Testing Methods
a. Characteristics of each method 4. Inspection Procedures and Standards
b. General applications of each method a. Inspection procedures
b. Standards/codes
4. Liquid Penetrant Testing Equipment
a. Liquid penetrant testing units
b. Lighting for liquid penetrant inspection Recommended Training References Liquid
c. Materials for liquid penetrant testing Penetrant Testing Method, Level I, II, and III
d. Precautions in liquid penetrant inspection

American Society for Metals. Nondestructive

Recommended Training for Level II Liquid Inspection and Quality Control: Metals Hand-
Penetrant Testing book, Volume 11, eighth ed. Metals Park, OH,
1976.*
1. Review
a. Basic principles American Society for Nondestructive Testing.
b. Process of various methods Supplement to Recommended Practice No.
c. Equipment SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Test
Method. Columbus, OH, 1980.*
2. Selection of the Appropriate Penetrant American Society for Testing and Materials.
Testing Method “Metallography; Nondestructive Testing,”
a. Advantages of various methods Volume 03.03. Philadelphia, PA, latest edition.*
b. Disadvantages of various methods
American Welding Society. Welding Handbook,
3. Inspection and Evaluation of Indications Volume 1. Miami, FL, latest edition.*
a. General
(1) Discontinuities inherent in various Liquid Penetrant Testing, Classroom Training
materials Handbook (CT-6-2). San Diego, CA: General
(2) Reason for indications Dynamics/Convair Division, 1977.*
(3) Appearance of indications
(4) Time for indications to appear Liquid Penetrant Testing, Programmed Instruction
(5) Persistence of indications Handbook (PI-4-2). San Diego, CA: General
b. Factors affecting indications Dynamics/Convair Division, 1977.*

26
 ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

Materials Evaluation. Volume 44, No. 12 American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
(November 1986). Columbus, OH: American 1959.*
Society for Nondestructive Testing.*
McMaster, Robert C., ed. Nondestructive Testing
Materials Evaluation. Volume 45, No. 7 Handbook, second edition: Volume 2, Liquid
(July 1987). Columbus, OH: American Society Penetrant Tests. Columbus, OH: American
for Nondestructive Testing.* Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1982 .*

McGonnagle, Warren J. Nondestructive Testing, Mix, Paul E. Introduction to Nondestructive

second edition. New York: Gordon and Breach, Testing: A Training Guide. New York: John
1975. Wiley & Sons, 1987.*

McMaster, Robert C., ed. Nondestructive Testing Available from the American Society for
Handbook, first edition. Columbus, OH: Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH.

27
ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

Recommended Training for Level I (6) Disadvantages of longitudinal

Magnetic Particle Testing magnetization

1. Principles of Magnets and Magnetic Fields 5. Selecting the Proper Method of

a. Theory of magnetic fields Magnetization
(1) Earth’s magnetic field a. Alloy, shape, and condition of part
(2) Magnetic fields around magnetized b. Type of magnetizing current
materials c. Direction of magnetic field
b. Theory of magnetism d. Sequence of operations
(1) Magnetic poles e. Value of flux density
(2) Law of magnetism
(3) Materials influenced by magnetic fields 6. Inspection Materials
(a) Ferromagnetic a. Wet particles
(b) Paramagnetic b. Dry particles
(4) Magnetic characteristics of nonferrous
materials 7. Principles of Demagnetization
c. Terminology associated with magnetic a. Residual magnetism
particle testing b. Reasons for requiring demagnetization
c. Longitudinal and circular residual fields
2. Characteristics of Magnetic Fields d. Basic principles of demagnetization
a. Bar magnet e. Retentivity and coercive force
b. Ring magnet f. Methods of demagnetization

3. Effect of Discontinuities of Materials 8. Magnetic Particle Testing Equipment

a. Surface cracks a. Equipment-selection considerations
b. Scratches (1) Type of magnetizing current
c. Subsurface defects (2) Location and nature of test
(3) Test materials used
4. Magnetization by Means of Electric Current (4) Purpose of test
a. Circular field (5) Area inspected
(1) Field around a straight conductor b. Manual inspection equipment
(2) Right-hand rule c. Medium- and heavy-duty equipment
(3) Field in parts through which current d. Stationary equipment
flows e. Mechanized inspection equipment
(a) Long, solid, cylindrical, regular (1) Semiautomatic inspection equipment
parts (2) Single-purpose semiautomatic
(b) Irregularly-shaped parts equipment
(c) Tubular parts (3) Multipurpose semiautomatic
(d) Parts containing machined holes, equipment
slots, etc. (4) Fully automatic equipment
(4) Methods of inducing current flow in
parts 9. Types of Discontinuities Detected by
(a) Contact plates Magnetic Particle Testing
(b) Prods a. Inclusions
(5) Discontinuities commonly discovered b. Blowholes
by circular fields c. Porosity
b. Longitudinal field d. Flakes
(1) Field produced by current flow in a coil e. Cracks
(2) Field direction in a current-carrying coil f. Pipes
(3) Field strength in a current-carrying coil g. Laminations
(4) Discontinuities commonly discovered h. Laps
by longitudinal fields i. Forging bursts
(5) Advantages of longitudinal j. Voids
magnetization

28
 ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

10. Magnetic Particle Test Indications and (1)Current calculations

Interpretations (2)Depth-factor considerations
a. Indications of nonmetallic inclusions (3)Precautions – safety and overheating
b. Indications of surface seams (4)Contact prods and yokes
c. Indications of cracks (a) Requirements for prods and yokes
d. Indications of laminations (b) Current-carrying capabilities
e. Indications of laps (5) Discontinuities commonly detected
f. Indications of bursts and flakes b. Longitudinal technique
g. Indications of porosity (1) Principles of induced flux fields
h. Nonrelevant indications (2) Geometry of part to be inspected
(3) Shapes and sizes of coils
(4) Use of coils and cables
Recommended Training for Level II
(a) Strength of field
Magnetic Particle Testing
(b) Current directional flow vs. flux
field
1. Principles (c) Shapes, sizes, and current
a. Theory capacities
(1) Flux patterns (5) Current calculations
(2) Frequency and voltage factors (a) Formulas
(3) Current calculations (b) Types of current required
(4) Surface flux strength (c) Current demand
(5) Subsurface effects (6) Discontinuities commonly detected
b. Magnets and magnetism
(1) Distance factors vs. strength of flux 5. Selecting the Proper Method of
(2) Internal and external flux patterns Magnetization
(3) Phenomenon action at the a. Alloy, shape, and condition of part
discontinuity b. Type of magnetizing current
(4) Heat effects on magnetism c. Direction of magnetic field
(5) Material hardness vs. magnetic d. Sequence of operations
retention e. Value of flux density

2. Flux Fields 6. Demagnetization Procedures

a. Direct current a. Need for demagnetization of parts
(1) Depth of penetration factors b. Current, frequency, and field orientation
(2) Source of current c. Heat factors and precautions
b. Direct pulsating current d. Need for collapsing flux fields
(1) Similarity to direct current
(2) Advantages 7. Equipment
(3) Typical fields a. Portable type
c. Alternating current (1) Reason for portable equipment
(1) Cyclic effects (2) Capabilities of portable equipment
(2) Surface strength characteristics (3) Similarity to stationary equipment
(3) Safety precautions b. Stationary type
(4) Voltage and current factors (1) Capability of handling large and heavy
(5) Source of current parts
(2) Flexibility in use
3. Effects of Discontinuities on Materials (3) Need for stationary equipment
a. Design factors (4) Use of accessories and attachments
(1) Mechanical properties c. Automatic type
(2) Part use (1) Requirements for automation
b. Relationship to load-carrying ability (2) Sequential operations
(3) Control and operation factors
4. Magnetization by Means of Electric Current (4) Alarm and rejection mechanisms
a. Circular techniques d. Liquids and powders

29
ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

(1) Liquid requirements as a particle Recommended Training References

vehicle Magnetic Particle Testing Method, Level I,
(2) Safety precautions II, and III
(3) Temperature needs
(4) Powder and paste contents
(5) Mixing procedures American Society for Metals. Nondestructive Inspection and
(6) Need for accurate proportions Quality Control: Metals Handbook, Volume 11,
e. Black-light type eighth ed. Metals Park, OH, 1976.*
(1) Black light and fluorescence
(2) Visible- and black-light comparisons American Society for Nondestructive Testing.
(3) Requirements in the testing cycle Supplement to Recommended Practice No.
(4) Techniques in use SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Magnetic Particle Test
f. Light-sensitive instruments Method. Columbus, OH, 1994.*
(1) Need for instrumentation
(2) Light characteristics American Society for Testing and Materials.
“Metallography; Nondestructive Testing,”
8. Types of Discontinuities Volume 03.03. Philadelphia, PA, latest edition.*
a. In castings
b. In ingots American Welding Society. Welding Handbook.
c. In wrought sections and parts Vol. 1. Miami, FL, latest edition.*
d. In welds
Betz, Carl E. Principles of Magnetic Particle
9. Evaluation Techniques Testing. Chicago: Magnaflux Corp., 1985.*
a. Use of standards
(1) Need for standards and references Magnetic Particle Testing, Classroom Training
(2) Comparison of known with unknown Handbook (CT-6-3). San Diego, CA: General
(3) Specifications and certifications Dynamics/Convair Division, 1977.*
(4) Comparison techniques
b. Defect appraisal Magnetic Particle Testing, Programmed Instruction
(1) History of part Handbook (PI-4-3). San Diego, CA: General
(2) Manufacturing process Dynamics/ Convair Division, 1977.*
(3) Possible causes of defect
(4) Use of part McGonnagle, Warren J. Nondestructive Testing,
(5) Acceptance and rejection criteria second edition. New York: Gordon and Breach,
(6) Use of tolerances 1975.

10. Quality Control of Equipment and Processes McMaster, Robert C., ed. Nondestructive Testing
a. Malfunctioning of equipment Handbook, first edition. Columbus, OH:
b. Proper magnetic particles and bath liquid American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
c. Bath concentration 1959.*
(1) Settling test
(2) Other bath-strength tests Mix, Paul E. Introduction to Nondestructive
d. Tests for black-light intensity Testing: A Training Guide. New York: John
Wiley & Sons, 1987.*

*Available from The American Society for

Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH.

30
 ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

Recommended Training for Level I Neutron c. Clothing requirements

Radiographic Testing d. Handling and storage requirements and
procedures
e. Shipping and receiving procedures
Neutron Radiographic Equipment Operating 7. State and Federal Regulations
and Emergency Instructions Course a. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and
agreement states authority
Note: It is recommended that the trainee receive b. Occupational Safety and Health
instruction in this course prior to performing work in Administration (OSHA)
neutron radiography. c. Department of Transportation (DOT)
d. * State and federal explosive-licensing
1. Personnel Monitoring requirements
a. Personnel-monitoring dosimeters
*Required only by those personnel who will be
(1) Types
involved in neutron radiography of explosive
(2) Reading
devices.
(3) Record-keeping
b. Permissible personnel-exposure limits
Basic Neutron Radiographic Physics Course
2. Radiation-Survey Instruments
a. Types of instruments 1. Introduction
b. Reading and interpreting meter indications a. History of industrial neutron radiography
c. Calibration frequency b. General principles of examination of
d. Calibration expiration – actions to be taken materials by penetrating radiation
e. Battery check – importance c. Relationship of penetrating neutron
radiation, radiography, and radiometry
3. Radiation-Area Surveys d. Comparison with other NDT methods,
a. Type and quantity of radiation particularly with X-rays and gamma rays
b. Posting e. General areas of application
(1) Radiation areas (1) Imaging
(2) High-radiation areas (2) Metrology
c. Establishment of time limits (3) Product

4. Radioactivity 2. Physical Principles

a. Radioactive components (fuel, sources, a. Sources for neutron radiography (general
etc.) description)
b. Induced radioactivity – due to neutron (1) Isotopes
radiography (2) Nuclear reactors
(1) Handling of radioactive components (3) Accelerators
(2) Decay of radioactive components b. Interaction between neutrons and matter
(3) Shipping of radioactive components (1) Absorption
(a) Thermal neutrons
5. Radiation-Area Work Practices – Safety (b) Resonance neutrons
a. Use of time, shielding, and distance to (c) Fast neutrons
reduce personnel radiation exposure (2) Scatter
b. Restricted areas (a) Elastic
c. Radioactive contamination (b) Inelastic
(1) Clothing requirements c. Neutron radiography techniques
(2) Contamination control (1) Film imaging techniques
(3) Contamination cleanup (2) Nonfilm imaging techniques
d. Specific procedures d. Glossary of terms and units of measure

6. * Explosive-Device Safety 3. Radiation Sources for Neutrons

a. Static electricity (Specific Description)
b. Grounding devices a. Reactors

31
ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

(1) Principle of fission chain reactions 2. Neutron Radiographic Process:

(2) Neutron thermalization (slowing down) Basic Imaging Considerations
(3) Thermal neutron flux a. Definition of sensitivity (including
b. Accelerators penetrameters)
(1) Types of accelerators b. Contrast and definition
(2) Neutron-producing reactions (1) Neutron energy and neutron screen
c. Isotopic sources relationship
(1) Radioisotope + Be (2) Effect of scattering in object
(a) α – Be c. Geometric principles
(b) γ – Be d. Generation and control of scatter
(2) Radioisotope + D e. Choice of neutron source
(a) γ – D f. Choice of film
(3) Spontaneous fission g. Use of exposure curves
(a) 252Cf h. Cause of correction of unsatisfactory
radiographs
4. Personnel Safety and Radiation Protection (1) High film density
a. Hazards of excessive exposure (2) Low film density
(1) General – beta-, gamma-radiation (3) High contrast
(2) Specific neutron hazards (4) Low contrast
(a) Relative biological effectiveness (5) Poor definition
(b) Neutron activation (6) Excessive film fog
b. Methods of controlling radiation dose (7) Light leaks
(1) Time (8) Artifacts
(2) Distance i. Arithmetic of exposure
(3) Shielding
c. Specific equipment requirements 3. Test Result Interpretation
(1) Neutron monitoring dosimeters a. Relationship between X-ray and n-ray
(2) Gamma-ray monitoring dosimeters b. Effects on measurement and interpretation
(3) Radiation survey equipment of test
(a) Beta/gamma c. Administrative control of test quality by
(b) Neutron interpreter
(4) Recording/record-keeping d. Familiarization with image
d. Radiation work procedures
e. Federal, state, and local regulations
Recommended Training for Level II Neutron
Radiographic Testing
Basic Neutron Radiographic Technique Course

1. Radiation-Detection Imaging
a. Converter screens Neutron Radiographic Physics Course
(1) Principles of operation
(2) Direct-imaging screens 1. Introduction
(3) Transfer-imaging screens a. General principles of examination of
b. Film – principles, properties, and uses with materials by penetrating radiation
neutron converter screens b. Relationship of penetrating neutron
(1) Radiation response radiation, radiography, and radiometry
(2) Vacuum/contact considerations c. Comparison with other methods, particularly
(3) Radiographic speed with X-rays and gamma rays
(4) Radiographic contrast d. Specific areas of application in industry
c. Track-etch
(1) Radiation response 2. Review of Physical Principles
(2) Vacuum/contact considerations a. Nature of penetrating radiation (all types)
(3) Radiographic speed (1) Particles
(4) Radiographic contrast (2) Wave properties
(3) Electromagnetic waves

32
 ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

(4) Fundamentals of radiation physics (c) Cine techniques

(5) Sources of radiation (4)Direct TV viewing
(a) Electronic sources (5)Special instrumentation associated
(b) Isotopic sources with above techniques
(c) Nuclear reactors b. Nonimaging devices
(d) Accelerators (1) Solid-state
b. Interaction between penetrating radiation (a) Scintillometers
and matter (neutron and gamma ray) (b) Photoresistive devices
(1) Absorption (c) Other
(2) Scatter (2) Gaseous
(3) Other interactions (a) Proportional counters
c. Glossary of terms and units of measure (b) Geiger counters
(c) Ionization chambers
3. Radiation Sources for Neutrons (d) Other
a. Neutron sources – general (3) Neutron detectors
(1) Reactors (a) Boron-based gas counters
(a) Principle of fission chain reactions (b) Fission counters
(b) Fast-neutron flux – energy and (c) Helium-3 detectors
spatial distribution (d) Lithium-based scintillators
(c) Neutron thermalization (e) Instrumentation
(d) Thermal-neutron flux – energy and (11) Rate meters
spatial distribution (21) Counters
(2) Accelerators (31) Amplifiers and preamplifiers
(a) Types of accelerators (41) Recording readouts
(b) Neutron-producing reactions (51) Other
(c) Available yields and energy
spectra 5. Personnel Safety and Radiation Protection
(3) Isotopic sources a. Hazards of excessive exposure
(a) Radioisotope + Be (1) General – beta-, gamma ray
(b) Radioisotope + D (2) Specific neutron hazards
(c) Spontaneous fission – 252Cf (a) Relative biological effectiveness
(4) Beam design (RBE)
(a) Source placement (b) Neutron activation of components
(b) Collimation b. Methods of controlling accumulated
(c) Filtering radiation dose
(d) Shielding (1) Time
(2) Distance
4. Radiation Detection (3) Shielding
a. Imaging c. Specific equipment requirements
(1) Converter screens (1) Neutron monitoring equipment
(a) Principles of operations (2) Gamma-ray monitoring equipment
(b) Types of screens (3) Survey
(11) Direct exposure (4) Recording
(21) Transfer exposure (5) Exposure shields and/or rooms
(31) Track-etch process (a) Operation
(41) Spectral sensitivity (each (b) Alarms
process) d. Operation and emergency procedures
(2) Film – principles, properties, use with e. Federal, state, and local regulations
neutron converter screens
(a) Material examination Neutron Radiographic Technique Course
(b) Monitoring
(3) Fluoroscopy 1. Neutron Radiographic Process
(a) Fluorescent screen a. Basic neutron-imaging considerations
(b) Image amplification (1) Definition of sensitivity (including

33
ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

penetrameters) (11) Micro-neutron radiography

(2) Contrast and definition (12) Causes of “diffraction” effects and
(a) Neutron energy and neutron minimization of interference with test
screen relationship (13) Determination of focal-spot size
(b) Effect of scattering in object (14) Panoramic techniques
(c) Exposure vs. foil thickness (15) Altering film contrast and density
(3) Geometric principles (16) Gaging and control processes
(4) Intensifying screens
(a) Fluorescent (neutron-sensitive) 2. Test Result Interpretation
(b) Metallic (neutron-sensitive) a. Basic factors
(5) Generation and control of scatter (1) General aspects (relationship between
(6) Choice of source X-ray and neutron radiographs)
(7) Choice of film/detector (2) Effects on measurement and
(8) Use of exposure curves and process interpretation of test
by which they are generated (3) Administrative control of test quality by
(9) Fluoroscopic inspection interpreter
(a) Theory of operation (4) Familiarization with image
(b) Applications b. Material considerations
(c) Limitations (1) Metallurgy or other material
(10) Film processing consideration as it affects use of item
(a) Darkroom procedures and test results
(b) Darkroom equipment and (2) Materials-processing effects on use of
chemicals item and test results
(c) Film processing do’s and don’ts (3) Discontinuities – their causes and
(11) Viewing of radiographs effects
(a) Illuminator requirements (intensity) (4) Radiographic appearance of
(b) Background lighting discontinuities
(c) Judging quality of neutron c. Codes, standards, specifications, and
radiographs procedures
(12) Causes and correction of (1) Thermal neutron radiography
unsatisfactory radiographs (2) Resonance neutron radiography
(a) High film density (3) Other applicable codes, etc.
(b) Insufficient film density
(c) High contrast
Recommended Training References
(d) Low contrast
Neutron Radiographic Testing, Level I, II,
(e) Poor definition
and III
(f) Excessive neutron scatter
(g) Fog
(h) Light leaks
(i) Artifacts American Society for Metals. Nondestructive
(13) Arithmetic of exposure and of other Inspection and Quality Control: Metals
factors affecting neutron radiographs Handbook, Volume 11, eighth ed. Metals Park,
b. Miscellaneous applications OH, 1976.*
(1) Blocking and filtering
(2) Multifilm techniques American Society for Nondestructive Testing.
(3) Enlargement and projection Supplement to Recommended Practice No.
(4) Stereoradiography SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Neutron Radiographic
(5) Triangulation methods Test Method. Columbus, OH, 1994.*
(6) Autoradiography
(7) Flash neutron radiography American Society for Testing and Materials.
(8) “In-motion” radiography and “Metallography; Nondestructive Testing,”
fluoroscopy Volume 03.03. Philadelphia, PA, latest edition.*
(9) Backscatter neutron radiography
(10) Neutron tomography

34
 ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

Atomic Energy Review, Volume 15, No. 2, June Neutron Radiography Handbook. Holland and
1977. Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Co., 1981.

Berger, H. Neutron Radiography. Amsterdam, Radiographic Testing, Classroom Training

Netherlands: Elsevier Publishing Co., 1965. Handbook (CT-6-6). San Diego, CA: General
Dynamics/Convair Division, 1967.*
Berger, H. “Neutron Radiography,” Annual Reviews
of Nuclear Science, Volume 21. Palo Alto, CA: Radiographic Testing, Programmed Instruction
Annual Review, Inc., 1971. Handbook (PI-4-6). San Diego, CA: General
Dynamics/Convair Division, 1983.*
Berger, H. Neutron Radiography and Gaging.
Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing Radiography in Modern Industry, 4th ed.
and Materials, 1967. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co., 1980.*

Bryant, Lawrence A., and Paul McIntire, eds. Sensitometric Properties of X-Ray Films.
Nondestructive Testing Handbook, second Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co., 1974.
edition: Volume 3, Radiography and Radiation
Testing. Columbus, OH: American Society for Standards for Protection against Radiation, Title
Nondestructive Testing, 1985.* 10: Rules and Regulations, Part 20.
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing
Herz, R. The Photographic Action of Ionizing Office.
Radiations. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1969.
Tyufakov, N. D., and A. S. Shtan. Principles of
Mix, Paul E. Introduction to Nondestructive Testing: Neutron Radiography, TT76-52048. New Delhi,
A Training Guide. New York: John Wiley & India: Amerind Publishing Co., 1979.
Sons, 1987.*
*Available from The American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH.

35
ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

f.* Use of “source changers” for gamma-ray

sources

Recommended Training for Level I 7. Emergency Procedures

Radiographic Testing a.* Vehicle accidents with radioactive sealed
sources
b.* Fire involving sealed sources
Radiographic Equipment Operating and c.* “Source out” – failure to return to safe
Emergency Instructions Course shielded conditions
d.* Emergency call list
Note: It is recommended that the trainee receive
instruction in this course prior to performing work in 8. Storage and Shipment of Exposed Devices
radiography. and Sources
a.* Vehicle storage
1. Personnel Monitoring b.* Storage vault – permanent
a. Wearing of monitoring badges c.* Shipping instructions – sources
b. Reading of pocket dosimeters d.* Receiving instructions – radioactive material
c. Recording of daily dosimeter readings
d. “Off-scale” dosimeter–action required 9. State and Federal Regulations
e. Permissible exposure limits a. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and
agreement states – authority
2. Survey Instruments b. License reciprocity
a. Types of radiation instruments c.* Radioactive materials license requirements
b. Reading and interpreting meter indications for industrial radiography
c. Calibration frequency d. Qualification requirements for radiography
d. Calibration expiration–action personnel
e. Battery check–importance e. Regulations for the control of radiation
(state or NRC as applicable)
3. Leak Testing of Sealed Radioactive Sources f.* Department of Transportation regulations for
a. Requirements for leak testing radiographic-source shipment
b. Purpose of leak testing g. Regulatory requirements for X-ray machines
c. Performance of leak testing (state and federal as applicable)

4. Radiation Survey Reports

a. Requirements for completion *Topics may be deleted if the radiography is limited
b. Description of report format to X-ray exposure devices.

5. Radiographic Work Practices Basic Radiographic Physics Course

a. Establishment of restricted areas
b. Posting and surveillance of restricted areas 1. Introduction
c. Use of time, distance, and shielding to a. History and discovery of radioactive
reduce personnel radiation exposure materials
d. Applicable regulatory requirements for b. Definition of industrial radiography
surveys, posting, and control of radiation c. Radiation protection – why?
and high-radiation areas d. Basic math review: exponents, square root,
etc.
6. Exposure Devices
a. Daily inspection and maintenance 2. Fundamental Properties of Matter
b.* Radiation exposure limits for gamma-ray a. Elements and atoms
exposure devices b. Molecules and compounds
c. Labeling c. Atomic particles – properties of protons,
d. Use electrons, and neutrons
e. Use of collimators to reduce personnel d. Atomic structure
exposure

36
 ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

e. Atomic number and weight 7. Radiation Detection

f. Isotope vs. radioisotope a. Pocket dosimeter
b. Difference between dose and dose rate
3. Radioactive Materials c. Survey instruments
a. Production (1) Geiger-Müller tube
(1) Neutron activation (2) Ionization chambers
(2) Nuclear fission (3) Scintillation chambers, counters
b. Stable vs. unstable (radioactive) atoms d. Film badge – radiation detector
c. Curie – the unit of activity e. TLDs (thermoluminescent dosimeters)
d. Half-life of radioactive materials f. Calibration
e. Plotting of radioactive decay
f. Specific activity – curies/gram 8. Exposure Devices and Radiation Sources
a. Radioisotope sources
4. Types of Radiation (1) Sealed-source design and fabrication
a. Particulate radiation – properties: alpha, (2) Gamma-ray sources
beta, neutron (3) Beta and bremsstrahlung sources
b. Electromagnetic radiation – X-ray, gamma- (4) Neutron sources
ray b. Radioisotope exposure device
c. X-ray production characteristics
d. Gamma-ray production c. Electronic radiation sources – 500 keV and
e. Gamma-ray energy less, low-energy
f. Energy characteristics of common (1) Generator – high-voltage rectifiers
radioisotope sources (2) X-ray tube design and fabrication
g. Energy characteristics of X-ray machines (3) X-ray control circuits
(4) Accelerating potential
5. Interaction of Radiation with Matter (5) Target material and configuration
a. Ionization (6) Heat dissipation
b. Radiation interaction with matter (7) Duty cycle
(1) Photoelectric effect (8) Beam filtration
(2) Compton scattering d.* Electronic radiation sources – medium- and
(3) Pair production high-energy
c. Unit of radiation exposure – the roentgen (1)* Resonance transformer
d. Emissivity of commonly used radiographic (2)* Van de Graaff accelerator
sources (3)* Linac
e. Emissivity of X-ray exposure devices (4)* Betatron
f. Attenuation of electromagnetic radiation – (5)* Roentgen output
shielding (6)* Equipment design and fabrication
g. Half-value layers; tenth-value layers (7)* Beam filtration
h. Inverse-square law e.* Fluoroscopic radiation sources
(1)* Fluoroscopic equipment design
6. Biological Effects of Radiation (2)* Direct-viewing screens
a. “Natural” background radiation (3)* Image amplification
b. Unit of radiation dose – rem (4)* Special X-ray tube considerations and
c. Difference between radiation and duty cycle
contamination (5)* Screen unsharpness
d. Allowable personnel-exposure limits and the (6)* Screen conversion efficiency
banking concept
e. Theory of allowable dose 9. Special Radiographic Sources and
f. Radiation damage – repair concept Techniques
g. Symptoms of radiation injury a.* Flash radiography
h. Acute radiation exposure and somatic injury b.* Stereo radiography
i. Personnel monitoring for tracking exposure c.* In-motion radiography
j. Organ radiosensitivity d.* Autoradiography

37
ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

*Topics may be deleted if these methods and 4. Radiographic Image Quality

techniques are not used by the employer. a. Radiographic sensitivity
b. Radiographic contrast
Radiographic Technique Course c. Film contrast
d. Subject contrast
1. Introduction e. Definition
a. Process of radiography f. Film graininess and screen mottle effects
b. Types of electromagnetic radiation sources g. Penetrameters or image-quality indicators
c. Electromagnetic spectrum
d. Penetrating ability or “quality” of X-rays and 5. Film Handling, Loading, and Processing
gamma rays a. Safe light and darkroom practices
e. Spectrum of X-ray tube source b. Loading bench and cleanliness
f. Spectrum of gamma-radioisotope source c. Opening of film boxes and packets
g. X-ray tube – change of mA or kVp effect on d. Loading of film and sealing cassettes
“quality” and intensity e. Handling techniques for “green film”
f. Elements of manual film processing
2. Basic Principles of Radiography
a. Geometric exposure principles 6. Exposure Techniques – Radiography
(1) “Shadow” formation and distortion a. Single-wall radiography
(2) Shadow enlargement calculation b. Double-wall radiography
(3) Shadow sharpness (1) Viewing two walls simultaneously
(4) Geometric unsharpness (2) Offset double-wall exposure single-wall
(5) Finding discontinuity depth viewing
b. Radiographic screens (3) Elliptical techniques
(1) Lead intensifying screens c. Panoramic radiography
(2) Fluorescent intensifying screens d. Use of multiple-film loading
(3) Intensifying factors e. Specimen configuration
(4) Importance of screen-to-film contact
(5) Importance of screen cleanliness and 7. Fluoroscopic Techniques
care a. Dark adaptation and eye sensitivity
(6) Techniques for cleaning screens b. Special scattered radiation techniques
c. Radiographic cassettes c. Personnel protection
d. Composition of industrial radiographic film d. Sensitivity
e. The “heel effect” with X-ray tubes e. Limitations
f. Direct screen viewing
3. Radiographs g. Indirect and remote screen viewing
a. Formation of the latent image on film
b. Inherent unsharpness
Recommended Training for Level II
c. Arithmetic of radiographic exposure
Radiographic Testing
(1) Milliamperage – distance-time
relationship
(2) Reciprocity law
(3) Photographic density Film Quality and Manufacturing Processes
(4) X-ray exposure charts – material Course
thickness, kV, and exposure
(5) Gamma-ray exposure chart 1. Review of Basic Radiographic Principles
(6) Inverse-square-law considerations a. Interaction of radiation with matter
(7) Calculation of exposure time for b. Math review
gamma- and X-ray sources c. Exposure calculations
d. Characteristic Hurter and Driffield (H&D) d. Geometric exposure principles
curve e. Radiographic-image quality parameters
e. Film speed and class descriptions
f. Selection of film for particular purpose 2. Darkroom Facilities, Techniques, and
Processing

38
 ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

a. Facilities and equipment (3) Centrifugal casting

(1) Automatic film processor vs. manual (4) Investment casting
processing b. Wrought processes and associated
(2) Safe lights discontinuities
(3) Viewer lights (1) Forgings
(4) Loading bench (2) Rolled products
(5) Miscellaneous equipment (3) Extruded products
b. Film loading c. Welding processes and associated
(1) General rules for handling discontinuities
unprocessed film (1) Submerged arc welding (SAW)
(2) Types of film packaging (2) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
(3) Cassette-loading techniques for sheet (3) Gas metal arc welding (GMAW)
and roll (4) Flux corded arc welding (FCAW)
c. Protection of radiographic film in storage (5) Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW)
d. Processing of film – manual (6) Resistance welding
(1) Developer and replenishment (7) Special welding processes – electron
(2) Stop bath beam, electroslag, electrogas, etc.
(3) Fixer and replenishment
(4) Washing 5. Radiological Safety Principles Review
(5) Prevention of water spots a. Controlling personnel exposure
(6) Drying b. Time, distance, shielding concepts
e. Automatic film processing c. ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable)
f. Film filing and storage concept
(1) Retention-life measurements d. Radiation-detection equipment
(2) Long-term storage e. Exposure-device operating characteristics
(3) Filing and separation techniques
g. Unsatisfactory radiographs – causes and
Radiographic Evaluation and Interpretation
cures
Course
(1) High film density
(2) Insufficient film density
(3) High contrast 1. Radiographic Viewing
(4) Low contrast a. Film-illuminator requirements
(5) Poor definition b. Background lighting
(6) Fog c. Multiple-composite viewing
(7) Light leaks d. Penetrameter placement
(8) Artifacts e. Personnel dark adaptation and visual acuity
h. Film density f. Film identification
(1) Step-wedge comparison film g. Location markers
(2) Densitometers h. Film-density measurement
i. Film artifacts
3. Indiacations, Discontinuities, and Defects
a. Indications 2. Application Techniques
b. Discontinuities a. Multiple-film techniques
(1) Inherent (1) Thickness-variation parameters
(2) Processing (2) Film speed
(3) Service (3) Film latitude
c. Defects b. Enlargement and projection
c. Geometrical relationships
4. Manufacturing Processes and Associated (1) Geometrical unsharpness
Discontinuities (2) Penetrameter sensitivity
a. Casting processes and associated (3) Source-to-film distance
discontinuities (4) Focal-spot size
(1) Ingots, blooms, and billets d. Triangulation methods for discontinuity
(2) Sand casting location

39
ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

e. Localized magnification American Welding Society. Welding Inspection.

f. Film-handling techniques Miami, FL, latest edition.

3. Evaluation of Castings British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing. Basic

a. Casting-method review Metallurgy for Non-destructive Testing. Essex,
b. Casting discontinuities England: W. H. Houldershaw, Ltd., 1981.
c. Origin and typical orientation of
discontinuities Bryant, Lawrence A., and Paul McIntire, eds.
d. Radiographic appearance Nondestructive Testing Handbook, second
e. Casting codes/standards – applicable edition: Volume 3, Radiography and Radiation
acceptance criteria Testing. Columbus, OH: American Society for
f. Reference radiographs Nondestructive Testing, 1985.*

4. Evaluation of Weldments Halmshaw, R. Industrial Radiology Techniques.

a. Welding-method review London: Wykeharn Publications; Ltd., New York:
b. Welding discontinuities Springer-Verlag, Inc., 1971.
c. Origin and typical orientation of
discontinuities Halmshaw, R. Industrial Radiology: Theory and
d. Radiographic appearance Practice. London and New Jersey: Applied
e. Welding codes/standards – applicable Science Publishers, 1982.*
acceptance criteria
f. Reference radiographs or pictograms Halmshaw, R. Non-destructive Testing: Metallurgy
and Materials Science. London: Edward
5. Standards, Codes, and Procedures for Arnold, 1987 *
Radiography
a. ASTM E94/E142 Halmshaw, R. Physics of Industrial Radiology.
b. Acceptable radiographic techniques and New York: American Elsevier Publishing Co.,
setups 1966.*
c. Applicable employer procedures
d. Procedure for radiograph parameter Hartford Steam Boiler’s Complete Radiography
verification Workbook, 1st ed. Hartford, CT: The Hartford
e. Radiographic reports Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Co.,
1983.
Recommended Training References
Industrial Radiography/Holography. Ridgefield
Radiographic Testing Method
Park, NJ: Agfa-Gevaert, Inc., 1986.*

American Society for Metals. Nondestructive McGonnagle, Warren J. Nondestructive Testing,

Inspection and Quality Control: Metals second edition. New York: Gordon and Breach,
Handbook, Volume 11, eighth edition. Metals 1975.
Park, OH, 1976.*
McGuire, Stephen A., and Carol A. Peabody.
American Society for Nondestructive Testing. Working Safely in Gamma Radiography.
Supplement to Recommended Practice No. NUREG/BR-0024. Washington, DC: U.S.
SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Radiographic Test Government Printing Office, 1982.*
Method. Columbus, OH, 1996.*
McMaster, Robert C., ed. Nondestructive Testing
American Society for Testing and Materials. Handbook, first edition. Columbus, OH:
“Metallography; Nondestructive Testing,” American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Volume 03.03. Philadelphia, PA, latest edition.* 1959.*

American Welding Society. Welding Handbook. Mix, Paul E. Introduction to Nondestructive

Volume 1. Miami, FL, latest edition.* Testing: A Training Guide. New York: John
Wiley & Sons, 1987.*

40
 ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

Moore, Harry D., ed. Materials and Processes for Radiography in Modern Industry, fourth ed.
NDT Technology. Columbus, OH: American Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co., 1980.*
Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1981.*
Richardson, Harry D. NDT Radiography Training
Munro, John J., III, and Francis E. Roy, Jr. Manual. Wilmington, DE: E. I. du Pont de
Gamma Radiography Radiation Safety Nemours and Co., 1968 reprint.*
Handbook. Burlington, MA: Amersham Corp.,
1986.* Sensitometric Properties of X-Ray Films.
Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co., 1974.
NDT Terminology. Wilmington, DE: E. I. du Pont de
Nemours and Co., 1981. Thielsch, Helmut. Defects and Failures in Pressure
Vessels and Piping. New York: Reinhold
Radiographic Testing, Classroom Training Publishing Corp., 1966.*
Handbook (CT-6-6). San Diego, CA: General
Dynamics/Convair Division, 1967.* The Sense and Nonsense of Weld Defects. Morton
Grove, IL: Monticello Books, 1967.*
Radiographic Testing, Programmed Instruction
Handbook (PI-4-6). San Diego, CA: General *Available from The American Society for
Dynamics/ Convair Division, 1983.* Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH.

41
ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

Recommended Training for Level I 4. Basic Testing Methods

Ultrasonic Testing a. Contact
b. Immersion

Basic Ultrasonic Course Ultrasonic Technique Course

Note: It is recommended that the trainee receive 1. Testing Methods

instruction in this course prior to performing work in a. Contact
ultrasonics. (1) Straight-beam
(2) Angle-beam
1. Introduction (3) Surface-wave
a. Definition of ultrasonics (4) Pulse-echo transmission
b. History of ultrasonic testing (5) Multiple transducer
c. Applications of ultrasonic energy (6) Curved surfaces
d. Basic math review b. Immersion
e. Responsibilities of levels of certification (1) Transducer in water
(2) Water column, wheels, etc.
2. Basic Principles of Acoustics (3) Submerged test part
a. Nature of sound waves (4) Sound-beam path – transducer to part
b. Modes of sound-wave generation (5) Focused transducers
c. Velocity, frequency, and wavelength of (6) Curved surfaces
sound waves c. Comparison of contact and immersion
d. Attenuation of sound waves methods
e. Acoustic impedance
f. Reflection 2. Calibration (Electronic and Functional)
g. Refraction and mode-conversion a. Equipment
h. Snell’s law and critical angles (1) Cathode-ray tube (amplitude, sweep,
i. Fresnel and Fraunhofer effects etc.)
(2) Recorders
3. Equipment (3) Alarms
a. Basic pulse-echo instrumentation (A-, B-, (4) Automatic and semiautomatic systems
and C-scan) (5) Electronic distance/amplitude
(1) Electronics – time base, pulser, correction
receiver, and cathode-ray tube (CRT) (6) Transducers
(2) Control functions b. Calibration of equipment electronics
(3) Calibration (1) Variable effects
(a) Basic instrument calibration (2) Transmission accuracy
(b) Calibration blocks (types and use) (3) Calibration requirements
b. Digital thickness instrumentation (4) Calibration reflectors
c. Transducer operation and theory c. Inspection calibration
(1) Piezoelectric effect (1) Comparison with reference blocks
(2) Types of crystals (2) Pulse-echo variables
(3) Frequency (crystal-thickness (3) Reference for planned tests (straight-
relationships) beam, angle-beam, etc.)
(4) Near field and far field (4) Transmission factors
(5) Beam spread (5) Transducer
(6) Construction, materials, and shapes (6) Couplants
(7) Types (straight, angle, dual, etc.) (7) Materials
(8) Beam-intensity characteristics
(9) Sensitivity, resolution, and damping 3. Straight-Beam Examination to Specific
(10) Mechanical vibration into part Procedures
d. Couplants a. Selection of parameters
(1) Purpose and principles b. Test standards
(2) Materials and their efficiency c. Evaluation of results

42
 ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

d. Test reports (4) Applicable codes/standards

e. Forgings
4. Angle-Beam Examination to Specific (1) Process review
Procedures (2) Types, origin, and typical orientation of
a. Selection of parameters discontinuities
b. Test standards (3) Response of discontinuities to
c. Evaluation of results ultrasound
d. Test reports (4) Applicable codes/standards
f. Castings
(1) Process review
Recommended Training for Level II
(2) Types, origin, and typical orientation of
Ultrasonic Testing
discontinuities
(3) Response of ultrasound to
discontinuities
Ultrasonic Evaluation Course (4) Applicable codes/standards
g. Other product forms as applicable – rubber,
1. Review of Ultrasonic Technique Course glass, etc.
a. Principles of ultrasonics
b. Equipment 3. Evaluation of Weldments
c. Testing techniques a. Welding processes
d. Calibration b. Weld geometries
(1) Straight-beam c. Welding discontinuities
(2) Angle-beam d. Origin and typical orientation of
(3) Resonance discontinuities
(4) Special applications e. Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
f. Applicable codes/standards
2. Evaluation of Base-Material Product Forms
a. Ingots 4. Evaluation of Bonded Structures
(1) Process review a. Manufacturing processes
(2) Types, origin, and typical orientation of b. Types of discontinuities
discontinuities c. Origin and typical orientation of
(3) Response of discontinuities to discontinuities
ultrasound d. Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
(4) Applicable codes/standards e. Applicable codes/standards
b. Plate and sheet
(1) Rolling process 5. Discontinuity Detection
(2) Types, origin, and typical orientation of a. Sensitivity to reflections
discontinuities (1) Size, type, and location of
(3) Response of discontinuities to discontinuities
ultrasound (2) Techniques used in detection
(4) Applicable codes/standards (3) Wave characteristics
c. Bar and rod (4) Material and velocity
(1) Forming process (5) Discontinuity
(2) Types, origin, and typical orientation of b. Resolution
discontinuities (1) Standard reference comparisons
(3) Response of discontinuities to (2) History of part
ultrasound (3) Probability of type of discontinuity
(4) Applicable codes/standards (4) Degrees of operator discrimination
d. Pipe and tubular products (5) Effects of ultrasonic frequency
(1) Manufacturing process (6) Damping effects
(2) Types, origin, and typical orientation of c. Determination of discontinuity size
discontinuities (1) Cathode-ray tube (CRT) display and
(3) Response of discontinuities to meter indications
ultrasound (2) Transducer movement vs. display

43
ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

(3) Two-dimensional testing techniques Handbook for Standardization of Nondestructive

(4) Signal patterns Testing Methods, MIL-HDBK-333 (USAF),
d. Location of discontinuity Volume 2. Washington, DC: U.S. Government
(1) CRT display Printing Office, 1974.
(2) Amplitude and linear time
(3) Search technique Krautkramer, Josef, and Herbert Krautkramer.
Ultrasonic Testing of Materials, third edition.
6. Evaluation New York: Springer-Verlag, 1983.*
a. Comparison procedures
(1) Standards and references McGonnagle, Warren J. Nondestructive Testing,
(2) Amplitude, area, and distance second edition. New York: Gordon and Breach,
relationship 1975.
(3) Application of results of other NDT
methods McMaster, Robert C., ed. Nondestructive Testing
b. Object appraisal Handbook, first edition. Columbus, OH:
(1) History of part American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
(2) Intended use of part 1959.*
(3) Existing and applicable code
interpretation Mix, Paul E. Introduction to Nondestructive
(4) Type of discontinuity and location Testing: A Training Guide. New York: John
Wiley & Sons, 1987.*
Recommended Training References
Procedures and Recommendations for the
Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level I, II, and III
Ultrasonic Testing of Butt Welds, second
edition. London: The Welding Institute, 1972.

American Society for Metals. Nondestructive Rose, J. L., and B. B. Goldberg. Basic Physics in
Inspection and Quality Control: Metals Diagnostic Ultrasound. New York: John Wiley &
Handbook, Volume 11, eighth edition. Metals Sons, 1979.*
Park, OH, 1976.*
Silvus, H. S., Jr. Advanced Ultrasonic Testing
American Society for Nondestructive Testing. Systems: A State of the Art Survey. San
Supplement to Recommended Practice No. Antonio, TX: Nondestructive Testing Information
SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Ultrasonic Test Analysis Center (NTIAC), 1977.*
Method. Columbus, OH, 1994.*
Ultrasonic Method Training Program: Instructor’s
American Society for Testing and Materials. Package. Columbus, OH: American Society for
“Metallography; Nondestructive Testing,” Nondestructive Testing, 1981.*
Volume 03.03. Philadelphia, PA, latest edition.*
Ultrasonic Method Training Program: Student’s
American Welding Society. Welding Handbook. Package. Columbus, OH: American Society for
Vol. 1. Miami, FL, latest edition.* Nondestructive Testing, 1981*

Ensminger, D. Ultrasonics: Fundamentals Ultrasonic Testing, Classroom Training Handbook

Technology Applications. Second edition. New (CT-6-4). San Diego, CA: General Dynamics/
York and Basel: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1988.* Convair Division, 1967.*

Ensminger, D. Ultrasonics: The Low and High Ultrasonic Testing, Programmed Instruction
Intensity Applications. New York: Marcel Handbook (PI-4-4), Volumes 1, 2, and 3. San
Dekker, Inc., 1973. Diego, CA: General Dynamics/Convair Division,
1967.*
Halmshaw, R. Nondestructive Testing: Metallurgy
and Materials Science Series. London: Edward *Available from The American Society for
Arnold, 1987. Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH.

44
 ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

Recommended Training for Level I Visual b. Test standards/calibration

Testing c. Classification of indications per acceptance
criteria
Note: The guidelines listed below should be d. Reports and documentation
implemented using equipment and procedures
relevant to the employer’s industry. No times are Recommended Training for Level II Visual
given for a specific subject; this should be specified Testing
in the employer’s written practice. Based upon the
employer’s product, not all of the referenced The guidelines listed below should be implemented
subcategories need apply. using equipment and procedures relevant to the
employer’s industry. The employer should tailor the
1. Introduction program to the company’s particular application
a. Definition of visual testing area. Discontinuity cause, appearance, and how to
b. History of visual testing best visually detect and identify these
c. Overview of visual testing applications discontinuities should be emphasized. No times
are given for a specific subject; this should be
2. Definitions specified in the employer’s written practice.
Standard terms and their meanings in the Depending upon the employer’s product, not all the
employer’s industry referenced subcategories need apply.

3. Fundamentals 1. Review of Level I

a. Vision a. Definitions
b. Lighting b. Fundamentals of visual testing
c. Material attributes c. Equipment
d. Environmental factors d. Applications
e. Visual perception
f. Direct and indirect methods 2. Vision
a. The eye
4. Equipment (as applicable) b. Vision limitations
a. Mirrors c. Disorders
b. Magnifiers d. Employer’s vision examination methods
c. Borescopes
d. Fiberscopes 3. Lighting
e. Closed-circuit television a. Fundamentals of light
f. Light sources and special lighting b. Lighting measurements
g. Gages, templates, scales, special tools, etc. c. Recommended lighting levels
h. Automated systems d. Lighting techniques for inspection
i. Computer-enhanced systems
4. Material attributes
5. Employer-Defined Applications a. Cleanliness
(Includes a description of inherent b. Color
discontinuities) c. Condition
a. Mineral-based material d. Shape
b. Metallic materials, including welds e. Size
c. Organic-based materials f. Temperature
d. Other materials (employer-defined) g. Texture
h. Type
6. Visual Testing to Specific Procedures
a. Selection of parameters 5. Environmental and Physiological Factors
(1) Inspection objectives a. Atmosphere
(2) Inspection checkpoints b. Cleanliness
(3) Sampling plans c. Comfort
(4) Inspection patterns d. Distance
(5) Documented procedures e. Elevation

45
ANSI/ASNT CP-189-1995

f. Fatigue Recommended Training References

g. Health Visual Testing Method, Level I, II, and III
h. Humidity
i. Mental attitude
j. Position American Society for Metals. Nondestructive
k. Safety Inspection and Quality Control: Metals
l. Temperature Handbook, Volume 11, eighth edition. Metals
Park, OH, 1976.*
6. Visual Perception
a. What your eyes see American Welding Society. Welding Handbook,
b. What your mind sees Volume 1. Miami, FL, latest edition.*
c. What others perceive
d. What the designer, engineer, etc. wants you American Welding Society. Welding Inspection.
to see Miami, FL, latest edition.

7. Equipment Anderson, R. C. Visual Examination: Inspection of

a. Automated systems Metals, Volume 1. Metals Park, OH: American
b. Borescopes Society for Metals, 1983.*
c. Closed-circuit television
d. Computer-based systems Cary, H. B. Modern Welding Technology.
e. Fiberscopes Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1979.
f. Gages, templates, scales, etc.
g. Imaging systems Hobart Welding Guide. Troy, OH: Hobart School of
h. Light sources and special lighting Welding Technology, 1980.
i. Magnifiers
j. Mirrors McMaster, Robert C., ed. Nondestructive Testing
k. Special optical systems Handbook, first edition. Columbus, OH:
l. Standard lighting American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
1959.*
8. Employer-Defined Applications
a. Mineral-based material Megaw, E. D. “Factors Affecting Visual Inspection
b. Metallic materials (including welds) Accuracy,” Applied Ergonomics, Cleveland, OH:
c. Organic-based materials IPC Business Press, March 1979.
d. Other materials and products (employer-
defined) Schoonard, J. W., et al. “Studies of Visual
Inspection,” Ergonomics, Volume 16, No. 4.
9. Acceptance/Rejection Criteria Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis, Inc., 1973.
a. Subjective basis (qualitative)
b. Objective basis (quantitative) The Tools and Rules of Precision Measuring.
c. Evaluation of results per acceptance criteria Athol, MA: L. S. Starret Co., 1982.

10. Recording and Reports Visual Examination Technology – 101, 102, and
a. Subjective method 103. Charlotte, NC: EPRI NDE Center, 1983.
b. Objective method
c. Recording methods Welding and Fabrication Data Book. Cleveland,
OH: Welding Design and Fabrication, 1984.

Yonemura, G. T. “Considerations and Standards for

Visual Inspection Techniques,” Nondestructive
Testing Standards – A Review. Philadelphia,
PA: American Society for Testing and Materials,
1977.

*Available from The American Society for

Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH.
46