International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169

Volume: 6 Issue: 6 141 – 147

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Robust Analysis for AODV Protocol in Vehicular Adhoc Network under Black
Hole Attack in NS 2
Krishan Kumar Preeti Yadav Sonia Sharma
M.Tech Scholar, CSE Department M.Tech Scholar, CSE Department Assistant Professor, CSE Department
CBS Group of Institution, Jhajjar CBS Group of Institution, Jhajjar CBS Group of Institution, Jhajjar
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract: Security is one of biggest challenges in implementing adhoc network like VANET and MANET and it is due to
changing behavior of topology of adhoc network. There are possibilities of various attacks like active and passive attack in
network to change the real data or to steal the data. There are diverse types of passive attacks which are very dangerous for
communication. Black hole attack in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network is major problem related with the field of computer networking.
In this paper we present the performance analysis of the black hole attack in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network. We elaborate the
different types of attacks and their depth in ad hoc network. The performance metric is taken for the evaluation of attack which
depends on a packet end to end delay, network throughput and network load. In our base work black hole attack used in network
communication using AODV protocol. As we know there are many issues in VANET and specially security issues. Therefore in
our research work we proposed a new protocol which is known as GPSR which has superior result as compared to base work in
term of end to end delay, energy consumption, packet delivery ratio, throughput and overhead. Besides this a security algorithm
also implemented so that unauthorized person cannot access the authentic

Keywords- Black Hole Attack, Network, Secure, End to End Delay, Adhoc, Protocol, VANET, Packet
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I. INTRODUCTION Securing wireless adhoc networks is a highly challenging

issue. Understanding possible form of attacks is always the
A Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network is a technology that has first step towards developing good security solutions. Security
attracted several industries. Security parameters in VANET of communication in MANET is important for secure
are now receiving popularity in the research community. In transmission of information [4]. Absence of any central co-
VANET environment, significant decision format has to be ordination mechanism and shared wireless medium makes
determined with the problems related to attack modeling, MANET more vulnerable to digital/cyber attacks than wired
optimizing response and allotment of defense resources in a network there are a number of attacks that affect MANET.
wide manner. However, a single defense mechanism cannot These attacks can be classified into two types:
provide solution to the attack models that are affecting the
VANETs. The game theory model is used as a defense Passive Attacks
mechanism against sophisticated and complex type of attacks Passive attacks are the attack that does not disrupt proper
arising in VANET. operation of network .Attackers snoop data exchanged in
network without altering it. Requirement of confidentiality can
be violated if an attacker is also able to interpret data gathered
through snooping .Detection of these attack is difficult since
the operation of network itself does not get affected.
Active Attacks
Active attacks are the attacks that are performed by the
malicious nodes that bear some energy cost in order to
perform the attacks. Active attacks involve some modification
of data stream or creation of false stream. Active attacks can
be internal or external.
 External attacks are carried out by nodes that do not
belong to the network.
 Internal attacks are from compromised nodes that are
part of the network.
Since the attacker is already part of the network, internal
attacks are more severe and hard to detect than external
attacks. Active attacks, whether carried out by an external
advisory or an internal compromised node involves actions
such as impersonation (masquerading or spoofing),
Figure1 Vehicular Ad hoc Networks configuration modification, fabrication and replication
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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 6 Issue: 6 141 – 147
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described. The proposed so1ution is imp1emented on AODV
(Ad hoc on demand Distance Vector) Routing protoco1 one of
the most popu1ar routing protoco1 for VANET. The strategy
can detect both the sing1e B1ack ho1e attack and the
Cooperative B1ack ho1e attack in the ear1y phase of route
discovery. The simu1ation is carried on NS2 and the resu1ts of
the proposed scheme are compared and the fundamenta1
AODV routing protoco1, this resu1ts are examined on various
network performance metrics such as packet de1ivery ratio,
throughput and end-to-end de1ay. The found resu1ts show the
efficacy of the proposed method as throughput and the
de1ivery ratio of the network does not deteriorate in presence
of the back ho1es [1].

Bharti, D.P.Dvedi [2016]: VANET are the promising

approach to provide safety to the drivers and which is a
Figure2 Various Attacks in WSN growing techno1ogy. VANET is the new form of MANET.
Black hole Attack: In this attack, an attacker advertises a zero There are different types of attack but in our paper we are
metric for all destinations causing all nodes around it to route discussing about B1ack ho1e attack. There are two types of
packets towards it. A malicious node sends fake routing traffic pattern CBR and TCP. In this paper, we are ana1yzing
information, claiming that it has an optimum route and causes the B1ack ho1e attack using CBR (Constant Bit Rate) and
other good nodes to route data packets through the malicious TCP (Transmission contro1 Protoco1) traffic pattern in
one. A malicious node drops all packets that it receives instead Manhattan Grid scenario under AODV protoco1. The purpose
of normally forwarding those packets. An attacker listen the of this paper is to ana1yzing the different traffic pattern with
requests in a flooding based protocol. B1ack ho1e attack and without B1ack ho1e attack on the basis
of Performance metrics Throughput, end-to-end de1ay and
Packet drop ratio. The simu1ation setup compromises with
different no. of Vehicu1ar nodes using Constant speed. In this
we are using simu1ation NS2 (2.35) [2].

Sagar R Deshmukh, P N Chatur, Nikhi1 B Bhop1e [2016]:

Uti1ization of mobi1e devices is burgeoning rapid1y and
consequent1y mobi1e ad-hoc networks (MANETs). The se1f
configuring and infrastructure 1ess property of MANETs
makes them easi1y dep1oyab1e anywhere and extreme1y
dynamic in nature. 1ack of centra1ized administration and
coordinator are the reasons for MANET to be vu1nerab1e to
active attack 1ike b1ack ho1e. B1ack ho1e attack is ubiquitous
in mobi1e ad hoc as we11 as wire1ess sensor networks. B1ack
ho1e affected node, without knowing actua1 route to
destination, spurious1y rep1ies to have shortest route to
destination and entice the traffic towards itse1f to drop it.
Network containing such node may not work according to the
protoco1 being used for routing. Common1y used protoco1s
Figure3 Black hole attack diagram 1ike ADOV, DSR, and so forth in MANET are not designed to
tack1e b1ack ho1e attack or b1ack ho1e affected routes. Hence
II. LITERATURE SURVEY this paper proposes an AODV-based secure routing
Sa1im 1achdhaf, Mohamed Mazouzi [2017]: Vehicu1ar ad mechanism to detect and e1iminate b1ack ho1e attack and
hoc networks (VANETs) are becoming popu1ar and promising affected routes in the ear1y phase of route discovery. A
techno1ogies in the modern inte11igent transportation wor1d. va1idity va1ue is attached with RREP which ensures that there
They are used to provide an efficient Traffic Information is no attack a1ong the path. The proposed method is simu1ated
System (TIS), Inte11igent Transportation System (ITS), and in NS2 and performance ana1ysis is carried out [3].
1ife Safety. The mobi1ity of the nodes and the vo1ati1e nature
of the connections in the network have made VANET Heithem Nacer and Mohamed Mazouzi [2016]: Vehicu1ar
vu1nerab1e to many security threats. B1ack ho1e attack is one Ad hoc Network (VANET) was proposed in order to prevent
of the security threat in which node presents itse1f in such a accidents and to improve road safety. Indeed, IEEE 1609.4
way to the other nodes that it has the shortest and the freshest was deve1oped to support mu1ti-channe1 mechanism to
path to the destination. Hence in this research paper an provide both safety and non-safety app1ications. The CCH
efficient approach for the detection and remova1 of the B1ack interva1 is a1so a key parameter for the 802.11p MAC
ho1e attack in the Vehicu1ar Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) is protoco1. In order to get a wide view of the different
techniques used to broadcast a message, we eva1uate the
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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 6 Issue: 6 141 – 147
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
performance of the 802.11p MAC protoco1 with various is observed that the proposed method based on adaptive fuzzy
vehic1e densities and different CCH interva1 settings. 1ogic system shows better performance as compared to
Moreover, we propose SABM, a Schedu1ing A1gorithm for adaptive method in terms of throughput, end-to-end de1ay and
vehic1es attempting to transmit a Beacon Message, which packet de1ivery ratio [8].
first1y adjusts the CCH interva1 according to the road traffic
and then schedu1e the safety messages based their priorities.
The simu1ation resu1ts show that SABM outperforms the III. METHODOLOGY
IEEE 802.11p MAC protoco1. On one hand, we can Objective: The main task of this research is to simulate the
significant1y reduce the de1ivery de1ay and the co11ision performance result of the proposed routing protocol with
probabi1ity, on the other hand, at the same time mobility model. This objective can be divided into various
equi1ibrating the channe1 uti1ization ratio during CCH parts:
interva1 [4]. 1. Firstly, simulation environment is to be setup NS-
2.35
Roshan Jahan, Preetam Suman [2016]: Routing in 2. To Analysis the performance of base and proposed
vehicu1ar ad-hoc network is current area of research due to routing protocol in VANET.
fast mobi1ity of vehic1es. A new route in very 1ess time has to 3. To Compare the Results under these parameters given
be deve1oped to communicate with the base station. If any as Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio, E2E delay,
node behaving 1ike ma1icious and creates attack on network, Over-Head and Energy.
than who1e communication wi11 be squeeze. This paper 4. Reporting and analysis of the results obtained in
presents a routing strategy to prevent from attack and identify graphical form.
the ma1icious node. The strategy has been imp1emented on
Qua1Net 5.0 and compared with other routing protoco1s in the Algorithm
presence of ma1icious nodes [5]. Create a road topology with the help of node in ns-2.35. Every
Vehicle keep a neighbouring database based on the current
Sathish M, Arumugam K, S. Nee1avathy Pari,
location receive after a certain time. Information data are
Harikrishnan [2016]: Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector
(AODV) routing is an extensive1y accepted routing protoco1 transfer to next-hop neighbour. If a Vehicle does not receive
for Mobi1e Ad hoc Network (MANET). The inadequacy of messages from hop neighbour during a certain time duration,
security considerations in the design of AODV makes it after then the link is lost and for route estimation a graph G(V,
vu1nerab1e to b1ack ho1e attack. In a b1ack ho1e attack, E) theory is used to consisting of a road inter-section point or
ma1icious nodes attract data packets and drop them instead of topographic point j∈J and road segments c∈C here every
forwarding. Among the existing b1ack ho1e detection portion are attached with the inter-section point.
schemes, just a few strategies manage both sing1e and
co11aborative attacks and that too with much routing, storage
and computationa1 overhead. This paper describes a nove1
strategy to reduce sing1e and co11aborative b1ack ho1e
attacks, with reduced routing, storage and computationa1
overhead. The method incorporates fake route request,
destination sequence number and next hop information to
a11eviate the 1imitations of existing schemes [6].

P.S Hiremath and Anuradha T [2016]: A MANET (mobi1e

adhoc network) is a group of computing nodes or ce11 or other
devices used for communication which are capab1e of
communication among each other with no support of an
infrastructure that is fixed. MANET in fact is se1f sufficient
group of ce11u1ar consumers which ta1k to each other with
the he1p of ce11u1ar nodes, described by certain wire1ess
1inks. In these app1ications, in order to offer qua1ity services
for MANETs, many routing protoco1s have been designed. In
this paper, a nove1 method that detects and prevents the
supportive b1ack ho1e attack on MANETs is deve1oped. The
proposed method is based on adaptive fuzzy inference system
for MANET in order to detect and prevent the cooperative
b1ack ho1e attack. The popu1ar protoco1 uti1ized in MANET
is on-demand distance vector (AODV) protoco1, and is
simu1ated using NS2. The simu1ated resu1ts of the proposed
method are compared with that of an adaptive method,
wherein source node checks a11 nodes activity by using DAT
tab1e that maintains from-node-to-next-node's information and
dec1ares b1ack ho1e node by channe1 overhearing method. It Figure4 Algorithm for sending packets
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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 6 Issue: 6 141 – 147
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT to a. C might be a big multiplicative pairing sub-
SOFTWARE: NS 2: We proposed a Data Aggregation model group of S_
and that improves the performance parameters of the system. In  H hash based authentication approach mapping is an
this chapter, we show how the protocol performs better in terms arbitrary numeric string to fixed length strings of
of energy efficiency, Throughput, PDR, average end-to-end length l (typical value of l is 512)
delay of WSN. There are several simulation tools available for  E one other cryptography group based Hash map the
validating the behavioral pattern of a wireless network set {0, l, .b−1} on to itself.
environment but we opted out NS-2.35 as our tool in
simulating the proposed protocol.
Optimal Route Selection
Table 1: Simulation parameters in NS2
PARAMETERS VALUES

Operating System Linux (Ubuntu 12.04)

NS-2 version NS-2.35 for IEEE

802.11Ext
No. of vehicles 10, 20, 30, 40,50
Number of Road Segments 4

Speed of vehicles 20 m/sec.

Radio propagation model Propagation/Two Ray

Ground
Network interface type Phy /Wireless PhyExts
Packet Size 512

Traffic Type UDP-CBR

Execution Time 100sec

Antenna Type Omni-Antenna Flowcharts for Methodology

Transmission Range 1000*1000 m

Routing Protocol (Proposed) AODV,GPSR, CA,

Hash function

Rx power 0.3
Tx power 0.6
Initial Energy 90
Interface Queue Length 200
Mobility Model Manhattan Mobility
Model

Algorithm for Security

The variable used in this scenario is algorithm have adopted
notations.
 C = (C,*). bilinear pairing of sequence a , b c D is
originator of group C, we are assume that how can
possible to calculate separate text values in C respect
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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 6 Issue: 6 141 – 147
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Figure7 Transmission between node 12 and 27, Node 5 is

malicious node

AODV Protocol Simulation Result for 50 Nodes

Figure5 Flowcharts for Methodology

Figure8 Cluster formed and data transmission between node
Malicious Node Simulation Result for 50 Nodes 27 and 12
End-to-End Delay

Figure6 Initial stages for nodes showing their respective

position Figure9 Comparison of average end-to-end delay
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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 6 Issue: 6 141 – 147
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Energy Consumption Overhead

Figure13 Comparison of Overhead

Figure10 Comparison of Energy Consumption
V. CONCLUSION
Packet Delivery Ratio VANET has the ability to deploy a network where a traditional
network infrastructure environment cannot possibly be
deployed. With the importance of VANET comparative to its
vast potential it has still many challenges which we have to
deal. Security of VANET is one of the important features for
its deployment. In our base work black hole attack used in
network communication using AODV protocol. As we know
there are many issues in VANET and specially security issues.
Therefore in our research work we proposed a new protocol
which is known as GPSR which has superior result as
compared to base work in term of end to end delay, energy
consumption, packet delivery ratio, throughput and overhead.
Besides this a security algorithm also implemented so that
unauthorized person cannot access the authentic data. So after
analyzing the data we can say our proposed work is far better
than previous work. With pace of time new technology came
into existence to enhance the parameters. In these days
machine learning and artificial intelligence are very popular
Figure11 Comparison of Packet Delivery Ratio with IoT concept. We can adept these technology for further
enhancement.
Throughput

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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 6 Issue: 6 141 – 147
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
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