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Java 2 For Beginners

This document provides an overview of Java programming concepts including arrays, vectors, multi-dimensional arrays, applets, applications, menus, Swing components, toolbars, checkboxes, and radio buttons. Key points covered include how to create and access arrays and vectors, the differences between applications and applets, how to create menus and menu items, and examples of using Swing components like buttons, toolbars, checks and radios.

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32 views

Java 2 For Beginners

This document provides an overview of Java programming concepts including arrays, vectors, multi-dimensional arrays, applets, applications, menus, Swing components, toolbars, checkboxes, and radio buttons. Key points covered include how to create and access arrays and vectors, the differences between applications and applets, how to create menus and menu items, and examples of using Swing components like buttons, toolbars, checks and radios.

Uploaded by

sudhircarpenter
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Java 2 for Beginners

Day 4
How would we write a
program to add 2 numbers?
n Let’s write it now.
Arrays and Vectors
n You create arrays using brackets:
int iarray[] = new int[12];
float temp[] = new float[100];

n Access elements using indexes in brackets


n Arrays have a length property

for( int i = 0; i < temp.length; i++) {


temp[i] = 0;
}
Two dimensional arrays
n Use two pairs of brackets
float x[][] = new float[12][10];

n Multi dimensional arrays unusual


n More common to have arrays of objects
n each of which holds several values
A Vector is an Unbounded Array
n Starts empty
n Vector vegies = new Vector();
n Add elements as any kind of objects
n vegies.addElement(“Radish”);
n vegies.addElement(“Rutabaga”);
n Get elements out
n String veg = (String)vegies.elementAt(2);
n Length of vector uses size() method
n int sz = veg.size();
Applications versus Applets
n An application is a stand-alone Java
program.
n Can access files, network, printer and can
exit.
n An applet runs inside a web page.
n Can only get files from its web server
n Cannot access any part of the client
computer (except by special permission)
An Applet has an init method
n instead of the Application’s constructor
public class tempcalc extends Applet implements ActionListener {
private CheckboxGroup grpTemper; //group radio buttons
private Label label1;
private TextField tempEntry; //edit box
private Checkbox fahr; //radio button
private Checkbox celsius; //radio button
private Label result; //result shown here
private Button compute; //compute when clicked
private Button quit; //exit when clicked
//-------------------------------------------------------
public void init() {
//initialize applet
setLayout(new GridLayout(6,1));
setBackground(Color.lightGray);

label1 = new Label("Enter temperature:");


add(label1);
An applet is loaded from a
web page
<HTML>
<BODY>
<APPLET CODE="tempcalc.class" width=200 height=300>
</APPLET>
</BODY>
</HTML>
Applets
n Must be on the same server as the web
page.
n Can be in another related subdirectory
n Require a Java JVM in the browser
n May introduce a pause when Java starts
n The applet starts in its init() method
n Provide possibility of elegant and
sophisticated user interfaces.
How Applets run
n The browser calls the init() method
n and then the start() method
n If window is obscured
n calls the stop() method
n When window is reshown
n calls the start() method
As a pedagogical stunt
n You can create a single program which runs
as an application and an applet.
public static void main(String arg[]) {
//create the frame
XFrame fr = new XFrame("Temperature calculation");
fr.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
//create the applet
Applet app = new tempcalc();
fr.add("Center",app); //add into the frame
fr.setSize(364, 225); //define its size

fr.show(); //show the frame


app.init(); //lay out the applet
app.start(); //start it
fr.pack(); //arrange applet inside frame
}

n Probably not terribly useful.


Creating Menus
n A menu is text in the bar across the
top.
n You add MenuItems to each Menu
object.
n AWT Menus only work on applications
n (Swing menus can work on applets)
Creating Menu Objects
public class MenuFrame extends XFrame implements ActionListener {
MenuBar mbar; //the menu bat
Menu File; //top level menus
Menu Setup;
MenuItem Open; //first menu
MenuItem Exit;
MenuItem Appearance; //second menu
Menu Preferences;
MenuItem Colors;
MenuItem Filetypes;
CheckboxMenuItem Sound;

public MenuFrame() {
super("Menu Demonstration");
setBackground(new Color(0x000f0fff));
mbar = new MenuBar(); //create menu bar
setMenuBar(mbar); //and add to Frame
File = new Menu("File",true); //Create two top level menu items
Setup = new Menu("Setup",false);
mbar.add(File); //and add to Menubar
mbar.add(Setup);
Adding MenuItems
n Add to each Menu object
/File menu is File->Open, separator, Exit
Open = new MenuItem("Open...");
Exit = new MenuItem("Exit");
Open.addActionListener (this);
Exit.addActionListener (this);
File.add(Open);
File.add(new MenuItem("-")); //separator
File.add(Exit);
MenuItems use ActionListeners
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent evt) {
Object obj = evt.getSource ();
if (obj == Exit) {
System.exit(0);
}
if (obj == Open) {
FileDialog fdlg = new FileDialog(this,
"Open",FileDialog.LOAD);
fdlg.show();
}
}
Nested Menus
n Add MenuItems to MenuItems
Appearance = new MenuItem("Appearance");
Preferences = new Menu("Preferences");
Colors = new MenuItem("Colors");
Filetypes = new MenuItem("Filetypes");
Sound = new MenuItem("Sound");
Setup.add(Appearance);
Setup.add(Preferences); //add menu here for sub menus
Preferences.add(Colors);
Preferences.add(Filetypes);
Setup.add("Sound");
The Swing (JFC) Classes
n More sophisticated looking
n Better performance
n Not dependent on native window
controls
n Not supported natively in most
browsers, except Netscape 6
n Alternative Java plug-in slow to load
Using Swing
n “It’s spelled JFC, but pronounced
Swing.”
//always
import javax.swing.*;
//may also need
import javax.swing.border.*;
import javax.swing.event.*;
import javax.swing.text.*;
Swing components
n Have a variable look and feel
n Provide
n beveled border
n image buttons and menus
n tooltips when mouse hovers
n trees, tables
n more sophisticated lists
n most components just have a J-prefix
n JButton, JPanel, etc.
The Display Pane is one level
deeper
import javax.swing.*;

public class SimpleJFC extends JFrame {


public SimpleJFC() {
getContentPane().setLayout(new BorderLayout());
JButton b = new JButton(“Hi”):
getContentPane().add(b);
An Easier Way
import javax.swing.*;

public class SimpleJFC extends JFrame {


public SimpleJFC() {
Jpanel jp = getContentPane();
jp.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
Jbutton b = new Jbutton(“Hi”):
jp.add(b);
You can also set the look and feel
n Native (Windows or Motif)
n Swing (metal look)
n Mac look on Mac only
n We provide a JxFrame class which
n sets the native look and feel
n sets the Windows exit box
public class SimpleJFC extends JxFrame {
JButtons can have text and icons
private void setGUI() {
jp = new JPanel();
getContentPane().add(jp);
//create and add buttons
OK = new JButton("OK",new ImageIcon("color.gif"));
OK.setRolloverIcon(new ImageIcon("overColor.gif"));
OK.setToolTipText("Change background color");
Quit = new JButton("Quit", new ImageIcon("exit.gif"));
Quit.setToolTipText("Exit from program");
OK.addActionListener(this);
Quit.addActionListener(this);

jp.add(OK);
jp.add(Quit);
Checkboxes and Radio buttons
n JRadioButtons
n separate from checkboxes
n still must be made part of ButtonGroup
n Both can have images as well as text
n Both can have Tooltips
n The getState method returns true or
false for each of them.
JToggleButton
n Parent class to both JCheckbox and
Jradiobutton
n A text (or imaged) button that stays
“up” or “down”
JToolBar
n Container bar for tool buttons.
n Normally you put it in the North edge or
a BorderLayout
n any other edge will work as well
n Has 2 methods
JToolBar tb = new JToolBar();
tb.add(new Jbutton(“foo”)):
tb.addSeparator();
Demo of JToolBar,checks and
radios
n Note also elegant borders
How we create the toolbar
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.event.*;
import javax.swing.border.*;

public class Buttons extends JxFrame


implements ActionListener {
private JToolBar toolbar;
private JCheckBox YMCA, Rotary,ACLU;
private JRadioButton Rep, Dem, Flat;
private JButton Clear, Quit;

public Buttons() {
super("Buttons and Checks");
JPanel jp = new JPanel();
getContentPane().add(jp);
jp.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
toolbar = new JToolBar();
jp.add("North", toolbar);
All of the buttons in the toolbar
Clear = new ToolButton(new ImageIcon("erase.gif"));
Quit = new ToolButton(new ImageIcon("stop.gif"));
toolbar.add(Clear);
Clear.setToolTipText("Clear all boxes");
Quit.setToolTipText("Exit from program");
toolbar.add(Quit);
Clear.addActionListener(this);
Quit.addActionListener(this);

toolbar.addSeparator();
JToggleButton a = new JToggleButton("a");
JToggleButton b = new JToggleButton("b");
JToggleButton c = new JToggleButton("c");
toolbar.add(a);
toolbar.add(b);
toolbar.add(c);

ButtonGroup tgroup = new ButtonGroup();


tgroup.add(a);
tgroup.add(b);
tgroup.add(c);
Checks and radios in center
JPanel center = new JPanel();
jp.add("Center", center);
center.setLayout(new GridLayout(1,2));
JPanel left = new JPanel();
JPanel right = new JPanel();
center.add(left);
center.add(right);
left.setLayout(new GridLayout(3,1));
right.setLayout(new GridLayout(3,1));

left.add(YMCA = new JCheckBox("YMCA"));


left.add(Rotary = new JCheckBox("Rotary"));
left.add(ACLU = new JCheckBox("ACLU"));

right.add(Rep = new JRadioButton("Republicrat"));


right.add(Dem = new JRadioButton("Demmican"));
right.add(Flat = new JRadioButton("Flat Earth"));
ButtonGroup bgroup = new ButtonGroup();
bgroup.add(Rep);
bgroup.add(Dem);
bgroup.add(Flat);
Responding to Button clicks
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
Object obj = e.getSource();

if (obj == Quit)
System.exit(0);

if (obj == Clear) {
YMCA.setSelected(false);
Rotary.setSelected(false);
ACLU.setSelected(false);
Rep.setSelected(false);
Dem.setSelected(false);
Flat.setSelected(false);
}
}
Swing Borders
n Make layouts look a lot more professional.
n All containers have a setBorder method.
n BevelBorder(n);
n CompoundBorder(inner, outer)
n EmptyBorder(t,l,b,r);
n used for spacing around JComponents
n EtchedBorder
n LineBorder(width, color)
n SoftBeveledBorder
n TitledBorder(title)
Using Titled Borders
n Just add to the panel
JPanel left = new JPanel();
JPanel right = new JPanel();
center.add(left);
center.add(right);
left.setLayout(new GridLayout(3,1));
right.setLayout(new GridLayout(3,1));
left.setBorder(new TitledBorder("Memberships"));
right.setBorder(new TitledBorder("Party"));
Using Beveled Borders
n Faux search app
Border edge = BorderFactory.createBevelBorder (BevelBorder.LOWERED );
sp.setBorder (edge);
sText.setBorder (edge);
The Swing JList
n Consists of
n a list
n a scroll pane
n a data model class
When you Create a JList
n You must put it inside a JScrollPane
n You must provide it with data
n easiest to use Vector or Array
private Vector makeData() {
Vector dlist = new Vector(); //create vector
dlist.addElement("Anchovies"); //and add data
dlist.addElement("Bananas");
dlist.addElement("Cilantro");
dlist.addElement("Doughnuts");
dlist.addElement("Escarole");
return dlist;
}
Putting the JList on the screen
//create scroll pane
JScrollPane sp = new JScrollPane();
jp.add("Center", sp); //add to layout
//create JList
list= new JList(makeData()); //create list with data
sp.getViewport().add(list); //add list to scrollpane
list.addListSelectionListener(this);
Listening to JList events
n Add a ListSelectionListener to the JList
n When an item is selected a
valueChanged event is generated
public void valueChanged(ListSelectionEvent e) {
text.setText((String)list.getSelectedValue());
}
JLists are actually much more
versatile
n Under the covers there is a data model class
n here we used a vector
n and a listener that can be changed when the
data changes
n the data model calls a fireContentsChanged
method which causes the JLIst to repaint with
new data.
n See Advanced Swing chapter for details.
Summary
n We’ve covered
n Vectors and arrays
n Applets vs Applications
n Menus
n Swing classes
n Borders
n JList events

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