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Heat is energy in transit between hot and cold bodies due to temperature differences. There are three main modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. [Conduction involves the transfer of heat through direct contact of molecules in a substance. Convection occurs when heat is transferred by the macroscopic movement of fluids. Radiation involves the emission and transmission of electromagnetic waves.] Enthalpy is a measure of the total heat content of a system and is equal to the internal energy plus the product of pressure and volume. Specific heat gives the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a system by one degree and depends on whether volume or pressure is kept constant. Entropy is a measure of the randomness or disorder of a

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51 views

Learnings

Heat is energy in transit between hot and cold bodies due to temperature differences. There are three main modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. [Conduction involves the transfer of heat through direct contact of molecules in a substance. Convection occurs when heat is transferred by the macroscopic movement of fluids. Radiation involves the emission and transmission of electromagnetic waves.] Enthalpy is a measure of the total heat content of a system and is equal to the internal energy plus the product of pressure and volume. Specific heat gives the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a system by one degree and depends on whether volume or pressure is kept constant. Entropy is a measure of the randomness or disorder of a

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Shooeib
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HEAT TRANSER

Heat cannot be stored and it is defined as the energy in transit due to the difference in the
temperatures of the hot and cold bodies. The study of heat transfer not only explains how the heat
energy transports but also predicts about the rate of heat transfer. When a certain amount of water
is evaporated or condensed, the amount of heat transferred in either of the processes is same.
However, the rate of heat transfer in both the cases may be different.

Modes of heat transfer:

 Conduction
 Convection
 Radiation

Conduction:

Conduction is the transfer of heat in a continuous substance without any observable motion of the
matter. Thus, heat conduction is essentially the transmission of energy by molecular motion.
Consider a metallic rod being heated at the end and the other end of the rod gets heated
automatically. The heat is transported from one end to the other end by the conduction
phenomenon. The molecules of the metallic rod get energy from the heating medium and collide
with the neighboring molecules. This process transfers the energy from the more energetic
molecules to the low energetic molecules. Thus, heat transfer requires a temperature gradient, and
the heat energy transfer by conduction occurs in the direction of decreasing temperature.

Convection:

When a macroscopic particle of a fluid moves from the region of hot to cold region, it carries with it
a definite amount of enthalpy. Such a flow of enthalpy is known as convection. Convection may be
natural or forced. In natural convection, the movement of the fluid particles is due to the buoyancy
forces generated due to density difference of heated and colder region of the fluid as shown in the
fig.1.3a. Whereas, in forced convection the movement of fluid particles from the heated region to
colder region is assisted by some mechanical means eg. Stirrer

ENTHALPY:

Enthalpy is the measure of heat content of the system.

Consider an ideal gas in a closed vessel. The energy it contains is a measured by internal
energy ‘u’, which is a function of the temperature of the gas.

Now if the gas is forced out of the vessel, the gas has to do some work against the
atmosphere at pressure P. It does this work by pushing the atmosphere along a
boundary which encloses the volume V, which the gas now occupies.

So apart from internal energy U, the gas has another component energy, which is the
flow work done given by PV. So the total energy the gas contains is given by U+PV. For
the sake of convenience, both these are clubbed together in one term, called ‘enthalpy’.
Enthalpy ‘H’ is given by -

H = U + PV

U is a pure function of temperature, given by U = m*CV*T, where CV is the specific heat


at constant volume, where m is the mass of the gas.

H = m*Cv*T + PV
For an ideal gas, we have ideal gas relation PV = mRT , R is the characteristic gas
constant.

R = 8.314 J/ mol. K

H = m*Cv*T + mRT = m*(Cv + R)*T


H = m*Cp*T, where CVV is the specific heat at constant pressure.
For an ideal gas, enthalpy is a pure function of temperature, just like internal energy.

SPECIFIC HEAT:

In general specific heat(C) gives us an idea of the amount of energy(heat)


we need to provide to a system in order to bring about a unit rise in the
temperature of the system. It's value may vary depending on the process
you are providing this energy. Hence we have two values of C namely Cv
and Cp .
Cv for a gas is the change in internal energy (U) of a system with respect to
change in temperature at a fixed volume of the system i.e. Cv =(∂ U/∂
T)v whereas Cp for a gas is the change in the enthalpy (H) of the system
with respect to change in temperature at a fixed pressure of the system i.e
Cp = (∂ H/∂ T)p.
We know that, ΔH = ΔU + PΔV (+ VΔP, ΔP=0 for constant pressure) . So
the enthalpy term is greater than the internal energy term because of the
PΔV term i.e in case of a constant pressure process more energy is needed,
to be provided to the system as compared to that of a constant volume
process to achieve the same temperature rise, as some energy is utilized in
the expansion work of the system. And the relation that correlates these
two is Cp = Cv + R
But since liquids and solids can practically assumed to be incompressible,
Cp and Cv for them have almost same values and hence only a single value
of specific heat is used for them.

Units of Cp and Cv are J/kg K

Cp is always greater than Cv. And Cp/Cv ratio is called gamma. And in general trends, the
gamma for a gas decreases with increase in temperature.
ENTROPY:

entropy is the measure of change in (enthalpy/temperature).

To understand why entropy is defined, consider these two cases:


Case 1: An object is kept at room temperature, i.e. 298K, and its temperature is
increased to 398K by addition of heat.

Case 2: There is an object at 1000K and the temperature is increased to 1100K.

In both cases, heat addition will almost be same, and so will be the enthalpy change. But
in first case there is a change of 33% and in second one, just 10%. So we require another
term, which is entropy.

Entropy is just an another word for waste energy or the energy which is not useful.

Entropy is the amount of energy that is lost to surrounding at a specific temperature. In


simple way i can say that whatever task you do, heat is always released into the surrounding
which is increasing the entropy of the universe.

You will find this definition :

Entropy is the randomness of the system. Here randomness means the molecular
movement of the particle, more will be the molecular movement, more they will collide and
as a result more heat will be expelled which is of no use so it increases entropy.

In gas the molecular movement is maximum so it will have max entropy.

Units of enthalpy and entropy :KJ & KJ/C

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