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PROFIBUS Systembeschreibung ENG Web

Descripción del Sistema Profibus - Inglés

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
96 views

PROFIBUS Systembeschreibung ENG Web

Descripción del Sistema Profibus - Inglés

Uploaded by

kerusacba_2011
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROFIBUS System Description

Technology and Application


Introduction
Within the framework of ongoing dynamic not only horizontal communication but also vertical
development of industrial communication, communication and thus the connection from
automation engineering has also experienced the field to the corporate management level. Both
continuous change. Automation was initially limited communication systems are the basis for solutions
exclusively to production operations but has now that are comprehensively networked, integrated,
for some time been integrated in a network that and optimized for the respective automation tasks.
covers service and maintenance, warehousing,
resource optimization and the provision of data for Since its initial version in 1989, PROFIBUS rapidly
MES and ERP systems in addition to the actual task developed into the world's leading fieldbus system for
of automation. automation of machines and production equipment.
Compared to other fieldbus systems, it is characterized
Fieldbus technology was and still is a driving force above all by its extraordinary application breadth.
for this process; it enabled the migration from Application-specific requirements were converted
centralized to decentralized automation systems with the help of users into application profiles, and
and allows the use of distributed intelligence. a standardized and open communication system
Ethernet-based communication systems connect combining all of these applications was produced. The
automation technology to information technology, use of open standards instead of proprietary solutions
thereby realizing consistent communication from ensures long-term compatibility and expandability,
the field level to the corporate management level. At which forms the basis for comprehensive investment
the same time, they are increasingly also performing protection for users and manufacturers alike. This is
tasks directly in the field. a very important concern for PROFIBUS & PROFINET
International. Through worldwide support, a
PROFIBUS and PROFINET are the standardized long-term perspective is offered to all users and
solutions for this from PROFIBUS & PROFINET members.
International (PI) that combine full integration with
high application orientation. With its standardized With well over 50 million devices (in the end of 2015),
protocol, PROFIBUS encompasses all subprocesses PROFIBUS is currently present in every branch of
found in factory and process automation, industrial automation. More than 10 million of these
including safety-related communication and drive devices are used in process automation. PROFIBUS
applications, thereby providing the ideal basis for makes an important contribution to the economic
horizontal integration in an automation system. With and technological success of the companies involved.
its similarly standardized protocol, PROFINET enables

PROFIBUS System Description I


Contents

1 Introduction to PROFIBUS. . . . . . . . . 1 4.4 HART on PROFIBUS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16


4.5 PROFIsafe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.1 Market position. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
4.6 Identification & Maintenance (I&M). . . . . . 17
1.2 Modular design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Application-specific solutions. . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 Device integration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.4 Hybrid automation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5.1 General Station Description (GSD). . . . . . . 18
1.5 OSI layer model as a basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5.2 Electronic Device Description (EDD). . . . . 19
1.6 Standardization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5.3 Device Type Manager (DTM) and Field
2 Transmission technology. . . . . . . . . . 4 Device Tool (FDT) interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.4 Field Device Integration (FDI). . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.1 Transmission as per RS485 and
RS485-IS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6 Quality assurance and
2.2 Transmission as per MBP and MBP-IS. . . . 5 certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3 Optical transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.4 Wireless transmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7 Product implementation. . . . . . . . . . 22
2.5 Transmission technology in hazardous 7.1 Standard components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7.2 Implementing transmission interfaces. . . 24
2.6 Topology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.7 Redundancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8 Outlook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.8 Installation information for RS485. . . . . . . 8
9 User benefits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.9 Installation information for MBP. . . . . . . . . 9
2.10 Bus diagnostic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 9.1 Standardized and consistent . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
9.2 Economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3 Communication with PROFIBUS. . . 10 9.3 Quality consciousness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.1 PROFIBUS DP communication protocol. . 10 9.4 Innovation and protection of
3.2 Device classes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.3 Cyclical communication and PROFIBUS 9.5 Global support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9.6 Future cooperation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.4 Acyclical communication and parameter
addressing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
10 PROFIBUS & PROFINET
3.5 Standardized function blocks (FB). . . . . . . 12 International (PI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.6 Comm FBs as a system-neutral interface 10.1 Responsibilities of PI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
with PROFIBUS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 10.2 Technology development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
10.3 Technical support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4 Application profiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
10.4 Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.1 PROFIdrive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 10.5 Training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2 PROFIBUS PA (PA devices, "PA profile"). . . 15 10.6 Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.3 Improvements in PA profile V 3.02. . . . . . . 15

II PROFIBUS System Description


List of figures
Fig. 1: PROFIBUS system building blocks. . 2 Fig. 15: Operating HART devices on
Fig. 2: PROFIBUS solutions for different PROFIBUS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
market segments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Fig. 16: The principle of I&M functions. . . . . 17
Fig. 3: Consistent PROFIBUS solution in a Fig. 17: Technologies for device
single production system. . . . . . . . . . 3 integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Fig. 4: References between OSI model Fig. 18: Expense comparison for devices
and PROFIBUS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 with profile GSD (on right) and
Fig. 5: Utilization of different ignition 4-20 mA interface (on left).. . . . . . . . . 18
protection types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Fig. 19: FDI Device Package and FDI host. . . 20
Fig. 6: The connection of DP and PA Fig. 20: EDD-based part of an FDI Device
segments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Package in the FDI reference host. . 20
Fig. 7: Various redundancy concepts. . . . . . 8 Fig. 21: User-programmed graphic
Fig. 8: Ring redundancy with elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
PROFIBUS PA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Fig. 22: IDE development environment . . . . 21
Fig. 9: PROFIBUS DP protocol, Fig. 23: Device certification,
performance levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 test procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Fig. 10: Cyclical and acyclical Fig. 24: Stepwise introduction of
communication with DP-V1. . . . . . . . 11 PROFINET in the intrinsically
Fig. 11: The use of function blocks (Proxy FB safe field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
and Comm FB). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Fig. 25: PROFINET in the field with
Fig. 12: Device replacement with transfer PROFIBUS PA integrated via a
of the predecessors' functions . . . . . 15 proxy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Fig. 13: Device replacement with transfer of Fig. 26: Assignment of the PROFINET
the predecessors functions . . . . . . . . 16 device diagnostics to NE 107. . . . . . . 26

Fig. 14: Diagnostic mapping as per NAMUR Fig. 27: PROFIBUS & PROFINET
recommendation 107. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 International (PI). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

List of tables
Tab. 1: Overview of transmission values. . . 4 Tab. 4: Supported fiberoptic cable types . . 6
Tab. 2: Transmission values of RS485 Tab. 5: PROFIBUS application profiles. . . . . . 14
and MBP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Tab. 3: Characteristics of MBP and MBP-IS. 5

PROFIBUS System Description III


Information on contents
This system description deals with all the main • Chapter 5 deals with the topic of device
aspects of PROFIBUS in 2016 without delving into integration and explains the current
technical details. In this regard it must also be technologies used here, including FDI.
noted that, despite the care taken in preparing this • Chapter 6 deals with the topic of certification
brochure, the normative PI (PROFIBUS & PROFINET and quality assurance of PROFIBUS.
International) documents alone are authoritative • Chapter 7 contains information on product
and binding. implementation.
• Chapter 8 provides an outlook on future
• Chapter 1 contains an introduction to PROFIBUS
solutions with PROFINET.
and provides an overview of its market position
• Chapter 9 deals with the user benefits of
and technologies, modular design, and resulting
PROFIBUS.
application-specific solutions.
• Chapter 10 provides information on PROFIBUS
• Chapters 2 through 4 deal with the core
& PROFINET International as the world's largest
technologies of PROFIBUS (transmission
interest group for industrial automation with
technology, communication, and application
information on the organization, service
profiles) with technical and application-oriented
offerings, and global positioning.
information.

IV PROFIBUS System Description


1 Introduction to PROFIBUS companies and institutes came together in 1987 to
create a joint project with the task of developing and
Automation technology has been characterized by testing an open fieldbus standard. This project was
rapidly changing technology for many years. The the starting point for the development of PROFIBUS.
driving force for this was and still is the pressure to After the joint project was complete, the PROFIBUS
lower production costs, the demand for high and Nutzerorganisation e.V. (PNO) was founded in 1989
consistent product quality, improved operating in Germany to continue the work. This organization
reliability and the availability and flexibility of the was comprised of 10 companies, four scientific
systems, especially the consistent flow of data institutes and ZVEI. Two years later, it grew to over
within a company. A visible sign of this change is 100 members, and today (2016) there are about
the development of fieldbus technology with a 1,400 members who have jointed together under
transition from analog to digital communication and the globally positioned PI fieldbus organization,
thus the possibility to exchange detailed information which was founded in 1995. Today, there are more
on the status of a production system and its than 25 Regional PI Associations in countries on
environment very quickly. Digital communication every continent. The common goal is the continuous
also enables functions of the centralized controller development and global distribution of PROFIBUS
to be relocated to decentralized field devices, which and PROFINET technologies. With well over 50
simplifies cabling considerably. The world-wide million devices installed in the field, PROFIBUS
standardization of the interfaces opens up the is a global market leader in the field of industrial
path to consistent automation, and leaves previous communication systems.
solutions using a large number of proprietary
systems behind.

PROFIBUS contributed considerably to the


development of fieldbus technology. It links
controllers and control systems with sensors and
actuators on the field level (field devices) and also
enables simultaneous consistent data exchange
with superordinate systems. PROFIBUS is the
fieldbus-based automation standard of PROFIBUS &
PROFINET International (PI). PI has also developed the
PROFINET Ethernet-based automation standard and
launched it successfully on the market. PROFIBUS
and PROFINET use identical device profiles, thereby
creating investment security and investment
protection for the users and manufacturers of
these technologies. Both systems cover the fields of
production and process automation and therefore
also enable mixed (hybrid) applications, which are Blast furnaces are operated without interruption
often seen in the pharmaceutical, food and beverage and can only be modernized at long intervals.
industries. This makes especially future-proof automation
technology all the more important. PROFIBUS
PROFIBUS consistency is based on the standardized has proven itself through and through in large-
"PROFIBUS DP" communication protocol, which scale projects like this.
supports a variety of applications in factory
automation and process automation as well as The success of PROFIBUS relies equally on its
motion control and safety-related tasks. This advanced and robust technology and the successful
integration makes planning, installation and service activity of the PI organization established by
easier. Training, documentation and maintenance manufacturers and users to represent their interests.
need only be carried out for one technological
aspect. In addition to the many measures employed for
technological development and its propagation,
additional global support services for members
1 .1 Market position
(users and manufacturers) are available in the form
The first fieldbus systems, which were proprietary, of consulting, information and measures for quality
were introduced to the market in the 1980s. With assurance and standardization of the technology in
the objective of far-reaching standardization, 21 international standards.

PROFIBUS System Description 1


PI forms the largest user group for industrial in applications without explosion protection.
communication in the world, which offers RS485-IS (Intrinsically Safe) covers uses in explosion
opportunities for the future and at the same time protected areas. The MBP (Manchester coded Bus
comes with certain obligations. The opportunities Powered) and MBP-IS transmission technology is
are in the creation and propagation of market- specifically oriented toward the process industry
leading technologies which are beneficial to the and also handles power supply to devices on the
user. The obligation is for those responsible for this bus, in addition to data transmission. Several optical
user group to fully maintain PROFIBUS's goals of transmission technologies are also available.
openness and investment protection in the future
as well. This obligation serves as a guideline for PROFIBUS application profiles are specified for
everyone involved. standard data exchange between field devices on
the user level. The use of such profiles guarantees
interoperability in the data exchange between field
1.2 Modular design devices from different manufacturers. These profiles
specify application-typical device features, and
PROFIBUS's module concept is what has allowed
"profile devices" must comply with them. They might
it to reach its top position in the global market.
be cross-device-class features (e.g. safety-relevant
The communication protocol can be combined
behavior) or device-class-specific features (e.g. to be
with a variety of application-specific technology
exhibited by process devices or drives). Field devices
modules which are compatible with one another
with different application profiles can be operated in
(transmission technologies, application profiles,
the same automation system. Simple devices with
integration technologies). This ensures complete
universal functionality, e.g. decentralized binary I/O
consistency with a large breadth of applications.
devices, do not usually use application profiles.
With such a "system building block" (Figure 1), all
the applications of automation technology can Additionally to the layers for transmission and
cover tasks in the production and process industries, communication, the system building block also
including safety-related ones. provides the required engineering technologies
for device description and integration.
The core of the system building block is the PROFIBUS
DP (Decentralized Peripherals) communication
protocol, which is the same for all applications and 1.3 Application-specific solutions
is used for communication between centralized
automation devices and decentralized field devices. The system building block makes it possible to
cover very different applications using "solutions"
A number of different data transmission alternatives specifically arranged for them by combining the
are available, depending on the usage case. RS485 appropriate components. Examples include solutions
transmission technology is intended for use in the for the production industry, process automation,
production industry and in the process industry

Fig. 1: PROFIBUS system building blocks

2 PROFIBUS System Description


drive engineering and safety-related systems. The control tasks with complex packaging machines,
structure of these modular "solutions" can be seen however.
in Figure 2. Only the communication protocol is
the same with all solutions and ensures the high In the food industry, at a brewery for example,
consistency of PROFIBUS already mentioned. the typical process-control procedures in the
brew-house and fermenting cellar are followed by
the production-control procedures of bottle cleaning
and filling and the stacking of crates by robots.
In vehicle production, the paint shop, with its
process-control requirements (explosion protection),
is part of a production chain that otherwise involves
production-control tasks.

1.5 OSI layer model as a basis


Fig. 2: PROFIBUS solutions for different market The design of the technology modules with
segments PROFIBUS is oriented toward the OSI layer model
(Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model).
Here, the communication process between two
1.4 Hybrid automation nodes is distributed over seven "layers", from layer 1
("physical layer", trans-mission technology) to layer
In the past, factory automation and process
7 (“application layer”, interface to the application).
automation had to be viewed as two strictly
PROFIBUS uses layers 1, 2 and 7 (Figure 4):
separate fields and automated using different
technologies. The reason for this were the different User program Application profiles
marginal conditions of an automation system. PROFIBUS DP Protocol
7 Application Layer
Factory automation is based on fast, discrete (DP-V0, DP-V1, DP-V2)
processes and a relatively short service life of 6 Presentation Layer
5 Session Layer
equipment. Process automation, on the other Not used
4 Transport Layer
hand, is characterized by slow-running continuous 3 Network Layer
operations and long equipment service life. Today, Fieldbus Data Link (FDL):
2 Data link Layer Master Slave principle
a user can avoid such insular solutions by using a Token principle
PROFIBUS solution that is consistent for all the 1 Physical Layer Transmission technology
applications of the production chain. PROFIBUS is OSI Layer Model OSI implementation at PROFIBUS
the only fieldbus that fulfills the requirements of
such consistent (hybrid) automation of production-
Fig. 4: References between OSI model and
control (inbound and outbound logistics) and
PROFIBUS
process-control process steps (Figure 3).
• Layer 1 defines the physical transmission. With
PROFIBUS, there are copper-wire versions (RS485
and MBP) and optical and wireless transmission.
• Layer 2 defines the description of the bus access
method, including data security. With PROFIBUS,
this is the master-slave method in conjunction
with the token method.
• Layer 7 forms the interface to the application and
thus represents the link between the application
and communication. With PROFIBUS, the
communication protocol PROFIBUS DP is used
Fig. 3: Consistent PROFIBUS solution in a single here.
production system • The actual application process lies above layer 7
and is not part of the OSI model.

Examples Figure 4 shows the definition of the seven OSI layers


In the pharmaceutical industry, the manufacture on the left and the implementation of PROFIBUS on
of medicines is a process-control procedure. The the right.
packaging of tablets, for example, uses production-

PROFIBUS System Description 3


1.6 Standardization IEC 61158
IEC 61158 deals with the technologies used
The contents of the OSI layers are specified by
and describes the method of functioning of the
standards so that the openness of the system is
fieldbus. It is divided according to the OSI model.
ensured when the standards are complied with.
The individual fieldbuses are differentiated by
Together with other fieldbus systems, PROFIBUS the definition of "fieldbus protocol types" in this
is part of IEC 61158 ("Digital data communication standard. Here, PROFIBUS is type 3 and PROFINET
for measurement and control – Fieldbus for use in type 10.
industrial control systems") and IEC 61784 ("Profile
sets for continuous and discrete manufacturing IEC 61784
relative to fieldbus use in industrial control systems"). IEC 61784 defines the subsets of the service and
protocol supersets specified in IEC 61158 (and other
standards) which are used by a certain fieldbus
system for its communication. They are collected
in "Communication Profile Families (CPF)"; for
PROFIBUS, it is "Family 3" with a subdivision into 3/1
(RS485 and fiberoptics) and 3/2 (MBP). Part 3/3 is
concerned with PROFINET.

A clean water supply requires large investments


2 Transmission technology
in existing and new wastewater treatment
plants. Maximum availability and optimal use 2.1 Transmission as per RS485 and
of process technology are a prerequisite for this.
For many planners and operators, PROFIBUS is
RS485-IS
the preferred solution (for example, in Europe's The easy-to-use and cost-effective RS485
most modern wastewater treatment plant in transmission technology is preferred for use with
Vienna). tasks which require a high transmission speed,
but which do not require explosion protection
(intrinsic safety). It is widely used in the production
industry and is also found in parts of the process

RS485 RS485-IS MBP MBP-IS Fiber Optic


Digital; differential Digital; differential Digital, bit-synchronous, Digital, bit-synchronous, Optical, digital, NRZ
Data transmission signals acc. to RS485, signals acc. to RS485, Manchester coding Manchester coding
NRZ (no return to zero) NRZ
Transmission rate 9.6 to 12,000 Kbit/s 9.6 to 15,000 Kbit/s 31.25 Kbit/s 31.25 Kbit/s 9.6 to 12,000 Kbit/s

HD=4; parity bit; HD=4; parity bit; Preamble; fail-safe Preamble; fail-safe HD=4; parity bit;
Data security start/end delimiter start/end delimiter start/end delimiter start/end delimiter start/end delimiter
Twisted, shielded two- Twisted, shielded four- Twisted, shielded two- Twisted, shielded two- Multi- and single mode
wire cable, wire cable, wire cable, wire cable, glass fiber; PCF; plastic
Cable cable type A cable type A, acc. to cable type A cable type A, acc. to IEC fiber
IEC 61158 part 3/1 61158 part 3/2
Remote power Possible using Possible using additional Optional using signal Optional using signal Possible using hybrid
supply additional cores cores cores cores cable
Increased safety Ex e Intrinsic safety Increased safety Ex e Intrinsic safety None
Ignition Flameproof Ex ib Flameproof Ex ia/ib
protection types encapsulation EX d encapsulation EX d
Line topology with Line topology with Line and tree topology Line and tree topology Star and ring topology
Topology termination termination with termination; also with termination; also typical; line topology
combined combined possible
Up to 32 nodes per Up to 32 nodes per Up to 32 nodes per Up to 32 nodes per Up to 126 nodes per
Number of segment. Max. total segment. Max. total 126 segment. Max. total 126 segment. Max. total 126 network
nodes 126 per network per network per network per network
Max. 9 with signal Max. 9 with signal Max. 4 with signal Max. 4 with signal Unlimited with signal
Number of
refreshing refreshing refreshing refreshing refreshing; note signal
repeaters propagation delay

Tab. 1: Overview of transmission values

4 PROFIBUS System Description


industry. A twisted, shielded copper cable with
MBP transmission technology
a pair of wires is used. The bus structure enables
non-reactive coupling and decoupling of stations Nodes in one segment Up to 32
and incremental commissioning of the system.
Subsequent system expansions do not affect Data transmission rate 31.25 Kbit/s
stations already in operation within certain Min. working voltage per
9 V DC
specified limits. Details can be found in Table 1 and field device
Table 2. Min. current consumption 10 mA

Zero-mean Manchester II
Transmission Transmission of digital
Transmission rate coding (MBP) through
range per Applies to communication signal
± 9 mA amplitude
[Kbit/s]
segment [m] Signal transmission and
Use of twisted-pair cable
9,6 19,2 remote power supply
1,2 RS485
45,45 93,75
Fieldbus cable Type A
187,5 1 RS485
Via stubs (spur) to a main
Connection of field devices
500 400 RS485 cable (trunk)
1,5 200 RS485 Max. total length of a segment Up to 1,900 m
3,000 6,000 12,000 100 RS485

The values above apply to cable type A with the following Tab. 3: Characteristics of MBP and MBP-IS
properties

PROFIBUS DP PROFIBUS PA In the MBP-IS version, this transmission technology


Wave resistance 135 ... 165 Ω 80 ... 120 Ω
is especially suitable for use in hazardous areas
and is therefore widely used in applications of
Capacitance per unit ≤ 30 pf/m ≤ 2 pf/m
the chemical, oil and gas industries. Explosion
Loop resistance ≤ 110 Ω/km ≤ 44 Ω/km
protection is implemented via limiting power in
Core diameter > 0.64 mm ≥ 1 mm
the incoming bus supply or more frequently in the
Core cross-section > 0,34 mm2 ≥ 0,8 mm2
installation components in the field. Working on field
Tab. 2: Transmission values of RS485 and MBP devices during active operation is made possible,
for example, by means of intrinsically safe ignition
In compliance with certain values, the use of the protection. The easiest way to be verified for intrinsic
RS485 interface with its high transmission rates is also safety is to go through models such as FISCO or
possible in intrinsically-safe areas (RS485-IS). When Entity. If all the components used conform with the
the interface was specified, the levels for the current standards, no further calculations are necessary.
and voltage, which must be complied with by each
individual node to ensure safe functioning when 2.3 Optical transmission
connected together, were defined. Within a circuit,
certain maximum currents are permissible with a set There are fieldbus usage conditions under which
voltage. When connecting active sources together, wired transmission technology reaches its limits, for
the total current of all the nodes may not exceed example in an environment with heavy interference
the maximum permissible current. The difference or when bridging long distances. In these cases,
between this concept and the FISCO model (see optical transmission via fiberoptic cables is
2.5) with only one intrinsically-safe source is that all available. The corresponding PROFIBUS guideline
nodes represent active sources here. specifies the technology available for this. When the
specifications were being made, it was ensured that
existing PROFIBUS devices could be integrated into
2.2 Transmission as per MBP and MBP-IS a fiberoptic cable network without adverse affects.
MBP (Manchester Coded, Bus Powered) transmission This ensures compatibility with existing PROFIBUS
technology implements the simultaneous supply installations.
of power to the connected field devices and
The supported fiberoptic cable fiber types are shown
communication of the data over a single cable,
in Table 4. Due to the transmission characteristics,
i.e. directly via the bus medium. This enables
typical topology structures are the star and
wiring overhead to be significantly reduced, meets
the ring; linear structures are also possible. The
requirements for much simpler and safer installation
implementation of a fiberoptic cable network in
and boasts all the benefits of digital transmission
the simplest case involves the use of electro-optical
down to the field device. MBP was specifically
converters which are connected to the field device
developed to meet the demands of process
with the RS485 interface and the fiberoptic cable on
automation and is standardized in IEC 61158-2.
the other side. This also makes it possible to switch
Details can be found in Table 1 and Table 3.

PROFIBUS System Description 5


between RS485 and fiberoptic cable transmission The FISCO model (IEC 60079-27)
within an automation system, depending on the The FISCO model (Fieldbus Intrinsically Safe
prevalent conditions. Concept) makes it easy to plan, install and expand
Fiber type Core diameter [µm] Transmission range PROFIBUS networks in hazardous zones of type 1.
Multi-mode glass fiber 62.5 / 125 2 - 3 km This model is based on the specification that a
Single-mode glass fiber 9 / 125 > 15 km
Plastic fiber 980 / 1,000 Up to 100 m communication network is intrinsically safe and does
HCS® fiber 200 / 230 Approx. 500 m not require calculations for validating intrinsic safety
if the relevant components, such as the field devices,
Tab. 4: Supported fiberoptic cable types cables, segment couplers and bus termination values
conform to a set of limit values (for voltage, current,
2.4 Wireless transmission output, inductivity and capacity). Intrinsic safety is
considered verified if all the components operated
PROFIBUS is also used in wireless communication. in the segment in question are certified as per FISCO.
Even if PI has not made any provisions in the form The following constraints have also be met:
of specifications or guidelines, interoperability with
wired systems is still ensured. This is supported by • Each segment only has one power supply source
the many applications in use. • The total cable length is up to 1,000 m

In PROFIBUS systems, solutions for the wireless FISCO ensures that:


connection of sensors and actuators are also • The field devices always act as passive sinks
possible. Corresponding guidelines which specify • The permissible input values of each field device
the integration of WirelessHART (used in process are greater than the possible and permissible
automation) and Wireless Sensor/Actuator Network output values of the associated supply unit if a
(WSAN, used in factory automation) are in process. fault were to occur.

The ignition protection type intrinsic safety Ex i (IEC


2.5 Transmission technology in 60079) is the most often used protection type in
hazardous areas measurement and control technology. It is based
on the parameter of limiting current and voltage
When operating fieldbuses in hazardous areas,
in intrinsically safe circuits to levels where neither
the interface PROFIBUS MBP is the typical choice.
thermal effects nor sparking could lead to the
Besides the IEC 61158-2 (fieldbus standard, Table 3),
ignition of explosive mixtures. This is associated with
the more stringent explosion protection standard
a limitation of the supply current of a PA segment
IEC 60079-11 (electrical equipment for hazardous
to 100 mA with corresponding limitations in cable
areas) must be observed. Here two concepts are
length and the number of bus nodes.
principally used:
• The FISCO model (IEC 60079-27) enables the The High-Power Trunk Concept
implementation of explosion protection,
The "intrinsically safe" ignition protection type is
including regulatory approval without individual
only really required in a process control system
calculations. It is characterized, however, by a
where access is required for maintenance or device
considerable low input power into a segment
replacement during operation. In other areas, e.g.
and thus by short cable length and low number
at the trunk cable, this requirement generally does
of field devices.
not apply, which is why ignition protection type Ex
• The High-Power Trunk concept, whereby the
e (increased safety) is applied there with the ability
limitations in power of FISCO are removed by
to transport more power. This enables longer cable
using the ignition protection type increased
length and increased number of field devices without
safety. Intrinsic safety is applied where working
obstructing operation. It is therefore possible to use
on field devices is permitted also without “hot
a mixed concept comprised of protection types
work permit”.
increased safety (Ex e) for the trunk and intrinsic
In certain cases, the RS485 interface in compliance safety (Ex i) at the spur, which can be implemented
with Ex e ignition protection type can also be used in with devices called fieldbus barriers. The outputs of
the hazardous area. the field barriers are conventionally intrinsically safe
for the connection of field devices. An overview of
this can be found in Figure 5.

6 PROFIBUS System Description


Fig. 5: Utilization of different ignition protection
types
Fig. 6: The connection of DP and PA segments
Likewise, in automation systems with hazardardous If MBP transmission technology is used (in process
zone 2, the trunk is designed in the "non-sparking automation), basically any topology is permissible.
(Ex nA)" protection type and thus enables the Linear and tree structures and combinations of
introduction of high currents into zone 2. Due to the both are thus possible. In practice, the "trunk &
less stringent explosion protection requirements spur topology" (see Figure 6) has established itself
simple field distributors can be used here instead as the de-facto standard, as it is especially clear
of field barriers. Field devices of protection type and well-laid-out. Thanks to the technically-mature
"energy limited" (Ex nL) can be connected to their installation technologies available on the market, it
short circuit-proof outputs of 40 mA output current also exhibits a high degree of robustness. The overall
each. length of a segment may not exceed 1,900 meters,
and the length of the stubs in intrinsically-safe
2.6 Topology applications is max. 60 m and must be taken into
account when calculating the overall length.
If RS485 transmission technology is used, all field
devices are typically connected in a line structure Coupling RS485 and MBP transmission
(see Figure 6) with up to 32 nodes (master and slaves) technology. The MBP transmission technology is
in one segment. The beginning and end of each typically limited to certain subsegments of a system,
segment are provided with active bus termination, e.g. a group of field devices in a hazardous area. The
which must be supplied with power continuously. connection of such subsegments (designated as
The bus terminations are usually implemented as MBP or PA segment or PA spur) to the RS485 segment
optionally activatable in the devices or plugs. If (also designated as DP segment or DP spur) is carried
there are more than 32 nodes or the network span is out using segment couplers or links. They handle the
being extended, repeaters must be used to link the following tasks:
networks.
• Implementation of the asynchronous signal
encoding with RS485 into synchronous signal
encoding with MBP
• Provision of incoming supply voltage for the
PA segment and limiting of incoming current
supply
• Decoupling of transmission speed
• Isolation and power limiting for hazardous areas
(optional)

Segment couplers are transparent from the


standpoint of the bus protocol, the devices of the
MBP segment are directly visible on the DP side
Drive technology is required for every and the segment coupler itself does not require
automation task: Whether it's moving, adjusting, configuration.
positioning, conveying or storing, it all demands
Links, on the other hand, are intelligent and map all
perfect communication between drives and the
devices connected in the MBP segment as a single
automation system. No technology in the world
slave in the RS485 segment. The link needs to be
is used more than PROFIBUS here.
configured and restricts the total amount of data

PROFIBUS System Description 7


which can be transferred to and from the connected
devices to 244 bytes. The cyclical data from the PA
devices is compressed into a single DP telegram on
the DP side and must be reselected by the DP master.
The faster DP segment enables a number of PA
segments to be integrated into a single DP network
via segment couplers or links.

2.7 Redundancy
For applications which demand high system Fig. 8: Ring redundancy with PROFIBUS PA
availability, such as with continuous processes,
redundant systems are generally used, whereby the • Slave redundancy:
redundancy can extend to all system components. A The field devices or the PROFIBUS connection
differentiation is made between different concepts in the field device are designed redundantly.
which can be combined with one another as desired Concepts for slave redundancy are described
and, in special cases, also contain complete spatial in the PROFIBUS specification titled “Slave
separations: Redundancy”. Field devices designed with
redundancy need to be on an equal footing and
• Master redundancy: determine between themselves which is to act
The control system or the controller is designed as the primary node and which as the secondary
redundantly (system redundancy, Figure 7, node. Manufacturer-specific solutions are
right) available for transmission media and master
• Media redundancy: redundancy.
The cable paths are designed redundantly
• Coupler/link/gateway redundancy:
2.8 Installation information for RS485
The segment couplers are designed redundantly
(Figure 7) If a coupler fails, the other ones A number of different cable types (type designation
seamlessly take over its function. The master A through D) for different use cases are available for
does not notice the switchover and no messages the connection of devices to one another and to
are lost. network elements (e.g. segment couplers, links and
repeaters). If the RS485 transmission technology
is used, cable type A (data in Table 2) is strongly
recommended.
When connecting the nodes, ensure that the data
cables are not mixed up. To achieve high interference
resistance of the system against electromagnetic
radiation, a shielded data cable (type A is shielded)
should definitely be used. The shielding is to be
connected to the protective ground on both sides
ensuring good conductivity via large-area shield
clamps. Equipotential bonding of all connected field
devices is also recommended. Also ensure that the
data cable is laid as far away from all high-current
Fig. 7: Various redundancy concepts cables as possible. Stubs must absolutely be avoided
with transmission rates greater than or equal to
• Ring redundancy: 1.5 MBit/s. The number of nodes which can be
The combination of redundant couplers and field connected to a segment is limited to 32.
devices with active field distributors implements
ring redundancy and creates expanded media The plugs offered on the market enable incoming
redundancy. Subsegments which have become and outgoing data cables to be connected directly
defective due to a short circuit or wire break are in the plug. This avoids stubs, and the bus plug can
automatically and seamlessly operated further be connected to and disconnected from the bus at
via a coupler each in a line structure (Figure 8). any time without interrupting the data traffic. The
plug connectors suitable for RS485 transmission
technology differ by protection type. In protection

8 PROFIBUS System Description


type IP 20, a 9-pin D-Sub plug connector is preferable functionality of the bus, as these devices are normally
for use. In protection type IP 65/67, different solutions equipped with automatic polarity detection.
are recommended as per the guideline:
A typically free of charge planning software
• M12 round plug connector as per IEC 60947-5-2 should be used for segment design
• Han-Brid plug as per DESINA recommendation (www.segmentchecker.com) Hereby the electrical
• Hybrid plug connector function of a segment can be checked before
• 7/8" plug installation work starts. Planning and checking
steps comprise cable length and number of
The hybrid plug systems also include a variant for devices possible. This planning procedure
transmitting data over fiber-optic cable fibers and protects the user from possible costly subsequent
24 V operating voltage for the peripheral devices via modifications of the installation.
copper cables in a single hybrid cable.
The operation of bus-supplied and externally-
Experience shows that difficulties with the supplied devices together is permissible. Note that
transmission technology in PROFIBUS networks can externally-supplied devices draw a base current
most often be traced back to improper cabling and via the bus connection, which must be taken into
installation. Bus test devices, which can ferret out account accordingly when calculating the maximum
many typical cabling errors before commissioning, available supply current.
can remedy this situation.
The reference addresses of the many different 2.10 Bus diagnostic
plugs, cables, repeaters and bus test devices can
be obtained from the PROFIBUS product catalog Bus diagnostics enables the physical layer to
(www.profibus.com). be measured on a segment and field device
specific basis and simplifies commissioning. Once
installation is complete, the loop check is carried
2.9 Installation information for MBP out at the push of a button using corresponding
The intrinsically safe MBP transmission technology tools available on the market. Extensive expert
is normally limited to certain subsegments (field knowledge about waveforms and possible causes
devices in the hazardous area) of a system which are are no longer required for commissioning.
then linked to the RS485 segment (control system Although simulated aging tests of installations
and engineering devices in the measuring station) did not show any relevant risks, there are other,
via segment couplers or links. substantive reasons for continuous monitoring of
As already mentioned, segment couplers are signal the physical layer itself. The most common cause
converters which adapt the RS485 signals to the of changes on a fieldbus installation are authorized
MBP signal level and vice versa. They are transparent interventions during maintenance or assembly
from the viewpoint of the bus protocol. operations, more so than unwanted changes due to
environmental conditions. All important parameters
Links, on the other hand, are intelligent. They map affecting transmission quality are monitored using
all field devices connected in the MBP segment diagnostics tools to ensure that they remain within
upwardly as a single slave in the RS485 segment; permissible limits.
downwardly, it functions as a master. If links are
used, the transmission rate in the RS485 segment is By integrating bus diagnostics into the power supply
not influenced by the connected PA segments. This technology, it becomes possible to monitor systems
also allows fast networks to be implemented using permanently rather than just sporadically, thereby
field devices with an MBP connection for control facilitating the identification of errors which might
tasks, for example. otherwise slip through unnoticed during operation.
This also makes it possible to detect changes on
A two-core shielded cable is used for the transmission the physical layer and rectify errors which might
medium. The important thing here is that different cause the bus to fail. Bus diagnostics also make
cables are involved for PROFIBUS DP (cable Type A troubleshooting much easier, as maintenance
according to IEC 61158 Part 2 Interface RS485(-IS)) personnel are provided with detailed information,
and PROFIBUS PA (cable Type A according to IEC often with information in plain text, about possible
61158 Part 2 Interface MBP(-IS)). (See Table 2). The errors.
bus termination is already permanently integrated
at the segment coupler or link. A field device using Notice: Explanations of field device diagnostics are
MBP technology which is connected with wrong found in Chapter 4 under "PA profile".
polarity in most cases does not negatively affect the

PROFIBUS System Description 9


The polled slave answers the prompting master with
a response message. A request message contains
the output data, e.g. setpoint speed of a drive, and
the associated response message contains the input
data, e.g. the latest measured value from a sensor. A
bus cycle comes to an end once all connected slaves
have been polled in order.
In addition to this cyclical communication for the
fast exchange of input and output data between the
master and slaves at regular intervals, need-based
data can also be transmitted using PROFIBUS, e.g.
Manufacturers of fine chemicals must respond device setting data. A master has the initiative,
flexibly and quickly to customer orders and accessing the data of a slave in read or write mode
frequently adapt their systems accordingly. acyclically. There can be more than one master
Thanks to its enormous flexibility, PROFIBUS in a PROFIBUS system. In such a case, the access
offers the best prerequisite for this. authorization passes from the active master to the
next master (token-passing principle).

3.1 PROFIBUS DP communication


3 Communication with protocol
PROFIBUS For optimum fulfillment of the requirements of
different areas of use, the functions of the PROFIBUS
PROFIBUS devices communicate using the DP communication protocol are distributed over
PROFIBUS DP (Decentralized Periphery) three performance levels: DP-V0, DP-V1 and DP-V2
communication protocol, which is the same for all (Figure 9).
applications and which allows cyclical and acyclical
Version DP-V0 provides the basic function of
communication and specifies rules for this. The core
the communication protocol. This includes, in
of the communication process is the master-slave
particular, cyclical communication and device-,
method, where a master (active communication
module- and channel-specific diagnostics for quick
nodes: PLC, PC or control system) cyclically prompt
fault localization. Examples of this include "excess
the connected slaves (passive communication
temperature" and "short circuit on output".
nodes: field devices, I/Os, drives) to exchange data.

Fig. 9: PROFIBUS DP protocol, performance levels

10 PROFIBUS System Description


Version DP-V1 supplements DP-V0 with functions for PROFIBUS slave
acyclical communication, i.e. for functions such as A PROFIBUS slave is a passive communication node
parameterization, operation, monitoring and alarm which reacts to prompts from the master by sending
handling. DP-V1 enables online access to bus nodes a response message. Devices in this class are usually
via engineering tools for this purpose (Figure 10). field devices (remote I/O, drive, valve, transducer,
analyzer) which acquire process variables or play
Version DP-V2 contains additional functions as
a part in the process by means of manipulated
extensions of DP-V1, in particular functions which
variables. A differentiation is made between compact
are required for drive control. These include
and modular slave devices. A modular device
functions for communication between slaves, cycle
comprises a head station containing the fieldbus
synchronization and time stamping.
interface and a number of slots into which various
Field devices for process automation are typically modules can be inserted. By combining different
slaves of performance level DP-V1 and can therefore modules, modular slaves can be adapted flexibly
communicate acyclically to set device parameters. to respond to prevailing requirements with regard
to input and output data. Compact devices have a
fixed set of input and output data – comparable to
a modular device with precisely one permanently
installed module.
The majority of slave devices in process automation
are modular devices on which, rather than being
physically present, the individual modules simply
exist in the device software (virtual modules).
These virtual modules (and, therefore, access to
the associated input and output data) are activated
or deactivated when cyclic communication is
established. The virtual modules, of which a slave
device in process automation is able to make use, are
Fig. 10: Cyclical and acyclical communication specified in the device profile for PA devices.
with DP-V1
Frequently, PROFIBUS master devices support the
functions of both a DPM1 and a DPM2. Similarly,
3.2 Device classes there are also automation devices which are able to
operate as both masters and slaves. In practice, it is
PROFIBUS devices are divided into three classes
rarely possible to unequivocally categorize physical
based on their functions:
devices into the function classes outlined above.

PROFIBUS DP master (class 1)


3.3. Cyclical communication and
A PROFIBUS DP master of class 1 (DPM1) is a master
which uses cyclical communication to exchange PROFIBUS diagnostics
process data with its associated slaves. Devices Once the configuration has been loaded on the class 1
of this type are often integrated in a memory- master with the help of the configuration tool, the
programmable controller or an automation station master establishes cyclical communication with
of the process control system. the associated slave devices (MS0 channel). During
this power-up phase, the slave adopts a two-stage
PROFIBUS DP master (class 2) approach to checking the configuration data
A PROFIBUS DP master of class (DPM2) was originally received from the master.
defined as a master used as a tool in the context First, the parameters set in the configuration (e.g.
of PROFIBUS system commissioning. In the course master address, watchdog time and ID number)
of the DP-V1 and DP-V2 functional expansions, a are transferred to the slave (parameterization)
DPM2 has been more specifically defined as a master and checked (configuration). The ID number is
which can be used to set device parameters via unique for each device type and is assigned by PI.
acyclical communication. Devices of this type are Cyclical communication can only take place if the
usually part of an engineering station used for device ID number from the configuration tallies with the
configuration. A DPM2 need not be permanently ID number saved in the slave. Next, the information
connected to the bus system. about the configured modules – in other words,

PROFIBUS System Description 11


the configuration bytes – is transferred to the slave 3.4 Acyclical communication and
and checked. Cyclical communication can only be parameter addressing
established if the modules which are physically
present tally with those set in the configuration or if A key part of the acyclical data exchange process is
the device can adapt to the configuration received. the writing or reading of device parameters at the
behest of the master. These device parameters can
Successful establishment of communication is then be used by a centralized operator tool to configure
verified via the requested diagnostics data. The slave a field device, thereby adapting it to the specific task
reports invalid parameter or configuration data to it has been charged with performing in the technical
the master through corresponding errors in the process.
PROFIBUS standard diagnostics. If the parameter and
configuration data is valid, the master will initiate There are two different channels for acyclical
cyclical communication with the slave device. communication, MS1 and MS2. In this context, a link
between a master and a slave (MS1 link) via the MS1
PROFIBUS diagnostics comprise both PROFIBUS- channel can only ever be established if cyclical data
specific standard diagnostics and advanced exchange is taking place between the master and
diagnostics. The latter contains device-specific slave concerned.
diagnostics data relating, for example, to measuring
or setting procedures. Any changes to device-specific As a slave is only able to exchange data cyclically with
diagnostics data are reported by a slave in the one master at once, a slave can only have up to one
response message during cyclical communication; MS1 link. Subject to corresponding parameterization
the master will respond accordingly in the next bus data, the MS1 link is established implicitly when
cycle by polling the diagnostics data, rather than the cyclical communication is initiated and monitored
process data, of the slave concerned. Each PROFIBUS by the watchdog time.
slave can only engage in cyclical data exchange with
one DPM1. This ensures that a slave can only receive A slave can have a MS2 link with one or a number of
output data from one master, thereby avoiding data masters simultaneously as long as it is not engaged
inconsistency. in cyclic communication. The MS2 connection has
to be established explicitly by the master. It has a
separate time monitoring mechanism by means of
which a MS2 link will be closed if it is not used for a
set period of time. Unlike for cyclical communication,
a complex configuration based on the device master
file is not required for acyclical communication;
usually, knowledge of the address of the device
concerned is all that is needed to establish a MS2 link
on the master side.
Device parameters are addressed in a slave device
by means of the specification of the slot and index.
The "slot" (values from 0 to 254) is a slot on a modular
device; on PA devices, a slot addresses a function
block (see Chapter 4). The "index" (0 to 254) is the
address of a parameter within the slot concerned.
Devices with PA profile 3.0 and higher must have a
MS2 channel, although the MS1 channel is optional.
Foods are bound by especially stringent Since, in practice, very few PA profile devices
specifications for quality and traceability of implement a MS1 channel, the MS2 channel is used
the manufacturing process, including the universally for acyclical data transmission in process
communication technology. With PROFIBUS, automation.
these features are of the highest priority, which
is evidenced by its wide distribution in the food
industry. 3.5 Standardized function blocks (FB)
When developing and using cross-manufacturer
application profiles, the technology of the
standardized function blocks (FB) plays an important
role, because the growing functional scope of

12 PROFIBUS System Description


modern field devices allows different controllers 3.6 Comm FBs as a system-neutral
to be integrated without specific communication interface with PROFIBUS
knowledge and without manufacturer-specific
adaptations to the application program. Function PI has defined function blocks (shown in yellow
blocks, which contain the sometimes complex in Figure 11) for the system-neutral interfaces in
functions of field devices (e.g. calibration, motor the "Communication and Proxy Function Blocks
power-up, speed change etc.) in encapsulated according to IEC 61138-3" guideline. These function
form, are used for this. They therefore function as blocks are supported by the languages of IEC
a "representative" (Proxy FB) of the corresponding 61131-3 and the communication services of IEC
field devices placed in the control program. 61158 defined for PROFIBUS. The guideline defines
The function blocks are generally created in the communication blocks for master classes 1 and 2
standardized programming language of "Structured and slaves and several additional help functions as
Text" (ST) as per IEC 61131-3. A Proxy FB presents well. The technological functions of a field device
access to its functions in encapsulated graphic form can be addressed uniformly using these Comm
and can therefore also be called by the "simpler" FBs. All FBs share a common concept for displaying
programming languages of IEC 61131-3, such as errors with coding as per IEC 61158-6.
LD/COP (Ladder Diagram/Contact Plan), FBD/FUP
(Function Block Diagram/Function Plan) or IL/APL PLC manufacturers offer such standard
(Instruction List/ Application List). communication blocks in PLC-specific "IEC libraries".

Proxy FBs are generally specified by device profile In addition to the previously mentioned "neutralized"
working groups and provided to the user in different access to acyclical communication functions via
ways, depending on the business model. The MS1, the FDT interface (see page 19) completes the
advantage here is that they can be used in controllers Application Programmer's Interface (via MS2) for the
from different manufacturers. Individual device access of engineering and configuration tools.
manufacturers can also make use of this to give their
"slaves" competitive advantages by encapsulating
certain functions.
4 Application profiles
For the practical use of FBs by application
programmers, an interface that is system-neutral from To ensure smooth interaction between the bus
the viewpoint of the many controller manufacturers nodes of an automation solution, the basic functions
(Application Programmer's Interface or [API]) must and services of the nodes must match. They have
be defined in addition to the known PROFIBUS to "speak the same language" and use the same
communication interface (communication platform, concepts and data formats. This applies both for
MS0, MS1, MS2, Figure 11) specified in IEC 61158. This communication and for device functions and
makes it easy to port user software and the proxy FBs industry sector solutions. This uniformity is achieved
used from the programmable logic controller (PLC) through the use of "profiles" relating to device
of manufacturer A to the PLC of manufacturer B families or special industry sector solutions. These
using standardized communication blocks ("Comm profiles specify features which "profile devices" must
FBs") if the controller manufacturer offers Comm FBs exhibit as a mandatory requirement.
in their programming library.
These can be cross-device-class features, such as
safety-relevant behavior (Common Application
Profiles) or device-class-specific features (Specific
Application Profiles). Here, a differentiation is made
between
• Device profiles
for robots, drives, process devices, encoders,
pumps etc., for example
• Industry profiles
for laboratory technology and rail vehicles, for
example
• Integration profiles
for the integration of subsystems such as HART
Fig. 11: The use of function blocks (Proxy FB and
or IO-Link systems
Comm FB)

PROFIBUS System Description 13


Profile Name Profile Content PI Order No.

Specific application profiles

Dosing / Weighing Profile describes the use of dosing and weighing systems on PROFIBUS. 3.182a; 3.182b; 3.182c

Profile describes the connection of rotary, angular, and linear encoders with
Encoder 3.162
single-turn and multi-turn resolution.
Profile describes the control of hydraulic drives via PROFIBUS (cooperation
Fluid Power 3.112
with VDMA).

HART on PROFIBUS Profile desribes the integration of HART devices in PROFIBUS systems. 3.102

Profile describes the communication between identification devices


Ident Systems 3.142
(barcode reader, transponder).
Profile describes the properties of laboratory automation devices on
LabDevices 2.412
PROFIBUS.
Profile desribes the use of liquid pumps on PROFIBUS (cooperation with
Intelligent Pumps 2.422
VDMA).
Profile descibes data exchange for low-voltage switchgear (switch
Low Voltage Switchgear 3.122
disconnector, motor starter, etc.) on PROFIBUS.
Profile desribes the properties of process automation devices on
PA Devices 3.042
PROFIBUS.
Profile describes the device behavior and access behavior to data for
PROFIdrive 3.172; 3.272
variable speed electric drives on PROFIBUS.
Profile desribes the interchangeability of remote I/O devices in process
Remote I/O for PA 3.132
automation.
Profile desribes the interchangeability of remote I/O devices in factory
Remote I/O for FA 3.242
automation.
Profile describes the system behavior of numerical controls, robot controls
Robot / Numerical Controls 3.052
and positioning controls from the view of the PROFIBUS communication.
Profile describes properties of semiconductor manufacturing devices on
SEMI 3.152
PROFIBUS (SEMI standard).

General application profiles

Profile desribes a concept for identification of PROFIBUS devices and


Identification & Maintenance 3.502
Internet access to device-specific information.
Profile desribes the saving of additional i-parameters in the controller and
iPar-Server 3.532
the read-back of i-parameters after a device replacement.
Profile desribes safe communication of safety-related devices (emergency
PROFIsafe 3.192
OFF switch, light array, etc.) with safety controllers via PROFIBUS.
Profile desribes the mechanism for field devices with redundant
Redundancy 2.212
communication behavior.
Profile desribes the precisely timed assignment of certain events and
Time Stamp 3.522
actions by time stamping.
Document is part of ProfileGuideline Part 2 and is dealing with data type
Data Types definitions of profile variables and parameters, programming languages of 3.512
field devices and controllers as well as platform aspects for field devices.
Document is part of Profile-Guideline Part 3 and is dealing with the different
Diagnosis 3.522
aspects of diagnosis to provide information about faults of field devices.
Document describes, for each application profile, the functional
Host Application 3.902
requirements for the host and the engineering system.

Tab. 5: PROFIBUS application profiles

Figure 11 shows the classification of profiles in the 4.1 PROFIdrive


PROFIBUS system building blocks, and Table 5
provides an overview of currently available PROFIBUS The PROFIdrive profile is used in factory automation.
profiles. The following contains further information It defines the device behavior, the access method and
on several of them. the data formats for the drive data of electrical drives
on PROFIBUS, from simple frequency converters to
highly dynamic servo controllers. All the details on
this can be found in the relevant system description
(Order No. 4.322).

14 PROFIBUS System Description


4.3 Improvements in PA profile 3.02
The improvements made to PA profile 3.02
concentrate on the optimization of lifecycle
management of the devices with the goal of linking
the simplicity of traditional 4-20 mA technology with
the performance potential of fieldbus technology.

Version flexibility when replacing devices


Up until now, it was necessary to fall back on devices
of the same generation as the installed devices when
devices had to be replaced, even though a more
Humidity measurement plays an important role
state-of-the-art version with additional innovative
in the processes of almost all industries, but it's
features was available on the market. Version 3.02 of
integration into fieldbus technology remained
the profile does away with this limitation by enabling
disregarded for a long time. PROFIBUS provided
(new) devices to automatically adjust themselves to
the solution. One example is the humidity
the version and functions of its predecessor device
measurement carried out when producing
(Automatic ID Number Adaption, Figure 12). Here,
pasta.
the (new) device is notified of the version of the
predecessor device from the controller or control
system and automatically adapts itself to that
4.2 PROFIBUS PA (PA devices, device's functions without interrupting the process.
"PA profile") This device feature is part of the certification testing
of devices with profile version 3.02. The next time
The PROFIBUS PA profile is the basis for using
the system is planned to stop, the new device can
PROFIBUS in process automation. Besides the use of
be integrated into the control system and the new
this profile, this application is often characterized by
functions can be used.
intrinsically-safe operation, large cable lengths and
device infeed via the bus cable. The PA profile defines
the functions and parameters for process-control
devices, such as transmitters, actuators, valves and
analyzers. These functions and parameters are used
to adapt the devices to the respective application
and process conditions. The specifications are
based on function blocks, and the parameters are
classified as input, output and internal parameters.
The profile also specifies how the various services
of the PROFIBUS communication protocol are used.
Accordingly, for example, process data exchanged
cyclically is based on a standard format for all
devices. In addition to the measured value and/or
manipulated measurement value, this format also
features a status providing information about the
Fig. 12: Device replacement with transfer of the
quality of the value and possible limit violations. It
predecessors' functions
thereby provides the foundation for harmonized
applications, simplified engineering, device
exchangeability and increased reliability by means Simplified device integration
of standardized diagnostic information. In contrast to the trusted configuration of 4-20
mA devices in the field, the integration of fieldbus
PA profile version 3.02 has been expanded with a devices puts greater demands on the operator due
host of application-oriented functions since the to the larger function scope. Working with the device
previous version of 3.01. These functions take descriptions required for this must be possible for
into account the years of operating experience in the user without special knowledge, however.
PROFIBUS PA systems and implements the resulting
user demands. The simplification implemented in PA profile 3.02
is based on cross-manufacturer rules for ensuring
unambiguous compatibility between the description

PROFIBUS System Description 15


files (GSD, EDD, DTM) and the field devices. Among planned, system downtimes to be avoided, which
other things, the rules stipulate the storage of saves money, and the service life of the system to be
standardized parameters in the device and device increased.
description, which enables the integration tools to
automatically assign devices and description files
(Figure 13). This means considerable simplification
during the initial installation or device replacement.
In addition, simple and clean labeling on the device
housing makes unambiguous assignment of devices
to description files easier, e.g. when removing
devices from storage. These device features are part
of the certification testing.

Fig. 14: Diagnostic mapping as per NAMUR


recommendation 107

4.4 HART on PROFIBUS


Fig. 13: Device replacement with transfer of the
predecessors' functions In view of the very large number of HART devices
installed in the field, their integration into existing
or new PROFIBUS systems is a pressing task for most
Accelerating data uploads and downloads
users. The “PROFIBUS Profile HART” document (Order
Depending on the phase of the life cycle of a system, No. 3.102) offers an open solution for this. It defines
considerable amounts of data must be transmitted the use of the PROFIBUS communication mechanism
when adapting parameters, during commissioning without changes to the protocol and services of
and during maintenance or device replacement. PROFIBUS.
Depending on the function scope of the devices, this
could be several hundred parameters, which makes The document defines a profile of PROFIBUS, which
the time required for transmission more important. is implemented in the master and slave above level
PA profile 3.02 optimizes transmission through 7 and therefore enables the mapping of the client-
optimum grouping of the parameters and simplified master server model of HART on PROFIBUS. Full
access. Depending on the amount of data being compatibility with HART specifications has been
transmitted, the time required could be reduced by assured by collaborating with the HART Foundation
a factor of 10. (today FieldComm Group [FCG]) in drafting the
specification.
Continuously standardized device diagnostics The HART client application is integrated in a
Consistency in device replacement is also ensured PROFIBUS master and the HART master in a PROFIBUS
with regard to the output of diagnostic information. slave (Figure 15), whereby the latter serves as a
Devices with profile 3.02 are required to output multiplexer and takes over communication with the
diagnostic information as per the categories HART devices.
of NAMUR recommendation 107 (Figure 14),
whereby the mapping is already carried out by A communication channel which works
the manufacturer. When replacing devices, the independently of the MS1 and MS2 connections
owner therefore need not spend time or effort on has been defined for the transmission of HART
any adaptations or changes. All devices provide messages. One HMD (HART Master Device) can
identically-structured diagnostic information by support a number of clients. The number depends
default, thereby ensuring a quick and easy overview on the implementation.
of the system. Additional detailed information Version 2.0 of the profile extends the existing
enables device replacement and repair to be integration to include standardized PROFIBUS

16 PROFIBUS System Description


modules for hard-wired HART devices as well as The database for this are XML files stored on the
for the new WirelessHART® device generation. As a www.profibus.com server. These files are managed
result, there is no need to implement a profile layer in online by the device manufacturers and are
the DP master for cyclic data exchange with DP and therefore kept up-to-date over the entire device life
channel-specific diagnostics. cycle (Figure 16). Using an engineering tool, this data
can be read out at any time, whereby the "device-
local" data is compared to the centralized, daily-
updated information from the manufacturer for the
device in question. This is very helpful for system
documentation, order processes and maintenance
processes, for example.

Fig. 15: Operating HART devices on PROFIBUS

HART devices can be connected to the HMD via


various components or to PROFIBUS via modules.
These originate from a GSD of the component or are
created with a device-specific module configurator.
This is typically implemented as a class 2 DP master
and as an HMD; furthermore, it can offer the detailed
configuration of complex HART devices using an
EDD or the FDT/DTM concept. Fig. 16: The principle of I&M functions

4.5 PROFIsafe
The risk of human injury, damage to production 5 Device integration
systems and environmental harm is inherent in
many industrial processes. This realization resulted in A particular advantage of PROFIBUS is openness,
"safety-related automation technology" becoming which in turn brings with it compatibility with a
of great importance, as its safety requirements are large number of device and system manufacturers.
far above and beyond those of standard automation However, this does mean that the benefit of
technology. This demand must also be satisfied numerous different device and systems suppliers
by the fieldbus technology, and the PROFIsafe is countered by a correspondingly high number of
communication profile serves this purpose for different possible HMIs. Standards for the centralized
PROFIBUS. and uniform integration of fieldbuses into
automation systems have been developed in order
All the details on this can be found in the relevant to ensure that a disproportionate amount of time
system description (Order No. 4.342). and effort is not required with regard to installation,
version management and device operation. Devices
4.6 Identification & Maintenance (I&M) are usually integrated by means of mapping their
functionality to operator software. The process
The definitions collected in the Identification & is optimized by consistent data management
Maintenance (I&M) application profile are binding throughout the life cycle of the system, with identical
specifications for the storage of specific data in each data structures for all devices. All standards cited
PROFIBUS device. This gives the owner standard in the following can be used in conjunction with
access to all device data through all devices PROFIBUS.
during configuration and commissioning as well
during parameterization and update procedures. A summarized representation of device integration
can be found in Figure 17.

PROFIBUS System Description 17


information about its communication capabilities,
and further information about, for example,
diagnostic values. The GSD for device integration
alone is sufficient for the cyclic exchange of measured
values and manipulated variables between the field
device and automation system.
Compared to the device-specific GSD, a profile GSD
only contains information about the parameters and
diagnostic descriptions specified in a device profile
(here: the PA profile, see chapter 4.2) that apply to
all manufacturers and are mandatory for "profile
devices". The content of a profile GSD is thus the
same for all associated profile devices and is device-
neutral. As a result, PA profile devices not only
have their extremely attractive functions as digital
fieldbus devices but also the exact property that
supporters of conventional 4-20 mA technology
regard as especially advantageous: namely, a
uniform and vendor-neutral communication
Fig. 17: Technologies for device integration
interface. Figure 18 shows on the right two such
profile devices with inputs and outputs (PROFIBUS
5.1 General Station Description (GSD) PA) with bidirectional communication with the
controller. The left side of figure 18 shows an
The GSD (general station description) is provided identical device arrangement with use of 4-20 mA
by the device manufacturer and is the electronic technology with its unidirectional communication
data sheet for the communication properties of and separate interface for each measured or
each and every PROFIBUS device. It supplies all manipulated variable value for a similar number of
information necessary for cyclic communication process signals. This figure illustrates the enormous
with the PROFIBUS master and for configuration of difference in hardware and installation expenses
the PROFIBUS network in the form of a text-based between the two technologies.
description. It contains the key data of the device,

Fig. 18: Expense comparison for devices with profile GSD (on right) and 4-20 mA interface
(on left)

18 PROFIBUS System Description


5 .2 Electronic Device Description (EDD) with the engineering system via the FDT interface.
The FDT/DTM technology is being developed further
The GSD alone is not sufficient to describe the by the FDT Group.
application-specific functions and parameters
of complex field devices. A powerful language A DTM is a device operator program by means
is required for the parameterization, service, of which device functionality (device DTM) or
maintenance and diagnostics of devices from communication capabilities (communication DTM)
the engineering system. The Electronic Device are made operational; it features the standardized
Description Language (EDDL) standardized in FDT (Field Device Tool) interface with a frame
IEC 61804-2 is available for this purpose. Further application in the engineering system. The DTM
development is promoted jointly by PI, the is programmed on a device-specific basis by the
FieldComm Group (formerly HART Communication manufacturer and contains a separate user interface
Foundation and Fieldbus Foundation) and the OPC for each device. DTM technology is very flexible in
Foundation. terms of how it is configured.

An EDD is a text-based device description which The FDT interface is a cross-manufacturer open
is independent of the engineering system's OS. interface specification which supports the
It provides a description of the device functions integration of field devices into operator programs
communicated acyclically, including graphics based using DTMs. It defines how DTMs interact with an FDT
options, and also provides device information such frame application in the operator tool or engineering
as order data, materials, maintenance instructions system. The interface itself is independent of the
etc. communication protocol and is available at present
for more than 13 protocols including PROFIBUS,
The EDD provides the basis for processing and PROFINET and IO-Link.
displaying device data on the EDD Interpreter. The
EDD Interpreter is the open interface between the
EDDs and the operator program. It provides the 5 .4 Field Device Integration (FDI)
operator program with data for visualization with FDI is a new technology standardized in IEC 62769,
a standard look & feel, regardless of the device and that was developed jointly by manufacturers and
manufacturer. trade associations of process and automation
technology, for easy and uniform integration of
field devices in various host systems. The goal of
this development effort was to merge the two
integration technologies that previously co-existed
on the market – EDD and FDT – into an uniform,
new-generation technology. The best elements
of each technology were combined in FDI with
new technologies such as the OPC UA information
model and the life cycle model into a single, cross-
vendor technology. FDI supports typical operations
such as configuration, commissioning, diagnostics,
and calibration over the life cycle of simple and
The use of PROFIBUS with the PROFIdrive complex field devices. With FDI an alternative to
profile is widespread in the control of packaging the very expensive parallel situation of EDD and
machines. All functions are executed on a FDT called for by users and manufacturers alike has
single bus, which considerably reduces the been achieved.
expenditure for engineering, hardware and
training. The further development and maintenance of FDI
will be carried out jointly by PI and FieldComm
Group in cooperation with OPC Foundation and
5 .3 Device Type Manager (DTM) and Field FDT Group. This includes the work on developing
Device Tool (FDT) interface specifications for FDI and EDDL and, in particular, the
supply of FDI tools and components to the market
In comparison to the GSD and EDD technologies and the global technical support for implementation
based on descriptions, the FDT/DTM technology uses and conformity testing. The FOUNDATION Fieldbus
a software-based method of device integration. The (FF), HART, PROFIBUS, and PROFINET protocols are
DTM is a software component and communicates supported. The FDI specification is available for
download from the PI and FDT Group websites.

PROFIBUS System Description 19


Device Package parameters and device structure, the Business Logic
The centerpiece of FDI is the scalable Device Package (BL) with consistency rules and device functions,
containing all information needed by an FDI host and the User Interface Description (UID). These
(control system, device management system, etc.) three descriptions are based on the meanwhile
for integration of an intelligent field device. Each harmonized EDDL according to IEC 61804-3. The
field device is described by one such Device Package different EDDL "dialects" used up to now in the
using a binary coded file according to IEC 29500 various protocols are now a thing of the past. The
(Container format, Open Packaging Conventions). EDD-based part of a Device Package is shown in
This Device Package is then used without changes Figure 20.
in all integration tools and controllers from the
single-user PC to the complete automation system.

Fig. 20: EDD-based part of an FDI Device Package


Fig. 19: FDI Device Package and FDI host
in the FDI reference host
The Device Package (Figure 19, top) of a field device
An optional file is the User Interface Plugin (UIP),
is a collection of obligatory and optional files that
which enables users to program customized user
are required for configuration, commissioning,
interfaces (Figure 21). In addition, device-related
diagnostics, and calibration over the entire device
data and documents such as manuals, certificates,
life cycle. Mandatory files are the device description
and catalog information can be added optionally in
(Electronic Device Description, EDD) with device
the form of attachments.

Fig. 21: User-programmed graphic elements

20 PROFIBUS System Description


Integrated Development Environment (IDE) step for existing EDD-based systems, which host
For integration of FDI in field devices, the cross- manufacturers are also evolving to. For FDT-based
protocol Integrated Development Environment systems, the mentioned "Adapter strategy" provides
(IDE, Figure 22) provides device manufacturers with the investment protection demanded in that device
a tool for easy development of FDI Device Packages suppliers can supply the adapter with integrated
for their various PROFIBUS, PROFINET, FF and HART Device Packages if it is not already available on the
device versions based on a uniform process. The system side.
FDI IDE also provides an easy, reliable conversion
of existing EDD files into corresponding FDI Device FDI as introduction to Industrie 4.0
Packages. A runtime environment in the FDI IDE Devices with a PROFIBUS or PROFINET interface are
and the Device Package Test Tool gives developers currently being supplied with product descriptions
a platform for extensive testing of newly developed for configuration and device integration purposes,
Device Packages, which ensures their quality and such as the General Station Description (GSD) or
conformity with the FDI standard already during the Electronic Device Description (EDD). This fits nicely
development phase. with the concept of components for Industrie 4.0
with its administration shells. Both solutions for the
product description include information that will
be part of the administration shell for engineering,
commissioning, and other purposes. When FDI is
used, the information from the extended concept of
the Device Package could also become part of the
administration shell to be undertaken for PROFIBUS
and PROFINET. The field devices thus become
Industrie 4.0 components and the device data can
be made available via the internet for any user at any
location.

Fig. 22: IDE development environment

Integration in FDI hosts


6 Quality assurance and
Device Packages can be integrated in original FDI certification
hosts (Figure 19, bottom). In order for Device Packages
to behave in the same way in different host systems, For PROFIBUS devices of different types and
a uniform "Host Component" was developed and manufacturers to be able to perform different tasks
made available to host manufacturers: These include in the automation process correctly, they must
the UI Engine for display of the components, UID and exchange information over the bus without errors.
UIP versions, and the EDD Engine for support of the A prerequisite for this is a standard-compliant
EDDL versions with backward compatibility (figures implementation of the communication protocols
19 and 22). and application profiles by the device manufacturer.
To ensure that this demand is met, PI established a
quality-assurance procedure where certificates are
Integration in FDT Frames
granted for test-passing devices using test reports as
For use of FDI in FDT-based systems, an "FDI-to-FDT a basis (Figure 23).
adapter" in the form of a device DTM is used ,
It includes a complete FDI host, complies with The aim of certification is to provide users with
the FDT standard and can be installed as usual. the assurance that PROFIBUS field devices from
Corresponding collaboration between the FDT different manufacturers are capable of error-free
Group and the FieldComm Group is responsible for operation when used together. For this purpose,
this. the field devices are tested in practical applications
in accredited independent test laboratories with
Investment protection the required testing accuracy as per the quality
guidelines of PI. This makes it possible to identify
Besides the FDI goals of standardization, any misinterpretation of the standards at an early
simplification, and cost minimization, an equally stage so that manufacturers can take the necessary
important challenge of FDI is the preservation of remedial action before devices are implemented in
existing equipment. Due to the use of binary EDD, the field. The test also examines the field device’s
integrated in the FDI Package, FDI is a logical next

PROFIBUS System Description 21


compatibility with other certified field devices. Once • The conformity test is the focal point of testing.
the tests have been passed successfully, a device It verifies that protocol implementation is in
certificate is issued by PI's certification center upon line with the standard. The test primarily covers
application by the manufacturer. the state machine, behavior in case of errors,
addressability, diagnostic data and mixed
The test procedures and certification process are operation.
described in the respective guidelines. • During the interoperability test, the interplay
between the test device and the PROFIBUS
devices from other manufacturers is tested in a
multi-vendor system. It is determined whether
the functionality of the system is maintained
when the test device is added to it. Operation
with various different masters is also tested.
• The profile test is carried out to determine
whether the test devices work together
smoothly during operation. The profile test is
carried out for the PROFIdrive, PA device and
PROFIsafe profiles. The test determines whether
the profile functions were implemented in
accordance with the specifications.

All the steps of the test are documented in detail.


The notes are available to the manufacturer and
the certification office. The test report provided to
the orderer is used as the basis for issuance of the
certificate by PI.
Once a field device has passed all the tests, the
manufacturer can request a certificate from PI. Each
Fig. 23: Device certification, test procedure certified device includes a certification number as
a reference. The certificate has a validity of 3 years
The test procedure and can be extended by a manufacturer declaration
The prerequisites for testing are an issued ID number or after new testing. The addresses of the test
and a GSD file. An EDD for the field device or the laboratories can be obtained from the PROFIBUS
field device itself may also be required. website on the Internet.

The test procedure, which is the same for all test


laboratories, is comprised of several steps:
7 Product implementation
• A GSD/EDD check ensures that the device
description files comply with the specifications. This chapter contains information on options
• During the hardware test, the electrical for implementing communication interfaces in
properties of the PROFIBUS interface on the automation and field devices.
test subject are tested for compliance with the
specifications. This includes, for example, the A broad spectrum of base technology components
terminating resistors, the suitability of driver and development tools (PROFIBUS ASICs, PROFIBUS
modules and other modules used and the stacks, bus monitors, test tools and commissioning
quality of the performance level. tools) and services are available for device
• The function test addresses the bus access development and implementation of the PROFIBUS
protocol, transmission protocol and the functions protocol. They enable device manufacturers to
of the test subject. The parameterization and carry out development efficiently. An overview
adaptation of the test system are carried out of this is found in the product catalog from PI
using the GSD. When the test is being carried (www.profibus.com/products/product-finder/).
out, the black-box method is used. Here, no For further information, see the technical
knowledge of the internal structure of the documentation, and for competent consulting, refer
implementation is required. The responses to the PI Competence Center.
generated by the test subject and their time
relations are recorded by the bus monitor.

22 PROFIBUS System Description


When implementing a PROFIBUS interface, note that Implementing simple slaves
the device behavior is determined by the PROFIBUS Simple I/O devices can be implemented with
protocol and the implemented application. For this single chip ASICs. All protocol functions are already
reason, the entire field device is tested during a integrated on the ASIC. No microprocessor or
certification test. Base technologies are generally additional communication software is required. Only
only "pre-certified", i.e. tested using a sample the components for bus connection, e.g. bus driver,
application. This does not guarantee that each field optical coupler, quartz etc., are required externally.
device based on this base technology behaves in
compliance with the standards. The application in
Implementing intelligent slaves
a field device has a major influence on the device's
behavior. With this form of implementation, the essential
layer-2 portions of the PROFIBUS protocol are
implemented with a communication module. The
7.1 Standard components remaining protocol portions are implemented as
software on a microcontroller. In most available
Interface modules ASICs, the cyclical protocol portions are realized
For small to medium quantities, PROFIBUS interface on the chip and are generally responsible for the
modules are suitable. They are available in a wide transmission of time-critical data.
variety of versions on the market. The various designs For highly time-critical applications, protocol
of these modules implement the full bus protocol chips with an integrated microcontroller represent
and offer an easy-to-use user interface for each an alternative which already handles the entire
application. This relieves the device manufacturer of PROFIBUS protocol autonomously. If necessary, an
communication tasks. They can be attached to the externally-connected microcontroller can then be
main PCB of the device as a supplementary module. used entirely for the application. Depending on the
performance required, the field device manufacturer
Protocol chips can also use the microcontroller which is already
For large quantities, individual implementations integrated in the protocol chip for the application.
of the PROFIBUS protocol based on common base The available ASICs offer an easy-to-use interface
technology components are available. Here, a and work with commonly used microcontrollers.
differentiation is made between Another option is presented by microprocessors
with an integrated PROFIBUS core.
• Single chips, where all PROFIBUS protocol
functions are integrated on the chip and which
Implementing complex masters
do not require a separate microcontroller (this is
a hardware-only solution with a fixed functional The time-critical parts of the PROFIBUS protocol are
scope). also implemented using a communication module
• Communication modules which implement and the remaining protocol portions as software on a
smaller or larger portions of the protocol on microcontroller here. As with slave implementations,
the chip. An additional microcontroller and ASICs from different manufacturers are available
firmware offered for the chip are required for full for implementing complex master devices. They
implementation of the PROFIBUS protocol. can be operated in conjunction with common
• Protocol chips which already include a microprocessors.
microcontroller in the communication module. A corresponding overview of available protocol
In conjunction with firmware offered for the chip, the chips is provided on the PROFIBUS website. For
application communicates via an easy-to-use user further information on the products, we also suggest
interface. The decision for a suitable implementation you contact the respective providers.
variant mainly depends on the complexity of the
field device, the required performance, the quantity PROFIBUS stacks
and the performance scope to be implemented. In many cases, chips and supplemental protocol
Several examples are provided in the following. software (PROFIBUS stacks) come from different
providers. This increases the number of solutions
available on the market.

PROFIBUS System Description 23


Using this as a basis, technically custom-tailored 7.2 Implementing transmission
and cost-optimized products which fulfill industry- interfaces
specific requirements can be created, which is also
the focus of PI. The fact that the PROFIBUS chip
and the stack can come from different sources RS485 transmission technology
is further evidence of the openness and multi- For field devices which do not draw the required
vendor capability of PROFIBUS, which is not only power from the bus, the standard RS485 interface
limited to the specification, but extends to product can be implemented. This provides greater flexibility
implementations as well. when using the field device, because it can then
be connected to PROFIBUS DP without a segment
Pure software solutions can seldom be found on coupler or link.
the market. The reason behind this is that the price-
performance ratio of the processors to be used is RS485 technology is characterized by its low
considerably less favorable than with chip-oriented interface costs and great robustness. Data rates from
implementations. Pure software solutions are 9.6 KBit/s to 12 MBit/s can be supported without any
therefore more likely to be used in cases with specific conversion. To supplement this, an intrinsically-safe
marginal conditions. An overview of the available version, RS485-IS, was developed.
variants of the protocol software is found on the
The RS485 modules are available from various
PROFIBUS website. Further information on the
manufacturers and are time-tested (millions are in
products is available from the respective providers.
use).

Implementing user profiles


MBP transmission technology
The PROFIBUS protocol ensures the secure data
When implementing a bus-powered field device
transmission of bit sequences. The interpretation
with MBP transmission technology, minimal power
of data in a field device is handled by the user.
consumption is the main focus. For these devices, a
User profiles represent the links between the
typical supply current of only 10 - 15 mA is available
PROFIBUS protocol and the actual application
on the bus cable. This has to supply the entire device,
in a field device. The data formats, data access
including the bus connection and the measurement
methods, parameterization and cyclical and acyclical
electronics.
communication diagnostics defined in the profile
descriptions are implemented in software, which Special modem chips are available for these
is often handled by the device manufacturers requirements. These modems draw the required
themselves. A host of technology suppliers provide operating energy for the entire device from the
support here. MBP bus connection and make it available as supply
voltage to the other electronic components of the
device. In addition, they convert the digital signals
of the connected protocol chip to the bus signal of
the MBP connection that is modulated to the energy
supply.

8 Outlook
Ethernet is established
From raw material supply to the brewing process Industrial communication is a key technology of
to filling: "Beer brewing" is a good example automation engineering and also an "enabler"
showing the interplay between the discreet and for Industrie 4.0. Successful fieldbus and Ethernet
continuous procedures in a process. PROFIBUS technologies monitor and control equipment and
handles precisely this task with its own bus machinery, optimize manufacturing and production
system and has no competition here. processes, and connect logistics, quality assurance,
and maintenance with production. Rising market

24 PROFIBUS System Description


demands have quickly given added importance to PROFIBUS PA remains a key technology
the high performance potential of Industrial Ethernet PROFIBUS PA enables long cable distances and
compared to fieldbus technology. An example of this explosion protection in process automation as well as
is the brisk replacement of PROFIBUS by PROFINET the native, digital integration of field instrumentation
in factory automation. This technology advance is in control systems and asset management systems.
now becoming feasible in the harsh environmental Based on the current state of the art, the connection
conditions of the process industry with its stringent is typically by means of a link or coupler via PROFIBUS
requirements for durability, compatibility, and DP.
availability.
The user benefits of PROFIBUS PA result from, among
other things, the use of digital communication
Stepwise feasibility of PROFINET
instead of analog communication, the suitability for
PI is coordinating with prominent manufacturers easy proof of intrinsic safety type of protection, and
and users on making PROFINET feasible for process the properties of the PA device profile oriented to
automation (see Figure 24). For this, the use of the process industry. PROFIBUS PA is thus still the key
current and future PROFINET technologies must be technology for digital communication in the field for
reconciled with investment protection for existing the process industry in the long run.
equipment with runtimes of 30 years or more. This
requirement will be met in the form of a solution
platform, which will use PROFINET aspects relevant PROFIBUS PA on PROFINET
for process automation that are either already PROFIBUS PA will achieve the demanded
established, newly specified or still undergoing investment protection in this way. The connection
specification to make the performance capability of to PROFINET systems is by means of a "proxy",
PROFINET available for process automation as well which is a transition that acts as a master in the PA
while fully preserving existing equipment. The timing system but as a bus node (device) in the PROFINET
of this is also dependent on when the specifications system, which allows the PA segment to be easily
will be implemented by manufacturers in their configured in PROFINET. As a result, the proxy is
respective products. integrated in the PROFINET infrastructure in the
same way as the directly connected remote I/O
stations, Motor Control Center (MCC), or PROFINET
field devices (see Figure 25).

Further steps
The named solution platform is the basis for further
steps targeting the introduction of PROFINET
in process automation. These include the new
Fig. 24: Stepwise introduction of PROFINET in the PROFINET functions "Configuration in Run" and
intrinsically safe field "System redundancy" which are indispensable for
process automation as well as a further developed

Fig. 25: PROFINET in the field with PROFIBUS PA integrated via a proxy

PROFIBUS System Description 25


PA device profile. Conversely, the long-proven communication protocol. This enables discrete
PROFINET properties such as neighborhood procedures (such as filling and packaging), continuous
detection and device diagnostics will contribute procedures (such as mixing and heating) and safety-
significantly to the implementation of urgent user related procedures in a system to be handled over
requirements specifically documented in multiple the same bus. Separate systems are unnecessary.
NAMUR recommendations, e.g. NE 107 (see Figure This "hybrid automation" with PROFIBUS overcomes
26). limitations, makes things simpler and reduces costs
over the entire operating timeframe, from planning
and engineering to installation and from training
and operation to maintenance and documentation.

9.2 Economy
Economy in the operation of machines and
systems demands that they be highly available. The
integrated redundancy of PROFIBUS is unrivaled
when it comes to uninterrupted operation. Equally
important are the diagnostic messages continuously
available from the bus, devices and process. They
provide information regarding the current machine
Fig. 26: Assignment of the PROFINET device and system status and enable timely, status-
diagnostics to NE 107 based intervention. The result is higher availability
with reduced maintenance expense. Economy is
also based on the option to use the respectively
most suitable device technology for certain tasks.
9 User benefits PROFIBUS provides this very option, thanks to its
comprehensive device catalog from a wide variety of
Owners of machines and automation systems in manufacturers and the compatibility of the devices
the production and processing industries place on the bus using the device profiles.
high demands on reliability and economy. The
systems must fulfill their function for years, and the
interplay of components and systems from different 9.3 Quality consciousness
manufacturers must be ensured. PROFIBUS, the
world's leading modularly-constructed industrial Quality and quality assurance are of high importance
communication system fulfills these requirements. with PROFIBUS, because it enables components of
The prominent feature of PROFIBUS is its ability to different types and manufacturers to properly fulfill
optimally fulfill industry-specific requirements by their tasks in the automation process. Globally-
combining suitable modules, especially those of established, independent test laboratories test
application profiles. PROFIBUS DP for the production devices in accordance with PROFIBUS specifications
industry, PROFIdrive for drive applications, PROFIBUS for certification which are derived from international
PA for the process industry and PROFIsafe for safety- standards and which guarantee high quality
related applications are the main examples here. standards. Specially established PI training centers
Application profiles also ensure uniform behavior offer "Certified Engineer" and "Certified Installer"
of the devices used, regardless of the manufacturer, courses for PROFIBUS. In addition, PI organizes
and therefore their interoperability on the bus. workshops for users on selected topics.

9.1 Standardized and consistent 9.4 Innovation and protection of


privileges
PROFIBUS is based on modularity and standards;
the benefits to the user are flexibility and ease PROFIBUS is known for its high degree of innovation.
of use. Modern systems and machines are often User requests are collected and implemented
complex in structure and tightly integrated into rapidly. Examples include the fulfillment of urgent
the communication landscape of the company. demands from the process industry with the new
The unimpeded flow of data is therefore a primary version 3.02 of the profile for process devices and
user requirement of the owner. PROFIBUS provides the development of direct coupling of PROFIBUS
precisely this with its unique horizontal and vertical to the Ethernet-based communication of PROFINET
consistency. All PROFIBUS solutions use the same and thus to the MES and ERP levels using proxy

26 PROFIBUS System Description


technology. Here, the design and communication than 25 regional user organizations (RPA: Regional
of PROFIBUS are adapted to PROFINET, while the PI Associations) and approximately 1,400 members,
PROFIBUS segments and their characteristics remain meaning that it is represented on every continent
completely unchanged. At the same time, existing and is the world’s largest interest group for the
systems can be modernized and expanded at any industrial communications field (Figure 27).
time with PROFIBUS. HART technology and IO-link
can easily be integrated into PROFIBUS, and safety-
related tasks are handled by PROFIsafe and drive tasks
by PROFIdrive. All of this ensures comprehensive
investment protection, because installed equipment
can still be used. It's not replaced, but rather
modernized and expanded.

9.5 Global support


With over 50 million PROFIBUS nodes installed,
PROFIBUS has proven its reliability. Users can
choose from over 2,500 devices from more Fig. 27: PROFIBUS & PROFINET International (PI)
than 300 manufacturers here. PROFIBUS is used
globally, continuously undergoes development
and is intensively supported by the world's largest 10.1 Responsibilities of PI
fieldbus organization, PI. The regional organizations, The key tasks performed by PI are:
Competence Centers and multiple test laboratories
and training centers spread out across the globe • Maintenance and further development of
provide the user with a high level of quality and PROFIBUS and PROFINET
support. • Promotion of the worldwide establishment of
PROFIBUS and PROFINET
• Protection of the investments of users
9.6 Future cooperation and manufacturers through influence on
PI's target course for the coming years is "to provide international standardization
users with far-reaching solutions using PROFIBUS • Representation of the interests of members to
and PROFINET as an umbrella for new technologies." standards bodies and unions
Cooperation with other organizations, contact with • Worldwide technical support for companies
users and user groups and existing strengths are all through PI Competence Centers (PICC)
to be expanded accordingly. Key technologies are • Quality control through a system for product
to be promoted together while always complying certification at PI Test Laboratories (PITL) based
with international standardization and consistency. on standard conformity tests
PI is determined to provide direction and implement • Establishment of a worldwide training standard
solutions that benefit the user. through PI Training Centers (PITC)

10.2 Technology development


10 PROFIBUS & PROFINET PI has handed responsibility for technological
development over to PNO in Germany. The Advisory
International (PI) Board of PNO Germany oversees the development
activities. Technological development takes place
As far as maintenance, ongoing development, in the context of more than 50 working groups with
and market penetration are concerned, open input from more than 500 experts.
technologies need a company-independent
institution that can serve as a working platform. As
regards the PROFIBUS and PROFINET technologies, 10.3 Technical support
this was achieved by founding the PROFIBUS
Nutzerorganisation e.V. (PNO) in 1989 in Germany PI supports more than 50 accredited PICCs
as a non-profit interest group for manufacturers, worldwide. These facilities provide users and
users, and institutions. The PNO is a member of PI manufacturers with all kinds of advice and support.
(PROFIBUS & PROFINET International), an umbrella As institutions of PI, they are independent service
group which was founded in 1995. PI now has more providers and adhere to mutually agreed upon

PROFIBUS System Description 27


regulations. The PICCs are regularly checked for
their suitability as part of an individually tailored
accreditation process. Current addresses can be
found on the PI website.

10.4 Certification
PI supports 10 accredited PITLs worldwide, which
assist in the certification of products with a
PROFIBUS/PROFINET interface. As institutions of PI,
they are independent service providers and adhere
to mutually agreed upon regulations. The testing
services provided by the PITLs are regularly audited
in accordance with a strict accreditation process
to ensure that they meet the necessary quality
requirements. Current addresses can be found on
the PI website.

10.5 Training
The PITCs have been set up with the specific aim
of establishing a global training standard for
engineers and installation technicians. The Training
Centers and their experts are officially accredited.
Their competence with respect to PROFIBUS and
PROFINET training and the associated engineering
and installation services had been checked. A three
days training "PROFIsafe Certified Designer" exists
for PROFIsafe. Current addresses can be found on
the PI website.

10.6 Internet
Available on the PI website www.profibus.com is
actual information about the organization of PI
and the PROFIBUS and PROFINET technologies.
An online-product finder, a glossary, diverse
web-based trainings are to be found there, as
well as the download area with specifications,
application profiles, installation guidelines, and
other documents.

28 PROFIBUS System Description


PROFIBUS System Description
Technology and Application
Version April 2016
Order Number 4.332

Publisher:
PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation e. V. (PNO)
PROFIBUS & PROFINET International (PI)
Haid-und-Neu-Str. 7 · 76131 Karlsruhe · Germany
Phone: +49 721 96 58 590 · Fax: +49 721 96 58 589
E-Mail: [email protected]
www.profibus.com · www.profinet.com

Exclusion of liability

Although the PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation e.V. (PNO) has taken the most care in compiling the
information contained in this brochure, it cannot guarantee that the content is completely error-free,
and the PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation e.V. (PNO) can assume no liability, regardless of the legal basis
for any potential claims. The information in this brochure is reviewed on a regular basis. Any necessary
corrections will be made in subsequent editions. We would be grateful for any suggestions as to how
the content could be improved.

Any designations that appear in this brochure could potentially constitute trademarks. Any use of such
trademarks by third parties for their own ends risks infringing the rights of the proprietors concerned.

This brochure is not intended to serve as a substitute for the relevant IEC standards, such as IEC 61158
and IEC 61784, or the relevant specifications and guidelines of PROFIBUS & PROFINET International. In
case of doubt, these standards, specifications, and guidelines are authoritative.

© Copyright by PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation e.V. (PNO) 2016. All rights reserved.


Worldwide support with PI!

For additional information


and contact information, go to:
www.profibus.com/pi-organization/

Regional PI Regional PI Associations (RPAs) represent PI around the world and are your personal local

© Copyright by PI 4/16 – all rights reserved – 4.332


Association contacts. They are responsible for local marketing activities for purposes of spreading
(RPA) PROFIBUS, PROFINET, and IO-Link, which include among others trade fair appearances,
seminars, workshops, and press conferences, as well as public relations activities.

PI Compe- The PI Competence Centers (PICCs) collaborate closely with the RPAs and are your first
tence Center point of contact when you have technical questions. The PICCs are available to assist you
(PICC) in the development of PROFIBUS or PROFINET devices and the commissioning of systems,
and they provide user support and training.

PI Training PI Training Centers (PITCs) support users and developers in gaining experience with the
Center PROFIBUS and PROFINET technologies and their possible uses. Individuals who
(PITC) success­fully com­plete the final exam of the Certified Installer or Engineer course
receive a certificate from PI.

PI Test Lab PI Test Labs (PITLs) are authorized by PI to conduct certification tests for PROFIBUS and
(PITL) PROFINET. You receive a certificate from PI for your product once it passes the test. The
certification program plays a major role in the sustainable quality assurance of products
and thus assures that the systems in use exhibit a high level of trouble-free operation and
availability.

PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation e. V. (PNO)


PROFIBUS & PROFINET International (PI)
Haid-und-Neu-Str. 7 · 76131 Karlsruhe · Germany
Phone: +49 721 96 58 590 · Fax: +49 721 96 58 589
E-Mail: [email protected]
www.profibus.com · www.profinet.com

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