BASIC MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY (15CVL37)

Experiment No:1(A) Date:

TENSION TEST ON MILD STEEL

OBJECT: To observe the behavior of the given Mild Steel specimen under static tension
upto failure & to determine,

a) The value of young’s modulus,

b) Percentage elongation
c) Percentage reduction in area,
d) Ultimate stress,
e) Breaking stress,
f) Proportionality limit
g) Yield stress

APPARATUS
1. Tensile testing machine (U T M of 100 T capacity)

2. Extensometer

3. Vernier

4. Scale & punch.

THEORY
Mild Steel is suitable for all constructional purposes in general. Based on the carbon
content steel is classified into mild steel, medium carbon steel and high carbon steel and
the respective carbon content varies between 0.10 for mild steel, 0.25 to 0.60 in medium
carbon steel and 0.60 to 1.10 in high carbon steel.
Mild steel is malleable and ductile. It can be welded but rusts rapidly.
Mild steel is used for motor body building, a distribution bars in reinforced concrete, etc.

PROCEDURE
1. Measure the diameter of the specimen at several sections with a micrometer and
obtain the mean initial diameter.

2. Make punch marks at a distance of 1 cm along the length of the specimen, & mark the
gauge length.

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BASIC MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY (15CVL37)

3. Mount the specimen in the machine & attach the extensometer to the required gauge
length.

4. Apply the load gradually at the rate of 0,5 kg/cm2/sec.

5. At equal increments of the load, note down the elongation on the extensometer & also
on the machine scale.

6. When the load reaches the ultimate load, disengage the extensometer, continue to load
the specimen recording the extension on machine scale up to the failure of the
specimen.

7. Remove the broken specimen from the machine and measure the final diameter of the
neck. Place the two parts together and the final length (lf) over the original gauge
length marks.

RELEVANT I.S. CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS / ACCEPTABLE LIMITS

I.S. 432 (part I &II)-1982; Specification for Mild Steel and Medium Tensile Steel bars and
Hard –Drawn Steel wire for concrete reinforcement
The values for certain physical properties for Grade I mild steel shall be not less than
those given below:
I. Ultimate stress ___________________410 N/mm2
II. Percentage elongation _____________23
III. Yield stress_____________________ 250 N/mm2

APPLICATION OF THE TEST

This test is useful in determine the physical properties of the given Mild steel
specimen and confirming its suitability for use as concrete reinforcement.

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BASIC MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY (15CVL37)

OBSERVATIONS FOR TENSION TEST ON MILD STEEL

DIAGRAM
1) ORIGINAL SPECIMEN

Gauge diameter

Grip Length Transition Parallel Length

Length

2) FAILURE PATTERN SHOWING CUP & CONE FORMATION

SPECIMEN BEFORE TESTING:

1) Original diameter of the specimen ‘d’ = mm
2) Original cross section of the specimen =  d2 / 4 = mm2
3) Original gauge length ‘l’ = 5.d = mm
4) Original parallel length = mm
SPECIMEN AFTER TESTING:
5) Final diameter of the specimen = d1 = mm
6) Final cross section of the specimen = mm2
7) Final gauge length = mm

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BASIC MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY (15CVL37)

TABULATION:
Load in Kg
Sl. Load in Elongation Stress Strain
(Intervals
No. KN in mm N/mm2 X 10-3
of 250 Kg)
Machine
Extensometer
Scale
1. 0
2. 250
3. 500

Upto
Failure
Load

Graphs: 1) Load v/s deflection and 2) Stress v/s strain

NOTE: For calculating strain with the elongation measured on the extensometer the gauge
length is the distance between the clamps of the extensometer whereas for elongation
measured on machine scale, the original length shall be the parallel length.

SPECIMEN CALCULATION

Final gauge length  Original gauge length

1. Percentage elongation = x100
Original gauge length

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BASIC MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY (15CVL37)

2. Percentage reduction in area =

Original cross section area  Final cross section area
x100
Original cross section area

Max. load
3. Ultimate tensile stress = = N/mm2
Original cross section area

Breaking load
4. Breaking stress = = N/mm2
Original cross section area

5. Young’s Modulus to be determined on the graph.

 AB
E = Slope 
 BC

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The given Mild Steel specimen is tested under static tension upto failure & the
mechanical properties are:

1) Young’s modulus E = _ _ _ _ _ N/mm

2

2) Percentage elongation = _ _ _ _ _%
3) Percentage reduction in area = _ _ _ _ %
4) Ultimate stress = _ _ _ _ _ N/mm2
5) Breaking stress = _ _ _ _ _ N/mm2
6) Proportionality limit = _ _ _ _ _ N/mm2
7) Yield stress = _ _ _ _ _ N/mm
2

The specimen has exhibited the phenomenon of yielding and the failure shows a cup
and cone type of fracture.

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BASIC MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY (15CVL37)

Experiment No:1(B) Date:

TENSION TEST ON HIGH YEILD STRENGTH DEFORMED BARS

OBJECT: To observe the behavior of the given specimen under relative tension upto failure
& to determine,

h) The value of young’s modulus,

i) Percentage elongation
j) Percentage reduction in area,
k) Ultimate stress,
l) Breaking stress,
m) Proportionality limit
n) Yield stress ( 0.2% Proof stress)

APPARATUS
1. Tensile testing machine (U T M of 100 T capacity)

2. Extensometer

3. Weighing machine

4. Scale & punch.

THEORY
HYSD bars are presently used as main reinforcement for all R.C.C structures. These
bars are manufactured by hot rolling followed by cold twisting. Based on the 0.2% yield
stress, three grades of HYSD bars are available viz Fe415, Fe500 and Fe550. The maximum
carbon content in these bars is 0.3%. The steel used in HYSD bars has a nominal mass of
0.00785 kg/mm2 per metre run. HYSD bars is ductile. It can be welded but rusts rapidly.
HYSD bars are also called as cold twisted bars (CTD bars) or TOR bars.

PROCEDURE
1. Determine the mean diameter of the specimen based on the weight and length
of the specimen.

2. Make punch marks at a distance of 1 cm along the length of the specimen, &
mark the gauge length.

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BASIC MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY (15CVL37)

3. Mount the specimen in the machine & attach the extensometer to the required
gauge length.

4. Apply the load gradually at the rate of 0.5 kg/cm2/sec.

5. At equal increments of the load, note down the elongation on the extensometer
& also on the machine scale.

6. When the load starts reducing the ultimate load, disengage the extensometer,
continue to load the specimen recording the extension on machine scale up to
the failure of the specimen.

7. Remove the broken specimen from the machine and measure the final
diameter of the neck. Place the two parts together and the final length (lf) over
the original gauge length marks.

RELEVANT I.S. CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS / ACCEPTABLE LIMITS

I.S. 1786--1985; Specification for High Strength Deformed Steel bars and Wires for
Concrete Reinforcement
The values for certain physical properties for Grade Fe415 HYSD bars shall be not
less than those given below:
I. Ultimate stress ___________________485 N/mm2
II. Percentage elongation _____________14.5
III. 0.2% Proof stress_____________________ 415 N/mm2

APPLICATION OF THE TEST

This test is useful in determine the physical properties of the given HYSD bar
specimen and confirming its suitability for use as concrete reinforcement.

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BASIC MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY (15CVL37)

OBSERVATIONS FOR TENSION TEST ON HYSD BAR

DIAGRAM
1. SPECIMEN BEFORE TEST

Grip Length Parallel Length Grip Length

2. SPECIMEN AFTER TEST

SPECIMEN BEFORE TESTING:

1. Original length of the specimen = L= mm

2. Weight of the he specimen =w= gms
3.
Area of the specimen =A=w /7.85x10-3 l = mm2
4. Diameter of the specimen = d=  A4 /  = mm
5. Original Parallel length= mm
6. Original gauge length ‘lg’ = 5.d = mm

SPECIMEN AFTER TESTING:

1. Final gauge length = mm
2. Final Diameter at failure c/s = mm

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BASIC MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY (15CVL37)

TABULATION:
Load in Kg
Sl. Load in Elongation Stress Strain
(Intervals
No. KN in mm N/mm2 X 10-3
of 250 Kg)
Machine
Extensometer
Scale
1. 0
2. 250
3. 500

Upto Failure
Load

Graphs: 1) Load v/s deflection and 2) Stress v/s strain

NOTE: For calculating strain with the elongation measured on the extensometer the gauge
length is the distance between the clamps of the extensometer whereas for elongation
measured on machine scale, the original length shall be the parallel.

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BASIC MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY (15CVL37)

SPECIMEN CALCULATION
Final gauge length  Original gauge length
1. Percentage elongation = x100
Original gauge length

2. Percentage reduction in area =

Original cross section area  Final cross section area
x100
Original cross section area

Max. load
3. Ultimate tensile stress = = N/mm2
Original cross section area

Breaking load
4. Breaking stress = = N/mm2
Original cross section area

5. Young’s Modulus to be determined on the graph.

 AB
E = Slope 
 BC

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The given HYSD bar specimen is tested under static tension up to failure & the
mechanical properties are:

1. Young’s modulus E = _ _ _ _ _ N/mm2

2. Percentage elongation = _ _ _ _ _%
3. Percentage reduction in area = _ _ _ _ %
4. Ultimate stress = _ _ _ _ _ N/mm2
5. Breaking stress = _ _ _ _ _ N/mm2
6. Proportionality limit = _ _ _ _ _ N/mm2
7. 0.2% Proof Stress = _ _ _ _ _ N/mm2

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BASIC MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY (15CVL37)

Experiment No:2(A) Date:

COMPRESSION TEST ON MILD STEEL

OBJECT : To observe the behavior of the given specimen under static compression upto
failure & to determine,

a) The value of young’s modulus,

b) Percentage shortening
c) Percentage increase in area
d) Ultimate stress,
e) Yield stress

APPARATUS
1. Compression testing machine (C T M of 2000 kN capacity)
2. Dial Gauge arrangement
3. Vernier

THEORY
The behaviour of Mild Steel under compression is similar to tension upto yield point.
Thereafter the specimen goes on bulging and does not fail.

PROCEDURE
1. Measure the diameter of the specimen at several sections with a micrometer and
obtain the mean initial diameter.

2. Place the specimen in the machine & attach the dial gauge Apply the load gradually at
the rate of 0, 5 kg/cm2/sec.

3. At equal increments of the load, note down the deformation on the dial gauge.

4. Stop the application of load after the specimen has undergone sufficient bulging.

5. Remove the specimen from the machine and measure the final diameter and height.

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SPECIFICATIONS / ACCEPTABLE LIMITS

The normal values for certain physical properties for mild steel shall be as given below:
1. Ultimate compressive stress _____________330 N/mm2
2. Modulus of Elasticity _____________200 Gpa.

APPLICATION OF THE TEST

This test is useful in determine the physical properties of the given Mild steel
specimen and confirming its suitability for engineering applications.

OBSERVATIONS FOR COMPRESSION TEST ON MILD STEEL

DIAGRAM

SPECEMEN BEFORE TESTING AFTER TESTING

OBSERVATION BEFORE TESTING:

1) Original diameter of the specimen ‘d’ = mm
2) Original cross section of the specimen =  d / 4 =
2
mm2
3) Original height = mm

OBSERVATION AFTER TESTING:

1) Final diameter of the specimen ‘d’ = mm
2) Final cross section of the specimen =  d2 / 4 = mm2
3) Final height = mm

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BASIC MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY (15CVL37)

TABULATION:
Sl.No. Load Deformation Stress Strain
in mm N/mm2
(Intervals of
100 N)
0
100
200

and so on till
the specimen
bulges.

From Graph :---

1. Stress within elastic limit = Pep=……….. N/mm2

2. Strain at the stress point Pep = eep =………………….

3. Young’s modules E = Pep / eep =………. N/mm2

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The given Mild Steel specimen is tested under static compression upto failure & the
mechanical properties are:

1) Young’s modulus E = _ _ _ _ _ N/mm

2

2) Percentage shortening = _ _ _ _ _%
3) Percentage increase in area = _ _ _ _ %
4) Ultimate stress = _ _ _ _ _ N/mm2
5) Yield stress = _ _ _ _ _ N/mm2

The mild steel specimen being a ductile material goes on bulging & gets flattened at
increased loads but there is no failure as such.

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Experiment No:2(B) Date:

COMPRESSION TEST ON CAST IRON

OBJECT: To observe the behavior of the given specimen under static compression upto
failure & to determine,

a) The value of young’s modulus,

b) Ultimate stress,

APPARATUS:
I. Compression testing machine (C T M of 2000 kN capacity)

II. Dial Gauge arrangement

III. Vernier

THEORY
Cast iron being a brittle material undergoes negligible change in diameter and height
of specimen under compression. Its ultimate compressive strength is higher than the ultimate
tensile strength. Being brittle it fractures along the diagonal plane.

PROCEDURE
1. Measure the diameter of the specimen at several sections with a micrometer
and obtain the mean initial diameter.

2. Place the specimen in the machine & attach the dial gauge Apply the load
gradually at the rate of 0.5 kg/cm2/sec.

3. At equal increments of the load, note down the deformation on the dial gauge.

4. Stop the application of load after the specimen has failed.

5. Remove the specimen from the machine.

SPECIFICATIONS / ACCEPTABLE LIMITS

The normal values for certain physical properties for cast iron shall be as given below:
3. Ultimate compressive stress _____________825 N/mm2
4. Modulus of Elasticity _____________90 Gpa.

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BASIC MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY (15CVL37)

APPLICATION OF THE TEST

This test is useful in determine the physical properties of the given Mild steel
specimen and confirming its suitability for engineering applications.

OBSERVATIONS FOR COMPRESSION TEST ON CAST IRON DIAGRAM

SPECEMEN BEFORE TESTING AFTER TESTING

OBSERVATIONS BEFORE TESTING:

1) Original diameter of the specimen ‘d’ = mm
2) Original cross section of the specimen =  d2 / 4 = mm2
3) Original height = mm

OBSERVATIONS AFTER TESTING:

1) Final diameter of the specimen ‘d’ = mm
2) Final cross section of the specimen =  d / 4 =
2
mm2
3) Final height = mm

SPECIMEN CALCULATIONS:

Breaking load
1. Compressive Strength : = N/mm2
Original cross section area

2. Young’s Modulus to be determined on the graph.

 AB
E = Slope  = N/mm2
 BC

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BASIC MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY (15CVL37)

TABULATION:

Sl.No. Load Deformation Stress Strain

(Intervals of in mm N/mm2
100 N)
0
100
200

and so on till
the specimen
bulges.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The given Mild Steel specimen is tested under static compression upto failure & the
mechanical properties are:

1) Young’s modulus E = _ _ _ _ _ N/mm

2

2) Ultimate stress = _ _ _ _ _ N/mm2

The failure of the cast iron specimen has taken place on a 45deg inclination plane,
illustrating that the material being brittle has failed on the plane of maximum shear stress.

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BASIC MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY (15CVL37)

Experiment No:2(C) Date:

COMPRESSION TEST ON WOOD

(ALONG OR PARALLEL TO THE GRAINS)

OBJECT: To determine the following properties by compression test on wood

1. Modulus of elasticity E for wood

2. Compressive stress at an axial deformation of 2mm
3. Compressive stress at failure
APPARATUS: U.T.M, Dial gauge, wood specimen

PROCEDURE:

The wooden specimen is placed along the grains on the UTM and load is applied
(range of load 30 tones) and deformation is measured on a dial gauge for every load
increment of 250 kg, till failure A graph of load versus deformation is plotted. Using the
values from the graph and the dimensions of the specimen measured, the required properties.

OBSERVATIONS:

Width of cross section, B=……………….. mm

Depth of cross section, D=……………….. mm

Height or length of specimen= H= ……………mm

CALCULATIONS:

1). Modulus of elasticity E= PE x L / BDlE =……………………… N/mm2

2). PE = Load at the proportional limit=…………………N

3). lE = Deformation at proportional limit in mm=………………mm

4). Compressive stress at an axial deformation of 2mm=f2.0

=P2.o/ BD=…………………N /mm2

6). P2.o = Load corresponding to deformation of 2 mm=………….N

7). Compressive stress at failure = fF = PF/BD=……………..N/mm2

8). PF = Load at rupture of the specimen =……………………..N

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BASIC MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY (15CVL37)

Sl. Deformation
Load (P in kg) Load (P in N)
No (l in mm)

RESULT: The following are the results obtained from the compressive test on wood along
the grains

1. Modulus of elasticity E = N/mm2

2. Compressive stress at an axial deformation of 2mm = N/mm2
3. Compressive stress at failure = N/mm2

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BASIC MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY (15CVL37)

Experiment No:2(D) Date:

COMPRESSION TEST ON WOOD

(ACROSS OR PERPENDICULAR TO THE GRAINS)

OBJECT: To determine the following properties by compression test on wood

1) Modulus of elasticity E for wood
2) Compressive stress at an axial deformation of 2mm
3) Compressive stress at failure

APPARATUS: U.T.M, Dial gauge, wood specimen

PROCEDURE:
The wooden specimen is placed across the grains on the UTM. A thin iron plate is
placed over it and the load is applied at increments of 250 kg, till failure. A graph of load
versus deformation is plotted. Using the values from the graph and the dimensions of the
specimen measured, the required properties.

OBSERVATIONS:
Breadth of area of contact, B=…………………….. mm
Width of area of contact, D= ……………………… mm
Length of wooden specimen, L=…………………… mm

CALCULATIONS:
1. Modulus of elasticity E= PE x L / BDlE =………………………………N/mm2
2. PE = Load at the proportional limit=…………………….N

3. lE = Deformation at proportional limit=………………….mm

4. Compressive stress at an axial deformation of 2mm= f2.0

= P2.o/( BD)=………………… N/mm2

5. P2.o = Load corresponding to deformation of 2 mm=……………………..N

6. Compressive stress at failure = fF = PF/(BD)=………………..N/mm2

7. PF = Load at rupture of the specimen =………………………..N

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BASIC MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY (15CVL37)

Sl. Deformation
Load in kg Load in N
No (l in mm)

RESULT: The following are the results obtained from the compressive test on wood across
the grains

1. Modulus of elasticity E = N/mm2

2. Compressive stress at an axial deformation of 2mm = N/mm2
3. Compressive stress at failure = N/mm2

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BASIC MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY (15CVL37)

Experiment No:3 Date:

TORSION TEST

OBJECT: To determine the Behavior of ductile steel when subjected to torsion and obtain
the following torsional properties:

1. Modulus of rigidity C
2. Elastic shear strength
3. Resilience
4. Ultimate shear strength
5. Toughness
6. Ductility

APPARATUS:

Torsion testing machine, graduated scale, test specimen, Vernier caliper.

THEORY:

The test is carried out on specially designed torsion tasting machines to determine
modulus of elasticity in shear, yield strength and modulus of rupture. Torsion testing machine
consists of a rigid frame with two clutches for gripping the ends of the specimen and
weighing head, which grips the other end of the specimen. The clutches must be perfectly
aligned to prevent bending. The load is applied by rotating one chuck about the axis while the
other measures the amount of twisting moment or torque being applied on the test specimen.
The chuck is rotated either by motor or by hand crank through a system of gears. A twist-
measuring device called TROPTOMETER measures the deformation of the test specimen.
Thin walled tubular specimens are used in torsion test both in elastic and in-elastic range to
minimize variation of stress. Further longer specimens are preferred to enable measuring of
the angle of twist accurately. Material is homogenous, isotropic and elastic and also it is
assumed that the plane sections before torsion remain plane after torsion.

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Torsion Equation, T/Ip = fs/ R = C / L

Where, T = Applied torque in N –mm

Ip = Polar moment of Inertia = (d4/ 32) mm4

Fs = Shear stress N/ mm2

C = Modulus of rigidity = N/ mm2

 = Angle of twist in radians

L= Length of shaft in mm

PROCEDURE:

1. Measure the diameter and length of the specimen accurately using vernier calipers.

2. Place the specimen inside the shackles of the torsion-testing machine. One end is rigidly
fixed.
3. The indicator of the torque scale and the indicator of graduated wheel are kept to the
initial reading zero.
4. Now the handle is slowly turned so that the graduated wheel moves. Record the torque on
the torque scale for every 10 deg upto 100 deg and for 20 deg beyond 100 deg. The Expt
is continued till the specimen fractures.
5. The values are recorded in tabular form.
6. Draw a graph of torque on y – axis and angle of twist  (in rad) on x-axis.
The graph gives the torsional stiffness

TABULAR COLUMN:

Angle of Twist  in deg Angle of twist  in rad Torque T N-mm

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OBSERVATIONS:

1. Diameter of specimen = d =……………….mm

2. Length of the specimen = L=…………….. mm

d 4
3. Polar moment of inertia = I p  mm 4
32

d 2
4. Area of specimen = A = mm 2
4

FORMULAE:

1. Modulus of Rigidity =C =[(TxL)/(Ip x )]

2. Yield shear stress = fsy = (Tyx R)/ Ip

3. Ultimate shear stress = fsu = (Tu xR)/ Ip

4. Resilience = U = fsy2/4 L

5. Toughness = To = (Tu x f) / (AxL)

RESULTS:

1. Modulus of rigidity(C) = ………………….N/mm2

2. Toughness:…………………………………..

3. Yield shear stress=……………………….. N/mm2

4. Ultimate shear stress=………………….. N/mm2

5. Resilience:

CONCLUSION:

REFERENCE CODE:

IS 1717:1985 Method of simple test for wire

IS 4176:1967 Method for simple Torsion test of aluminium and aluminium alloy wire

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Experiment No:4 Date:

BENDING TEST ON WOOD UNDER TWO POIN LOADING

OBJECT: To observe the behavior of the given timber beam specimen subjected to two
point loading up to failure & to determine
a. The modulus of rupture of timber and
b. The Young’s Modulus of Elasticity of timber

APPARATUS:
1. Universal testing machine (UTM 100 Tonne (1000kN) capacity)
2. Bending testing assembly
3. Vernier Scale and Scale

THEORY:
A member subjected to flexure (bending) resulting stresses and member undergoes
deflection. Flexure test consists of timber specimen of standard size and two point loading
arrangements. The middle portion of the beam will be subjected to pure bending (i.e. constant
bending moment and zero shear force). The specimen is tested up to failure and deflections at
the load points recorded on a dial gauge at regular intervals.
The bending stresses at any load can be calculated using pure bending theory equation.
Modulus of rupture is the value of bending stress corresponding to the bending moment at
which the specimen fractures.
A graph of load Vs deflection is plotted which is used to determine the value of
Young’s Modulus. The specifications of the test are covered in IS: 1708(part 6) – 1986
“Methods of Testing of Small Clear Specimens of Timber”. The failure of the specimen shall
be recorded according to its appearance and development as indicated in fig.

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TEST SPECIMEN: The I.S. 1708 (Part 6) specifies the method of flexure test for two
specimen sizes as below:

Specimen Dimensions in L in mm a in mm l in mm
Type mm
Type 1 1000 x 50 x 50 900 150 400
Type 2 400 x 20 x 20 360 60 160

Refer figure for notations

FORMULATION
Using the bending formula = = with usual notations

The deflection under the loads is given by =

In the above equations, Substituting W= , I= , y= , M=

Bending stress = f =

Young’s Modulus = E =

PROCEDURE:

1. Note down the length, width and depth of the beam specimen.
2. Mark the effective span, load position and the points at which deflection is
recorded.(1/3rd span point)
3. Place the specimen in the machine over the supports and place the loading points on
the marked position.
4. Arrange the dial gauges on the specimen so as to read the deflection.
5. Apply the load gradually at such a rate that the deflection is 1.5 mm per minute.
6. At equal interval of load note the dial gauge reading up to failure.
7. Stop the application of the load after the specimen has failed and note the crushing
load.
8. Remove the specimen from the machine and study the failure pattern.

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DIAGRAM:
SPECIMEN UNDER TWO POINT STATIC BENDING

1. Type of Timber specimen ________________

2. Total length of the specimen = L = _________ mm.
3. Breadth of the specimen = b = _________ mm.
4. Depth of the specimen = d = _________ mm.
5. Effective span = L = _________ mm
6. Distance between load point and supports = a = _______ mm
7. Distance between two fixed symmetric points at which deflection
is measured = l = _________ mm.

TABULATION:

Sl. No Total Load applied ‘P’ Deflection

in Kgs in N under the Load
in mm
1 50
2 100
3 150
4 200
5 250
6
7
8 Failure load P

CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS:

1. Extreme Fiber stress at limit of proportionality = = _______ N/mm2
2. Modulus of Rupture (Extreme fiber stress at Failure Load) = = _______ N/mm2

3. Modulus of Elasticity = E =

Where P – load at proportionality limit as obtained from graph.

P – Load at failure.

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Experiment No:5 Date:

DIRECT SHEAR TESTS ON MILD STEEL SPECIMEN

OBJECT: To determine experimentally, the ultimate shear strength, in single and double
shear of mild steel rod, plate and timber.

APPARATUS:
i) Universal testing machine (100 t capacity)
ii) Shear attachments
iii) Micrometer screw gauge, scale etc.

THEORY:
Shear stress is caused by forces which act parallel to an area of cross-section and tend
to produce sliding of one portion past another portion.
If there is only one cross-section which resists the failure, the material is said to be in
single shear and the average ultimate strength in shear will be equal to the failure load
divided by the area of cross-section.
If two areas resist the failure, then the material is said to be in double shear and the
average ultimate strength in shear will be equal to the failure load divided by twice the area
of cross-section.

PROCEDURE:
1. The mean diameter of the specimen is noted down.
2. The specimen is then placed in the shear attachment assembly with appropriate
number of bushings depending upon Single Shear or Double Shear Test
3. The assembly is then placed in the universal testing machine.
4. The load is increased gradually and the ultimate load required to cause fracture is
recorded.
5. The shear strength is calculated based on single shear or double shear.

RELEVANT I.S. CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS / ACCEPTABLE LIMITS

I.S. 5242; Shear test

The value of ultimate shear strength for mild steel shall be not less

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APPLICATION OF THE TEST

This test is useful in determine the Ultimate shear strength of the given Mild steel
specimen and confirming its suitability for engineering applications.

OBSERVATIONS FOR DIRECT SHEAR TESTS ON MILD STEEL SPECIMEN

1. Mean diameter of the specimen = d = mm
2. Cross-sectional area of the specimen = A = mm2
A. SINGLE SHEAR
1. Load at Failure = W = kgs = N
2. Ultimate shear strength = W/A = N/ mm2
B. DOUBLE SHEAR
1. Load at Failure = W = kgs = N
2. Ultimate shear strength = W/2A = N/ mm2

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The ultimate shear strength of the mild steel specimen under single shear is =
The ultimate shear strength of the mild steel specimen under single shear is =
Hence The ultimate shear strength of the mild steel specimen does/does not confirm to I.S.
standards.

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Experiment No:6(A) Date:

IMPACT TEST ON MILD STEEL

CHARPY IMPACT TEST ON MILD STEEL

OBJECT: To observe the behavior of the given Mild Steel specimen under impact & to
determine the energy absorbed by the specimen when tested as per : Charpy
Impact test.

APPARATUS
Impact Testing Machine
Accessories for Charpy test

THEORY
To estimate the safe performance of a structure or machine or their parts under
dynamic loading, it is necessary to know the behavior & resistance of the component
material under such loading. The impact test is a dynamic test in which a selected
specimen usually with notch is struck & broken by a single blow is a specially designed
testing machine & the energy absorbed in breaking the specimen is measured. If during
the test, the specimen is not completely broken; the impact value obtained is infinite.
The most commonly used impact tests for materials are THE CHARPY TEST & THE
IZOD TEST both of which employ the pendulum principle. These tests are performed on
small, notched specimen broken under impact.
THE CHARPY TEST: In this test a standard specimen with U-notch of 2mm wide
and 5mm depth is supported as a simple beam & a sudden load is applied at the center .In
this test the angle of fall of the pendulum is 140 o & the corresponding energy released is
300J.
THE IZOD TEST: In this test a standard specimen with a V-notch of 2mm depth with
apex angle of 45o is supported as a cantilever beam & a sudden load is applied at the free
end. The angle of fall of the pendulum is 85 o 21’ & the corresponding energy released
164J.

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SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Maximum impact energy of pendulum = 300 J
2. Angle of drop of pendulum = 1400
3. Effective weight of pendulum = 20.932 Kg
4. Minimum value of scale graduation =2J
5. Striking velocity of pendulum = 5.347 m/sec.
6. Permissible frictional loss = 0.5%

PROCEDURE
1. A proper striker is firmly secured to the bottom of the hammer & also the
specimen mounting assembly is fixed to the base.
2. Before proceeding to the actual test, the frictional loss in the machine is to be
determined. For this adjust reading pointer with pointer carrier to 300J when the
pendulum is hanging free vertically. Now raise the hammer by 140 o for charpy
test and & latch.
3. Release the hammer by operating the lever. The pointer will then indicate the
energy loss due to friction. Confirm that frictional loss is not exceeding 0.5% of
the initial potential energy, if not correction for frictional loss is to be applied.
4. Two additional weights are to be fastened on the sides of the hammer. These
weights account for the 0.5% frictional loss.
5. Raise the hammer by hands & latch in.
6. Mount he specimen on the support with proper positioning of the notch using the
setting gauge.
7. Release the pendulum by operating the levers.
8. Bring the pendulum to stand still position by applying the break.
9. Read the position of the reading pointer against scale or dial & note down.

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OBSERVATIONS FOR CHARPY IMPACT TEST ON MILD STEEL

DIAGRAM

‘U’ Notch = 2mm x 5mm

5 10

10
55
All Dimensions are in mm

OBSERVATIONS:
1. Total Impact Energy of Pendulum = 300 J
2. Total permissible Frictional Loss = 0.5 % = 0.5 % of 300 J = 1.5 J
3. Observed frictional loss = J
4. Correction Factor = Observed frictional loss - Permissible frictional loss = J
5. Energy absorbed by the specimen = J
6. The Total Charpy Strength of the specimen
= Energy absorbed by the specimen - Correction Factor
= J

RESULT
The Charpy Impact strength of the given specimen is = _ _ _ _ _ Joules.

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Experiment No:6(B) Date:

IZOD IMPACT TEST ON MILD STEEL

OBJECT: To observe the behavior of the given Mild Steel specimen under impact & to
determine the energy absorbed by the specimen when tested as per : Izod Impact
test
APPARATUS
Impact Testing Machine
Accessories for Izod test

THEORY
To estimate the safe performance of a structure or machine or their parts under dynamic
loading, it is necessary to know the behavior & resistance of the component material
under such loading. The impact test is a dynamic test in which a selected specimen
usually with notch is struck & broken by a single blow is a specially designed testing
machine & the energy absorbed in breaking the specimen is measured. If during the test,
the specimen is not completely broken; the impact value obtained is infinite.
The most commonly used impact tests for materials are THE CHARPY TEST & THE
IZOD TEST both of which employ the pendulum principle. These tests are performed on
small, notched specimen broken under impact.
THE CHARPY TEST: In this test a standard specimen with U-notch of 2mm wide and
5mm depth is supported as a simple beam & a sudden load is applied at the center .In this
o
test the angle of fall of the pendulum is 140 & the corresponding energy released is
300J.
THE IZOD TEST: In this test a standard specimen with a V-notch of 2mm depth with
apex angle of 45o is supported as a cantilever beam & a sudden load is applied at the free
end. The angle of fall of the pendulum is 85 o 21’ & the corresponding energy released
164J.

SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Maximum impact energy of pendulum = 164 J
2. Angle of drop of pendulum = 850 21’
3. Effective weight of pendulum = 20.114 Kg
4. Minimum value of scale graduation =2J

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5. Striking velocity of pendulum = 3.857 m/sec.

6. Permissible frictional loss = 0.5%

PROCEDURE
1. A proper striker is firmly secured to the bottom of the hammer & also the
specimen mounting assembly is fixed to the base.
2. Before proceeding to the actual test, the frictional loss in the machine is to be
determined. For this adjust reading pointer with pointer carrier to 164J, when the
pendulum is hanging free vertically. Now raise the hammer by hands & latch at 85
o
21’.
3. Release the hammer by operating the lever. The pointer will then indicate the
energy loss due to friction. Confirm that frictional loss is not exceeding 0.5% of
the initial potential energy, if not correction for frictional loss is to be applied.
4. Two additional weights are to be fastened on the sides of the hammer. These
weights account for the 0.5% frictional loss.
5. Raise the hammer by hands & latch in.
6. Mount he specimen on the support with proper positioning of the notch using the
setting gauge.
7. Release the pendulum by operating the levers.
8. Bring the pendulum to stand still position by applying the break.
9. Read the position of the reading pointer against scale or dial & note down.

OBSERVATIONS FOR IZOD IMPACT TEST ON MILD STEEL

DIAGRAM
‘V’ Notch, Included Angle = 450

2
10

28 10
75
All dimensions are in mm

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OBSERVATIONS:

1. Total Impact Energy of Pendulum = 164 J

2. Total permissible Frictional Loss = 0.5 % = 0.5 % of 164 J = 0.82 J
3. Observed frictional loss = J
4. Correction Factor = Observed frictional loss - Permissible frictional loss = J
5. Energy absorbed by the specimen = J
6. The Total Izod Strength of the specimen
= Energy absorbed by the specimen - Correction Factor
= J

RESULTS:
The Izod Impact Strength of the specimen is = _ _ _ _ _ Joules.

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HARDNESS TEST ON FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS MATERIALS

BRINELL HARDNESS TEST

OBJECT: To determines the indentation of mild steel, cast iron, brass, aluminium, etc and
hence determine Brinell hardness number.

APPARATUS: Brinell hardness testing machine.

THEORY:
The property of hardness of a metal is usually associated with its resistance to
scratching, wear, indentation or deformation.
In the Brinell hardness test, which measures resistance to indentation, a ball having a
diameter ‘D’ is pressed on the material to be tested on the a load ‘P’. the load is maintained
for 10 to 15 seconds. The diameter‘d’ of the produced impression is measured.
The Brinell hardness number HB is defined as the ratio of the test load to the surface
area of indentation.
2P
BHB = kg. / mm²
Π D {D – √(D² - d²) }
where P is expressed in Kilograms and diameter in millimeters.
The load to be applied depends on the hardness of the material under test and the
diameter of indenter. For hard materials like mild steel and cast iron P = 30 D² (P in kg and D
in mm). For medium hard materials like brass, copper, bronze and other alloys
P = 10 D².
For soft materials like pure aluminium, magnesium, zinc, cast brass P = 5 D².

PROCEDURE:
1. The surface of the material to be tested is first cleared of dirt, oil, scale etc.
2. The selected load P is suspended from the hanger. The indicator is put into its
position.
3. The specimen is put on the supporting table and the large hand wheel is turned in the
clockwise direction till the gap between the surface of the specimen and the clamping
bush is about 5 mm.

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4. The hand lever is brought into position I- from the initial position –O. This operation
rises the supporting table and the specimen is clamped against the bush.
5. Now, the hand lever is put into position –II- to press the indenter on to the surface of
the specimen under the load P. the load is allowed to act for a duration of 10 to 15 sec.
after which a hand lever is put back into position –I.
6. The diameter of impression is read from the reading microscope in two perpendicular
directions.

RELEVANT I.S. CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS / ACCEPTABLE LIMITS

IS:1790-Method of Brinell hard ness test for light metals and their alloys
IS:3054-Method of Brinell hard ness test for copper and copper alloys
IS:1500-Method of Brinell hard ness test for steel.

Materials Hardness index

Diamond 10
Sapphire 9
Topaz 8
Quartz 7
Feldspar 6
Apatile 5
Flourspar 4
Calcite 3
Gypsum 2
Talc 1

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OBSERVATIONS FOR BRINELL HARDNESS TEST

TABULATION

Diameter Dia. of indentation in mm

Trial of Load P in dx dy dave
Material HB
No. Indentor Kg.
‘D”

SPECIMEN CALCULATIONS:
2P
Brinell hardness number HB = kg. / mm²
Π D {D – √ (D² - d²) }

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Experiment No:7(B) Date:

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST

OBJECT: To find the Rockwell, hardness number of mild steel cast iron , copper, brass,
aluminum and spring steel.

APPARATUS: Rockwell hardness testing machine

THEORY:
A minor load of 10 kg is applied to penetrator, causing an indentation d1 in the test
specimen. With the minor load steel operating a major load is added which is 90 kg, for the
Rockwell B test and 140 kg for the Rockwell C test so that the total applied load will be 100
kg and 150 kg for the ‘B’ and ‘C’ tests respectively. The application of the major load results
in an increase in the depth of penetration. The major load is then removed with the minor
load still acting. This operation affects a partial recovery in the depth of the indentation. If d2
is the total depth of indentation under this condition, then the permanent increase of depth of
indentation due to the application of the major load is d2-d1.
Now, Rockwell hard ness for the cone test is defined as
d2-d1 (in mm)
HRC= 100
0.002 (mm)
and Rockwell hardness for the ball test is defined as
d2-d1 (in mm)
HRB= 130
0.002 (mm)

The Rockwell hardness is expressed as a dimensionless number.

PROCEDURE:
1. The surface of the specimen is cleared from oil, dirt and scale and rubbed with sand
paper.
2. Depending on the material to be tested either the ball indenter or the cone indenter is
inserted and screwed to the thrust member.

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3. The load stage fixed for the chosen method is adjusted by pushing the appropriate
button. The lamps for the dial gauge and the single lamp are switched on.
4. The test piece is placed on the supporting table and the hand wheel is turned to the
right until the specimen contacts the clamping sleeve and the minor load of 10 kg is
applied. This is indicated by the signal lamp being extinguished.
5. To apply the major load, the button is pulled out. Now the pointer of the dial gauge
will start moving in the anticlockwise direction.
6. Two seconds after the pointer comes to rest, the major load is removed pushing down
the hand lever. Now the pointer will move in clockwise direction to the extent of
partial recovery in the depth of indentation.
7. Depending on the indenter used, the Rockwell hardness number is directly read on
the gauge from the relevant scale of graduation.

OBSERVATIONS FOR ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST

TABULATION
Rockwell
Material Trial No. Minor Load Major load Scale used Hardness
Number

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Experiment No:7(C) Date:

DIAMOND PYRAMID (VICKER’S) HARDNESS TEST

OBJECT: To determine the Vickers hardness number of the given specimens

THEORY:

This test uses a square base diamond pyramid as the indentor. The included angle
between the opposite face of the pyramid is 136degrees. One advantage of this test that the
impression produced will be always geometrically similar. After an impression has been
made, the size of the impression is measured using a microscope or by a projecting a
magnified image of the impression on to a screen. Both diagonals of the impression are
measured and the mean value of the diagonal length ‘d’ is used in calculating hardness
number. The size of the impression is related to hardness in the same way.

VHN = Load/ Area of the impression = P / Ai

Ai =Area of impression = 2P sin 136/2 D

Material Load in Kgs

Steel and Cast Iron 30
Copper & its alloys 10
Aluminum alloys 2.5

REFERENCE CODE: IS –1501:PART III-1987

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BASIC MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY (15CVL37)
Experiment No:8(A) Date:

TESTS ON BRICK
COMPRESSION TEST ON BRICK
OBJECT: To determine the compressive stress for in the given brick specimen

APPARATUS: Brick testing machine, Brick sample, Steel scale

PROCEDURE:

1. Soak the Brick in water 48 hours.

2. Cement mortar is applied on the labeled surface and it is leveled.
3. The Brick is allowed for air-drying for 4 hours.
4. The dimension of the brick is measured.
5. Place the Brick between two metal plates and then it is placed in a Brick testing machine.
The load applied till the given Brick specimen is fractured. Fractured load is noted and
the compressive strength is calculated

OBSERVATION & CALCULATIONS:

Length of the Brick l = mm

Breadth of the Brick b = mm
Area of the Brick lb = mm2
Fracture load in N= Fr. Load in
= N
kgx9.81
Compressive strength of brick = Fr.
N/mm2
Load in N /area in mm2

RESULT: Compressive strength of given Brick is = N/mm2

REFERENCE CODE: IS 3495 – part2 Determination of compressive strength of the brick

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Experiment No:8(B) Date:

WATER ABSORPTION TEST FOR BRICK

OBJECT : To determine the percentage of water absorption of given sample of bricks.

APPARATUS :
1. Weighing balance having sensitivity of 0.1% of the specimen mass
2. Immersion tank
3. Oven
THEORY

The percentage of water absorption is expressed in terms of its dry wt. When the brick is
immersed in water for 24 hrs. The water absorption of well-burnt brick should not exceed 20% of its
dry wt. A brick with higher water absorption when used in masonry work causes shrinkage of mortar
and plaster, resulting in cracks.

PROCEDURE:

1) Five Brick samples are selected in a random way.

2) Dry the specimens in ventilated oven at 105 oC to 150o C till it attains substantially constant wt.
3) Cool the specimen to room temperature and obtain its wt. ‘W1’.
4) Immerse the specimen completely in water at a room temperature for 24hrs.
5) Remove the specimen from water and wipe its surface. With clean cloth and obtain its wt. ‘W2’

FORMULATION:
Percentage of water absorption is given by,
% of water absorption = {(W2 – W1) / W1} X 100

RELEVANT I.S. CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS / ACCEPTABLE LIMITS

I.S. 3495 (part 2)-1992; Methods of tests of Burnt Clay Building Bricks
The water absorption of Ist class well-burnt brick should not exceed 20% of its dry wt.

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OBSERVATIONS FOR WATER ABSORPTION TEST FOR BRICKS

TABULATION
IDENTIFICATION DRY WT. WET WT. % OF WATER
Sl. No. ‘ W1’ gms ‘W2’ gms ABSORPTION
1 A
2 B
3 C
4 D
5 E

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONS

Average % of water absorption =
The average % of water absorption is/is not as per I.S. specification.

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
Experiment No:8(C) Date:

DETERMINATION OF EFFLORESCENCE OF BRICK SAMPLE

OBJECT: To estimate the degree of efflorescence in the given sample of bricks and check its
suitability for use.

APPARATUS:

A shallow flat bottom dish containing sufficient distilled water to completely saturate the
specimens. The dish shall be made of glass, porcelain or glazed stoneware of size 180 mm x 180 mm x
40mm depth.

THEORY
The dissolved salts in the bricks are brought to the surface of the brick after the evaporation of water in
the brick. The deposit of the salts on the surface of the brick is called efflorescence.
The liability to efflorescence shall be reported as ‘nil’, ‘slight’, ‘moderate’, ‘heavy’ or ‘serious’, in
accordance with the following definitions :
Nil :- When there is no perceptible deposit of efflorescence.
Slight :- When not more then 10 percent so the exposed area of the brick is covered with a thin
deposits of salts.
Moderate :- When there is a heavier deposit than under ‘slight’, and covering up to 50 percent of the
exposed area of the brick surface but unaccompanied by powdering or flaking of the surface.
Heavy :- When there is a heavy deposit of salts covering 50 percent or more of the exposed area of
the brick surface but unaccompanied by powdering or flaking of the surface.
Serious :- When there is a heavy deposit of salts accompanied by powdering and/or flaking of the
exposed surfaces.

PROCEDURE
1. Take 5 nos. of bricks from the sample to be tested.
2. Place the end of the bricks in the dish, the depth of immersion in water being 25 mm.
3. Place the whole arrangement in a warm (for example, 20 to 30*C) well ventilated room
until all the water in the dish is absorbed by the specimens and the surplus water evaporates.
4. Cover the dish containing the brick with suitable glass cylinder so that excessive evaporation
from the dish may not occur.
5. When the water has been absorbed and bricks appear to be dry, place a similar quantity

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
of water in the dish and allow it to evaporate as before.
6. Examine the bricks for efflorescence after the second evaporation and report the results.

OBSERVATIONS FOR DETERMINATION OF EFFLORESCENCE OF BRICK SAMPLE

TABULATION

Area of Salt Degree of

Trial No. Identification
Deposit Efflorescence
A
B
1 C
D
E
F
G
2 H
I
J

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

The average degree of efflorescence of the brick sample is _ _ _ _ _ _.

The degree of efflorescence is/is not within the acceptable limits.

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Experiment No:8(D) Date:

TEST ON TILES

OBJECT: To determine the failure load for the given tile.

APPARATUS: Tile testing machine, tile sample

PROCEDURE:

1. Place the tile in Tile testing machine.

2. Apply the load by using lead shots till the tile fractures
3. Take the weight of the lead shots.
4. The total weight of lead shots in Newton multiplied with 12 gives failure load.

OBSERVATIONS: Weight of the lead shots (W) = kg=……………N

Failure load = Wx12 = N

RESULT: Failure load of given tile is= N

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
Experiment No:8(F) Date:

WATER ABSORPTION TEST ON CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING TILES

OBJECT: To test the given tile sample water absorption and to determine the percentage water
absorbed by weight of the tile.

APPARATUS
1. Weighing balance having sensitivity of 0.1% of the specimen mass
2. Immersion tank
3. Oven
THEORY

The percentage of water absorption is expressed in terms of its dry wt. when the tile is
immersed in water for 24 hrs. The average water absorption of concrete tiles should not exceed 10% of
its dry wt. A tile with higher water absorption when used in flooring causes dampness resulting in
unhealthy conditions and ugly appearance.

PROCEDURE
1. Select six numbers of full size tiles from the given sample of tiles.
2. The tiles shall be immersed in water for 24 hours, then taken out and wiped dry.
3. Each tile shall be weighed immediately after saturation and wiping.
4. The tile shall be oven dried at the temperature of 651o C for a period of 24 hours
5. The tile shall be cooled to room temperature and reweighed.
6. The water absorption for each tile shall be determined.
7. The average value shall be reported.

FORMULATION:
The Percentage water absorption for each tile shall be determined as follows:
Water absorption,
Percent by mass= (M1- M2)/M2*100
Where
M1= mass in g of the saturated specimen, and
M2= mass in g of the oven dried specimen.

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RELEVANT IS CODE AND SPECIFICATIONS

IS1237-1980 (reaffirmed 1996)-SPECIFICATION FOR CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING TILES
As per the standards when tested in accordance with the procedure laid down, The average
water absorption of concrete tiles should not exceed 10% of its dry wt.

OBSERVATIONS FOR WATER ABSORPTION TEST OF CONCRETE FLOORING TILES

TABULATION

Mass of Saturated Mass of Oven % OF

IDENTIFICATION
Tile dried Tile WATER
Sl. No.
M1 gms M2 gms ABSORPTION
1 A
2 B
3 C
4 D
5 E

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONS:

Average % of water absorption =

The average Percentage of water absorption of the given tile sample is within/ exceeding the
specified maximum limit of 10% of the dry mass of the tile and hence acceptable/not acceptable.
.

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Experiment No:8(G) Date:

FLEXURE TEST ON CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING TILES

OBJECT: To observe the behavior of the given cement concrete Mosaic tiles specimen up to failure &
to determine,

The ultimate bending stress (modulus of rupture)

APPARATUS
I. Universal testing machine (U T M of 100 Tonne (1000kN) capacity)
II. Bending test assembly
III. Vernier and Scale

THEORY
The flexural strength or transverse strength of flooring tile is of prime importance since
flooring tiles are subjected to lateral loads during use. The test is conducted in Wet state wherein the
tile sample to be tested is soaked in water for 24 hours before testing. The test consists of subjecting a
tile specimen to bending due to a single load at the center. The load applied is distributed over the
entire width of the tile. The specimen is tested up to failure. The bending stresses at any load can be
calculated using the bending formula. Modulus of rupture is the value of the bending stress
corresponding to the bending moment which causes fracture of the specimen

The effective span between the supports shall be as follows.

size of tile Effective span

mm mm
200x200 150
250x250 200
300x300 250

FORMULATION

Using the bending formula M =  = E

I y R
Where M = Bending moment = Pl /4
I = Moment of Inertia = bt3 / 12

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
 = Bending stress; E = Young’s modulus and R = Radius of curvature.
Here P = Central Point load on the beam = P/2. (P is the total load applied by the U.T.M)
l = Effective span.
Hence Bending Stress,  = 3 P l /2 bd2

PROCEDURE
1. Note down the length and width of the beam specimen.
2. Mark the effective span and the load position.
3. Place the specimen in the machine over the supports and place the loading point on the marked
position.
4. Apply the load gradually at such a rate of 2000 N per minute.
5. Stop the application of load after the specimen has failed and note the crushing load.
6. Remove the specimen from the machine.
7. Determine the thickness t of the tile as the average of two measurements at the location of the
fracture, 50mm from each edge

OBSERVATIONS FOR FLEXURE TEST ON TIMBE

DIAGRAM

1) Type of Tile =
2) Length of the tile L= mm
3) Breadth of the tile b= mm
4) Effective span l= mm
5) Breaking load P= kg = N
6) Average thickness of the fractured tile t = mm
7) Type of Tile =
CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS:

1. Ultimate bending stress (Modulus of Rupture) = 3 P l /2 bt2 = _ _ _ _ N/mm2

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)

Experiment No:8(H) Date:

PERPENDICULARITY TEST ON CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING TILES

OBJECT: To test the given tile sample for perpendicularity of the edges and to determine the
percentage deviation.

APPARATUS
IV. Metallic Square Arm
THEORY
The appearance flooring tile after laying largely depends up on the perpendicularity of the tile
edges. As per IS the test is done by placing one edge of the tile against the arm of a Square and
measuring the largest gap between the adjacent edge of the tile and the other arm of the Square. The
gap measured is expressed as a percentage of the corresponding length of the tile. As per the
specifications the longest gap between the arm of the 'square' and the edge of the title shall not exceed
2 percent of the length of the edge.

PROCEDURE
1. Select six numbers of full size tiles from the given sample of tiles.
2. Note down the length and width of the each tile specimen.
3. Place one arm of the ‘Square ' such that the corner of the square touches the corner of the tile.
4. Measure the distance between the other arm of the 'square' and the other edge at the end of the
tile
5. Repeat the test such that the two opposite edges shall be tested.
6. The largest gap between the arm of the 'square' and the edge of the tile shall be reported.

RELEVANT IS CODE AND SPECIFICATIONS

IS1237-1980 (reaffirmed 1996)-SPECIFICATION FOR CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING TILES
As per the standards when tested in accordance with the procedure laid down, the longest gap
between the arm of the 'square' and the edge of the title shall not exceed 2 percent of the length of the
edge.

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
OBSERVATIONS FOR PERPENDICULARITY TEST ON CONCRETE FLOORING TILE

DIAGRAM

TABULATION

Sl. IDENTIFI LENGTH OF TILE LONGEST GAP PERCENTAGE

No CATION EDGE IN ‘MM’ IN ‘MM’
L1 L2 EDGE 1 EDGE 2 EDGE 1 EDGE 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

SPECIMEN CALCULATION

Percentage of gap = Longest gap measured X 100

Length of the tile edge

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:

Average Percentage of gap of the given tile sample =
The average Percentage of gap of the given tile sample is within/ exceeding the specified
maximum limit of 2% of the length tile and hence acceptable/not acceptable.

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
Experiment No:9(A) Date:

TEST ON FINE AGGREGATES

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND FINENESS MODULUS OF FINE AGGREGATE

OBJECT : To determine the particle size distribution and fineness modulus of given
sample of fine aggregates.
APPARATUS
(i) Balance having sensitivity equal to 0.1% of the weight of the test sample
(ii) A set of sieves arranged in the following order of sizes 10mm, 4.75mm, 2.36mm 1.18mm,
600micron 300micron 150micron and pan.
THEORY
The particle size distribution is a important physical property of the aggregate which affects the
rheological and mechanical properties of concrete. Aggregates are classified into coarse aggregate and
fine aggregate based on particle size. The aggregates higher than 4.75 mm sizes are considered as
coarse aggregates and those passing through 4.75 mm sieve are considered fine aggregate. The fine
aggregates are classified as Grading zone I,II,III and IV as per Table 4 of IS : 383 – 1970 on the basis
of particle size distribution.
Sieve analysis is conducted to determine the particle size distribution of an aggregate sample. Sieve
analysis is a simple test consisting of sieving a measured quantity of material through successively
smaller sieves. The weight retained on each sieve is expressed as a percentage of the total sample.
Fineness modulus is an empirical factor indicating the relative coarseness or fineness of the
aggregate sample and is obtained by adding the cumulative percentages of aggregate retained on each
sieve and dividing by 100.
The minimum weight of the aggregate sample for sieving shall be as per the guidelines given in
IS: 2386 (Part I) – 1963. [Refer table no. _ _ of appendix A] the set of sieves to be used for sieving
shall be chosen as per IS: 383 – 1970. [Refer table no. _ _ of appendix A]

PROCEDURE
1. Take about 1 Kg of air-dry fine aggregate sample
2. Choose the appropriate sieve set as per IS: 383 – 1970 [Refer table No. _ _ of appendix A].
3. The weighed sample is placed on the largest of the appropriate sieve set and sieving is carried
out either manually or in an sieving machine. Manual sieving is carried out with varied motion,
backwards and forwards, left to right, circular clockwise and anti-clockwise with frequent

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
jarring, so that the material is kept moving over the sieve. The period of sieving should not be
less than 2 minutes. If sieving is done on a machine, not less than 10 minutes sieving will be
required for each test.
4. The fraction of the sample which passes the sieve is placed on the next successive sieve and
sieving is done in the same manner.
5. On completion of sieving the material retained on each sieve is weighed and recorded.

FORMULATION
Fineness modulus = Summation of cumulative percentage wt retained
100
RELEVANT I.S. CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS / ACCEPTABLE LIMITS
I.S. 2386 (part I)-1963; Methods of test for aggregate for concrete
IS: 383 – 1970; Specifications for coarse and fine aggregates from natural stones for
Concrete
The percentage passing for a particular type of aggregate shall confirm to the specifications given in
IS : 383– 1970 [ Refer table No. _ _ of appendix A].
For fine aggregate obtained from natural sources, fineness modulus lies between 2.0 to 3.50.

APPLICATION OF THE TEST

This test is useful in concrete mix design. Based upon the grading zone of the fine aggregate,
the ratio of fine aggregate to coarse aggregate in concrete is suitably adjusted so as to obtain a desired
concrete strength and workability.

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)

OBSERVATION PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND FINENESS MODULUS OF FINE

AGGREGATE

MATERIAL INFORMATION
1. Type of Aggregate:
2. Source / Location:

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

I.S Sieve Wt. retained % Wt. Cumulative %

% Wt. passing
Designation gms. Retained Retained
10 mm
4.75 mm
2.36 mm
1.18 mm
600 mic
300 mic
150mic
Pan
ΣC =

Fineness modulus = (summation of cumulative % wt retained) / 100

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1. The particle size distribution of the aggregate sample is in accordance to Table 4 of

IS : 383– 1970 and falls under grading zone I / II / III / IV
2. The Fineness modulus of the aggregate sample is___________ and lies within the normal range.

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
Experiment No:9(B) Date:

SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION OF FINE AGGREGATES

OBJECT: To determine the specific gravity and water absorption of the given fine aggregate sample
APPARATUS:
(i) Balance of 3 Kg capacity having a sensitivity of at least 0.5gms.
(ii) Measuring flask; this could be a pycnometer or other suitable graduated volumetric flask of
glass.
(iii)Balance of 2 Kg capacity having a sensitivity of at least 0.5gms.
(iv) Metal tray.
(v) Oven to maintain a temperature of 100oC to 110oC.
(vi) A means of supplying a current of warm air.
THEORY
Specific gravity of an aggregate is the measure of its strength or quality of the material.
Aggregate having low specific gravity are generally weak in strength. Specific gravity is defined as the
ratio of the mass of a given volume of aggregates sample to the mass of an equal volume of distilled
water at the same temperature.

Water absorption of an aggregate is a measure of its porosity. Water absorption is expressed as

a percentage of the weight of the oven dried aggregate. The aggregate having greater water absorbing
capacity will seriously affect the durability of the structure. Water absorption affects the bond between
the aggregates cement paste, the resistance of concrete to abrasion and specific gravity etc. Good
aggregates should have low water absorption capacity.

PROCEDURE
1. Fill the pycnometer or graduated container with water up to the mark. Determine the mass in
gms.
2. Take about 500 Gms. of the fine aggregate sample and soak it in water in the tray for 24 + ½
hours.
3. Take out the sample and spread on a clean flat surface and pass a current of warm air until no
free surface moisture can be seen and the material just attains a free running condition.
4. Weigh the saturated and surface dry aggregate sample. And place it into the pycnometer/
graduated container
5. Fill the pycnometer/container with water upto the mark removing the entrapped air.

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
6. Dry the outside of the pycnometer/container and weigh accurately.
7. Calculate the Specific gravity of sample.
8. The fine aggregate sample in taken out of the pycnometer/container, the water is drained and
the sample is placed in a tray and dried in an oven for 24 + ½ hours at a temperature of 100oC
to 110oC.
9. Allow the aggregate sample to cool to the room temperature and weigh it.
Calculate the water absorption capacity as the percentage of oven dry mass.

FORMULATION
Specific Gravity = dry weight of aggregate
Wt of equal volume of water
Water absorption = Percentage by weight of water absorbed with respect to oven
dried weight of aggregates

RELEVANT I.S. CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS / ACCEPTABLE LIMITS

I.S. 2386 (part III)-1963 ; Methods of test for aggregate for concrete
IS : 383 – 1970 ; Specifications for coarse and fine aggregates from natural stones for
concrete
The specific gravity of fine aggregates obtained from river beds normally ranges from about
2.5 to 3.0 with an average value of about 2.68.
Fine aggregates obtained from river beds contains free moisture and as such does not show any water
absorption.

APPLICATION OF THE TEST

Specific gravity of aggregates is made use in concrete mix design. Knowing the specific gravity
of each constituent its weight can be converted into solid volume and the yield of concrete calculated.
Specific gravity is also required for the determination of moisture content.

Water absorption of aggregate is used to calculate the extra water to be added to a concrete mix to
compensate for the loss of water due to absorption.

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
OBSERVATION FORSPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION OF FINE
AGGREGATES
MATERIAL INFORMATION
1. Type of Aggregate :
2. Max. size of aggregate :
3. Source / Location :
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

SAMPLE SAMPLE
1 2
Mass of pycnometer/container full of water = W1 gms =
Mass of saturated, surface dry aggregate sample = W2 gms =
Mass of container +SSD aggregate + water = W3 gms =
Mass of oven dry sample = W4 gms =
Specific Gravity = W4 =
W2-(W3 – W1)

Water absorption = (W2 –W4) x 100 =

W4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1. The specific gravity of the aggregate sample is ____________

2. The water absorption of the aggregate sample is ___________

The specific gravity of the aggregate sample is within the normal range and the water
absorption is within acceptable limits.

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
Experiment No:9(C) Date:

BULK DENSITY AND VOIDS RATIO OF FINE AGGREGATE

OBJECT : To determine the bulk density and voids ratio of fine aggregates.
APPARATUS
a. Cylindrical metal measures of appropriate capacity
b. Balance having a sensitivity equal to 0.5% of the weight of the test sample.
c. Tamping rod
THEORY
The bulk density or unit weight is the weight of material in a given volume. The bulk density
depends upon the particle size distribution, the shape of the aggregate particles and the manner in
which the aggregate are filled into the measuring container. The bulk density of aggregate is measured
by filling a container of known volume in a standard manner and weighing it. Based on the manner in
which the aggregate are filled into the measuring container, bulk density is determined for the
following conditions; (i) Rodded or Compacted condition & (ii) Loose condition.
The aggregate sample giving maximum bulk density will have minimum voids and shall result in an
economical concrete mix. The bulk density is expressed in kg/litre. Knowing the specific gravity of the
aggregate sample the percentage of voids is calculated.
The nominal capacity of the measuring cylinder is based on the maximum nominal size of the
aggregate and I.S. : 2386 stipulates as follows :
Max nominal size of aggregate Capacity of Measuring cylinder
4.75mm 3 litre
4.75mm to 40mm 15 litre
over 40mm 30 litre

PROCEDURE
1. The cylindrical measure is to be calibrated by determining its volume at 27oC. This is done
by filling the cylindrical measure with water at 27oC such that no meniscus is present above
the rim of the container. The mass of the water in the container will give the volume of the
cylindrical measure in litres.
2. The condition of the aggregate sample i.e. (i) oven dry (ii) saturated and surface dry (iii)
having a certain percentage of moisture content shall be noted.

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)

RODDED or COMPACTED BULK DENSITY

3. Fill the cylindrical measure with the aggregate sample in 3 layers of equal height, each layer
being tamped with 25 strokes of the tamping rod.
4. Strike of the surplus aggregate uses the tamping rod. Weigh the container.
5. The bulk density in rodded or compacted condition of aggregate is calculated in Kg / lit.
LOOSE BULK DENSITY
6. Fill the measure unto over flowing by means of trowel or scoop, the aggregate being
discharged from a height not exceeding 50mm, above the top care should be taken to prevent
as far as possible, segregation of the particle sizes of which the sample is composed.
7. The surface of aggregate shall be then leveled with straight edge. and the net wt of aggregate
in the measure shall be determined and the bulk density in loose condition of aggregate is
calculated in Kg / lit.

FORMULATION
Bulk density = Mass of aggregate sample in Measuring cylinder
Volume of the measuring cylinder
Percentage of voids = (Gs – γ ) / Gs X 100
Where Gs = specific gravity of the aggregate, and
γ = bulk density in kg/ litre.

RELEVANT I.S. CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS / ACCEPTABLE LIMITS

I.S. 2386 (part III)-1963; Methods of test for aggregate for concrete
IS: 383 – 1970; Specifications for coarse and fine aggregates from natural stones for
Concrete
Since the bulk density and voids ratio of aggregate depends on the size and shape of the
aggregate, there is no specified limits for it. The bulk density for fine aggregate derived from natural
scource normally varies between -----kg / litre to ------kg / litre for rodded or compacted condition and
varies between -------- kg / litre to --------kg / litre for loose condition.
The percentage voids for fine aggregate derived from natural stones normally varies between ----- to ---
--- for rodded or compacted condition and varies between -------- to -------- for loose condition.

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)

APPLICATION OF THE TEST

Bulk density or unit weight is required in estimating the quantities of a concrete mix proportion
when batching is done by volumetric basis.

OBSERVATION FOR BULK DENSITY AND VOIDS RATIO OF COARSE AGGREGATE

MATERIAL INFORMATION
1. Type of Aggregate :
2. Condition of the aggregate : oven dry / saturated and surface dry /
/ having _ _ _ _ percentage of moisture content.
3. Source / Location:

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Calibration of Container
1. Mass of empty measure = W1 kgs =
2. Mass of measure filled with water upto the rim = W2 kgs =
3. Net volume of the container = (W2 – W1) = _ _ _ _ _ _ litres

FOR RODDED OR COMPACTED CONDITION

SAMPLE 1 SAMPLE 2
Mass of measure filled with aggregate = W3 kgs =
Mass of aggregate in the measure = (W3 – W1) kgs =
Bulk density in kgs / lit γ = (W3 – W1) / (W2 – W1)
Percentage of voids = (Gs – γ ) / Gs X 100

FOR LOOSE CONDITION

SAMPLE 1 SAMPLE 2
Mass of measure filled with aggregate = W3 kgs =
Mass of aggregate in the measure = (W3 – W1) kgs =
Bulk density in kgs / lit γ = (W3 – W1) / (W2 – W1)
Percentage of voids = (Gs – γ ) / Gs X 100

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1. The bulk density of the fine aggregate sample tested under rodded or compacted condition is ---
----- kg / litre.
2. The bulk density of the fine aggregate sample tested under loose condition
is -------- kg / litre

3. The percentage voids of the fine aggregate sample tested under rodded or compacted condition
is -------- %.
4. The percentage voids of the fine aggregate sample tested under loose condition
is -------- %.

The bulk density and percentage voids of the aggregate sample is lies within the normal range.

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
Experiment No:9(D) Date:

SURFACE MOISTURE CONTENT OF FINE AGGREGATE

OBJECT: To determine the surface moisture present in the given fine aggregates sample.

APPARATUS:

(A) For Displacement method

(i) Balance of 2 Kg capacity having a sensitivity of at least 0.5gms
(ii) Measuring flask ; this could be a pycnometer or other suitable graduated volumetric flask of glass
or non corrosive metal. The volume of the container shall be 2 to 3 times the loose volume of the
sample. The graduations on the container shall be 0.5 ml or less.
(B) For drying method or Frying pan method
(iii) Balance of 2 Kg capacity having a sensitivity of at least 0.5gms
(iv) Frying pan or metal tray
(v) Heating source

THEORY
In proportioning of concrete mixes by weight, the aggregates are considered to be in a saturated
surface dry condition. Aggregates from natural sources are either dry and absorptive or they have free
surface moisture to various degrees. The free moisture is expressed as a percentage of the weight of the
aggregate. Usually coarse aggregate are dry and absorptive whereas fine aggregate dredged from river
beds contains free moisture between 1% to 10%. Free moisture in both coarse and fine aggregate
affects the quality of concrete. Based upon the free moisture content suitable corrections have to be
made in the water-ratio of the concrete mix proportion.
The surface moisture content of aggregate can be determined by either of the following two
methods (1) Displacement method or Pycnometer method and (2) Drying method or Frying pan
method. The displacement method gives the surface moisture content as a percentage by mass of
saturated surface dry sample and, is calculated on the basis of the water displaced by the sample and it
can be determined either by weight method or by volume method. Drying method gives the surface
moisture content as a percentage by mass of dried sample and not that of a saturated surface dry
sample.

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PROCEDURE
(A) DISPLACEMENT METHOD OR PYCNOMETER METHOD
(i) DETERMINATION BY WEIGHT
1. Fill the pycnometer or graduated container with water up to the mark. Determine the mass in
gms. Now empty the pycnometer to half full.
2. Take about one Kg of the fine aggregate sample.
3. Introduce the sample of fine aggregate into the pycnometer/container having half full water and
remove the entrapped air.
4. Fill the pycnometer/container with water upto the previous mark.
5. Dry the outside of the pycnometer/container and weigh accurately.
6. Calculate the water displaced by sample and determine the moisture content percentage

(vi) DETERMINATION BY VOLUME

1. Fill the pycnometer or graduated container with water sufficient to cover the aggregate sample.
Note down the volume of the water in millilitres.
2. Take about one Kg of the fine aggregate sample.
3. Introduce the sample of fine aggregate into the pycnometer/container having water and remove
the entrapped air.
4. Determine the combined volume of the sample and water.
5. Calculate the volume of water displaced by sample and determine the moisture content
percentage.
(B) DRYING METHOD OR FRYING PAN METHOD
1. Determine the weight of the empty ,clean frying pan.
2. Weigh about 1Kg. Of the aggregate sample
3. Heat the aggregate sample in the frying pan for about 20 minutes.
4. Weigh the pan along with the dry aggregate.
5. Express the loss in mass as a percentage of the dried sample to give the moisture content.

FORMULATION
(i) Displacement method – by weight
Moisture % age = (mass of water displaced – mass of sample / Sp. Gr ) X100
(mass of sample – mass of water displaced)

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
(ii) Displacement method – by volume
Moisture % age = (volume of water displaced – mass of sample / Sp. gr) X100
(mass of sample – volume of water displaced)
(iii) Drying method
Moisture %age = Mass of moisture in aggregate sample X 100
Mass of oven dried aggregate

RELEVANT I.S. CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS / ACCEPTABLE LIMITS

I.S. 2386 (part III)-1963; Methods of test for aggregate for concrete
IS : 383 – 1970 ; Specifications for coarse and fine aggregates from natural stones for
Concrete
The free surface moisture content of fine aggregate (sand) dredged from river beds normally vary
between 1% to 10%.

APPLICATION OF THE TEST

In proportioning of concrete mixes by weight, the aggregates are considered to be in a saturated
surface dry condition. Hence the determination of free surface moisture in aggregate is essential for
making adjustments in calculating the net water content of a concrete mix for a given water / cement
ratio.

OBSEVATION FOR SURFACE MOISTURE CONTENT OF FINE AGGREGATE

MATERIAL INFORMATION
1. Type of Aggregate :
2. Source / Location :
3. Specific gravity of aggregate :

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

(A) DISPLACEMENT METHOD

(i) DETERMINATION BY WEIGHT
SAMPLE SAMPLE
1 2

Mass of aggregate sample = W1 gms =

Mass of container full of water = W2 gms =
Mass of container, aggregate and water = W3 gms =
Mass of displaced water = Ms = (W1 + W2 – W3) gms
Percentage of surface moisture = {Ms – W1/Sg } x 100
W1 -- Ms

(i) DETERMINATION BY VOLUME

SAMPLE SAMPLE
1 2
Volume of container with water = V1 ml =
Mass of aggregate sample = W1 gms =
Volume of container with aggregate and water = V2 ml =
Volume of displaced water = Vs = (V2 – V1) ml
Percentage of surface moisture = {Vs – W1/Sg } x 100
W1 - VS

(B) DRYING METHOD OR FRYING PAN METHOD

SAMPLE SAMPLE
1 2
Mass of empty pan = W1 gms =
Mass of pan with aggregate sample = W2 gms =
Mass of pan with dry aggregate sample = W3 gms =
Mass of dry aggregate = (W3 – W1) gms =
Percentage of moisture content = (W3 – W2) X 100
(W3 – W1)

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
1. The free surface moisture of the fine aggregate sample determined by displacement method and
obtained by weight is _ _ _ _ %.
2. The free surface moisture of the fine aggregate sample determined by displacement method and
obtained by volume is _ _ _ _ %.
3. The moisture content of the fine aggregate sample determined by drying method is _ _ _ _ %.
The displacement method gives the surface moisture content as a percentage by mass of saturated
surface dry sample and hence is lower than the moisture content determined drying method which
gives the surface moisture content as a percentage by mass of dried sample and not that of a saturated
surface dry sample.

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
Experiment No:9(E) Date:

BULKING OF FINE AGGREGATES

OBJECT: To determine the bulking of the given fine aggregate sample
APPARATUS
(i) Measuring flask; this could be a suitable graduated measuring glass cylinder of at least 250 ml
capacity.

(II) Metal tray and stirring rod.

THEORY
The free moisture content in fine aggregate results in apparent increase in the aggregate
volume. This phenomenon is called bulking of sand and can be explained as follows ; Free moisture
forms a film around each particle. This film of moisture exerts surface tension, which keeps the
neighboring particles away from it. Therefore there is no contact between the particles resulting in an
apparent bulking in the volume of the sand. Bulking increases with moisture content up to a certain
limit beyond which an increase in moisture content results in reduction in volume and when the
moisture content reaches saturation point, the fine aggregate shows no bulking.
While proportioning of concrete mixes by volume, if bulking of sand is not accounted, the resulting
concrete will be deficit of sand.
The percentage of bulking of sand can be determined by a simple test in which the volume of
moist sand is obtained and compared with the volume of the same sand in saturated form.

PROCEDURE
1. Take a clean dry measuring cylinder of 250 ml capacity and pour the moist sand sample until it
reaches the 200 ml mark, while consolidating it by shaking.
2. Fill the cylinder completely with water so that the sand sample is completely submerged.
3. Stir the sand sample thoroughly until the volume reduces to a minimum.
4. Note the volume of the saturated sand sample.
5. The percentage bulking of sand is calculated.

FORMULATION
Percentage Bulking = (Vol of moist sand sample - Vol of saturated sand sample) X 100
Volume of the saturated sand sample

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
RELEVANT I.S. CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS / ACCEPTABLE LIMITS
I.S. 2386 (part III)-1963; Methods of test for aggregate for concrete
IS383–1970; Specifications for coarse and fine agg from natural stones for concrete
Since the Percentage bulking of sand depends on the content of free moisture, there are no specified
limits. Normally for sand obtained from river beds the percentage of bulking normally ranges from
about 3% to 30%, depending upon the moisture content and particle size.

APPLICATION OF THE TEST

The percentage bulking of sand is necessary in proportioning of concrete mixes by volume. It
will be necessary to increase the volume of sand by the percentage of bulking in order that the amount
of sand put in the concrete is in according to the mix proportion.
OBSERVATION FOR BULKING OF FINE AGGREGATES

MATERIAL INFORMATION
1. Type of Aggregate:
2. Source / Location:

DIAGRAM :

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

SAMPLE SAMPLE
1 2
Vol of moist sand sample = V1 ml =
Vol of saturated sand sample = V2 ml =
Percentage Bulking = (V1 – V2) X 100
V2

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The Percentage Bulking of the sand sample is ____________%

The Percentage Bulking of the sand sample is within the normal range.

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
Experiment No:10(A) Date:

TEST ON COARSE AGGREGATES

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND FINENESS MODULUS OF COARSE AGGREGATE

OBJECT: To determine the particle size distribution and fineness modulus of given
Sample of coarse aggregates.
APPARATUS
(i) Balance having sensitivity equal to 0.1% of the weight of the test sample
(ii) A set of sieves arranged in the following order of sizes 80 mm, 63mm, 40 mm, 20mm, 16mm,
12.5mm, 10mm, 4.75mm, 2.36mm and pan.
THEORY
The particle size distribution is a important physical property of the aggregate which affects the
rheological and mechanical properties of concrete. Aggregates are classified into coarse aggregate and
fine aggregate based on particle size. Sieve analysis is conducted to determine the particle size
distribution of an aggregate sample. Sieve analysis is a simple test consisting of sieving a measured
quantity of material through successively smaller sieves. The weight retained on each sieve is
expressed as a percentage of the total sample.
Fineness modulus is an empirical factor indicating the relative coarseness or fineness of the
aggregate sample and is obtained by adding the cumulative percentages of aggregate retained on each
sieve and dividing by 100. The aggregates higher than 4.75 mm sizes are considered as coarse
aggregates and those passing through 4.75 mm sieve are considered fine aggregate.
The minimum weight of the aggregate sample for sieving shall be as per the guidelines given in
Table IV of IS: 2386 (Part I) – 1963. [ Refer appendix A]
The set of sieves to be used for sieving is based on the maximum size of the aggregate present in the
sample and type of aggregate (i.e. Single sized / Graded aggregates / all in aggregates). The set of
sieves shall be chosen as per Table 2 of IS : 383 – 1970.

PROCEDURE
1. The sample of coarse aggregate before sieving should be brought to air dry condition by drying at
room temperature.
2. The air-dry aggregate sample is weighed to an accuracy of 0.1 percent of its weight and check
whether it is more than the minimum weight specified in Table IV of IS : 2386 (Part I) – 1963.
3. Choose the appropriate sieve set as per IS : 383 – 1970 [ Refer table No. _ _ of appendix A].

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
4. The weighed sample is placed on the largest of the appropriate sieve set and sieving is carried out
with varied motion, backwards and forwards, left to right, circular clockwise and anti-clockwise with
frequent jarring, so that the material is kept moving over the sieve. The period of sieving should not be
less than 2 minutes.
5. The fraction of the sample which passes the sieve is placed on the next successive sieve and sieving
is done in the same manner.
6. On completion of sieving the material retained on each sieve is weighed and recorded.

FORMULATION
Fineness modulus = Summation of cumulative percentage wt retained
100
RELEVANT I.S. CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS / ACCEPTABLE LIMITS
I.S. 2386 (part I)-1963 ; Methods of test for aggregate for concrete
IS : 383 – 1970 ; Specifications for coarse and fine aggregates from natural stones for
concrete
The percentage passing for a particular type of aggregate shall confirm to the specifications given in
Table No _ _ _ of Appendix A.
For coarse aggregate obtained from natural sources , fineness modulus lies between 5.5 to 8.0.

APPLICATION OF THE TEST

This test is useful in concrete mix design. Sieve analysis test results helps in combining of
aggregate in required proportion so as to obtain the desired aggregate grading which is an important
aspect of concrete mix design.

OBSERVATION PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND FINENESS MODULUS OF COARSE

AGGREGATE

MATERIAL INFORMATION
1. Type of Aggregate :
2. Max. size of aggregate :
3. Source / Location :

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
I.S. Sieve Wt. retained % Wt. Cumulative %
% Wt. Passing
Designation gms. Retained Retained
40mm
20mm
16mm
12.5mm
10mm
4.75mm
Pan
ΣC =

Fineness modulus = (summation of cumulative % wt retained) / 100

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1. The particle size distribution of the aggregate sample is in accordance to IS : 383 – 1970 for
the given maximum size of the aggregate. [ Table No, _ _ of Appendix A.]
2. The Fineness modulus of the aggregate sample is _ _ _ _ and lies within the normal range.

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
Experiment No:10(B) Date:

SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION OFCOARSE

AGGREGATE
OBJECT : To determine the specific gravity and water absorption capacity of given sample of coarse
aggregates.
APPARATUS
(i) Spring balance of 3Kg capacity (ii) Wire basket (iii) Wt. Box (iv) electric oven (v) Tray and
absorbent clothe (vi) Air tight container
THEORY

Specific gravity of an aggregate is the measure of its strength or quality of the material. Aggregate
having low specific gravity are generally weak in strength. Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of
the mass of a given volume of aggregates sample to the mass of an equal volume of distilled water at
the same temperature.

Through high specific gravity of an aggregate is considered as an indicator of high strength, it is

not possible to judge the suitability of the aggregate without finding the mechanical properties such
as aggregate crushing, impact and abrasion values.

Water absorption of an aggregate is a measure of its porosity. Water absorption is expressed as a

percentage of the Mass of the oven dried aggregate. The aggregate having greater water absorbing
capacity will seriously affect the durability of the structure. Water absorption affects the bond between
the aggregates cement paste, the resistance of concrete to abrasion and specific gravity etc. Good
aggregates should have low water absorption capacity.
PROCEDURE
1. Take about 2 Kg of the aggregate sample washed thoroughly then place them in the wire basket
and immerse in clean water at room temperature. Remove the entrapped air by jolting the sample
25 times and allow the sample to remain immersed for 24+1/2 hours.
2. The basket along with the aggregates is then weighed while suspended in water at a temperature
of 22o to 32oC.
3. The aggregate sample is removed and the Mass of the empty basket immersed in water is taken.
4. The aggregate sample is surface dried using absorbent clothe and then weighed.
5. The aggregate sample is placed in a shallow tray and kept in a oven at a temperature of110oC for
24 hours. It is then removed, cooled in a air tight container and weighed.
The test procedure is to e repeated for 2 to 3 aggregate sample.

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
FORMULATION
Specific Gravity = dry Mass of aggregate
Wt of equal volume of water
Water absorption = Percentage by Mass of water absorbed with respect to oven
dried Mass of aggregates

RELEVANT I.S. CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS / ACCEPTABLE LIMITS

I.S. 2386 part III ; Methods of test for aggregate for concrete
The specific gravity of aggregates normally used in construction ranges from about 2.5 to 3.0
with an average value of about 2.68.
Water absorption values ranges from 0.1 to about 2% for aggregates normally used in construction.

APPLICATION OF THE TEST

Specific gravity of aggregates is made use in concrete mix design. Knowing the specific gravity
of each constituent its Mass can be converted into solid volume and the yield of concrete calculated.

Water absorption of aggregate is used to calculate the extra water to be added to a concrete mix to
compensate for the loss of water due to absorption.

OBSERVATION FOR SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION OFCOARSE

AGGREGATE

MATERIAL INFORMATION
4. Type of Aggregate :
5. Max. size of aggregate :
6. Source / Location :

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

SAMPLE SAMPLE MEAN

Sl,NO DETAILS 1 2
1. Mass of saturated aggregates suspended in water with the
basket = W1 =

2. Mass of empty basket freely suspended in water = W2 =

Mass of saturated aggregate in water = Ws =

3. = ( W1 – W2) =

Mass of saturated surface dry aggregate in air = W3 =

4.
Mass of oven dried aggregate = W4 =

5. Mass of water equal to the volume of the aggregates =

(W3 – Ws) =
6.
Specific Gravity = (W3 – Ws)
W4
7. Water absorption = (W3 –W4) x 100 =
W4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1. The specific gravity of the aggregate sample is ____________

2. The water absorption of the aggregate sample is___________
The specific gravity of the aggregate sample is within the normal range.
And the water absorption is within acceptable limits.

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
Experiment No:10(C) Date:

BULK DENSITY AND VOIDS RATIO OF COARSE AGGREGATE

OBJECT: To determine the bulk density and voids ratio of coarse aggregates.

APPARATUS
1. Cylindrical metal measures of appropriate capacity
2. Balance having sensitivity equal to 0.5% of the weight of the test sample.
3. Tamping rod

THEORY
The bulk density or unit weight is the weight of material in a given volume. The bulk density
depends upon the particle size distribution, the shape of the aggregate particles and the manner in
which the aggregate are filled into the measuring container. The bulk density of aggregate is measured
by filling a container of known volume in a standard manner and weighing it. Based on the manner in
which the aggregate are filled into the measuring container, bulk density is determined for the
following conditions; (i) Rodded or Compacted condition & (ii) Loose condition.
The aggregate sample giving maximum bulk density will have minimum voids and shall result in an
economical concrete mix. The bulk density is expressed in kg/litre. Knowing the specific gravity of the
aggregate sample the percentage of voids is calculated.
The nominal capacity of the measuring cylinder is based on the maximum nominal size of the
aggregate and I.S.: 2386 stipulates as follows:
Max nominal size of aggregate Capacity of Measuring cylinder
4.75mm 3 litre
4.75mm to 40mm 15 litre
over 40mm 30 litre

PROCEDURE
1. The cylindrical measure is to be calibrated by determining its volume at 27oC. This is done
by filling the cylindrical measure with water at 27oC such that no meniscus is present above
the rim of the container. The mass of the water in the container will give the volume of the
cylindrical measure in litres.

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
2. The condition of the aggregate sample i.e. (i) oven dry (ii) saturated and surface dry (iii)
having a certain percentage of moisture content shall be noted.
RODDED or COMPACTED BULK DENSITY
3. Fill the cylindrical measure with the aggregate sample in 3 layers of equal height, each layer
being tamped with 25 strokes of the tamping rod.
4. Strike of the surplus aggregate is using the tamping rod. Weigh the container.
5. The bulk density in rodded or compacted condition of aggregate is calculated in Kg / lit.
LOOSE BULK DENSITY
6. Fill the measure unto over flowing by means of trowel or scoop, the aggregate being
discharged from a height not exceeding 50mm, above the top care should be taken to prevent
as far as possible, segregation of the particle sizes of which the sample is composed.
7. The surface of aggregate shall be then leveled with straight edge. and the net wt of aggregate
in the measure shall be determined and the bulk density in loose condition of aggregate is
calculated in Kg / lit.

FORMULATION
Bulk density = Mass of aggregate sample in Measuring cylinder
Volume of the measuring cylinder
Percentage of voids = (Gs – γ ) / Gs X 100
Where Gs = specific gravity of the aggregate, and
γ = bulk density in kg/ litre.

RELEVANT I.S. CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS / ACCEPTABLE LIMITS

I.S. 2386 (part III)-1963; Methods of test for aggregate for concrete
IS: 383 – 1970; Specifications for coarse and fine aggregates from natural stones for
Concrete.
Since the bulk density and voids ratio of aggregate depends on the size and shape of the aggregate,
there is no specified limits for it. The bulk density for coarse aggregate derived from natural stones
normally varies between 1400 kg / litre to 1900 kg / litre for rodded or compacted condition and varies
between 1100 kg / litre to 1700 kg / litre for loose condition.
The percentage voids for coarse aggregate derived from natural stones normally varies between ----- to
------ for rodded or compacted condition and varies between -------to ------ for loose condition.

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
APPLICATION OF THE TEST
The bulk density, which shows as to how densely the coarse aggregate is packed in a standard
manner is useful in estimating the sand and cement quantities required to fill the voids in the
aggregate mass. Also bulk density or unit weight is required to work out the quantities of a
concrete mix proportion when batching is done by volumetric basis.

OBSERVATION BULK DENSITY AND VOIDS RATIO OF COARSE AGGREGATE

MATERIAL INFORMATION
1. Type of Aggregate :
2. Condition of the aggregate : oven dry / saturated and surface dry /
i. / having ---- percentage of moisture content.
3. Source / Location:

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

CALIBRATION OF CONTAINER
1. Mass of empty measure = W1 kgs =
2. Mass of measure filled with water upto the rim = W2 kgs =
3. Net volume of the container = (W2 – W1) = _ _ _ _ _ litres

FOR RODDED OR COMPACTED CONDITION

SAMPLE 1 SAMPLE 2
Mass of measure filled with aggregate = W3 kgs =
Mass of aggregate in the measure = (W3 – W1) kgs =
Bulk density in kgs / lit γ = (W3 – W1) / (W2 – W1)
Percentage of voids = (Gs – γ ) / Gs X 100

FOR LOOSE CONDITION

SAMPLE 1 SAMPLE 2
Mass of measure filled with aggregate = W3 kgs =
Mass of aggregate in the measure = (W3 – W1) kgs =
Bulk density in kgs / lit γ = (W3 – W1) / (W2 – W1)
Percentage of voids = (Gs – γ ) / Gs X 100

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1. The bulk density of the coarse aggregate sample tested under rodded or compacted condition is
_ _ _ _ kg / litre.
2. The bulk density of the coarse aggregate sample tested under loose condition is _
_ _ _ kg / litre
3. The percentage voids of the coarse aggregate sample tested under rodded or compacted
condition is _ _ _ _ %.
4. The percentage voids of the coarse aggregate sample tested under loose condition
is _ _ _ _ %.

5. The bulk density and percentage voids of the aggregate sample are lies within the normal range.

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
Experiment No:10(D) Date:

SURFACE MOISTURE CONTENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE

OBJECT : To determine the surface moisture present in the given coarse aggregates sample.
APPARATUS
(A) For Displacement method
1. Balance of 5 Kg capacity having a sensitivity of at least 0.5gms
2. Measuring flask ; this could be a pycnometer or other suitable graduated volumetric flask of
glass or non corrosive metal. The volume of the container shall be 2 to 3 times the loose
volume of the sample. The graduations on the container shall be 0.5 ml or less.
(B) For Drying method or Frying pan method
1. Balance of 2 Kg capacity having a sensitivity of at least 0.5gms
2. Frying pan or metal tray
3. Heating source

THEORY
In proportioning of concrete mixes by weight, the aggregates are considered to be in a saturated
surface dry condition. Aggregates from natural sources are either dry and absorptive or they have free
surface moisture to various degrees. The free moisture is expressed as a percentage of the weight of the
aggregate. Usually coarse aggregate are dry and absorptive whereas fine aggregate dredged from river
beds contains free moisture between 1% to 10%. Free moisture in both coarse and fine aggregate
affects the quality of concrete. Based upon the free moisture content suitable corrections have to be
made in the water-ratio of the concrete mix proportion.
The surface moisture content of aggregate can be determined by either of the following two methods
(1) Displacement method or Pycnometer method and (2) Drying method or Frying pan method. The
displacement method gives the surface moisture content as a percentage by mass of saturated surface
dry sample and, is calculated on the basis of the water displaced by the sample and it can be
determined either by weight method or by volume method. Drying method gives the surface moisture
content as a percentage by mass of dried sample and not that of a saturated surface dry sample.

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)

PROCEDURE
(A) DISPLACEMENT METHOD OR PYCNOMETER METHOD
(i) DETERMINATION BY WEIGHT
1. Fill the pycnometer or graduated container with water up to the mark. Determine the mass in
gms. Now empty the pycnometer to half full.
2. Take about five Kg of the coarse aggregate sample.
3. Introduce the sample of coarse aggregate into the pycnometer/container having half full water
and remove the entrapped air.
4. Fill the pycnometer/container with water upto the previous mark.
5. Dry the outside of the pycnometer/container and weigh accurately.
6. Calculate the water displaced by sample and determine the moisture content percentage.

(vii) DETERMINATION BY VOLUME

1. Fill the pycnometer or graduated container with water sufficient to cover the aggregate
sample. Note down the volume of the water in millilitres.
2. Take about one Kg of the coarse aggregate sample.
3. Introduce the sample of coarse aggregate into the pycnometer/container having water and
remove the entrapped air.
4. Determine the combined volume of the sample and water.
5. Calculate the volume of water displaced by sample and determine the moisture content
percentage as follows:

(B) DRYING METHOD OR FRYING PAN METHOD

1. Determine the weight of the empty, clean frying pan.
2. Weigh about 1Kg. Of the aggregate sample
3. Heat the aggregate sample in the frying pan for about 20 minutes.
4. Weigh the pan along with the dry aggregate.
5. Express the loss in mass as a percentage of the dried sample to give the moisture content.
FORMULATION
(i) Displacement method – by weight
Moisture % age = (mass of water displaced – mass of sample / Sp. Gr ) X100
(mass of sample – mass of water displaced)

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
(ii) Displacement method – by volume
Moisture % age = (volume of water displaced – mass of sample / Sp. gr) X100
(mass of sample – volume of water displaced)
(iii) Drying method
Moisture %age = Mass of moisture in aggregate sample X 100
Mass of oven dried aggregate

RELEVANT I.S. CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS / ACCEPTABLE LIMITS

I.S. 2386 (part III)-1963 ; Methods of test for aggregate for concrete
I.S : 383 – 1970 ; Specifications for coarse and fine aggregates from natural stones for
concrete
There are no specified limits for free surface moisture for coarse aggregate. The coarse aggregate
derived from natural source normally do not contain free surface moisture.

APPLICATION OF THE TEST

In proportioning of concrete mixes by weight, the aggregates are considered to be in a saturated
surface dry condition. Hence the determination of free surface moisture in aggregate is essential for
making adjustments in calculating the net water content of a concrete mix for a given water /
cement ratio.

OBSERVATION FOR SURFACE MOISTURE CONTENT OF FINE AGGREGATE

MATERIAL INFORMATION
1. Type of Aggregate :
2. Source / Location :
3. Specific gravity of aggregate :

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

(C) DISPLACEMENT METHOD

(i) DETERMINATION BY WEIGHT

SAMPLE SAMPLE
1 2
Mass of aggregate sample = W1 gms =
Mass of container full of water = W2 gms =
Mass of container, aggregate and water = W3 gms =
Mass of displaced water = Ms = (W1 + W2 – W3) gms
Percentage of surface moisture = {Ms – W1/Sg } x 100
W1 -- Ms

(i) DETERMINATION BY VOLUME

SAMPLE SAMPLE
1 2
Volume of container with water = V1 ml =
Mass of aggregate sample = W1 gms =
Volume of container with aggregate and water = V2 ml =
Volume of displaced water = Vs = (V2 – V1) ml
Percentage of surface moisture = {Vs – W1/Sg } x 100
W1 - VS

(D) DRYING METHOD OR FRYING PAN METHOD

SAMPLE SAMPLE
1 2
Mass of empty pan = W1 gms =
Mass of pan with aggregate sample = W2 gms =
Mass of pan with dry aggregate sample = W3 gms =
Mass of dry aggregate = (W3 – W1) gms =
Percentage of moisture content = (W2 – W3) X 100
(W3 – W1)

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
1. The free surface moisture of the coarse aggregate sample determined by displacement
method and obtained by weight is _ _ _ _ %.
2. The free surface moisture of the coarse aggregate sample determined by displacement
method and obtained by volume is _ _ _ _ %.
3. The moisture content of the coarse aggregate sample determined by drying method is _
_ _ _ %.
The displacement method gives the surface moisture content as a percentage by mass of saturated
surface dry sample and hence is lower than the moisture content determined drying method which
gives the surface moisture content as a percentage by mass of dried sample and not that of a saturated
surface dry sample.

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Basic Material Testing Laboratory (15CVL37)

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define a) Young’s modulus b) Ultimate Stress c) Breaking stress
d)Percentage Elongation e) Yield Stress.
2. What is 0.2% Proof Stress.
3. Distinguish between HYSD bars and Mild Steel bars.
4. What is pure bending? Write bending equation.
5. What do you understand by single shear and double shear?
6. Differentiate between Charpy Test Izod Impact Test?
7. Differentiate between Rockwell Hardness Number and Brinell hardness number.
8. In Compression Test on timber specimen why the load taken by the specimen is more,
when the load is applied parallel to the grains?
9. What do you mean by Compression Test on Brick Sample?
10. What is water absorption of the bricks? How it is important?
11. How efflorescence of the brick sample is determined?
12. Define the Fineness Modulus of fine aggregate.
13. What is bulking of the sand?
14. How specific gravity and water absorption of fine aggregate are important?
15. Define Bulk Density & Void Ratio of sand.
16. Define Bulk Density & Void Ratio of coarse aggregate.
17. Define Fineness Modulus of coarse aggregate.
18. How Specific Gravity and Bulk Density of coarse aggregate play an important role in
Concrete Mix Design.
19. What do you mean by Surface Moisture Content of the coarse aggregate?
20. What do you mean by Surface Moisture Content of the fine aggregate?

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