International Journal of Trend in Scientific

Research and Development (IJTSRD)

International Open Access Journal
ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume - 2 | Issue – 4

Design Energy Efficient SMAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor

Networks using Neighbour Discovery Scheduling Algorithm

Chanchal Sahu1, Ashok Kumar Behera2, Shankha De2

1
M. Tech. Scholar, 2Associate Professor
1,2
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
1,2
Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg
Durg, Chhattisgarh, India

ABSTRACT
Wireless sensor networks have recently attracted their design can contribute significantly to the overall
much attention from research. This project reviews energy requirements of the sensor
ensor node. The MAC [1]
the medium access control (MAC), which is a capable protocol in WSN, the nodes do not always need to
technology in wireless sensor networks called SMAC activate. They allow medium periodic access to the
(Sensor-MAC).
MAC). MAC protocols control how sensors transmission of data and put their radio in low-power
low
reach a shared communication channel to sleep mode between periodic transmissions. The
communicate with neighbors
ighbors in small area coverage. amount of device spent in active
activ mode is called duty
SMAC sets the protocol nodes to sleep during the cycle.
transmission of other nodes. During this large amount
of time waste in the data communication process, the Sensor Medium Access Control (SMAC) is an
neighbor node has to wait till the nodes get started. important technique that enables the successful
Also, many packets
kets are lost when all the nodes send operation of the network. One fundamental task of
the data packet simultaneously to a single node and SMAC protocol is to avoid collision so that two
this leads to data loss or corrupt data. In wireless interfering nodes are not transmitted at the same time.
sensor network the efficient use of energy leads to If higher energy efficiency demands are also
enhance the network lifetime. Idle listening, collision, considered, then it becomes clear that the design of
control
rol overhead and over hearing are the main MAC protocol for WSN is a daunting task [2]. The
reasons of energy waste in SMAC protocols. Thus, to following features are considered for preparing a good
conserve energy and enhance network lifetime we SMAC protocol for wireless sensor networks.
ne The
propose a new contention-based Energy Efficient first throughput is then the packet is delayed and
SMAC protocol called EE-SMACSMAC for wireless sensor finally the end is delayed. As the sensor nodes are
networks. likely to operate before the battery, and it is often
difficult to replace or recharge the batteries for these
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Media nodes [10]. In fact, someday it i will be expected that
Access Control (MAC), Sensor-MAC
MAC (SMAC), Energy some nodes will be so cheap that they will be
Efficient SMAC (EE-SMAC),
SMAC), Idle Listening, Collision, abandoned rather than recharge.Long-term
recharge.Long network
Overhearing. lifetime for these nodes is an important issue. Another
important feature is scalability and adaptive for
1. INTRODUCTION network size change, i.e. the number
n of nodes in the
WSN [6, 10] is related to energy consumption and network. Some nodes may die over time; some new
sensing applications in sensorr nodes. Sensor nodes nodes may join later; some nodes can go to different
should operate using limited energy sources places. A good MAC protocol should adjust the
(batteries) due to their small size. Since the MAC changes in this kind of network behavior [4].
protocol has full control over the wireless radio, so

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
2. Issues in SMAC Protocol disadvantages. In the end the underlying technologies
Three major energy wastage events occurring at a like TDMA, FDMA and CDMA are briefly explained
SMAC layer have been identified: in the context of the MAC layer in WSN. There are
1. Collision results in energy wastage due to several MAC layer protocols [17] proposed for the
retransmissions of collided packets. sensor network, there is no protocol accepted as
2. Overhearing occurs when a node listens to standard. After going through the background work, it
transmissions not intended for it, needlessly is found that there are several existing MAC protocols
wasting power. for the WSN including the SMAC. SMAC [8] is the
3. Idle listening occurs when nodes listen in the hope most popularly used MAC protocol for WSN.
of receiving any possible data, also wasting
energy. 4. Proposed Approaches
SMAC is a contention-based random-access protocol
Thus, due to above reasons all the nodes get dead in with a fixed listen/sleep cycle. It uses a coordinated
very less time after being deployed for any sleeping mechanism, similar to the power saving
applications. And the network is to be again requiring mechanism of IEEE 802.11. SMAC [5] design is to
maintaining and upgrading for continuous servicing of reduce energy consumption from all the sources that
the application. Thus, the changes can be made in we have identified to cause energy waste (collision,
SMAC protocol itself by reducing the duty cycle so overhearing, idle listening, and control overhead)
that the energy consumption can be minimized. In while supporting good scalability and collision
case of single hop routing, long time is required for avoidance. To achieve the design goal, we use the
data transmission and the energy gets depleted during SMAC that consists of three major components:
this time and the nodes get in active. periodic listen and sleep, collision and overhearing
avoidance, and message passing. This project
To improve this more than one hops can be used to proposes an EE-SMAC protocol with:
transmit the data to the destination. Thus, the  A new threshold value for all the nodes i.e. the
throughput, energy consumption and network lifetime time for which the node will remain active will be
of the WSN can be improved. The objective of this minimum.
work is to develop an “Energy Efficient SMAC”  Load balancing (energy consumption by all the
protocol for WSN in order to reduce the consumption nodes should be equal) with duty cycle.
energy by all the nodes in the WSN so that more  Collision in the packet transfer is to be minimized
number of nodes remains alive for long duration in by using RTS, CTS packets.
the network which will result in improving the  Data is forwarded to the nodes which are in its
lifetime of the network. Also, this paper investigates nearest neighbour so that less power will be
the performance of the proposed EE-SMAC protocol consumed in data transmission process.
by calculating the end-to-end delay, total energy
consumed and throughput of the network. This protocol uses low-powered Sink Node to
synchronize the nodes and to schedule their
3. Related Work transmissions and receptions in the network. Sink
Author [2] recognizes necessary changes in traditional node is mainly the Access Point which will gather
MAC protocols so that WSN may be suitable review topology information and announces the transmission
some MAC protocols that expand the energy schedule to the other nodes. Considerably SMAC
efficiency and their properties and defects. Common operates on duty cycle and Energy Efficient SMAC
sources Energy waste, control packet overhead, idle operates on load balancing by minimizing minimum
listening, overhearing and over emitting. duty cycle using a node to node transmission so that
Communication patterns such as broadcast, cast the intermediate node distance will be less or the
convergence, local gossip and multicast are reviewed number of intermediate nodes is less. So, energy
and their Applications are discussed in different types usage is less and efficient. The “Neighbour Discovery
of scenarios. Scheduling Algorithm” will
minimize the delay in transferring the packet from
MAC [16] protocols like SMAC, T-MAC, Wise source node to the Sink Node.
MAC, TRAMA, SIFT, D-MAC and DSMAC are
reviewed with their respective work, advantages and

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Algorithm: as SINK_NODE on start of simulation. The Sink node
1. Define the Initial node Si and Destination Node Di acts as the network coordinator and performs the
2. Find the Min Distance and Min Distance Path entire task such as scheduling synchronizing of the
between Si and Di nodes etc. if any node wants to transmit the packet it
3. Find All N Neighbour Nodes of Si called first becomes active and sends RTS signal to receiver
4. Neighbour i<Distance Vector for I=1 to N nodes. The receiver nodes in turn send the CTS signal
5. Find Min Distance, Min Energy, and Node for all and the data transmission begins between the two
the Neighbours nodes nodes.
6. If (Energy (Neighbour)) =Min Energy&&
7. Node (Neighbour) <=Threshold && Distance During this data transmission if any other node wants
(Neighbour) =Min Distance to transmit the data to the node that is already in
8. Set Neighbour node as Next node process of communication, it will send the request to
9. Else if Distance (Neighbour) =Min Distance the Sink Node and goes to sleep state. The Sink Node
10. Set Neighbour node as Next node will perform scheduling after the first communication
11. Else (Energy (Neighbour)) =Min Energy of receiver nodes gets complete and the requested
12. Set Neighbour node as Next node node will then wake up. Thus, the time for which the
13. Else if (Energy (Neighbour)) =Min Energy and node remains active gets minimized since the duty
Distance (Neighbour) =Min Distance cycle is reduced.
14. Set Neighbour node as Next node
15. If Node (Neighbour) has data to send For transmitting the data to the sink node from the
16. Set Node as Active node that is too far, the neighbour node is calculated
17. If Node is Active and Receiver wants to send by finding the minimum distance between the two
18. Send RTS to receiver using the GPS system and the nearest node is chosen
19. Send CTS by receiver for forwarding the data packet. Thus, all the nodes get
20. Data transmission begins active for short interval of time and the energy of all
21. No packet Collision the nodes remain almost equal which results in load
22. Else If Node is Active and Receiver is not ready to balancing. The rest of all the nodes are sensor nodes
receive with no any marking so as to present clarity in the
23. Data loss animation. The energy of the entire node is set as EM
24. Else If Node is Active and Receiver do not wants variable using Energy Model.
to send
25. Energy Loss Finally, the Perl script is used to plot the graph of the
26. Else proposed algorithm (i.e. EE-SMAC). And these
27. Collision occurred, retransmit and reschedule graphs are compared with the SMAC protocol on
28. Else various parameters given below. It has been found
29. Set Node as Sleep that the network lifetime and throughput of the WSN
30. No energy loss is better when we use the proposed algorithm than
5. Simulation Methodology that of using SMAC protocol. Also, more nodes are
This section illustrates, the work which has been alive in case of using proposed algorithm for data
performed using NS-2 simulator and compare the transmission. The different simulation parameters that
result of EE-SMAC protocol with SMAC protocol have been set up are given below:
with respect to different parameters like residual TABLE: Parameters used for simulation
energy consumption, throughput, packet delay ratio DESCRIPTION PARAMETER
and end-to-end packet delay by varying the inter Traffic type CBR
arrival time of data packets or message. Channel type Wireless/Phy
MAC layer Sensor MAC
Table shows the important simulation parameters used No. of nodes 25
in the simulation process. The simulation is done in a
Propagation model Two rayground
5 x 5 flat grid star topology having 25 nodes one node
Queue length 50
is the Sink node also can be called as Access Point. It
is the node which acts as the destination node for all Interface type Drop Tail/PriQueue
other 24 nodes in the network. Sink Node is marked Antenna type Omni Antenna

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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6. Parameters for Comparison b. Remaining Energy/Residual Energy
a. End-to-end delay Consumption
Average End-to-EndEnd delay is a metrics used to Residual Energy = Total Energy Consumed – (Total
measure the performance with time taken by a packet no. of packets sent + Total no. of packets received+
to travel across a network from a source node to the Total time spend by the devices in sleep mode)
destination node. The average end to end delay of a c. Throughput
data packet is calculated by subtracting time at whic
which Throughput of a network can be defined as the
first packet was transmitted by source from time at number of successfully delivered packet.
which first data packet arrived to destination. d. Packet Deliver Ratio
End-to-End Delay=Σ (arrive time – send time) / The packet delivery ratio is the ratio of number of
Number of connections packet received to the number of packets sent in
network.
7. Results& Discussion
In this paper we compared SMAC and EE
EE-SMAC
SMAC under varying traffic load. The snapshots below show the th
NAM output of 25 nodes. Fig.1 shows when energy model is configured for the nodes the color of the node
n
automatically sets to green

Fig.1 WSN Scenario with 25 nodes at time t = 1s

Fig.2 shows the data transmission between the nodes. When the node’s energy gets depleted its color
automatically changes to yellow.

Fig. 2. WSN nodes depicting its energy levels at time tt-=10s

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
2456
Fig.3 shows the energy level of nodes at time t = 14s. When the energy of the node
nodess becomes very less or zero
as the time increases then the node’s color automatically changes to red.

Fig. 3 WSN nodes depicting its energy levels at time tt-=14s

The average residual energy consumption under various packet interval times for EE
EE--SMAC and SMAC is
plotted in Fig.4. Variation of energy consumption in EE
EE-SMAC
SMAC under high density traffic is less than that of
SMAC. From fig.4, it can be concluded that EE
EE-SMAC
SMAC better perform than SMAC both under low and high
traffic densities.

Fig. 4 Residual Energy of Nodes

Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 shows the End-to-End

End Delay and Packet Delivery Ratio respectively, with different traffic
density for SMAC and EE-SMAC
SMAC protocols. For SMAC packet delivery ratio is increases in low density traffic,
whereas for high density traffic delivery ratio decreases. In EE
EE-SMAC
SMAC the variation of average end-to-end
end
packet delay and delivery ratio is better perform as compare to SMAC through load balancing technique.

X-Axis Residual Energy in Joules

Y-Axis Times in Second

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470

Fig. 5 Packet Delivery Ratio

Fig.6. End-to-End Delay

Fig. 7 shows the variation of average throughput with different traffic density for SMAC and EE-SMAC
protocols in graph. EE-SMAC performs better than SMAC protocol under the variation of low traffic density to
high traffic density.

X-Axis Average End-to-End Delay

Y-Axis Message Inter Arrival Time

Fig.7. Throughput

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
2456
7. Conclusion and Future Scope adaptive sleeping for wireless sensor networks”.
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