Bahagian A

Section A

[60 markah]
[60 marks]

Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini.

Answer all question in this section.

1. Diagram 1 below shows the structure of the plasma membrane.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan struktur membrane plasma.

(a) On Diagram 1, label the following parts of the plasma membrane.

Labelkan bahagian-bahagian membrane plsma yang berikut pada Rajah 1

i: Protein pembawa /Carrier protein

ii: Dwilapisan fosfolipid / Phospholipid bilayer

iii: Pore protein / protein liang

[3 markah]
[3 marks]
(b) Name two types of proteins that are involved in the transportation of substances
through the plasma membrane.
Namakan dua jenis protein yang terlibat di dalam pengangkutan bahan melalui
membrane plasma.
i)

ii)

[2 markah]
[2 marks]
(c) State one characteristic of the phospholipid bilayer.
Nyatakan satu ciri dwifosfolipid.

[1 markah]
[1 mark]

(d) Explain the effect of high blood sugar level on the red blood cells of a person with
diabetes mellitus.
Nyatakan kesan aras glukosa yang tingi di dalam sel darah merah seorang
pesakit diabetes mellitus.

[3 markah]
[3 marks]

(e) How unicellular organisms living in freshwater environments maintain their water
balance?
Bagaimanakah organisma unisel yang hidup di dalam persekitaran berair
mangekalkan keseimbangan air di dalam sel?

[3 markah]
[3 marks
2. Diagram 2 below shows gaseous exchange in the lungs and tissues in humans.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan pertukaran gas di dalam paru paru dan tisu manusia..

Y
CO2
O2
Sel darah merah
Red blood cell

Kapilari darah
Blood capillary

Sel-sel badan
CO2 O2 Body cells

Diagram 2 / Rajah 2
(a) (i) Name structure Y.
Namakan struktur Y.

[1 markah]
[1 mark]

(ii) Gaseous exchange takes place across structure Y.

State the importance of gaseous exchange in humans.
Pertukaran gas berlaku merentasi struktur Y.
Nyatakan kepentingan pertukaran gas dalam manusia.

[1 markah]
[1 mark]

(iii) Explain two adaptations of structure Y for efficient gaseous exchange..

Terangkan dua adaptasi struktur Y untuk pertukaran gas yang efisien.

[2 markah]
[2 marks]
(b) Describe the movement of respiratory gases across structure structure Y.
Huraikan pergerakan gas-gas respirasi merentasi struktur Y.

[2 markah]
[2 marks]

(c) Explain why carbon monoxide is poisonous to the body cells.

Terangkan mengapa karbon monoksida beracun kepada sel-sel badan.

[2 markah]
[2 marks]

(d) During vigorous activities, the muscle cellsundergo anaerobic respiration.

State two differences between anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration.
Semasa aktiviti lasak, sel-sel otot menjalankan respirasi anaerobik.
Nyatakan dua perbezaan di antara respirasi anaerobik dan respirasi aerobik.

[2 markah]
[2 marks]

(e) Explain how smoking can harm the respiratory system in human.
Terangkan bagaimana merokok merosakkan sistem sistem respirasi manusia

[2 markah]
[2 marks]
3. Diagram 1 shows a stage in the mitosis of somatic cells.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu peringkat dalam mitosis sel soma.

Diagram 1 Rajah 1
(a) Name the parts labelled X and Y.
Namakan bahagian berlabel X dan Y.
X : __________________________________________
Y : __________________________________________
[2 marks]
[2 markah]

(b) Name the stage of cell division in Diagram 1.

Namakan peringkat pembahagian sel dalam Rajah 1.

________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
[1 markah]

(c) Name the stage before the stage in Diagram 1.

Namakan peringkat sebelum peringkat yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1.

________________________________________________________

[1 mark]
[1 markah]

(d) Draw the stage that would occur after the stage in Diagram 1.
Lukiskan peringkat yang berlaku selepas peringkat yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1.
[2 markah]

[2 marks]
[2 mark]
(e) Diagram 2 shows one of the stages in the cell division in an anther of a plant.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan salah satu peringkat dalam pembahagian sel yang berlaku dalam
anter tumbuhan.

Diagram 2 Rajah 2
(i) Name the part labelled P.
Namakan bahagian yang berlabel P.

______________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
[1 markah]

(ii) What has happened at P? Explain.

Apakah yang berlaku di P? Terangkan.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

[2 marks]
[2markah]
(f) Diagram 3.2 shows the sister chromatids that fail to separate during anaphase II.
Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan kromatid adik-beradik yang gagal terpisah semasa anafasaII.

Diagram 3.2 / Rajah 3.2

(i)Draw the possible chromatid that occur after the nondisjunction in Diagram 3.2
Lukiskan kemungkinan kromatid yang terbentuk selepas nondisjunksi pada
Rajah 3.2.
[2 marks]
[2markah]

(ii)Name the disorder that may occur when a normal gamete fertilize with the
nondisjunction affecting human chromosomes 21 that occur as in Diagram 3.2 .
Namakan kecacatan yang mungkin berlaku apabila satu gamet normal
disenyawakan dengan kromosom 21 manusia seperti dalam Rajah 3.2 yang terjejas
akibat nondisjunksi.

…………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
[1 markah]
4(a) Diagram 4.1 shows the action of P on human heart.
Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan tindakan P ke atas jantung manusia.

Diagram 4.1 / Rajah 4.1

(i) Name P.
Namakan P.

Explain the function of P.

Terangkan fungsi P.

[ 4 marks/ markah]

(ii) A child has a hole at S.

Explain how the defect affects the blood pressure in blood vessel Q.
Seorang kanak-kanak mempunyai satu lubang di S.
Terangkan bagaimana kecacatan ini mempengaruhi tekanan darah dalam salur darah
Q.

[ 2 marks/ markah]
(b) Diagram 4.2(a) shows a healthy coronary artery.
Diagram 4.2(b) shows the coronary artery of a person with cardiovasculardisease
The coronary arteries supply blood to heart muscles.
Rajah 4.2(a) menunjukkan satu arteri koronari yang sihat.
Rajah 4.2(b) menunjukkan arteri koronari seorang pesakit kardiovaskular.
Arteri koronari membekalkan darah ke otot-otot jantung.

Diagram 4.2(a) Diagram 4.2(b)

Rajah 4.2(a) Rajah 4.2(b)
(i) X is a substance deposit at the wall of artery
Name deposit X.
Namakan enapan X.

[ 1 mark/ markah]

(ii) Explain how X and thrombus lead to cardiovascular disease.

Terangkan bagaimana X dan trombus mengakibatkan penyakit kardiovaskular.

[ 3 marks/ markah]

(c) Suggest two ways to maintain a healthy heart.

Cadangkan dua cara mengekalkan kesihatan jantung.

1.

2.

[ 2 marks/ markah]
5 Diagram 5.1 shows how the variation of blood group is inherited by the offsprings. The
types of blood group are A, B, AB and O. the alleles that control the types of blood group
are IA, IB and IO.
Rajah 5.1 menunjukkan bagaimana variasi kumpulan darah diwarisi oleh anak-anak. Jenis-
jenis kumpulan darah adalah A, B, AB dan O. Alel-alel yang mengawal jenis kumpulan darah
adalah IA, IB dan IO.

Diagram 5.1/Diagram 5.1

(a) (i) State the genotype of offspring in the diagram 5.1.

Nyatakan genotip anak di dalam diagram 5.1
(2 marks/ 2 markah)

(ii) Explain the phenotypic ratio of the offspring.

Jelaskan nisbah fenotip anak.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(2 marks/ 2 markah)
(b) Explain which offspring can become a universal donor and which one is the universal
recipient.
Jelaskan anak yang mana boleh menjadi penderma universal dan yang mana boleh
menjadi penerima universal.
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(4 marks/4marks)
(c) Explain the problem which is related to pregnancy when a Rhesus negative mother
carry a Rhesus positive child. Suggest prevention of the problem above.
Jelaskan masalah yang berkaitan dengan kehamilan apabila seorang ibu yang
Rhesus negatif mengandungkan anak yang mempunyai Rhesus positif. Cadangkan
langkah pencegahan bagi mengatasi masalah di atas.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(4 marks/ 4 markah)

6. (a) Diagram below shows the structure of the stomata on leaves.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan struktur stomata pada daun..

Describe the mechanisme of the opening and closing of stomata.

Terangkan mekanisma pembukaan dan penutupan stoma.
[6 markah]
[6 marks]

(b) Rajah di bawah menunjukkan pergerakan air dari akar ke daun dan terbebas ke
atmosfera.
Diagram below shows the movement of water from root to the leaves and out to the
atmosphere.
 Penyejatan air
Tindakan kapilari Water evaporates
Capillary action

Penyerapan air oleh akar

Water absorbed by roots

Berdasarkan rajah di atas, huraikan pergerakan air dari akar ke daun.

Based on diagram above, describe the movement of water from root to the leaves.
[6 markah]
[6 marks]

(c) Rajah di bawah menunjukkan perhubingan sebahagian daripada sistem peredaran darah,
sistem peredaran limfa dan sel-sel badan.
Diagram below shows the connection between a part of blood circulatory system,
lymphatic circulatory system and body cells.

Salur darah
Blood vessel

Bendalir X
Sel badan Fluid X
Body cell

Explain the formation of interstitial fluid and how it is return back to the blood
circulation.
Terangkan pembentukan bendalir interstitial dan bagaimana ia dikembalikan semula ke
dalam sistem peredaran darah
[8 markah]
[8 marks]
8. ( a) Diagram 3 show two housewives were washing clothes.
Rajah 3 menunjukkan dua orang suri rumah sedang mencuci pakaian.

37°C

Using the same

detergent
Menggunakan sabun
yang sama

BERENZIM !
!!!3 / Rajah 3
Diagram
Which situation is more effective?
Give you reasons.
Cucian manakah lebih berkesan?
Berikan alasan anda.

(10 marks/ 10 markah)

(b)

Sarapan pagi Makan tengahari Makan malam

Breakfast Lunch Dinner

Susu penuh krim Nasi dengan kari daging Burger ayam

Full cream milk Rice with beef curry Chicken burger

Telur goreng Ayam goreng Kek keju

Fried egg Fried chicken Cheese cake

Nasi goreng ayam Ais krim Teh tarik

Fried chicken rice Ice cream Milk Tea

Minuman berkarbonat
Carbonated soft drink

Explain the long term effects of consuming excess of these foods on Harith’s health.
Terangkan kesan jangka masa panjang pengambilan makanan tersebut yang berlebihan ke
atas kesihatan Harith.
(10 marks/ 10 markah)
7. (a)

Organel P Organel Q
Organelle P Organelle Q

Rajah di atas menunjukkan dua jenis organel yang berbeza. Terangkan

perbezaan di antara proses yang berlaku di dalam organel P dan organel Q.
Diagram above shows two types of different organelles. Explain the differences
between the process that take place in organelle P and organelle Q.
[6 markah]
[6 marks]

(b) Rajah di bawah menunjukkan keratan rentas toraks seorang lelaki.

Diagram below shows the longitudinal section through the thorax of a man.

Otot
interkostal
Intercoastal
muscle

Sangkar
rusuk
Alveolus Ri b cage
Alveoli Diafragma
Di aphragm

Terangkan secara ringkas mekanisma pernafasan dalam seorang lelaki. Dalam

jawapan anda, terangkan peranan yang dimainkan oleh otot interkostal, sangkar
rusuk, diafragma dan alveolus.
Describe briefly the mechanism of breathing in man. In your answer, describe the
parts played by the intercostals muscles, rib cage, diaphragm and alveoli.
[12 markah]
[12 marks]

(c) Berdasarkan rajah di bawah, terangkan bagaimana pertukaran gas-gas respirasi

berlaku di antara kapilari darah dan sel-sel badan.
Based on the diagram below, explain how the gaseous exchange of respiratory
gases between the blood capillaries and the body cells takes place.

Body cell Kapilari

Sel badan Capillary

402

[8 markah]
[8 marks]
9.

Pioneer mangrove species colonised muddy river banks which later grow up into a
mangrove swamp forest.

Spesies perintis paya bakau mengkoloni tebing berlumpur sungai yang akhirnya
berkembang menjadi hutan paya bakau.

(a) Explain how the pioneer mangrove species are adapted to overcome the problems
encountered during the process of colonisation.
Terangkan bagaimana spesies perintis paya bakau disesuaikan untuk mengatasi
masalah yang dihadapi semasa proses pengkolonian.

(10 markah/10 marks)

(b) Diagram below shows an environmental phenomenon.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu fenomena alam sekitar.

Matahari
Sun

Sinar ultra ungu

Ultra violet ray Sinar infra merah
Infra red ray

Diagram 9

(i) Discuss the good and bad effects in the formation of a layer of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere and discuss ways to overcome the greenhouse
effect.
Bincangkan kesan baik dan kesan buruk pembentukan satu lapisan gas-
gas rumah hijau di atmosfera dan bagaimanakah cara untuk mengatasi
kesan rumah hijau.

(10 marks/10 markah)

TAMAT KERTAS SOALAN.

END OF QUESTION PAPER.