April Joy F.

Boreres
TTH (1:00 -5:00 pm)

ASSIGNMENT
1. Parts of a Mercury Thermometer degrees Fahrenheit, which are found on everyday
thermometers. An alternative scale that measures
temperature in degrees Kelvin is often used by
scientists and engineers.

Safety Precautions
Careful handling of a mercury-in-glass
thermometer is imperative for safety reasons. If
the thermometer breaks open, the mercury in the
bulb rolls out into little silver balls and toxic vapors
are released into the air. When inhaled, the human
Spherical Bulb nervous system can be harmed. Exposure to
The bulb is the lowest part of the thermometer, toxins must be quickly contained and minimized. If
which has a spherical shape. This section of the you break a mercury thermometer, a Poison
thermometer acts as a reservoir to hold mercury - Control Center or a healthcare professional can
- a silvery colored, heavy metal on the periodic provide instructions on proper cleaning and
table of elements. Mercury stays in liquid form disposal of mercury in your area. Even a tiny
when it is in an enclosed container, and amount of mercury can pollute water and soil.
maintained at room temperature. Like other
liquids, metallic mercury expands in response to 2. Parts of a Stethoscope
heat. If the temperature is sufficiently high,
mercury in the bulb moves up the capillary.

Capillary Tube
The capillary of a mercury thermometer is the long
cylindrical tube that is connected to the bulb. As
temperature increases, mercury flows up the
capillary. The further the mercury moves up the
capillary, the higher the measured temperature.
The capillary ends in a section known as the 1. Chest piece – This is the logical part to
expansion chamber.
begin with since “stethos” means chest .The
Expansion Chamber chest piece is the part held against the
The expansion chamber of a mercury
thermometer can be found at the top of the patient’s body.
capillary. The function of the expansion chamber 2. The Stem – This is the part that connects
is to form a larger volume through which the
mercury can fill if the maximum temperature scale the chest piece and the tubing.
is exceeded. It is undesirable for mercury to reach
3. Diaphragm – This part can either be double-
the expansion chamber since it means the
thermometer is no longer sensitive to increases in sided or single-sided. A double-sided chest
temperature.
piece normally has a diaphragm on one side
Scale Lines and a bell which is deep cup-shaped. Both
The scale is the series of lines that are etched into
an area to the side of the capillary. The scale the double-sided and single-sided chest
allows the temperature to be read off in units of pieces are surrounded by a flexible ring
degrees. The type of degree unit depends upon
the specific thermometer. Two commonly used known as a chill ring. The ring helps to
temperature scales, are degrees Celsius and

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April Joy F. Boreres
TTH (1:00 -5:00 pm)

ASSIGNMENT
4. Uses of Thermometer
create an airtight seal as well as buffer the
patient against any coldness. 1. To measure body temperature during
physical exam at the doctors.
4. Headset – This is the metal part of the 2. To measure body temperature when
stethoscope. someone is ill to determine if he/she has as
fever.
5. Acoustic tubes – These are hollow rubber- 3. To measure the temperature of an oven.
like tubes that link the ear tubes to the chest 4. To measure the temperature of meat after it is
cooked to make sure that it is warm enough
piece. to have killed off bacteria and, therefore, safe
6. Earpiece – This is the small tip at the ends to consume.
5. To measure the temperature of a pool.
of the ear tube that is placed in the ears. 6. To measure the temperature of sugar when
making candy.
Some stethoscopes either have soft silicone
7. To measure the temperature of an incubator
or hard plastic earpieces. for a premature infant or for growing bacterial
specimens in the
7. Ear tubes – These are the hollow metallic
lab.
tubes that are connected to the ear pieces
5. Uses of Sphygmomanometer
on one end and the acoustic tubes on the
other end. 1. To measure the BP
2. To measure the difference in BP in limbs in
3. Parts of a Sphygmomanometer occlusive arterial diseases
3. To demonstrate postural hypotension
Bladder - The bladder is the inflatable bag that, 4. To demonstrate Hill's sign in AR
when filled, compresses the arm to occlude the 5. To demonstrate pulsus alternans
artery. Bladders should follow very specific sizing 6. To demonstrate pulsus paradoxus
parameters to ensure full arterial compression. 7. To determine IVY method of bleeding time
8. To look for Hess' test
Cuff - The cuff is designed to hold the bladder
around the limb during measurement. A properly 6. Uses of Stethoscope
designed cuff will ensure proper placement and  Measure blood pressure – It is one of the
positioning – essential for accurate most basic uses of a stethoscope. The
measurement. stethoscope is used along with a
sphygmomano meter to monitor the blood
Manometer- The portion of the pressure.
sphygmomanometer that measures the air
pressure in mmHg. The aneroid contains a  Measure heartbeats – You can clearly hear
watch-like movement that measures the air the heart beats through a stethoscope. You
pressure applied to the cuff. Within the gauge is a can count the number of heart beats, type of
series of copper/berrylium diaphragms that beats and the rhythm of your heart sound.
expand when filled with air. Any adventitious sounds will also be caught.
Valve - The deflation valve allows for controlled
 Assess lungs – You can also hear to the
deflation of the cuff – critical for accurate
sound of your lungs with the help of a
measurement.
stethoscope. You can know the rate, quality
and rhythm in the sounds of the lungs. If there
Bulb -The bulb pumps air into the cuff. An end
(check) valve prevents air from escaping.
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April Joy F. Boreres
TTH (1:00 -5:00 pm)

ASSIGNMENT
are any obstructions in the airways, it will aneroid device, the cuff is attached to a dial
indicate inflammation. gauge with tubing.

 Assess bowel – You can find out if there are Automatic Digital Sphygmomanometer -
any bowel obstructions orparalytic ileus. You The automatic digital sphygmomanometer is
can hear a gurgling, or bubbling sound which the most technologically-advanced
is called as borborygmi. sphygmomanometer design to date. These
devices use an electronic pressure sensor to
 Bruits – Bruits are the abnormal sounds in measure the blood pressure, and the
the blood. It makes a noise similar to whoosh readings are presented on a digital display.
as blood travels through the arteries. This is a
sign that an artery is narrowed which has 9. Types of Stethoscope
resulted in the turbulent flow. This means that
the person has arteriosclerosis. CARDIOLOGY STETHOSCOPE - The cardiology
stethoscope looks like a regular stethoscope but
it's difference is in its ability to give excellent
 Liver – You can measure the size of a liver acoustic quality. It also comes with the ability to
with the help of a stethoscope. hear both low and high frequency sounds from the
diaphragm without the need to use a bell which is
7. Types of Thermometers commonly found in dual headed stethoscopes.

 Probe Thermometers INFANT STETHOSCOPE - It is used by medical

 Infrared Thermometers practitioners and also medical students to listen
 K-Type Thermocouples and study the heart and other sounds to diagnose
 Temperature Data Loggers physically and assess infant patients.
 Temperature Labels
 Dual Sensor Thermometers NEONATAL STETHOSCOPE – It is used for
 Analogue Thermometers diagnosis and physical assessment in newborn
 Thermal Imaging Cameras babies.

8. Types of Sphygmomanometer PEDIATRIC STETHOSCOPE - This type of

stethoscope is used to diagnose and also
Mercury Sphygmomanometer - The device physically asses sick children.
can produce the most accurate results without
requiring much readjustment. Due to the toxic ELECTRONIC STETHOSCOPE - It is
nature of its contents, however, the use of advantageous in that it can amplify the cardiac or
mercury sphygmomanometers have been the respiratory sounds thus facilitating fast
banned in some countries, and other forms of diagnosis in the case of faint sounds. They also
sphygmomanometers are being used apply filters to select the various pulmonary or the
instead. cardiac sounds.

Aneroid Sphygmomanometer - Aneroid TEACHING STETHOSCOPE - This feature

means “without fluid,” and as the name enables the teacher and the student to use the
suggests, this type of BP apparatus doesn’t stethoscope at the same time. They mostly are
make use of any mercury and is therefore used for teaching purposes.
considered the safest alternative to mercury
sphygmomanometers. Its recording 10. Different Kinds of Movements
procedures are pretty similar to that of the
mercury sphygmomanometer, except the  Abduction is movement away from the
stethoscope’s attachment to the cuff. In the center, as spreading the toes or fingers apart.

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April Joy F. Boreres
TTH (1:00 -5:00 pm)

ASSIGNMENT
 Adduction is movement toward the midline of  Protraction entails moving a part of the body
the body, as bringing the fingers and toes anteriorly in the horizontal plane, as in jutting
together. (Adduction and abduction always the face forward to gain distance at a finish
refer to movements of the appendicular line.
skeleton).  Retraction is the reverse movement of
 Angular motion is comprised of flexion, protraction as in pulling the jaw back towards
extension, adduction, and abduction. Each is the spine.
based on reference to a certain anatomical  Rotation involves turning the body or a limb
position. around the longitudinal axis, as rotating the
 Circumduction is a special type of angular arm to screw in a lightbulb.
motion, described as making circular
movements as moving the arm in a loop.
 Dorsiflexion / Plantar flexion refers to
movements of the foot. Dorsiflexion is the
movement of the ankle while elevating the
sole, as if digging in the heel. Plantar flexion
is the opposite movement, extending the
ankle and elevating the heel, as if standing on
tiptoes.
 Elevation / Depression occurs when a
structure moves in a superior or inferior
direction, as the mandible is depressed when
the mouth is opened and elevated when the
mouth is closed.
 Extension occurs in the same plane as
flexion, except that it increases the angle
between articulating elements. Extension
reverses the movement of flexion.
Hyperextension is a continuation of
movement past the anatomical position,
which can cause injury.
 Flexion is movement in the anterior-posterior
plane that reduces the angle between the
articulating elements as in bringing the head
toward the chest; that is, flexing the
intervertebral joints of the neck.
 Gliding occurs when two opposing surfaces
slide past each other as between articulating
carpals and tarsals and between the clavicles
and sternum.
 Opposition is a special movement of the
thumb which enables it to grasp and hold an
object.
 Pronation / Supination refers to the rotation
of the distal end of the radius across the
anterior surface of the ulna. This rotation
moves the wrist and hand from palm-facing-
front (supination) to palm-facing-back
(pronation).

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