OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY IN EUROPE
Preben Maegaard
President, World Wind Energy Association
Chairperson, World Council for Renewable Energy
SYMPOSIUM, COASTAL DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, YOKOHAMA
19. JULY 2005
Integrated Renewable Energy
By
Nasir el Bassam &
Preben Maegaard,
ELSEVIER, Amsterdam
and London, 2004
THE NEW TECHNICAL STANDARDS
oil seed oil cake
Crop production OIL MILL Agriculture
oil animal husbandry
straw
electricity
Vegetable oil
manure -CHP Vegetable oil and
combustible
From 100 major fossil energy depots worldwide to
Animal husbandry
heat market millions of energy suppliers at farms with biomass;
Biogas plant facades and building roofs with solar energy;
“Energy plants” Power station
seas and plains with wind energy.
wood intern. consumption
Wood cutter
Wood processing
industry Heating central From gigawatt- to kilowatt-size energy supply
technologies.
heat
Biomass CHP
District heating /
Forestry cooling system From centralized power generation to on-site and
Solar collectors
heat
distributed generation
Solar energy
Photovoltaic
electricity
Outdoor lighting From big scale supply technologies (oil refineries,
natural gas networks, power stations) to mass-
Public power
produced, small size renewable energy devices.
Wind energy Wind generator supply/or water
electricity d li i
1
Basic Legal Framework for Wind Energy
Conditions for Successful Implementation of Wind Energy
1. To allow connection of wind power
to the public grid
2. Power purchase obligation of electricity from
renewable energy installations
3. To pay a fair and guarantied price as a
compensation to independent power producers
Large modern wind turbines involve....
Aerodynamics (blades and structures);
Mechanics (machine elements, strength of
materials, novel materials, testing);
Electrical Engineering (electrical machines, grid
WINDMILL TECHNOLOGY – STATE OF THE ART connection, load management);
Electronics (controls and power electronics);
Controls (control theory, hydraulics, pneumatics);
Civil Engineering (foundations, roads, power
lines);
Transport Logistics; Design; Architecture;
Economics; Project Planning & Management...
Source: www.afm.dtu.dk/wind
2
.....Development of Wind Energy Technology
....Leading Concepts of Modern Wind Mills
Two basic contemporary wind mill concepts:
Gearless with synchronous generator (Left); with gearbox and
asynchronous generator (Right).
.....60 meter LM blade
.....36 meter LM blade
Manufacturing at LM of MW windmill blades
3
Advanced Windmill Technology for Offshore
Vestas 2 MW for Offshore Turbine design
and
special
offshore
features
Source: Vestas
Source: Vestas
German MW Windmills for Offshore Offshore Wind Energy Technology Trends
The windmills used in current offshore projects were designed for
land-use with modifications. With growing market windmills
optimised for offshore will be developed. High reliability would
suggest the use of well-proven technology. Modifications may
include:
• larger windmills, up to 5 MW or 10 MW,
• faster rotational speeds than on land, where noise restrictions
generally causes below optimum speed,
• larger generators for a specific rotor size to enable improved
efficiency,
• high voltage generation, also possible in DC instead of AC,
• in the longer term, downwind machines, flexible blades or
multiple rotors might become an option
TYPES OF FOUNDATION 1.
Concrete caisson
• Advantages
– Well-known technology
TYPES OF OFFSHORE WINDMILL • Installation
• Manufacturing
FOUNDATION.
– Rigid tower base
Disadvantages
– Seabed preparation
– Size / Weight
– Decommissioning/removal
4
Variety of Offshore Foundations.... TYPES OF FOUNDATION 2.
Tunø Knob
Tripod foundation
• Advantages
– Applicable to deeper water
– No or limited seabed preparations
• Disadvantages
– Not applicable in shallow waters
– Braces
Middelgrunden • Increases ice load
• Makes boat access difficult
th
TYPES OF FOUNDATION 3.
Monopile foundation
• Advantages
– No seabed preparation Horns Rev
– Relatively simple to manufacture Foundation
& Cable
Attachment
• Disadvantages
– Requires specialised installation
equipment
– Sensitive to solids when driven
– Flexible at greater water depths
Monopile is rammed into Sea Bottom Installation of foundations
• Driving of
monopile for
windmill in the
North Sea
Source: Samsø
5
OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY IN EUROPE –
STATUS AND PLANS
OPERATIONAL OFFSHORE WINDFARMS IN EUROPE Europe: Installed, approved and planned.
Location Country Online MW No Rating
Bonus
Vindeby Denmark 1991 4.95 11
450kW
NedWind
Lely (Ijsselmeer) Holland 1994 2.0 4
500kW
Vestas
Tunø Knob Denmark 1995 5.0 10
500kW
Dronten Nordtank
Holland 1996 11.4 19
(Ijsselmeer) 600kW
Wind
Gotland
Sweden 1997 2.5 5 World
(Bockstigen)
500kW
Vestas
Blyth Offshore UK 2000 3.8 2
2MW
Middelgrunden, Bonus
Denmark 2001 40 20
Copenhagen 2MW
Uttgrunden, GE Wind
Sweden 2001 10.5 7
Kalmar Sound 1.5MW
NEG Micon
Yttre Stengrund Sweden 2001 10 5
NM72
Vestas
Horns Rev Denmark 2002 160 80
2MW
Frederikshavn Denmark 2003 10.6 4 2 Vestas
3MW,1
Bonus
2.3MW
and 1
Nordex
2.3MW
Samsø Denmark 2003 23 10 Bonus 2.3
MW
North Hoyle UK 2003 60 30 Vestas
2MW
Nysted Denmark 2004 158 72 Bonus
2.3MW
Arklow Bank Ireland 2004 25.2 7 GE 3.6 MW
Scroby Sands UK 2004 60 30 Vestas 2
MW
Totals 587 316
Planned German Windfarms in the North Sea Planned German Wind Farms in the Baltic Sea
6
Germany: State Guaranteed Tariffs for 20 Years FIRST OFFSHORE WIND FARM IN GERMANY
• 14. July 2005: First German Offshore Wind Farm.
• The commercial banks hesitated to finance.The German Ministry for the
Environment now supports the first German offshore windfarm with 5
million Euros. It will be operational in 2007 and situated in the North Sea
outside the Island of Borkum.
• The windfarm will have a total capacity of almost 60 MW and consist of
• 4 x PROKON 5 MW
• 4 x REPOWER 5 MW
• 4 x ENERCON 4,5 MW
• The large power companies, Vattenfall, e.on and E.W.E. provides the
cabeling.
• Source: Die Zeit
United Kingdom: Offshore Projects Total technical Costs of European Wind Farms
Photos show 2 Vestas 2
MW windmills near
Blyth Harbour
Source: IEA
European Offshore Windfarms in 2000 and 2004 Offshore Wind Energy Policy in Denmark
Læsø
• Reduce CO2 emission
with 50% before 2030
• 40% of electricity from
Wind Energy (2005: 22%)
• Six demo projects:
– Horns Rev 2002
– Nysted 2004
Horns Rev – Samsø 2003
– Tunø 1996
Omø – Vindeby 1992
– Middelgrunden 2001
Nysted
Source: IEA
7
SUMMARY OF EUROPEAN OFFSHORE EXPERIENCES
Offshore is complicated!
• Both measurements and modelling have a role.
• Specific site resource estimation still requires on-site
HORNS REV, DENMARK.
measurements.
• Reliability of Technology still causes surprises. THE FIRST LARGE OFFSHORE WINDFARM
• The offshore resource is as large as current EU IN THE WORLD
electricity consumption, 320 TWh/y
• Overall estimate of 140 GW is much larger than the EU
White Paper target of 10 GW in 2010
Horns Rev Offshore Wind Farm CABLE CONNECTION TO HORNS REV WIND FARM, NORTH SEA
Installation during
the summer months
2002 of 8o Vestas
windmills at Horns
Rev
Horns Rev: 80 turbines, V80-2.0 MW
Source: ELSAM
Power interfacing at Horns Rev
Measure-
ments of
wind and
waves at
Horns Rev
Source: Elsam
8
Loading Windmills in Esbjerg Harbour
FROM HORNS REV 1:
• Almost 2 % of the total Danish electricity
consumption
• The total annual, Danish electricity
consumption amounted to 34,913 GWh in
2001.
• The production from the Horns Rev wind farm
is expected to reach 600 GWh
Horns Rev: Purpose built Vessel Ship Crane with Telescope Support to Sea Bottom
Source: Vestas
Source: Vestas
Horns Rev: Work in Progress 1 Specialized vessels in operation in the North Sea
Source: Vestas
9
Horns Rev: Work in Progress 2 Offshore
Offshore construction
construction
Offshore developments are more costly and
more dependent on weather conditions
during windmill erection. The wind farm at
Horns Rev off the West coast of Denmark
used modified crane vessels and optimized
on-shore type windmills to reduce costs.
Source: www.hornsrev.dk
Source: Vestas
Heli-hoist platform Horns Rev, Denmark
At Horns Rev in
the North Sea,
30 kilometers
off the Danish
coast, 80 Vestas
windmills, with
a capacity each
of 2 MW were
installed in 2002.
World’s first
large windfarm
at Sea.
Source: Vestas
Horns Rev: 80 Windmills each 2 MW
BIRDS, FISHERY, COSTS AND
INVESTMENTS CONCERNING
OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY
Source: Vestas
10
OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY AND FISHING OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY AND BIRDS
Experiences reported from Middelgrunden, Copenhagen, Reported from Blyth Harbour, England:
Denmark, (2001):
• ”...appropriately positioned windfarms do
• “Extensive netting takes place in the area, primarily for not pose a significant hazard for birds.”
eel, cod and flatfish. Compensation was settled with
the local fishermen, as fishing was prohibited during • “ For example, the 9 harbour-wall windmills
construction. at Blyth are in a busy bird area. Of the bird
flights through the wind farm, only 1 in
• Now fishing can resume as before, but no tool scraping 10.000 have resulted in a collision. This
the bottom may be used and it is prohibited to anchor translates to 1-2 collisions per year per
within 200 meters from the sea cable. In the future the windmill. To put the issue into perspective,
foundations are likely to serve as a reef and create a every year more than 10 million birds are
habitat for bottom animals and thus for more fish in killed by cars in UK.”
the future”. • Source: “The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds” and WWF
OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY IN ASIA DANISH FARMER INVESTED IN 2,3 MW OFFSHORE WINDMILL
China to build wind farms offshore • “We estimate the pay-back time to be between ten and twelve years.”
(Agencies)
Updated: 2005-05-16 20:48
• That is exactly what Jörgen Tranberg (48) has calculated for his own sake.
BEIJING, China -- China has unveiled plans to make offshore wind
farms a key part of its renewable energy program within two or • Together with a partner, he bought windmill No. 8 of Samsoe Havvind and
three decades. he reckons as follows: “We estimate the output of one windmill at 8
million kilowatt-hours, for which a price of DKK 0,43 or € 0.058 is
The wind turbines, which would be built 50 kilometers (30 miles) guaranteed. Yet, the market price in Denmark is DKK 0,33 or € 0,044.
out to sea, would be ideally situated to supply clean power to the It is even possible to receive an additional DKK 0,17 or € 0,023 on top
populous and booming east coast area. of the guaranteed price, if you bring in smaller and old windmills”
"Offshore wind sites are close to the main electricity load centers • “Not that I do this for money”, he specifies. As a farmer with 110 dairy
in eastern China, so offer great potential for future energy cows and annual quota of some 1 million liters of milk, his claim that he
supply," Shi Pengfei, vice-chairman of the Chinese Wind Energy can make a living without having a windmill can easily be understood. He
is a man with a sense for current trends.
Association, told a conference this month.
Source: V. Kantor
MIDDELGRUNDEN -
DANISH COOPERATIVE OFFSHORE WINDFARM
Offshore windfarm at Middelgrunden, near Copenhagen, between
Sweden and Denmark
11
Middelgrunden Windfarm, at Port of Copenhagen Bonus Windmills are shipped to the destination
20 Bonus windmills, each 2 MW
Source:Samsø
Installation of 2,2 MW Bonus Windmill Middelgrunden Offshore Wind Farm
20 Bonus
windmillS of
each 2 MW.
Joint venture
of 8.500 local
residents and
the
Copenhagen
Utility
MIDDELGRUNDEN – 2002 PRODUCTION FIGURES MIDDELGRUNDEN – 2005 PRODUCTION FIGURES
12
Folkecenter on-shore Pilot Project 1992
4 Folkecenter
525 KW windmills
FOLKECENTER on the North Sea
ON-THE-NORTH SEA COAST PROJECT IN beach in
Hanstholm,
HANSTHOLM,
Denmark. The
1992 concrete
foundations
serve as coastal
protection. In
operation since
1992
525 kw Folkecenter Windmill at North Sea Coast
Joining hub and blade (left); Rotor is hoisted by cranes for assembly
(middle); the rotor is joining the nacelle (right). Folkecenter, Hanstholm,
1992)
FOLKECENTER 525 KW ON-THE-COAST WINDMILL, FROM 1992.
PRODUCTION
FIGURES per
MONTH AND
2002 TOTAL:
1.640.000 kWh.
ANNUAL
OTHER NEAR SHORE WINDMILL PROJECTS
AVERAGE
1993-2002:
1.473.000 kWh
13
ODDESUND NEAR-SHORE WINDFARM FROM 1985 Lynetten Windfarm, Port of Copenhagen
Built and operated by
local City Cooperative
20 Bonus 95 KW
windmills in rough
water near the
North Sea. Is still
in operation.
Near Shore Wind Energy in Denmark Offshore Windfarms in Denmark
6% of Denmark’s electricity supply comes from offshore.
EXAMPLES OF NEAR-SHORE WIND ENERGY Innovative and future offshore concepts
• 1 MW BONUS windmills in Denmark
• 2 MW Scanwind windmill in Norway
Floating Foundations and
• 4,5 MW Enercon windmill in Germany integrated maritime
landscapes:
To be considered at deep sea
waters depending on
research, and experiences
from existing offshore
projects.
14
4th World Wind Energy Conference 2005
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See You in Melbourne, Australia! !Preben Maegaard
[email protected] www.WWEC2005.com
[email protected] & Test-
Test-site for små
små vindmø
vindm
[email protected]
www.folkecenter.net
Thank You for
Your Attention!
WWW.WWINDEA.ORG
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