The topic and subject markers は and が

The particle "は" (pronounced as "わ" when used as a particle) is the topic marker denoting topic of discussion, while
"が" is the subject marker and marks a noun that performs an action. The difference between the two tends to cause
confusion among beginners but their usage can be summed up as matter of focus.
The topic particle "は" is used when introducing a topic and gives focus to the action of the sentence (i.e., the verb
or the adjective). The subject marker "が" is used when emphasizing the subject giving focus to the subject of the
action.
One can also think of it as replacing "~は" with the phrase "as for ~", "on the topic of ~" or "regarding ~" to
distinguish it from "が". While these phrases aren't common in English we can use these expressions here to better
show the main difference between "は" and "が".

ねこは たべて います。 The cat is eating (or: Regarding the cat, it is eating.)
ねこが たべて います。 The cat is eating (as opposed to someone else).
きみ は つよい。 You are strong.
きみ が つよい。 You are strong (only you and not anyone else)
あれ は でんわ だ。 That's the telephone.
あれ が でんわ だ。 That's the telephone (and not anything else)

The difference can also be displayed by using both subject and topic markers in one sentence:

わたしは あなたが すき です。 I like you. (Or literally: as for me, like you.)
わたしは わさびが きらい です。 I dislike/hate wasabi. (Or: As for me, hate wasabi.)
あなたは えいごが じょうず です。 Your English is good! (Or: As for you, English good!)

One has to be careful using both "は" and "が" in one sentence. If a verb is actually acting on the (direct) subject,
usually a different particle (like を) has to be used.
"は" is generally more flexible, because the "it" can be assumed, and is therefore recommended to novices who
have not grasped the difference between the two.
"は" also has the specialized function of being used for comparisons as well.

ねこが います。 There is a cat.

いぬが います。 There is a dog.
ねこは たべて います けど, いぬは たべて いません。 The cat is eating, but the dog is not.

Often the grammatical subject may also be the topic. In this case, "は" normally replaces "が". However, if the
subject is never known, you cannot use "は" and must use "が". This is similar to using pronouns: You can't state, "It
is over there", without first stating what "it" may be.

The direct object marker を

The particle "を" (pronounced "お") is the direct object marker and marks the recipient of an action.

おさけ を のむ。 To drink sake.

ざっし を よむ。 To read a magazine.
ねこ が みず を のんで います。 The cat is drinking water.

It also indicates the place through which the action occurs:

 そら を とぶ。 To fly through the sky
みち を あるく。 To walk down the street

As with much of the language, parts of a sentence that can be assumed from context are often omitted and the
direct object particle is commonly dropped in conversational (colloquial) Japanese.

The indirect object marker に

"に" marks the verb's indirect object (i.e. the destination of a targeted verb action) translating as "to", "in", "at" or "by".
It also indicates the location touched or affected by an event or action:

ほしにとんでいく。 Fly to the stars.

友だちに プレゼントを あげる。 Give a present to a friend.
せんせい に いう。 To tell (something) to the teacher.
学校に いる。 To be at school.
うち に いる。 To be at home.
どようび に あう。 To meet on Saturday

The particle "へ" described below is used exclusively for marking the destination.

The destination marker へ

へ (pronounced "え" when used as a particle) indicates the direction of an action, roughly the equivalent of "to" or
"toward" in English.

おかあさんはみせへ いく。 Mother is going to the store.

東京へ いく。 To go to Tokyo.

The question marker か

Placing か at the end of a sentence changes a statement into a question. Use it at the end of a verb to make it a
question, or at the end of an interrogative pro-form to make it into a demonstrative pronoun.

私は男ですか Am I a man?
これは どういうもの です か。 How do you describe this?
ねこ は います か。 Is there a cat?
どこ か いきました か。 Did you go somewhere?

For more on the question marker, see: Sentence ending particles.

The possessive marker の

"の", is most commonly used as a possessive marker (similar to the English "'s").

せんせいのりんご。 The teacher's apple

わたし の かばん。 My bag.
かれ の とけい。 His watch.

The particle can also function as a noun link, indicating that the preceding noun (or adjectival noun) modifies the
following noun.
 とうきょうの たてもの。 Buildings in/of Tokyo.
みどり の ほん。 A green book.

It can also be used for nominalisation, converting verbs and (proper) adjectives into nouns.

よむ の が いい。 Reading is good.

Note that in this last example two particles are used together: の and が: the first makes the action a noun, and the
second tells that this action is what the sentence is all about.

The exhaustive list conjunction と

This particle acts as a conjunction on the words it separates. Unlike conjunctions of more than two words in English,
where only the last two are separated with an "and" and the rest with commas, the Japanese conjunction separates
each word and commas are not used.

これ と それ が みどり です。 This and that are green.

ほん と ざっし。 A book and a magazine.
There is a pen, a pencil, an eraser and a ruler in the
かばんに ペン と えんぴつ と 消しゴム と 定規がある。
bag.

This applies to exhaustive lists, i.e. when all objects are explicitly mentioned.
The particle is used to indicate parallelism with the subject, often meaning "with":

彼 と 話をしました。 I spoke with him.

彼女 と いった。 {I/He/She/They} went with her.
スミスさん と テニス を しました。 (I) played tennis with Smith"
わたし は あなた と けっこん する。 I will marry you. (I will get married with you)

The incomplete list marker や[edit]

This particle is used to connect various words implying that the listing is not exhaustive. The particle "など" may be
added after the list to emphasise that the list is incomplete.

Noun Particle Noun ... など

ほん や ペン があります。 There are books and pens (among other things).

ほん や ざっし。 A book and a magazine (among other things).
卵 や サラダ や 鳥肉 など が必要だ。 (I) need eggs, salad, chicken and such.

The "also" marker も

も is quite simply a marker that says "also". It replaces the particles は, が and を but can also follow other particles.
This can also be used to form a large list of words all acting as though one of the basic particles (は, を, or が) were
affecting the whole list.

Subject Particle Verb

 ねこ も のみます。 The cat also drinks.
わたし も いく I'm going too.
しょうねん も しょうじょ も じょせい も だんせい も にんげん です。 Boys, girls, women and men are human.
Related content

 Pro-forms

Worth noting is that used with an interrogative pro-form (e.g. who, where, how) the も particle negates the pro-form:

だれも① anybody
e.g. だれもが知っていること General knowledge.
だれも② nobody
e.g. だれもいない Nobody's here.

The means particle で

The particle で can be used in several situations indicating means. These can be for example an instrument, a
location or a language.

Means Particle Verb

だいがくに なんで いきますか。 By what means do you go to University?

じてんしゃで いきます。 I go by bicycle.
くるまで いく。 I go by car.
わたしは レストラン で たべます。 I eat at a restaurant.
スミスさんと こうえん で テニスを しました。 I played tennis with Smith at the park."
がっこう で ならう。 To learn at school.

As a note of interest, the で from the copula である is also actually an instrumental-maker. で marks the whole
previous expression instrumental to the verb ある. However, this is the classical meaning of the copula and
rarely explicitlytreated this way in modern Japanese.

Origin and limit から and まで

These particles indicate the starting point or border of an action. This may be a location as well as a time and
corresponds roughly with "from" and "until".

とうきょう から くる。 Come from Tokyo.

やま まで いく。 To go to the mountains.
じかん きゅうじ ごじ The hours are from 9 to 5.
時 間は 9 時 から 5 時まで です。