0% found this document useful (0 votes)

202 views

Class 10 Mathematics Part 2 of 2

1) The document provides a summary of topics to be covered in Class 10 math including circles, constructions, heights and distances, mensuration, probability, quadratic equations, arithmetic progressions, and coordinate geometry. 2) It includes examples and solutions demonstrating properties of circles such as tangents being perpendicular to radii, lengths of tangents from an external point being equal, and angles between tangents and chords being equal. 3) The examples show how to use circle properties to prove statements such as a parallelogram being a rhombus if its sides touch a circle, and the segment joining points of contact of parallel tangents passing through the circle's center.

Uploaded by

VISHNU PANDEY

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

202 views

Class 10 Mathematics Part 2 of 2

Uploaded by

VISHNU PANDEY

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 52

Download FREE Study Package from www.TekoClasses.com & Learn on Video www.MathsBySuhag.

com
Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 98930 58881 Maths Class-X Page No. 1

S.No. Topics Pages

1. Circles 1-5
2. Constructions 6-11
3. Heights and Distances 12-
12-16
4. Mensration 16-
16-28
5. Probability 29-
29-32
6. Quadratic Equations 33-
33-39
7. Arithmetic Progression 40-
40-43
8. Co-
Co-Ordinate Geometry 44-
44-52

C L A S S E S
..... the support

9.1 CIRCLE
CIRCLES 
A circle is the locus of a points which moves in a plane in such a way that its distance from a fixed point
remains constant.
9.2 SECANT AND TANGENT :
⇒ Secant to a circle is a line which intersects the circle in two distinct points.
⇒ A tangent to a circle is a line that intersects the circle in exactly one point.
9.3 THEOREM :
Statement : A tangent to a circle i perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.

Given : A circle C (O, r) and a tangent AB at a point P.

To prove : OP ⊥ AB
Construction :
Take any points Q, other than P on the tangent AB. Join OQ. Suppose OQ meets the circle at R.
Proof: Among all line segments joining the point O to a point on AB, the shorted one is perpendicular to
AB. So, to prove that OP ⊥ AB, it is sufficient to prove that OP is shorter than any other segment
joining O to any point of AB.
Clearly OP = OR Now, OQ OR + RQ
⇒ OQ > OR ⇒ OQ > OP (∴ OP = OR)
Thus, OP is shorter than any other segment joining O to any point of AB.
Hence, OP ⊥ AB.
9.4 THEORM :
Statement : Lengths of two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.

Given: AP and AQ are two tangents drawn from a point A to a circle C (O, r).
To prove : AP = AQ
Construction : Join OP, OQ and OA.

Proof : In ∆ AOQ and ∆ APO

∠OQA = ∠OPA [Tangent at any point of a circle is perp. to radius through the point of contact]

AO = AO [Common] OQ = OP [Radius]
So, by R.H.S. criterion of congruency ∆AOQ ≅ ∆AOP
∴ AQ = AP [By CPCT] Hence Proved.
Result: :
Result
(i)(i) If Iftwo
two tangents
tangents areare drawn
drawn tocircle
to a a circle
fromfrom an external
an external point,
point, thenthen
theythey subtend
subtend equalequal
anglesangles
at theat
the centre. ∠ OAQ =
centre. ∠OAQ = ∠OAP [By CPCT]∠ OAP [By CPCT]
(ii)(ii) If Iftwo
twotangents
tangentsare
are drawn
drawn to
to aacircle
circlefrom
fromanan
external point,
external theythey
point, are are
equally inclined
equally to theto the
inclined
segment, joining the centre to that point ∠ OAQ = ∠ OAP
segment, joining the centre to that point ∠OAQ = ∠OAP [By CPCT] [By CPCT]

Ex. 1 If all the sides of a parallelogram touches a circle, show that the parallelogram is a rhombus.
gm
Sol. Given : Sides AB, BC, CD and DA of a ABCD touch a circle at P,Q,R and S respectively.
gm
To prove ABCD is a rhombus.
Proof : AP = AS .......(i)
BP = BQ .......(ii)
CR = CQ .......(iii)
DR = DS ........(iv)
[Tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal]
Adding (1), (2), (3) and (4), we get
⇒ AP + BP + CR + DR = AS + BQ + CQ + DS
⇒ (AP + BP) + (CR + DR) = (AS + DS_ + (BQ + CQ)
⇒ AB + CD = AD + BC
gm
⇒ AB + AB = AD + AD [In a ABCD, opposite side are equal]
⇒ 2AB = 2AD or AB = AD
But AB = CD AND AD = BC [Opposite sides of a gem]
gm
∴ AB = BC = CD = DA Hence, ABCD is a rhombus.
Ex.2 A circle touches the BC of a ∆ ABC at P and touches AB and AC when produced at Q and R respectively
1
as shown in figure, Show that = (Perimeter of ∆ ABC).
2
So. Given : A circle is touching side BC of ∆ ABC at P and touching AB and AC when produced at Q and R
respectively.
1
To prove : AQ = (perimeter of ∆ ABC)
2
Proof : AQ = AR .......(i)
BQ = BP .......(ii)
CP = CR ........(iii)
[Tangents drawn from and external point to a circle are equal]
Now, perimeter of ∆ ABC = AB + BC + CA
= AB + BP + PC + CA
= (AB + BQ) + (CR + CA) [From (ii) and (iii)]
= AQ + AR = AQ + AQ [From (i)]
1
AQ = (perimeter of ∆ ABC).
2
Ex.3 Prove that the tangents at the extremities of any chord make equal angles with the chord.
Sol. Let AB be a chord of a circle with centre O, and let AP and BP be the tangents at A and B respectively.
Suppose, the tangents meet at point P. Join OP. Suppose OP meets AB at C.

We have to prove that

∠PAC = ∠PBC
In triangles PCA and PCB
PA = PB [ ∴ Tangent from an external point are equal]

∠APC = ∠BPC [ ∴ PA and PB are equally inclined to

OP]
And PC = PC [Common]
So, by SAS criteria of congruence
∆PAC ≅ ∆BPC ⇒ ∠PAC = ∠PBC [By CPCT]
Ex.4 Prove that the segment joining the points of contact of two parallel tangents passes through the centre.
Sol. Let PAQ and RBS be two parallel tangents to a circle with centre O. Join OA and OB. Draw OC PQ Now,
PA CO

0
⇒ ∠PAO + ∠COA = 1800 [Sum of co-interior angle is 180 ]
⇒ 900 + ∠COA = 1800 [∴ ∠PAO = 90]
⇒ ∠COA = 900
Similarly, ∠CON = 900
∴ ∠COA + ∠COB = 900 + 900 = 1800 Hence, AOB is a straight line passing through O.

DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEMS # 9

OBJECTIVE DPP - 9.1

1. The length of the tangent drawn from a point 8 cm away from the centre of a circle of radius 6 cm is
(A) 7 cm (B) 2 7 cm (C) 10 cm (D) 5 cm
2. A tangent PQ at a point P of a circle of radius 5 cm meets a line through the centre O at a point Q, so that
OQ = 12 cm. Length of PQ is :
(A) 12 cm (B) 13 cm (C) 8.5 cm (D) 119 cm
3. If tangents PA and PB from a point P to a circle with centre O are inclined to each other at an angle of
800 then ∠POA is equal to
0 0 0 0
(A) 50 (B) 60 (C) 70 (D) 80
4. Two circle touch each other externally at C and AB is a common tangent to the circle. Then ∠ACB =
0 0 0 0
(A) 60 (B) 45 (C) 30 (D) 90
5. ABC is a right angled triangle, right angled at B such that BC = 6 am and AB = 8 cm. A circle with centre
O is inscribed in ∆ ABC. The radius of the circle is
(A) 1 cm (B) 2 cm (C) 3 cm (D) 4 cm
SUBJECTIVE DPP - 9.2
0
1. ABCD is a quadrilateral such than ∠D = 90 . A circle C (O, r) touches the sides AB, BC, CD and DA at
P, Q, R and S respectively. If BC = 38 cm, CD = 25 cm and BP = 27 cm, find r.
2. Two concentric circles are of radius 5 cm and 3 cm. Find the length of the chord of the larger circle which
touches the smaller circle.
3. In a circle of radius 5 cm, AB and AC are two chords, such that AB = AC = 6 cm. Find the length of chord
BC.
4. The radius of the incircle of a triangle is 4 cm and the segments into which one side is divided by the
point of contact are 6 cm and 8 cm. Determine the other two sides of the triangle.
5. In figure, and m are two parallel tangents at P and R. The tangent at Q makes an intercept ST
0
between and m. Prove that ∠SOT = 90

6. PQR is a right angled triangle with PQ = 12 cm and QR = 5 cm. A circle with centre O and radius x is
inscribed in ∆ PQR. Find the value of x.

7. From an external point P, two tangents PA and PB are drawn to the circle with centre O. Prove that OP is
the perpendicular dissector of AB.
8. Two tangent TP and TQ are drawn to a circle with centre O from an external point T. Prove
that ∠PTQ = 2∠OPQ .
9. A circle touches the sides of a quadrilateral ABCD at P, Q, R, S respectively. Show that the angles
subtended at the centre by a pair of opposite sides are supplementary.
10. In figure, a circle touches all the four sides of a quadrilateral ABCD with AB= 6 cm, BC = 7 cm and CD =
4 cm. Find AD. [CBSE - 2002]

11. Prove that the lengths of the tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
Using the above, do the following :
In figure, TP and TQ are tangents from T to the circle with centre O and R is any point on the circle. If AB
is a tangent to the circle at R, prove that
TA + AR = TB + BR. [CBSE - 208]

0
12. In figure, if ∠ATO = 40 , find ∠AOB [CBSE - 2008]

13. In figure OP is equal to diameter of the circle. Prove that ABP is an equilateral triangle. [CBSE - 2008]

ANSWERS
(Objective DPP 9.1)
Qus. 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. B D A D B

(Subjective DPP 9.2)

1. 14 cm 2. 8 cm 3. 9.6 cm 4. 13 cm and 15 cm

6. 2 cm 10. 3 cm 12. 1000

C L A S S E S
..... the support

CONSTRUCTION 

10.1 DIVISION OF A LINE SEGENT :
In order to divide a line segment internally is a given ratio m: n, where both m and n are positive integers,
we follow the following steps:
Step of construction :
(i) Draw a line segment AB of given length by using a ruler.
(ii) Draw and ray AX making an acute angle with AB.
(iii) Along AX mark off (m + n) points A1, A2,..., Am+n such that AA1 = A1A2 = ....=Am+n+Am+n.
(iv) Join B Am+n
(v) Through the point Am draw a line parallel to Am+n B by making an angle equal to ∠AA m+nB at Am.
Suppose this line meets AB at a point P.
The point P so obtained is the required point which divides AB internally in the ratio m : n.

Ex.1 Divide a line segment of length 12 cm internally in the ratio 3 : 2.

Sol. Following are the steps of construction.
Step of construction :
(i) Draw a line segment AB = 12 cm by using a ruler.
(ii) Draw any ray making an acute angle ∠BAX with AB.
(iii) Along AX, mark-off 5 (=3 + 2) points A1,A2,A3,A4 and A5 such that AA1 = A1A2 = A2A3 = A3A4 =
A4A5.
(iv) Join BA5
(v) Through A3 draw a line A3P parallel to A5B by making an angle equal to ∠AA 5 B at A3
intersecting
AB at a point P.

The point P so obtained is the required point, which divides AB internally in the ratio 3 : 2.
10.2 ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR DIVISION OF A LINE SEGMENT INTERNALLY IN A
GIVEN RATIO :
Use the following steps to divide a given line segment AB internally in a given ration m : n, where m and
natural members.
Steps of Construction :
(i) Draw a line segment AB of given length.
(ii) Draw any ray AZ making an acute angle ∠BAX with AB.
(iii) Draw a ray BY, on opposite side of AX, parallel to AX making an angle ∠ABY equal to ∠BAX .
Free Remedy Classes for class 10th, Plot No. 27, III- Floor, Zone-2, M.P. NAGAR, Bhopal
Download FREE Study Package from www.TekoClasses.com & Learn on Video www.MathsBySuhag.com
Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 98930 58881 Maths Class-X Page No. 7

(iv) Mark off a points A1, A2,....Am’ on AX and n points B1, B2,...Bn on BY such that AA1 = A1A2 = ...... =
Am-1 Am = B1B2 = ....Bn-1Bn.
(v) Join AmBn. Suppose it intersect AB at P.

The point P is the required point dividing AB in the ratio m : n.

Ex.2 Decide a line segment of length 6 cm internally in the ratio 3:4.
Sol. Follow the following steps :

Steps of Construction :
(i) Draw a line segment AB of length 6 cm.
(ii) Draw any ray AX making an acute angle ∠BAX with AB.
(iii) Draw a ray BY parallel to AX by making ∠ABY equal to ∠BAX .
(iv) Mark of three point A1,A2,A3 on AX and 4 points B1, B2m B3, B4 on BY such that AA1 = A1A2 = A2A3
= BB1 = B1B2 = B2B3 = B2B4.
(v) Join A3B4. Suppose it intersects AB at a point P.
Then, P is the point dividing AB internally in the ratio 3:4.
10.3 CONTRUCTION OF A TRIANGLE SIMILAR TO A GIVEN TRIANGLE :
Scale Factor : The ratio of the sides of the triangle to be constructed with the corresponding sides of the
given triangle is known as their scale factor.

Steps of Construction when m<n :

(i) Construct the given triangle ABC by using the given data.
(ii) Take any one of the three side of the given triangle as base. Let AB be the base of the given triangle.
(iii) At one end, say A, of base AB. Construct an acute angle ∠BAX below the base AB.
(iv) Along AX mark of n points A1, A2,A3,.....An such that AA1 = A1A2 = ..... =An-1An.
(v) Join An B.
(vi) Draw AmB’ parallel to An B which meets AB at B’. (vii) From B’ draw B’ C’ CB meeting AC at C’.
th
m
Triangle AB’C’ is the required triangle each of whose side is   of the corresponding side of ∆ ABC.
n

Ex.3 Construction a ∆ ABC in which AB = 5 cm, BC = 6 cm and AC = 7 cm. Now, construct a triangle similar
to ∆ ABC such that each of its side is two-third of the corresponding side of ∆ ABC.
Sol. Steps of Construction
(i) Draw a line segment AB = 5 cm.
(ii) With A as centre and radius AC = 7 cm, draw an arc.
(iii) With B as centre and BC= 6 cm, draw another arc, intersecting the arc draw in step (ii) at C.
(iv) Join AC and BC to obtain ∆ ABC.
(v) Below AB, make an acute angle ∠BAX .
2
(vi) Along AX, mark off three points (greater of 2 and 3 in ) A1,A2,A3 such that AA1 = A1A2 = A2A3.
3
(vi) Join A3B.

(viii) Draw A2B’ A3B, meeting AB at B’.

(iv) From B’, draw B’C’ BC, meeting AC at C’.
AB’C’ is the required triangle, each of the whose sides is two-third of the corresponding sides of ∆ ABC.
Steps of Construction when m > n: (i) Construct the given triangle by using the given data.
(ii) Take any of the three sides of the given triangle and consider it as the base. Let AB be the base of the
given triangle.
(iii) At one end, say A, of base AB construct an acute angle ∠BAX below base AB i.e. on the composite side of
the vertex C.
(iv) Along AX, mark-off m (large of m and n) points A1, A2,.....Am on AX such that AA1 = A1A2 = .... Am-1 Am.
(v) Join An to B and draw a line through Am parallel to An B, intersecting the extended line segment AB at B’.
(vi) Draw a line through B’ parallel to BC intersecting the extended line segment AC at C’.
(vii) ∆ AB’C’ so obtained is the required triangle.

0 0
Ex.4 Draw a triangle ABC with side BC = 7 cm, ∠B = 45 , ∠A = 150 Construct a triangle whose side are (4/3)
times the corresponding side of ∆ ABC.
Sol. In order to construct ∆ ABC, follow the following steps : (i) Draw BC = 7 cm.

Free Remedy Classes for class 10th, Plot No. 27, III- Floor, Zone-2, M.P. NAGAR, Bhopal
Download FREE Study Package from www.TekoClasses.com & Learn on Video www.MathsBySuhag.com
Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 98930 58881 Maths Class-X Page No. 9
0 0 0 0 0
(ii) At B construct ∠CBX = 45 and at C construct ∠BCY = 180 - (45 + 105 ) = 30
Suppose BC and CY intersect at A. ∆ ABC so obtained is the given triangle.
(iii) Construct an acute angle ∠CBZ at B on opposite side of vertex A of ∆ ABC.
4
(iv) Mark-off four (greater of 4 and 3 in ) points, B1,B2,B3,B4 on BZ such that BB2 - B1B2 = V2B3 = B3B4.
3
(v) Join B3 ( the third point) to C and draw a line through B4 parallel to B3C, intersecting the extended
line segment BC at C’.
(vi) Draw a line through C’ parallel to CA intersecting the extended line segment BA at A’ Triangle
A’BC’ so obtained is the required triangle such that
A ' B' BC' A ' C' 4
= = =
AB BC AC 3

10.4 CONSTRCUTION OF TANGENT TO A CIRCLE :

10.4 (a)To Draw the Tangent to a Circle at a Given Point on it, When the Centre of the Circle is
Known :
Given : A circle with centre O and a point P and it.
Required : To draw the tangent to the circle at P.
Steps of Construction.
(i) Join OP.
(ii) Draw a line AB perpendicular to OP at the point P. APB is the required tangent at P.

Ex.5 Draw a circle of diameter 6 cm with centre O. Draw a diameter AOB. Through A or B draw tangent to the
circle.
Sol. Given : A circle with centre O and a point P on it.
Required : To draw tangent to the circle at B or A.
Steps of Construction.
(i) With O as centre and radius equal to 3 cm ( 6 ÷ 2 ) draw a circle.
(ii) Draw a diameter AOB.
(iii) Draw CD ⊥ AB.
(iv) So. CD is the required tangent.

10.4 (b) To Draw the Tangent to a Circle at a Given Point on it, When the Centre of the Circle is not Known
:
Given : A circle and a point P on it.

Required : To draw the tangent to the circle at P.

Steps of Construction
(i) Draw any chord PQ and Joint P and Q to a point R in major arc PQ (or minor arc PQ).
(ii) Draw ∠QPB equal to ∠PRQ and on opposite side of chord PQ.
The line BPA will be a tangent to the circle at P.

Ex.6 Draw a circle of radius 4.5 cm. Take a point P on it. Construct a tangent at the point P without using the
centre of the circle. Write the steps of construction.
Sol. Given : To draw a tangent to a circle at P.
Steps of Construction
(i) Draw a circle of radius = 4.5 cm.
(ii) Draw a chord PQ, from the given point P on the circle.
(iii) Take a point R on the circle and joint PR and QR.

(iv) Draw ∠QPB = ∠PRQ on the opposite side of the chord PQ.
(v) Produce BP to A. Thus, APB is the required tangent.

10.4 (c) To Draw the Tangent to a Circle from a Point Outside it (External Point) When its Centre is known
:
Given : A circle with centre O and a point P outside it.
Required : To construct the tangents to the circle from P.
Steps of Construction :
(i) Join OP and bisect it. Let M be the mid point of OP.
(ii) Taking M as centre and MO as radius, draw a circle to intersect C (O, r) in two points, say A and B
(iii) Join PA and PB. These are the required tangents from P to C(O,r)

Ex.7 Draw a circle of radius 2.5 cm. From a point P, 6 cm apart from
the centre of a circle, draw two tangents to the circle.
Sol. Given : A point P is at a distance of 6 cm from the centre of a
circle of radius 2.5 cm
Required : To draw two tangents to the circle from the given
point P.
Steps of Construction :
(i) Draw a circle of radius 2.5 cm. Let it centre be O.
(ii) Join OP and bisect it. Let M be mid-point of OP.
(iii) Taking M as centre and MO as radius draw a circle to
intersect C in two points, say A and B.
(iv) Join PA and PB. These are the required tangents from P to C.
10.4 (d) To Draw Tangents to a Circle From a Point Outside it (When its Centre is not Known):
Given : P is a point outside the circle.
Required : To draw tangents from a point P outside the circle.
Steps of Construction :

(i) Draw a secant PAB to intersect the circle at A and B.

(ii) Produce AP to a point C, such that PA = PC.
(iii) With BC as a diameter, draw a semicircle.

(iv) Draw PD ⊥ CB, intersecting the semicircle at D.

(v) Taking PD as radius and P as centre, draw arcs to intersect the circle at T and T’.

(iv) Join PT and PT’. Then, PT and PT’ are the required tangents.

Ex.8 Draw a circle of radius 3 cm. From a point P, outside the circle draw two tangents to the circle without
using
the centre of the circle.
Given : A point P is outside the circle of radius 3 cm.
Required : To draw two tangents to the circle from the point P, without the use of centre.
Steps of constructing
(i) Draw a circle of radius 3 cm.
(ii) Take a point P outside the circle and draw a secant PAB, intersecting the circle at A and B.
(iii) Produce AP to C such that AP = CP.
(iv) Draw a semicircle, wit CB as a diameter.
(v) Draw PD ⊥ AB, intersecting the semi-circle AT D.
(vi) With PD as radius and P as centre draw two arcs to intersect the given circle at T and T’.
(vii) Joint PT and PT’. Which are the required tangents.

DAILY PRATICE PROBLEMS # 10

SUBEJCTIVE DPP -10.1
1. Draw a circle of radius 2.5 cm. Take a point P on it. Draw a tangent to the circle at the point P.
2. From a point P on the circle of radius 4 cm, draw a tangent to the circle without using the centre. Also,
write steps of construction.
3. Draw a circle of radius 3.5 cm. Take a point P on it. Draw a tangent to the circle at the point P, without
using the centre of the circle.
4. Draw a circle of radius 3 cm. Take a point P at a distance of 5.6 cm from the centre of the circle. From
the point P, draw two tangents to the circle.
5. Draw a circle of radius 4.5 cm. Take point P outside the circle. Without using the centre of the circle, draw
two tangents to the circle from the point P.
6. Construct a triangle ABC, similar to a given equilateral triangle PQR with side 5 cm. such that each of its
side is 6/7th of the corresponding side of the ∆ PQR.
7. Construct a triangle ABC. similar to a given isosceles triangle PQR with QR = 5 cm, PR = PQ = cm, such
that each of its side is 5/3 of the corresponding sides of the ∆ PQR.
8. Draw a line segment AB = 7 cm. Divide it externally in the ratio of
(i) 3 : 5 (ii) 5 : 3
0
9. Draw a ∆ ABC with side BC = 6 cm, AB = 5cm and ∠ABC = 60 . Construct a ∆ AB’C’ similar to ∆ ABC
3
such that sides of ∆ AB’C’ are of the corresponding sides of ∆ ABC. [CBSE - 2008]
4

C L A S S E S
..... the support

HEIGHTS & DISTANCES 

12.1 ANGLE OF ELEVATION :
In order to see an object which is at a higher
level compared to the ground level we are to
look up. The line joining the object and the eye
of the observer is known as the line sight and
the angle which this line of sight makes with the
horizontal drawn through the eye of the
observer is known as the angle of elevation.
Therefore, the angle of elevation of an object
helps in finding out its height (figure)

12.2 ANGLE OF DEPRESSION :

When the object is at a lower level tan the

observer’s eyes, he has to look downwards to
have a view of the object. It that case, the angle
which the line of sight makes with the horizontal
thought the observer’s eye is known as the
angle of depression (Figure).

ILLUSTRACTIONS :
EX.1 A man is standing on the deck of a ship, which is 8 m above water level. He observes the angle of
elevations of the top of a hill as 600 and the angle of depression of the base of the hill as 300. Calculation
the distance of the hill from the ship and the height of the hill. [CBSE = 2005]
Sol. Let x be distance of hill from man and h + 8 be height of hill which is required.
is right triangle ACB.

AC h h
⇒ tan 600 = = ⇒ 3=
BC x x

In right triangle BCD.

1 8
⇒ = ⇒ x=8 3
3 x
∴ Height of hill = h + 8 = 3.x + 8 = ( 3 )(8 3 )+ 8 = 32 m.
Distance of ship from hill = x = 8 3 m.
Ex.2 A vertical tower stands on a horizontal plane and is
surmounted by vertical flag staff of height 5 meters. At a
point on the plane, the angle of elevation of the bottom and
the top of the flag staff are respectively 300 and 600 find the
height of tower. [CBSE-2006]
Sol. Let AB be the tower of height h metre and BC be the height
of flag staff surmounted on the tower, Let the point of the
place be D at a distance x meter from the foot of the tower in
∆ ABD

AB
tan 300 =
AD
1 h
⇒ =
3 x
⇒ x = 3h …..(i)

AC
In ∆ ABD tan 600 =
AD
5+h 5+h
⇒ 3= ⇒ x= …….(ii)
x 3
From (i) and (ii)
5+h
⇒ 3 h ⇒ 3h = 5 + h
3
5
⇒ 2h = 5 ⇒ h=
= 2.5m So, the height of tower = 2.5 m
2
Ex.3 The angles of depressions of the top and bottom of 8m tall building from the top of a multistoried building
are 300 and 450 respectively. Find the height of multistoried building and the distance between the two
buildings.
Sol. Let AB be the multistoried building of height h and let the distance between two buildings be x meters.
∠XAC = ∠ACB = 450 [Alternate angles ∵ AX DE]
XAD = ADE = 300 [Alternate angles ∵ AX BC]
In ∆ ADE
AE
tan 300 =
ED
1 h−8
⇒ = (∵ CB = DE = x)
3 x
⇒ x = 3 (h − 8) …….(i)
In ∆ ACB
h
tan 450 =
x
h
⇒ 1= ⇒ x=h …….(ii)
x
Form (i) and (ii)

3 (h − 8) = h ⇒ 3h − 8 3 = h
⇒ 3h − h = 8 3 ⇒ h( 3 − 1) = 8 3
8 3 ( 3 + 1) 8 3 ( 3 + 1)
⇒ h= × ⇒ h= ⇒ h = 4 3( 3 + 1)
3 −1 3 +1 2
⇒ h = 4(3 + 3 ) metres
Form (ii) x = h
So, x = 4(3 + 3) metres Hence, height of multistoried building = 4(3 + 3 ) metres
Distance between two building = 4(3 + 3 ) metres
Ex.4 The angle of elevation of an aeroplane from a point on the ground is 450. After a flight of 15 sec, the
elevation changes to 300. If the aeroplane is flying at a height of 3000 metres, find the speed of the
aeroplane.
Sol. Let the point on the ground is E which is y metres from point B and let after 15 sec flight it covers x
metres distance.
In ∆ AEB.
0 AB 3000
tan 45 = ⇒ 1= ⇒ y = 3000 m ……(i)
EB y
In ∆ CED
CD
⇒ tan 300 =
ED
1 3000
⇒ = (∵ AB = CD)
3 x+y
⇒ x + y = 3000 3 ……(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii)
⇒ x + 3000 = 3000 3 ⇒ x = 3000 3 − 3000 ⇒ x = 3000( 3 − 1)

⇒ x = 3000 × (1.732 − 1) ⇒ x = 2196 m

Dis tan ce cov ered 2196
Speed of Aeroplane = = m / sec . = 146.4 m / sec .
Tiem taken 15
2196 18
= × Km / hr = 527.04 Km/hr
15 5
Hence, the speed of aeroplane is 527.04 Km/hr.
Ex.5 If the angle of elevation of cloud from a point h metres above a lake is α and the angle of depression of
its reflection in the lake is β , prove that the distance of the cloud from the point of observation
2h sec α
is .
tan β − tan α
Sol. Let AB be the surface of the lake and let C be a point of observation such that AC- h metres. Let D be the
position of the cloud and D’ be its reflection in the lake. Then BD = BD’.
In ∆ DCE

DE H
tan α = ⇒ CE = ……(i)
CE tan α

In ∆ CED’
ED'
tan β =
EC
h+H+h
⇒ CE =
tan β
2h + H
⇒ CE = ……(ii)
tan β
From (i) & (ii)
H 2h + H
⇒ = ⇒ Htan β = 2h tan α + H tan α
tan α tan β
⇒ Htan β − H tan α + 2h tan α ⇒ H(tan β − tan α ) = 2h tan α
2h tan α
⇒ H= ………(iii)
tan β − tan α
In ∆DCE
DE
Sin α =
CD
DE H
⇒ CD = ⇒ CD =
sin α sin α
Substituting the value of H from (iii)
sin α
2h
2h tan α cos α
CD = ⇒ CD =
(tan β − tan α ) sin α (tan β − tan α ) sin α
2h tan α
CD =
tan β − tan α
2h sec α
Hence, the distance of the cloud from the point of observation is Hence Proved.
tan β − tan α
Ex.6 A boy is standing on the ground and flying a kite with 100 m of string at an elevation of 300. Another boy
is standing on the roof of a 10 m high building and is flying his kite at an elevation of 450. Both the boys
are on opposite sides of both the kites. Find the length of the string that the second boy must have so
that the two kites meet.
Sol. Let the length of second string b x m.
In ∆ ABC
AC
Sin 300 =
AB
1 AC
= ⇒ AC = 50 m
2 100
In ∆AEF

AF
Sin 300 =
AE
1 AC − FC
=
2 x
1 50 − 10 1 40
= [ ∴ AC = 50 m, FC = ED = 10 m] =
2 x 2 x
x = 40 2m (So the length of string that the second boy must have so that the two kites meet = 40 2 m.)
DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEMS # 12
OBJECTIVE DPP - 12.1
1. Upper part of a vertical tree which is broken over by the winds just touches the ground and makes an
angle of 300 with the ground. If the length of the broken part is 20 metres, then the remaining part of the
trees is of length (A) 20 metres (B) 10 3 metres (C) 10 metres (D)
10 2 metres
2. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower as observed from a point on the horizontal ground is ‘x’. If we
move a distance ‘d’ towards the foot of the tower, the angle of elevation increases to ‘y’, then the height
of the tower is
d tan x tan y d tan x tan y
(A) (B) d(tan y + tan x) (C) d(tan y – tan x) (D)
tan y − tan x tan y + tan x
3. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower, as seen from two points A & B situated in he same line and
at distances ‘p’ and ‘q’ respectively from the foot of the tower, are complementary, then the height of the
p
tower is (A) pq (B) (C) pq (D) noen of these
q
50 3
4. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower at a distance of metres from the foot is 600. Find the
3
height of the tower
20
(A) 50 3 metres (B) metres (C) -50 metres (D) 50 metres
3
5. The Shadow of a tower, when the angle of elevation of the sun is 300, is found to be 5 m longer than
when its was 450, then the height of tower in metre is
5 5 5
(A) (B) ( 3 − 1) (C) ( 3 + 1) (D) None of these.
3 +1 2 2
SUBJECTIVE DPP - 12.2

1. From the top a light house, the angles of depression of two ships of the opposite sides of it are observed
to be α and β . If the height of the light house be h meters and the line joining the ships passes thought
h(tan α + tan β)
the foot of the light house. Show that the distance between the ships is meters.
tan α tan β
2. A ladder rests against a wall at angle α to the horizontal. Its foot is pulled away from the previous point
through a distance ‘a’, so that is slides down a distance ‘b’ on the wall making an angle β . With the
a cos α − cos β
horizontal show that =
b sin β − sin α
3. From an aeroplanne vertically above a straight horizontal road, the angle of depression of two
consecutive kilometer stone on opposite side of aeroplane are observed to be α and β . Show that the
tan α tan β
height of aeroplane above the road is kilometer.
tan α + tan β
4. A round balloon of radius ‘r’ subtends an angle θ at the eye of an observer while the angle of elevation
θ
of its centre is φ . Prove that the height of the centre of the balloon is r sin φ cosec .
2
5. A window in a building is at a height of 10 m from the ground. The angle of depression of a point P on the
ground from the window is 300. The angle of elevation of the top of the building from the point P is 600.
Find the height of the building.
6. A man on a cliff observers a boat at an angle of depression of 300 which is approaching the shore to the
point immediately beneath the observer with a uniform speed. Six minutes later, the angle of depression

of the boat is found to be 600. Find the total time taken by the boat from the initial point to reach the
shore.
7. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower two points ‘P’ and ‘Q’ at distances of ‘a’ and ‘b’ respectively
from the base and in the same straight line with it, are complementary. Prove that the height of the tower
is ab . [CBSE - 2004]
8 Two pillars of equal height are on either side of a road, which s 100m wide. The angles of elevation of the
0 0
top the pillars are 60 and 30 at a point on the road between the pillar. Find the position of the pint
between the pillars. Also find the height of each pillar, [CBSE - 2005]
5
9 At a point, the angle of elevation of a tower is such that its tangent is ,On walking 240mnearer the
12
3
tower, the tangent to the angle of elevation becomes , Find the height of the tower. [CBSE - 2006]
4
10 From a window ‘x’mtres high above the ground in a street, the angles of elevation and depression of the
top and foot of the other hose on the opposite side of the street are α and β respectively, Show that the
opposite house is x (1 + tan α cot β ) metres. [CBSE - 2006]
11 A pole 5m high is fixed on the top of a towel, the angle of elevation of the top of the pole observed
0
from a point ‘A’ on the ground is 60 an the angle of depression the point ;A; from the top of the tower is
0
45 Find the height of the tower. [CBSE - 2007]
0
12 The angle of elevation of a jet fighter from a point A on the ground is 60 After a flight of 15 seconds, the
0
angle o elevation changes to 30 If the jet is flying at a spies of 720km/fr, find the constant height at
which the jet is flying. [use 3 = 1.732] [CBSE - 2008]

ANSWERS
(Objective DPP 12 .1)
1 2 3 4 5
Q
A. C A C D C

(Subjective DPP 12.2)

5. 30 m 6. 9 min.
st nd
8. Height = 43.3 m, Position – point is 25 mfrom 1 end and 75 m from 2 end.
9. 225 m 11. 6.82 m 12. 2598 m.

C L A S S E S
..... the support

13.1
MENSURATION
MENSRTION:

Figure lying in a plane is called a plane figure. A plane figure made up of lines or curve or both, is said to
be a closed figure if it has on free ends. Closed figure in a plane covers some part of the plane, then
magnitude o that part of the plane is called the area of that closed figure. the unit of measurement of that
part of the plane is called the area of that closed figure. the unit o measurement of area is square unit
(i.e. square centimeter, square metre etc.)
13.1 (a)Mensuration of a Triangle:
perimeter = a + b + c
1
Area = × Base × Height
2
1
= ah
2
Heron’s formula: Area = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c )

a+b+c
Where’s = semi – perimeter =
2
13.1(b) Menstruation of a Rectangle:

Perimeter = 2( + b)
Area = × b
Length of diagonal = 2 + b 2

13.1(c) Menstruation of a Square:

Perimeter = 4 a
2
Area = a
Length of diagonal = a 2

13.1(d) Menstruation of a parallelogram:

Perimeter = 2 (a + b)
Area =ah1 = bh2

13.1(e)Mensuration of a Rhombus:
Perimeter = 4a = 2 d12 + d22
1
Area = d1d2
2

13.1 (f) Mensuration of a Quadrilateral:

Let AC = d
1
Area = d(h1 + h2 )
2

13.1(g) Menstruation of a Trapezium:

1
Area = h(a + b)
2

13.2 AREA RELTED TO CIRCLE:

Circle: Circle is a point, which moves so such a manner that its distance from a fixed point id always
equal. The fixed point is called center of the circle of the circle and the fixed distance is called radius of
the circle.
Area of circle (A) = πr 2 Circumference (C) = 2πr Diameter (D) = 2r
RESULTS:
(i) If two circles touch internally. then the distance between their centers is equal to the
difference of their radii,
(ii) If two circles touch externally, then the distance between their centers is equal to the sum of their radii.
(iii) Distance moved by a rotating wheel in one revolution is the circumference of the wheel.
(iv) Number of revolutions completed by a rotating wheel in one minute
Dis tan ce moved in one min ute
=
Circumference
0
(v) Angle described by minute hand is one minute = 6 .
0
(vi) Angle described by hour hand in one hour =30 .
Free Remedy Classes for class 10th, Plot No. 27, III- Floor, Zone-2, M.P. NAGAR, Bhopal
Download FREE Study Package from www.TekoClasses.com & Learn on Video www.MathsBySuhag.com
Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 98930 58881 Maths Class-X Page No. 18

13.5(a) Semicircle:
Perimeter = πr + 2r = ( π + 2)r
πr 2
Area (A) = Semi-Circle
2

13.2(b)Sector:
πr 2θ
Area (A) =
3600
πrθ
Length of arc ( ) =
1800
1
Area(A) = ××r Sector of a Circle
2
Perimeter = + 2r
13.2(c)Segment :
Shaded portion in the figure id called segment of a circle.

Minor segment Major segment

Minor Segment
Area of minor segment =Area of the sector -Area of triangle OAB
πr 2θ θ θ πr 2θ r 2
A= 0
− r 2 sin
cos OR A = − sin θ
360 2 2 3600 2
Here, segment ACB is called manor segment while ADB is called major segment.
13.3 MENSURATION (SOLID FIGURES) :
If any figure such as cuboids, which has three dimensions length, width and height are height are known
as three dimensional figures. Where as rectangle has only two dimensional i.e., length and width. Three
dimensional figures have volume in addition to areas of surface from which these soils figures are
formed.
Some of the main solid figures are:
13.3 (a) Cuboid:
Total Surface Area (T.S.A.) : The area of surface from which cuboid is formed. There are six faces
(rectangular), eight vertices and twelve edges n a cuboid.
(i)Total Surface Area (T.S.A.) = 2[0215b + b × h + h × ]
(ii) Lateral Surface Area (L.A.A.) = 2[b × h + h × ]

(or Area of 4 walls) = 2h[ + b]

(iii) Volume of Cuboid = (Area of base) × height

(iv) Length of diagonal = 2 + b 2 + h2

13.3 (b) Cube :

Cube has six faces. Each face is a square.

(i) T.S,A = 2[ . x + x. x + x. x]
=2 2x2 + x2 + x2]= 2(3x2) = 6x2

(ii) L.S.A. = 2 [x2 + x2] =4x2

(iii) Volume = (Area of base) × Height)

= (x2) . x = x3

(iv) Length of altitude = x 3

13.3 (c) Cylinder :

Curved surface area of cylinder (C.S.A.) : It is the area of surface from which the cylinder is formed.
When we cut this cylinder, we will find a rectangle with length 2πr and height h units.
(i) C.S.A. of cylinder = ( 2πr ) × h = 2πrh .
(ii) Total Surface Area (T.S.A.) :
T.S.A. = C.S.A. + circular top & bottom
= 2πrh + 2πr 2
= 2πr(h + r ) sq. units.
(iii) Volume of cylinder :
Volume = Area of base × height
= ( πr 2 ) × h
= πr 2h cubic units
13.3 (d) Cone :
(i) C.S.A. = πr
(II) T.S.A. = C.S.A. + Other area
= πr
= πr( + r )
1 2
(iii) Volume = πr h
3
Where, h = height
r = radius of base
= slant height

13.3 (e) Sphere :

T.S.A. = S.A. = 4πr 2

4 3
Volume = πr
3
13.3 (f) Hemisphere :
C.S.A = 2πr 2

T.S.A = C.S.A. + other area

= 2πr 2 + πr 2
= 3πr 2
2
Volume = πr 3
3
13.3 (g) Frustum of a Cone :
When a cone is cut by a plane parallel to base, a small cone is obtained at top and other part is obtained
at bottom. This is known as ‘Frustum of Cone’.
∆ ABC ~ ∆ ADE

AC AB BC
∴ = =
AE AD DE

h1 r
= = 1
h1 − h 1 − r2

h1 1 r
Or = = 1
h r1 − r2

1 2 1 2
Volume of Frustum = πr1 h1 − πr2 (h1 − h)
3 3

1 2
= π[r1 h1 − r22 (h1 − h)]
3

1  2  r1h  2  r1h  1  r13 − r23 

= πr1   − r2 
  − h  = πh  
3   r1 − r2   r1 − r2  3  r1 − r2 

1
3
[
πh r12 + r22 + r1r2
= ]
Curved Surface Area of Frustum = πr1 1 − πr2 ( 1 − )
  r   r   r2 r2 
= πr1  1  − r2  1 −  = π  1 − 2 
  r1 − r2   r1−r   r1 − r2 r1 − r2 
 2 
= π(r1 + r2 )
Total Surface Area of Frustum = CSA of frustum + πr12 + πr12 + πr22
= π(r1 − r2 ) + πr12 + r22

Slant height of a Frustum = h 2 + (r1 − r2 ) 2

where,
h - height of the frustum
r1 = radius of larger circular end
r2 = radius of smaller circular end
ILLUSTRACTION :
Ex.1 A chord of circle 14 cm makes an angle of 600 at the center of the circle. Find :
(i) area of minor sector (ii) area of the minor segment
(iii) area of the major sector (iv) area of the major segment
Sol. Given, r = 14 cm, θ = 600
θ
(i) Area of minor sector OAPB = 0
πr 2
360
60 0
= × 3.14 × 14 × 14
360 0
2
= 102.57 cm
πr 2 θ r2
(ii) Area of minor segment APB = − sin θ
360 0 2

14 × 14
= 102.57 - sin 60 0
2
3
= 102.57 – 98 ×
2
2
= 17.80 cm
(iii) Area of major sector = Area of circle - Area of minor sector OAPB
= π (14)2 - 102.57
= 615.44 - 102.57 = 512.87 cm2
(iv) Area of major segment AQB
= Area of circle - Area of minor segment APB
= 615.44 - 17.80
= 597.64 cm2.

Ex.2 ABCP is a quadrant of a circle of radius 14 cm. With AC as diameter, a semicircle is drawn. Find the area
of the shaded portion (figure).

Sol. In right angled triangle ABC,

we have.
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
AC2 = 142 + 142
AC = 2 × 14 2 = 14 2 cm
Now required Area = Area APCQA
= Area ACQA - Area ACPA
= Area ACQA - (Area ABCPA - Area of ∆ ABC)
2
 14 2 
1
= ×π×  −  1 × π(14) 2 + 1 × 14 × 14
  4 
2  2   2 
1 22 1 22
= × ×7 2 ×7 2 − × × 14 × 14 + 7 × 14
2 7 4 7
2
= 154 – 154 ÷ 98 = 98 cm
Ex.3 The diameter of cycle wheel is 28 cm. How many revolution will it make in moving 13.2 km ?
Sol. Distance traveled by the wheel is one revolution = 2πr
22 28
= 2× × = 88 cm
7 2
and the total distance covered by the wheel = 13.2 × 1000 × 100 cm
= 1320000 cm
1320000
∴ Number of revolution made by the wheel = = 15000.
88
Ex. 4 How many balls, each of radius 1 cm, can be made from a solid sphere of lead of radius 8 cm ?
4
Sol. Volume of the spherical ball of radius 8 cm = π × 8 3 cm 3
3
4
Also, volume of each smaller spherical ball of radius 1 cm = π × 13 cm 3 .
3
Let n be the number of smaller balls that can be made. Then, the volume of the larger ball is equal to the
sum of all the volumes of n smaller balls.
4 4
Hence, π × n = π × 8 3 ⇒ n = 8 3 = 512
3 3
Hence, the required number of balls = 512.
Ex.5 An iron of length 1 m and diameter 4 cm is melted and cast into thin wires of length 20 cm each. If the
number of such wires be 2000, find the radius of each thin wire.
Sol. Let the radius of each thin wire be r cm. The, the sum of the volumes of 2000 thin wire will be equal to the
volume of the iron rod. Now, the shape of the iron rod and each thin wire is cylindrical.
4
Hence, the volume of the iron rod of radius cm = 2 cm is π × 2 2 × 100cm 3
2
Again, the volume of each thin wire = πr 2 × 20
Hence, we have π × 2 2 × 100 = 2000 × πr 2 × 20
1 1
⇒ 40r 2 = 4 ⇒ r 2 = ⇒r= [Taking positive square root only]
100 10
1
Hence, the required radius of each thin wire is cm. of 0.1 cm.
10
Ex.6 By melting a solid cylindrical metal, a few conical materials are to be made. If three times the radius of
the cone is equal to twice the radius of the cylinder and the ratio of the height of the cylinder and the
height of the cone is 4 : 3 find the number of cones which can be made.
Sol. Let R be the radius and H be the height of the cylinder and let r and h be the radius and height of the
cone respectively. Then.
3r = 2R
and H : h = 4 : 3 .....(i)
H 4
⇒ =
h 3
⇒ 3H = 4h .....(ii)

Let be the required number of cones which can be made from the material of the cylinder. The,
the volume of the cylinder will be equal to the sum of the volumes of n cones. Hence, we have
n
πR 2 H = πr 2 h ⇒ 3R 2 H = nr 2 h
3
9r 2 4h
2 3× ×
3R H 4 3 3r 4h
⇒ n= 2
= 2
[ ∴ From (i) and (ii), R = and H = ]
r h r h 2 3
3× 9× 4
⇒ n=
3× 4
⇒ n=9
Hence, the required number of cones is 9.
Ex.7 The base diameter of solid in the form of a cone is 6 cm and the height of the cone is 10 cm. It is melted
and recast into spherical balls of diameter 1 cm. Find the number of balls, thus obtained.
Sol. Let the number of spherical balls be n. Then, the volume of the cone will be equal to the sum of the
volumes
6
of the spherical balls. The radius of the base of the cone = cm = 3 cm
2
1
and the radius of the sphere = cm
2
1
Now, the volume of the cone = π × 3 2 × 10cm 3 = 30πcm 3
3
3
4 1 π
and, the volume of each sphere = π   cm 3 = cm 3
3  
2 6
Hence, we have
π
n = 30π ⇒ n = 6 × 30 = 180
6
Hence, the required number of balls = 180.
Ex.8 A conical empty vessel is to be filled up completely by pouring water into it successively with the help of a
cylindrical can of diameter 6 cm and height 12 cm. The radius of the conical vessel if 9 cm and its height
is 72 cm. How many times will it required to pour water into the conical vessel to fill it completely, if, in
each time, the cylindrical can is filled with water completely ?
Sol. Let n be the required number of times. Then, the volume of the conical vessel will be equal to n times the
volume of the cylindrical can.
1
Now, the volume of the conical vessel = π × 9 2 × 72cm 3 = 24 × 81π cm 3
3
Add the volume of the cylindrical can = π × 3 2 × 12 cm 3 = 9 × 12 π cm 3
Hence , 24 × 81 π = 9 × 12 π × n
24 × 81
⇒n= = 18 Hence, the required number of times = 18.
9 × 12
Ex.9 The height of a right circular cylinder is equal to its diameter. It is melted and recast into a sphere of
radius equal to the radius of the cylinder, find the part of the material that remained unused.
h
Sol. Let n be height of the cylinder. Then, its diameter is h and so its radius is . Hence, its volume is
2
2
h πh 3
V1 = π  h =
2 4
h
Again, the radius of the sphere =
2
3
4 h πh 3
Hence, the volume of the sphere is V2 = π  =
3 2 6
πh 3 πh 3 πh 3 (3 − 2) πh 3 1 πh 3 1
∴ The volume of the unused material = V1 − V2 = − = = = =× = V1
4 6 12 12 3 4 3
1
Hence, the required volume of the unused material is equal to of the volume of the cylinder.
3
Ex.10 Water flows at the rate of 10 m per minute through a cylindrical pipe having its diameter as 5 mm. How
much time till it take to fill a conical vessel whose diameter of the base is 40 cm and depth 24 cm ?
Free Remedy Classes for class 10th, Plot No. 27, III- Floor, Zone-2, M.P. NAGAR, Bhopal
Download FREE Study Package from www.TekoClasses.com & Learn on Video www.MathsBySuhag.com
Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 98930 58881 Maths Class-X Page No. 23

5 1
Sol. Diameter of the pipe = 5 mm cm = cm.
10 2
1 1 1
∴ Radius of the pipe = × cm = cm.
2 2 4
In 1 minute, the length of the water column in the cylindrical pipe = 10 m = 1000 cm.
1 1
∴ Volume, of water that flows out of the pipe in 1 minute = π × × × 1000 cm 3 .
4 4
1
Also, volume of the cone = × π × 20 × 20 × 24 cm 3 .
3
1 1 1 
Hence, the time needed to fill up this conical vessel =  π × 20 × 20 × 24 ÷ π × × × 1000  minutes
3 4 4 
 20 × 20 × 24 4 × 4  4 × 24 × 16
= × = minutes
 3 1000  30
256
= minutes = 51.2 minutes.
5
Hence, the required time of 51.2 minutes.
3
Ex.11 A hemispherical tank of radius 1 is full of water. It is connected with a pipe which empties it at the rate
4
of 7 liters per second. How much time will it take to empty the tank completely ?
7 7
Sol. Radius of the hemisphere = m = × 100 cm = 175 cm
4 4
2
∴ Volume of the hemisphere = × π × 175 × 175 × 175 cm 3
3

The cylindrical pipe empties it at the rate of 7 liters i.e., 7000 cm 3 of water per second.

 2 22 
Hence, the required time to empty the tank =  × × 175 × 175 × 175 ÷ 7000 s
 3 7 

2 22 175 × 175 × 175 11 × 25 × 7 1925

= × × min = min = min
3 7 7000 × 60 3 × 2 × 12 72

≅ 26.75 min, nearly.

Ex.12 A well of diameter 2 m is dug 14 m deep. The earth taken out of its is spread evenly all around it to a
width of 5 m to from an embankment. Find the height of the embankment.
Sol. Let n be the required height of the embankment.
The shape of the embankment will be like the shape of a cylinder of internal radius 1 m and external
radius (5 + 1) m = 6 m [figure].
The volume of the embankment will be equal to the volume of the earth dug out from the well. Now, the
volume of the earth = volume of the cylindrical well
= π × 12 × 14 m 3
3
= 14 π m
Also, the volume of the embankment
2 2 3 3
= π (6 - 1 ) h cm = 35 π h m
Hence, we have
35 π h = 14 π
14 2
⇒ h= = = 0.4
35 5
Hence, the required height of the embankment = 0.4 m

Ex.13 Water in a canal, 30 dm wide and 12 dm deep, is flowing with a speed of 10 km/hr. How much area will it
irrigate in 30 minutes if 8 cm of standing water is required from irrigation.
500
Sol. Speed of water in the canal = 10 km. h = 10000 m.60 min = m/min.
3

 500 30 12  2 3
∴ The volume of the water flowing out of the canal in 1 minute =  × ×  m = 600 m
 3 10 10 
∴ In 30 min, the amount of water flowing out of the canal = (600 × 30) m 3 = 600 m 3
If the required area of the irrigated land is × m 2, then the volume of water to be needed to irrigate the land
 8  3 2x 3 2x 25
= x × m = m Hence, = 18000 ⇒ x = 18000 × = 225000
 100  25 25 2
Hence, the required area is 225000 m2.
Ex.14 A bucket is 40 cm in diameter at the top and 28 cm in diameter at the bottom. Find the capacity of the
bucket in litters, if it is 21 cm deep. Also, find the cost of tin sheet used in making the bucket, if the cost of
tin is Rs. 1.50 per sq dm.
Sol. Given : r1 = 20 cm r2 = 14 cm and h = 21 cm

πh 2
Now, the required capacity (i.e. volume) of bucket = (r1 + r1r2 + r22 )
3
22 × 21 3 3 3 19272
≅ ( 20 2 + 20 × 14 + 14 2 ) cm = 22 × 876 cm = 19272 cm = liters = 19.272 liters.
7×3 1000
Now, I = (r1 − r2 ) 2 + h 2 = ( 20 − 14) 2 + 212 cm = 6 6 + 212 cm = 36 + 441 cm = 477 cm ≅ 21.84 cm.
∴ Total surface area of the bucket (which is open at the top)
= π(r1 + r2 ) + πr22 = π[(r1 + r2 ) + r22 ] =
22
7
[
( 20 + 14)21.84 + 14 2 ]
3
= 2949.76 cm ∴ Required cost of the tin sheet at the rate of Rs. 1.50 per dm 2 i.e., per 100 cm 2
1.50 × 2949.76
= Rs ≅ Rs 44.25
100
Ex.15 A cone is divided into two parts by drawing a plane through a point which divides its height in the ratio 1 :
2 starting from the vertex and the place is parallel to the base. Compare the volume of the two parts.

Sol. Let the plane XY divide the cone ABC in the ratio AE : ED = 1 : 2, where AED is the axis of the cone. Let
r2 and r2 be the radii of the circular section XY and the base BC of the cone respectively and let h1 - h and
h1 be their heights [figure].

h1 3 3
Then, = ⇒ h= h
h 2 2
3
h
r1 h1
And = = 2 =3
r 2 h1 − h 1
h
2
∴ r1 = 3r2
Volume of cone AXY
1
= πr22 (h1 − h)
32
1 3 1 2
= πr22 ( h − h) = πr2 h
3 2 6
Volume of frustum XYBC
1 1 1
= πh(r12 + r22 + r1r2 ) = πh(9r22 + r22 + 3r22 ) = πh(13r22 )
3 3 3
1 2
πr2 h
Volume of cone AXY
So, = 6
Volume of frustum XYBC 13 2
πr2 h
3

Volume of cone AXY 1

= .
Volume of frustum XYBC 26
i.e. the ratio between the volume of the cone AXY and the remaining portion BCYX is 1 : 26.

DAILY PRACTIVE PROBLEMS # 13

OBJECTIVE DPP - 13.1

1. If BC passed through the centre of the circle, then the area of the shaded region in the given figure is
a2 π 
(A) (3 − π ) (B) a 2  − 1
2 2 
a2 π 
(C) 2a 2 ( π − 1) (D)  − 1
2 2 

2. The perimeter of the following shaded portion of the figure is:

(A) 40 m (B) 40.07 m

(C) 40.28 m (D) 35 m

3. If a rectangle of sides 5 cm and 15 cm is be divided into three squared of equal area, then the sides of
the squares will be :
(A) 4 cm (B) 6 cm (C) 7 cm (D) None

4. The area of the shaded region in the given figure is :

π π
(A) sq. units (B) units
3 2
π
(B) sq. units (D) π 2 sq. units
4

5. The area of the shaded portion in the given figure is :

(A) 7.5 π sq. units (B) 6.5 π sq. units

(C) 5.5 π sq. units (D) 4.5 π sq. units

6. In the adjoining figure, the radius of the inner circle, if other circles are of radii 1 m, is :

(A) ( 2 − 1)m (B) 2 m

1 2
(C) m (D) m
2 2

7. The height of a conical tent of the centre is 5cm. The distance of any point on its circular base from the
top of the tent is 13m. The area of the slant surface is :
(A) 144 π sq m (B) 130 π sq m (C) 156 π sq m (D) 169 π sq m
8. The radius of circle is increased by 1 cm, then the ratio of the new circumference to the new diameter is :
1
(A) π + 2 (B) π + 1 (C) π (D) π −
2
9. A hemispherical bowl of internal diameter 36 cm is full of some liquid. This liquid is to be filled in
cylindrical bottles of radius 3 cm and height 6 cm., Then no of bottles needed to empty the bowl.
(A) 36 (B) 75 (C) 18 (D) 144

10. There is a cylinder circumscribing the hemisphere such that their bases are common. The ratio of their
volume is
(A) 1 : 3 (B) 1 : 2 (C) 2 : 3 (D) 3 : 4
11. A sphere of radius 3 cms is dropped into a cylindrical vessel of radius 4 cms. If the sphere is submerged
completely, then the height (in cm) to which the water rises, is
(A) 2.35 (B) 2.30 (C) 2.25 (D) 2.15
12. If a rectangular sheet of paper 44 cm × 22 cm is rolled along its length of form a cylinder, then the volume
of cylinder in cm3 is
(A) 1694 (B) 3080 (C) 3388 (D) none of
these
13. Two cones have their heights in the ratio 1 : 3 and the radii of their bases are in the ratio 3 : 1 , then the
ratio of their volumes is
(A) 1 : 3 (B) 27 :1 (C) 3 : 1 (D) 1 : 27
14. The total surface area of a cube is numerically equal to the surface area of a sphere then the ratio of their
volume is
π π π 6
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 6 216 π
15. A cone is dived into two parts by drawing a plane through the mid point of its axis parallel to its base then
the ratio of the volume of two parts is
(A) 1 : 3 (B) 1 : 7 (C) 1 : 8 (D) 1 : 9

SUBJECTIVE DPP - 13.2

1. The area of a circle inscribed in an equilateral triangle is 154 cm2. Find the perimeter of the triangle.

2. The radii of two circles are 8 cm and 6 cm respectively. Find the radius of the circle having its area equal
to the sum of the areas of the two circles.

3. Figure, shows a sector of a circle, centre O, containing an angle θ0 . Prove that :

 πθ 
(i) Perimeter of the shaded region is r  tan θ + sec θ + − 1
 180 

r2  πθ 
(ii) Area of the shaded region is  tan θ − 
2  180 
4. The area of an equilateral triangle is 49 3 cm 2. Taking each angular point as centre, a circle is described
with radius equal to half the length of the side of the triangle as shown in figure. Find the area of the
triangle not included in the circle.

5. Find the area of the shaded region in figure. where ABCD is a square of side 10 cm. (use π = 3.14)

6. A hollow cone is cut by a plane parallel to the base and the upper portion is removed. If the curved
8
surface of the remainder is of the curved surface of whole cone, find the ratio of the line - segment into
9
which the cone’s altitude is divided by the plane.
7. A right - angled triangle whose sides are 15 cm and 20 cm, is made to revolve about its hypotenuse. Find
the volume and the surface area of the double cone so formed. [Take π ≅ 3.14]
8. 50 persons took dip in a rectangular tank which is 80 m long and 50 m broad. What is the rise in the level
of water in the tank, if the average displacement of water by a person is 0.04 m 3?
9. Water is flowing at the rate of 5 km per hour through a pipe of diameter 14 cm into a rectangular tank,
which is 50 m long and 44 m wide. Find the time in which the level of water in the tank will rise by 7 cm.
10. A circus tent is cylindrical to a height of 3 m and conical above it. If its base radius is 52.5 m and slant
height of the conical portion is 53 m, find the area of the canvas needed to make the tent.
11. The diameters external and internal surfaces of a hollow spherical shell are 10 cm and 6 cm respectively.
2
If it is melted and recast into a solid cylinder of length of 2 cm, find the diameter of the cylinder.
3
12. A cylindrical container of radius 6 cm and height 15 cm is fulled with ice-cream. The whole ice-cream has
to be distributed to 10 children in equal cones with hemispherical tops. If the height of the conical portion
is four times the radius of its base, find the radius of the ice-cream cone.
13. A hemi-spherical depression is cutout from one face of the cubical wooden block such that the diameter
of the hemisphere is equal to the edge of the cube., Determine the surface are of the remaining solid.
14. In figure there are three semicircles, A,B and C having diameter 3 cm each, and another semicircle E
having a circle D with diameter 4.5 cm are shown. Calculate. (i) the area of the shaded region
(ii) the cost of painting the shaded region of the 25 paisa per cm 2, to the nearest rupee.

15. The height of a cone is 30 cm. A small cone is cut off at the top by a plane parallel to the base. If its
1
volume be of the volume of the given cone, at what above the vase is the section made ?
27
16. A solid cylinder of diameter 15 cm and height 15 cm is melted and recast into 12 toys in the shape of a
right circular cone mounted on a hemisphere. Find the radius of the hemisphere and the total height of
the to if height of the conical par is 3 times its radius. [CBSE - 2005]
17. if the rail of the ends of bucket, 45 cm high are 28 cm and 7cm, determine the capacity and total surface
area of the bucket. [CBSE - 2006]
18. A tent is in the form of cylinder of diameter 4.2 m and height 4 m, surmounted by a cone of equal base
and height 2.8 m. Find the capacity of the tent and the cost of canvas for making the tent at Rs. 100 per
sq. m. ? [CBSE - 2006]
19. Water flows out through a circular pipe whose internal radius is 1 cm, at the rate of 80 cm/second into an
empty cylindrical tank, the radius of whose base is 40 cm. By how much will the level of water rise in the
tank in half an hour ? [CBSE - 2007]
20 A hemispherical bowl of internal radius 36 cm is full of liquid. The liquid is to be filled into cylindrical
shaped small bottles each of diameter 3 cm and height 6 cm. How many bottles are need to empty the
bowl ?
21 In figure ABC is a right - angled triangle right-angled at A. Semicircles are drawn on AB, AC and BC as
diameters. Find the area of the shaded region. [CBSE - 2008]

22. Find the permetre of figure , where AED is a semi-circle and ABCD is a rectangle. [CBSE - 2008]

23. A tent consists of a frustum of a cone, surmounted by a cone. If the diameters of the upper and lower
circular ends of the frustum b 14 m and 26 m respectively, the height of the frustum be 8 m and the slant
height of the surmounted conical portion be 12 m, find the area of canvas required to make the tent.
(Assume that the radii of the upper circular end of the frustum and the base of surmounted conical
portion are equal) [CBSE - 2008]
ANSWERS
(Objective DPP - 13.1)
Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. D C D A D A C C B C C C C B B

(Subjective DPP - 13.2)

1. 72.7 cm 2. 10 cm

4. 7.77 cm 2 5. 57 cm 2 6. 1:2

7. 3768 cm 3, 1318.8 cm 2 8. 0.5 cm 9. 2 hrs.

10. 9735 cm 2 11. 14 cm 12. 3 cm

2
13. ( 24 + π) 14. 12.375 cm 2, Rs. 3 15. 20 cm
4

16. radius = 3 cm and height = 9 cm 17. 48510cm 3, 5621 cm3

18. 68.376 m 3, Rs. 7590 19. 90 cm 20. 2304

21. 6 sq. 22. 76 cm 23. 892.57 m 2

C L A S S E S
..... the support

PROBABILITY

15.1 EXPERIMENT :
The word experiment means an operation, which can produce well defined outcomes. The are two types
of experiment :
(i) Deterministic experiment (ii) Probabilistic or Random experiment
(i) Deterministic Experiment : Those experiment which when repeated under identical conditions,
produced the same results or outcome are known as deterministic experiment. For example, Physics or
Chemistry experiments performed under identical conditions.
(ii) Probabilistic or Random Experiment :- In an experiment, when repeated under identical conditions
donot produce the same outcomes every time. For example, in tossing a coin, one is not sure that if a
head or tail will be obtained. So it is a random experiment.
Sample space : The set of all possible out comes of a random experiment is called a sample space
associated with it and is generally denoted by S. For example, When a dice is tossed then
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
Even : A subset of sample space associated with a random experiment is called an event. For example,
In tossing a dive getting an even no is an event.
Favorable Event : Let S be a sample space associated with a random experiment and A be event
associated with the random experiment. The elementary events belonging to A are know as favorable
events to the event A. For example, in throwing a pair of dive, A is defined by “Getting 8 as the sum”.
Then following elementary events are as out comes : (2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4) (5, 3) (6, 2). So, there are 5
elementary events favorable to event A.
15.2 PROBABILITY :
If there are n elementary events associated with a random experiment and m of them are favorable to an
event A, then the probability of happening or occurrence of event A is denoted by P(A)
Total number of favourable outcomes m
Thus, P(A) = =
Total number of possible outcomes n
And 0 ≤ P( A ) ≤ 1
If, P(A) = 0, then A is called impossible event
If, P(A) = 1, then A is called sure event
P(A) + P ( A ) = 1
Where P(A) = probability of occurrence of A.
P ( A ) = probability of non - occurrence of A.
ILLUSTRATIONS :
Ex.1 A box contains 5 red balls, 4 green balls and 7 white balls. A ball is drawn at random from the box. Find
the probability that the ball drawn is
(i) white (ii) neither red nor white
Sol. Total number of balls in the bag = 5 + 4 + 7 = 16
∴ Total number of elementary events =16
(i) There are 7 white balls in the bag.
∴ Favorable number of elementary events = 7
Total No. favourable elementary events 7
Hence, P (Getting a white ball ) = =
Total No. of elementary events 16
(ii) There are 4 balls that are neither red nor white
∴ Favorable number of elementary events = 4
4 1
Hence, P (Getting neither red not white ball) = =
16 4
Ex.2 All the three face cards of spades are removed from a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards. A card is then
drawn at random from the remaining pack. Find the probability of getting [CBSE - 2007]
(i) black face card (ii) a queen (iii) a black card.
Sol. After removing three face cards of spades (king, queen, jack) from a deck of 52 playing cards, there are
49 cards left in the pack. Out of these 49 cards one card can be chosen in 49 ways.
∴ Total number of elementary events = 49

(i) There are 6 black face cards out of which 3 face cards of spades are already removed. So, out of
remaining 3 black face cards one black face card ban be chosen in 3 ways.
∴ Favorable number of elementary events = 3
3
Hence, P (Getting a black face card ) =
49
(ii) There are 3 queens in the remaining 49 cards. So, out of these three queens, on queen can be
chosen in 3 ways
∴ Favorable number of elementary events = 3
3
Hence P (Getting a queen) =
49
(iii) There are 23 black cards in the remaining 49 cards, So, out to these 23 black card, one black
card can be chosen in 23 ways
∴ Favorable number of elementary events = 23
23
Hence, P (Getting a black card) =
49
Ex.3 A die is thrown, Find the probability of
(i) prime number (ii) multiple of 2 or 3 (iii) a number greater than 3
Sol. In a single throw of die any one of six numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6 can be obtained. Therefore, the tome number
of elementary events associated with the random experiment of throwing a die is 6.
(i) Let A denote the event “Getting a prime no”. Clearly, event A occurs if any one of 2,3,5 comes as out
come.
∴ Favorable number of elementary events = 3
3 1
Hence, P (Getting a prime no.) = =
6 2
(ii) An multiple of 2 or 3 is obtained if we obtain one of the numbers 2,3,4,6 as out comes
∴ Favorable number of elementary events = 4
4 2
Hence, P (Getting multiple of 2 or 3) = =
6 3
(iii) The event “Getting a number greater than 3” will occur, if we obtain one of number 4,5,6 as an
out come.
∴ Favorable number of out comes = 3
3 1
Hence, required probability = =
6 2
Ex.4 Two unbiased coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting
(i) two heads (ii) at least one head (iii) at most one head.
Sol. If two unbiased coins are tossed simultaneously, we obtain any one of the following as an out come :
HH, HT, TH, TT
∴ Total number of elementary events = 4
(i) Two heads are obtained if elementary event HH occurs.
∴ Favorable number of events = 1
1
Hence, P (Two heads) =
4
(ii) At least one head is obtained if any one of the following elementary events happen :
HH, HT, TH
∴ favorable number of events = 3
3
Hence P (At least one head) =
4
(iii) If one of the elementary events HT, TH, TT occurs, than at most one head is obtained
3
∴ favorable number of events = 3 Hence, P (At most one head) =
4

Ex.5 A box contains 20 balls bearing numbers, 1,2,3,4…...20. A ball is drawn at random from the box. What is
the probability that the number of the ball is
(i) an odd number (ii) divisible by 2 or 3 (iii) prime number
Sol. Here, total numbers are 20.
∴ Total number of elementary events = 20
(i) The number selected will be odd number, if it is elected from 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19
∴ Favorable number of elementary events = 10
10 1
Hence, P (An odd number ) = =
20 2
Free Remedy Classes for class 10th, Plot No. 27, III- Floor, Zone-2, M.P. NAGAR, Bhopal
Download FREE Study Package from www.TekoClasses.com & Learn on Video www.MathsBySuhag.com
Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 98930 58881 Maths Class-X Page No. 31

(ii) Number divisible by 2 or 3 are 2,3,4,6,8,9,10,12,14,15,16,18,20

∴ Favorable number of elementary events = 13
13
P (Number divisible by 2 or 3) =
20
(iii) There are 8 prime number from 1 to 20 i.e., 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19
∴ Favorable number of elementary events = 8
8 2
P (prime number ) = =
20 5
Ex.6 A die is drop at random on the rectangular region as shown in figure. What is the probability that it will
land
inside the circle with diameter 1m ?
Sol. Area of rectangular region = 3m × 2m = 6m 2
Area of circle = πr 2
2
1
= π× 
2
π
= m2
4
∴ Probability that die will land inside the circle
π/4
=
6
π
=
24
DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEMS # 15
OBJECTIVE DPP - 15.1
1. If there coins are tossed simultaneously, then the probability of getting at least two heads, is
1 3 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 8 2 4
2. A bag contains three green marbles four blue marbles, and two orange marbles. If marble is picked at
random, then the probability that it is not a orange marble is
1 1 4 7
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 3 9 9
3. A number is selected from number 1 to 27. The probability that it is prime is
2 1 1 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 6 3 9
4. IF (P(E) = 0.05, then P (not E) =
(A) -0.05 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.9 (D) 0.95
5. A bulb is taken out at random from a box of 600 electric bulbs that contains 12 defective bulbs. Then the
probability of a non-defective bulb is
(A) 0.02 (B) 0.98 (C) 0.50 (D) None
SUBJECTIVE DPP - 15.2

1. To dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the probability of getting :

(i) An even number of the sum
(ii) The sum as a prime number
(iii) A total of at least 10
(iv) A multiple of 2 on one dice and a multiple of 3 on the other.
2. Find the probability that a leap year selected at random will contain 53 Tuesdays.
3. A bag contains 12 balls out of which x are white.
(i) If one ball is drawn at random, what is the probability it will be a white ball ?
(ii) If 6 more white balls are put in the box. The probability of drawing a white ball will be double than that
is (i). Find x.
4. In a class, there are 18 girls and 16 boys. The class teacher wants to choose one pupil for class monitor.
What she does, she writes the name of each pupil a card and puts them into a basket and mixes
thoroughly. A child is asked to pick one card from the basket. What is the probability that the name
written on the card is :
(i) The name of a girl (ii) The name of boy ?
5. The probability of selecting a green marble at random from a jar that contains only green, white and
yellow marbles is 1/4. The probability of selecting a white marble from the same jar is 1/3. If this jar
contains 10 yellow marbles. What is the total number of marbles in the jar ?
Free Remedy Classes for class 10th, Plot No. 27, III- Floor, Zone-2, M.P. NAGAR, Bhopal
Download FREE Study Package from www.TekoClasses.com & Learn on Video www.MathsBySuhag.com
Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 98930 58881 Maths Class-X Page No. 32

6. A card is drawn at random from a well suffled desk of playing cards. Find the probability that the card
drawn is
(i) A card of spade or an ace (ii) A red king
(iii) Neither a king nor a queen (iv) Either a king or a queen
7. There are 30 cards of same size in a bag on which number 1 to 30 are written. One card is taken out of
the bag at random. Find the probability that the number of the selected card is not divisible by 3.
8. In figure points A,B,C and D are the centers of four circles that each have
a radius of length on unit. If a point is selected at random from the interior
of square ABCD. What is the probability that the point will be chosen from
the shaded region ?

9. A bag contains 5 white balls, 6 red balls, 6 black balls and 8 green balls. One ball is drawn at random
from the bag. Find the probability that the ball drawn is
(i) White (ii) Red or black
(iii) Note green (iv) Neither white nor black [CBSE - 2006]
10. A bag contains 4 red and 6 black balls. A ball is taken out of the bag at random. Find the probability of
getting a black ball. [CBSE - 2008]
11. Cards. marked with number 5 to 50, are placed in a box and mixed thoroughly. A card is drawn from the
box at random. Find the probability that the number on the taken out card is
(i) a prime number less than 10.
(ii) a number which is a perfect square. [CBSE - 2008]
ANSWERS
(Objective DPP 15.1)

Q 1 2 3 4 5
A C D C D B
(Subjective DPP 15.2)
1 15 1 11
1. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
2 36 6 36
2 x
2. 3. (i) (ii) 3
7 12
9 8 4 1 11 2 2
4. (i) (ii) 5. 24 6. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 7.
17 17 13 26 13 13 3

 π 1 12 17 14 3
8. 1 −  9. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 10.
 4 5 25 25 25 5

1 5
11. (i) (ii)
23 46

C L A S S E S
..... the support QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 
5.1 QUADRATIC EQUATION :
If P(x) is quadratic expression in variable x, then P(x) = 0 is known as a quadratic equation.
5.1 (a) General form of a Quadratic Equation :
The general form of quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a,b,c are real numbers and a ≠ 0 Since
a ≠ 0 , quadratic equations, in general are of the following types :-
(i) b = 0, c ≠ 0 i.e., of he type ax2 + c=0. (ii) b ≠ 0 , c = 0, i.e. of the type ax2 + bx = 0.
(iii) b = 0, c = 0, i.e. of the type ax2 = 0. (iv) b ≠ 0 , c ≠ 0 , i.e., of the type ax2 + bx + c = 0.
5.2 ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION :
The value of x which satisfies the given quadratic equation is known as its root. The roots of the given
equation are known as its solution.
General form of a quadratic equation is :
ax2 + bx + c = 0
or 4a2x2 + 4abx + 4ac = - 4ac [Multiplying by 4a]
or 4a2x2 + 4abx = - 4ac [By adding b2 both sides]
or 4a2x2 + 4abc + b2 = b2 - 4ac or (2ax + b)2 = b2 - 4ac
Taking square root of both the sides
− b ± b2 − 4ac
2ax + b = ± b 2 − 4ac or x=
2a
− b + b 2 − 4ac − b − b 2 − 4ac
Hence, roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are and
2a 2a
REMARK :
A quadratic equation is satisfied by exactly two values of ‘a’ which may be real or imaginary.
The equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0 is :
A quadratic equation if a ≠ 0 Two roots
A linear equation if a = 0, b ≠ 0 One root
A contradiction if a = b = 0, c ≠ 0 No root
An identify if a = b = c = 0 Infinite roots
A quadratic equation cannot have more than two roots.
If follows from the above statement that if a quadratic equation is satisfied by more than two
values of x, then it is satisfied by every value of x and so it is an identity.
5.3 NATURE OF ROOTS :
Consider the quadratic equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0 having α β as its roots and b2 - 4ac is called
discriminate of roots of quadratic equation. It is denoted by D or ∆.
Roots of the given quadratic equation may be
(i) Real and unequal (ii) Real and equal (iii) Imaginary and unequal.
2
Let the roots of the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 (where a ≠ 0 , b , c ∈ R ) be α and β then
− b + b 2 − 4ac − b − b 2 − 4ac
α= .....(i) and β= ....(ii)
2a 2a
The nature of roots depends upon the value of expression ‘b2 - 4ac’ with in the square root sign. This is
known as discriminate of the given quadratic equation.
Consider the Following Cases :
Case-1 When b2 - 4ac > 0, (D > 0)
In this case roots of the given equation are real and distinct and are as follows
− b + b 2 − 4ac − b − b 2 − 4ac
α= and β =
2a 2a
2
(i) When a( ≠ 0), b , c ∈ Q and b - 4ac is a perfect square

In this case both the roots are rational and distinct.

(ii) When a( ≠ 0), b , c ∈ Q and b2 - 4ac is not a perfect square
In this case both the roots are irrational and distinct. [See remarks also]
b
Case-2 When b2 - 4ac = 0, (D = 0) In this case both the roots are real and equal to − .
2a
Case-3 When b2 - 4ac < 0, (D < 0) In this case b2 - 4ac < 0, then 4ac - b2 > 0
− b + − ( 4ac − b 2 ) − b − ( 4ac − b 2 )
∴ α= and β =
2a 2a
2
− b − i 4ac − b 2
or α=
− b + i 4ac − b
2a
and β =
2a
[∴ −1 = i ]
i.e. in this case both the root are imaginary and distinct.

REMARKS :
If a,b,c ∈ Q and b2 - 4ac is positive (D > 0) but not a perfect square, then the roots are irrational
and they always occur in conjugate pairs like 2 + 3 and 2 − 3 . However, if a,b,c are irrational
number and b2 - 4ac is positive but not a perfect square, then the roots may not occur in
conjugate pairs.
If b2 - 4ac is negative (D > 0), then the roots are complex conjugate of each other. In fact,
complex roots of an equation with real coefficients always occur in conjugate pairs like 2 + 3i and
2 - 3i. However, this may not be true in case of equations with complex coefficients. For example,
x2 - 2ix - 1 = 0 has both roots equal to i.
If a and c are of the same sign and b has a sign opposite to that of a as well as c, then both the
roots are positive, the sum as well as the product of roots is positive (D ≥ 0) .
If a,b, are of the same sign then both the roots are negative, the sum of the roots is negative but
the product of roots is positive (D ≥ 0) .
5.4 METHODS OF SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATION :
5.4 (a) By Factorisation :
ALGORITHM :
Step (i) Factorise the constant term of the given quadratic equation.
Step (ii) Express the coefficient of middle term as the sum or difference of the factors obtained in step 1.
Clearly, the product of these two factors will be equal to the product of the coefficient of x2 and constant
term.
Step (iii) Split the middle term in two parts obtained in step 2.
Step (iv) Factorise the quadratic equation obtained in step 3.
Ex.1 Solve the following quadratic equation by factorisation method: x2 - 2ax + a2 - b2 = 0.
Sol. Here, Factors of constant term (a2 - b2) are (a - b) and (a + b).
Also, Coefficient of the middle term = - 2a = - [(a - b) + (a + b)]
∴ x2 - 2ax + a2 - b2 = 0
⇒ x2 - {(a - b) + (a + b)}x + (a - b)(a + b) = 0 ⇒ x2 - (a - b) x - (a + b) x + (a - b) (a + b) =
⇒ x{x - (a - b)}- (a + b) {x - (a - b)} = 0 ⇒ {x - (a - b)} {x - (a + b)} = 0
⇒ x - (a - b) = 0 or, x - (a + b) = 0 ⇒ x = a - b or x = a + b
Ex.2 Solve 64x2 - 625 = 0
Sol. We have 64x2 - 625 = 0
or (8x)2 - (25)2 = 0 or (8x + 25) (8x - 25) = 0
25 25
i.e. 8x + 25 = 0 o 8x - 25 = 0. This gives x = or .
8 8
25 25
Thus, x = − , are solutions of the given equations.
8 8
Ex.3 Solve the quadratic equation 16x2 - 24x = 0.
Sol. The given equation may be written as 8x(2x - 3) = 0

3 3
This gives x = 0 or x = . x= 0 , , are the required solutions.
2 2
Ex.4 Solve :- 25x2 - 30x + 9 = 0
Sol. 25x2 - 30x + 9 = 0 is equivalent to (5x)2 - 2(5x) × 3 + (3)2 = 0
or (5x - 3)2 =
3 3 3
This gives x = , or simply x = as the required solution.
5 5 5
Ex.5 Find the solutions of the quadratic equation x2 + 6x + 5 = 0.
Sol. The quadratic polynomial x2 + 6x + 5 can be facorised as follows :-
x2 + 6x + 5 = x2 + 5x + x + 5
= x(x + 5) + 1 (x + 5) = (x + 5) (x + 1)
Therefore the given quadratic equation becomes (x + 5) (x + 1) =
This gives x = - 5 or = - 1
Therefore, x = - 1 are the required solutions of the given equation.
2x 1 3x + 9
Ex.6 Solve : + + = 0.
x − 3 2 x + 3 ( x − 3)( 2 x + 3)
Sol. Obviously, the given equation is valid if x - 3 ≠ 0 and 2x + 3 ≠ 0.
Multiplying throughout by (x - 3) (2x - 3), we get
2x(2x + 3) + 1(x - 3) + 3x + 9 = 0
or 4x2 + 10 + 6 = 0 or 2x2 + 5x + 3 = 0 or (2x + 3) (x + 1) = 0
But 2x + 3 ≠ 0, so we get x + 1 = 0. This gives x = - 1 as the only solution of the given equation.
5.4 (b) By the Method of Completion of Square :
ALGORITHM :
Step-(i) Obtain the quadratic equation. Let the quadratic equation be ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0.
b c
Step-(ii) Make the coefficient of x2 unity, if it is not unity. i.e., obtained x 2 + x + = 0.
a a
c b c
Step-(iii) Shift the constant term on R.H.S. to get x2 + x = −
a a a
2
 b 
Step-(iv) Add square of half of the coefficient of x i.e.   on both sides to obtain
 2a 
2 2
 b   b   b  c
x 2 + 2  x +   =   −
 2a   2a   2a  a
Step-(v) Write L.H.S. as the perfect square of a binomial expression and simplify R.H.S. to get
2
 b  b 2 − 4ac
x +  = .
 2a  4a 2
b b 2 − 4ac
Step-(vi) Take square root of both sides to get x + =±
2a 4a 2
b
Step (vii) Obtain the values of x by shifting the constant term on RHS.
2a
Ex.7 Solve :- x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
Sol. We have x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
1
Add and subtract ( coefficient of x)2 in L.H.S. and get
2
2 2
3 3
x 2 + 3x + 1 +   −   = 0
2 2
2 2 2
3 3 3  3 5
⇒ x 2 + 2  x +   −   + 1 = 0 ⇒ x +  − = 0
2 2 2  2 4
2
 3
2
 5 3 5
⇒  x +  =  

⇒ x+ =±
 2   2  2 2

This gives x =
− 3+ 5( )
or x =
−3+ 5
2 2
3+ 5 −3+ 5
Therefore x = − , are the solutions of the given equation.
2 2
Ex.8 By using the method of completing the square, show that the equation 4a2 + 3x + 5 = 0 has no real roots.
Sol. We have, 4x2 + 3x + 5 = 0
2 2
3 5 3  5 3 3 3 5
⇒ x2 + x+ = 0 ⇒ x 2 + 2 x  = − ⇒ x 2 + 2  x +   =   −
4 4  8  4    
8 8  
8 4
2
 3 71
⇒ x +  = − Clearly, RHS is negative
 8 64
2
 3
But,  x +  cannot be negative for any real value of x. Hence, the given equation has no real roots.
 8
5.4 (c) By Using Quadratic Formula :
Solve the quadratic equation in general form viz. ax2 + bx + c = 0.
We have, ax2 + bx + c = 0
Step (i) By comparison with general quadratic equation, find the value of a,b and c.
Step (ii) Find the discriminate of the quadratic equation. D = b2 - 4ac
−b+ D −b− D
Step (iii) Now find the roots of the equation by given equation x= ,
2a 2a
REMARK :
If b2 - 4ac < 0 i.e. negative, then b 2 − 4ac is not real and therefore, the equation does not have
any real roots.
Ex.9 Solve the quadratic equation x2 - 7x - 5 =0.
Sol. Comparing the given equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we find that a = 1, b = - 7 and c = -5.
Therefore, D = (-7)2 - 4 × 1 × (-5) = 49 + 20 = 69 > 0
7 + 69 7 − 69
Since D is positive, the equation has two roots given by ,
2 2
7 + 69 7 − 69
⇒ x= , are the required solutions.
2 2
Ex.10 For what value of k, (4 - k)x2 + (2k + 4)x + (8k + 1) is a perfect square.
Sol. The given equation is a perfect square, if its discriminate is zero i.e. (2k + 4)2 - 4(4 - k) (8k + 1) = 0
⇒ 4(k + 2)2 - 4(4 - k) (8k + 1) = 0 ⇒ 4[4(k + 2)2 - (4 - k) (8k + 1)] = 0
⇒ [(k2 + 4k + 4) - (-8k2 + 31k + 4)] = 0 ⇒ 9k2 - 27k = 0
⇒ 9k (k - 3) = 0 ⇒ k = 0 or k = 3
Hence, the given equation is a perfect square, if k = 0 or k = 3.
2 1 1
Ex.11 If the roots of the equation a(b - c)x2 + b(c - a)x + c(a - b) = 0 are equal, show that
= + .
b a c
Sol. Since the roots of the given equations are equal, so discriminant will be equal to zero.
⇒ b2(c - a)2 - 4a(b - c) . c(a - b) = 0
⇒ b2(c2 + a2 - 2ac) - 4ac(ba - ca - b2 + bc) = 0,
⇒ a2b2 + b2c2 + 4a2c2 + 2b2ac - 4ac2bc - 4abc2 = 0 ⇒ (ab + bc - 2ac)2 = 0
⇒ ab + bc - 2ac = 0 ⇒ ab + bc = 2ac
1 1 2 2 1 1
⇒ + = ⇒ = + . Hence Proved.
c a b b a c
Ex.12 If the roots of the equation (b - c)x2 + (c - a) x + (a - b) = 0 are equal, then prove that 2b = a + c.
Sol. If the roots of the given equation are equal, then discriminant is zero i.e.
(c - a)2 - 4(b - c) (a - b) = 0 ⇒ c2 + a2 - 2ac + 4b2 - 4ab + 4ac - 4bc = 0
⇒ c2 + a2 + 4b2 + 2ac - 4ab - 4bc = 0⇒(c + a - 2b)2 = 0⇒c + a = 2b Hence Proved.
Ex.13 2 2
If the roots of the equation x - 8x + a - 6a = 0 are real and distinct, then find all possible values of a.

Sol. Since the roots of the given equation are real and distinct, we must have D > 0
⇒ 64 - 4 (a2 - 6a) > 0 ⇒ 4[16 - a2 + 6a] > 0 ⇒ -4(a2 - 6a - 16) > 0
⇒ a2 - 6a - 16 < 0 ⇒ (a - 8) (a + 2) < 0 ⇒ -2<a<8
Hence, the roots of the given equation are real if ‘a’ lies between -2 and 8.
5.5 APPLICATIONS OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS :
ALGORITHM : The method of problem solving consist of the following three steps :
Step (i) Translating the word problem into symbolic language (mathematical statement) which means
identifying relationship existing in the problem and then forming the quadratic equation.
Step (ii) Solving the quadratic equation thus formed.
Step (iii) Interpreting the solution of the equation, which means translating the result of mathematical
statement into verbal language.
REMARKS :
Two consecutive odd natural numbers be 2x - 1, 2x + 1 where x ∈ N
Two consecutive even natural numbers be 2x, 2x + 2 where x ∈ N
Two consecutive even positive integers be 2x, 2x + 2 where x ∈ Z +
Consecutive multiples of 5 be 5x, 5x + 5, 5x + 10 .....
Ex.14 The sum of the squares of two consecutive positive integers is 545. Find the integers.
Sol. Let x be one of the positive integers. Then the other integer is x + 1, x ∈ Z +
Since the sum of the squares of the integers is 545, we get
x2 + (x + 1)2 = 545
or 2x2 + 2x - 544 = 0
or x2 + x - 272 = 0
x2 + 17x - 16x - 272 = 0
or x(x + 17) - 16(x + 17) = 0
or (x - 16) (x + 17) = 0
Here, x = 16 or x = -17 But, x is a positive integer. Therefore, reject x = - 17 and take x = 16. Hence, two
consecutive positive integers are 16 and (16 + 1), i.e., 16 and 17.
Ex.15 The length of a hall is 5 m more than its breath. If the area of the floor of the hall is 84 m2, what are the
length and the breadth of the hall ?
Sol. Let the breadth of the hall be x metres. Then the length of the ball is (x + 5) metres.
The area of the floor = x(x + 5) m2
Therefore, x(x + 5) = 84 or x2 + 5x - 84 = 0
or (x + 12) (x - 7) = 0 This given x = 7 or x = - 12.
Since, the breadth of the hall cannot be negative, we reject x = - 12 and take x = - only.
Thus, breadth of the hall = 7 metres, and length of the hall = (7 + 5), i.e., 12 metres.
7
Ex.16 Out of group of swans times the square root of the total number are playing on the shore of a tank.
2
The two remaining ones are playing, in deep water. What is the total number of swans ?
Sol. Let us denote the number of swans by x.
7
Then, the number of swans playing on the shore of the tank = x.
2
7
There are two remaining swans. Therefore, x= x +2
2
2
7 7
or x−2 = x or (x − 2) 2 =   x
2 2
or 4(x2 - 4x + 4) = 49x or 4x2 - 65x + 16 = 0
or 4x2 - 64x - x + 16 = 0 or 4x(x - 16) - 1(x - 16) = 0
1
or (x - 16) (4x - 1) = 0 This gives x = 16 or x =
4
1
We reject x = and take x = 16. Hence, the total number of swans is 16.
4
Ex.17 The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 25 cm. The difference between the lengths of the other two sides of
the triangle is 5 cm. Find the lengths of these sides.
Sol. Let the length of the shorter side b x cm. Then, the length of the longer side = (x + 5) cm.

Since the triangle is right-angled, the sum of the squares of the sides must be equal to the square of the
hypotenuse (Pythagoras Theorem).
x2 + (x + 5)2 = 2352
or x2 + x2 + 10x + 25 = 625 or 2x2 + 10x - 600 = 0
or x2 + 5x - 300 = 0 or (x + 20) (x - 15) = 0
This gives x = 15 or x = - 20 We reject x = - 20 and take x = 15.
Thus, length of shorter side = 15 cm. Length of longer side = (15 + 5) cm, i.e., 20 cm.
Ex.18 Swati can row her boat at a speed of 5 km/h in still water. If it takes her 1 hour more to row the boat 5.25
km upstream than to return downstream, find the speed of the stream.
Sol. Let the speed of the stream be x km/h
∴ Speed of the boat in upstream = (5 - x)km/h
Speed of the boat in downstream = (5 + x)km/h
5.25
Time, say t1 (in hours), for going 5.25 km upstream =
5−x
5.25
Time, say t2 (in hours), for returning 5.25 km downstream =
5+x
Obviously t1 > t2
Therefore, according to the given condition of the problem,
t1 = t2 + 1
5.25 5.25
i.e., = +1
5−x 5+x
21  1 1   5+x−5+x
or  − =1 or 21 =4
4  5−x 5+x  25 − x 2 
or 42x = 100 - 4x2 or 4x2 + 42x - 100 = 0
or 2x2 + 21x - 50 = 0 or (2x + 25) (x - 2) = 0
−25
This gives x = 2, since we reject x = . Thus, the speed of the stream is 2 km/h.
2
Ex.19 The sum of the square of two positive integers is 208. If the square of the larger number is 18 times the
smaller number, find the numbers. [CBSE - 2007]
Sol Let x be the smaller number.
Then, square of the larger number will be 18x.
Therefore, x2 + 18x = 208
or x2 + 18x - 208 =0 or (x - 8) (x + 26) = 0
This gives x = 8 or x = - 26
Since the numbers are positive integers, we reject x = - 26 and take x = 8.
Therefore, square of larger number = 18 × 8 = 144.
So, larger number = 144 = 12
Hence, the larger number is 12 and the smaller is 8.
n( n + 1)
Ex.20 The sum ‘S’ of first n natural number is given by the relation S = . Find n, if the sum is 276.
2
Sol. We have
n ( n + 1)
S= = 276 or n2 + n - 552 = 0
2
− 1 + 1 + 2208 − 1 − 1 + 2208 − 1 + 2209 − 1 − 2209
This gives n= , or n= ,
2 2 2 2
−1 + 47 −1 − 47
or n= , or n = 23, -24 We reject n = - 24, since -24 is not a natural number.
2 2
Therefore, n = 23.
DAILY PRACTIVE PROBLEMS # 5
OBJECTIVE DPP - 5.1

1. If one root of 5x2 + 13x + k = 0 is reciprocal of the other then k =

1
(A) 0 (B) 5 (C) (D) 6
6
Free Remedy Classes for class 10th, Plot No. 27, III- Floor, Zone-2, M.P. NAGAR, Bhopal
Download FREE Study Package from www.TekoClasses.com & Learn on Video www.MathsBySuhag.com
Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 98930 58881 Maths Class-X Page No. 39

2. The roots of the equation x2 - x - 3 = 0 are

(A) Imaginary (B) Rational (C) Irrational (D) None of these
3. The difference between two numbers is 5 different in their squares is 65. The larger number is
(A) 9 (B) 10 (C) 11 (D) 12
4. The sum of ages of a father and son is 45 years. Five years ago, the product of their ages was 4 times the
age of the father at that time. The present age of the father is
(A) 30 yrs (B) 31 yrs (C) 36 yrs (D) 41 yrs
5. If one of the roots of the quadratic equation is 2 + 3 then find the quadratic equation.
(A) x2 - (2 + 3 ) x+ 1 = 0 (B) x2 + (2 + 3 ) x + 1 = 0
(C) x2 - 4x + 1 = 0 (D) x2 + 4x - 1 = 0
SUBJECTIVE DPP - 5.2

1
1. If x = - and x = are solutions of the equations x2 + kx + λ = 0. Find the value of k and λ .
5
2. Find the value of k for which quadratic equation (k - 2)x2 + 2(2k - 3)x + 5k - 6 = 0 has equal roots.
3. The sum of the squares of two consecutive positive integers is 545. Find the integers.
4. A man is five times as old as his son and the sum of the squares of their ages is 2106. Find their ages.
5. The sides (in cm) of a right triangle containing the right angles are 5x and 3x - 1. If the area of the triangle
is 60 cm2. Find its perimeter.
6. The lengths of the sides of right triangle are 5x + 2, 5x and 3x - 1. If x > 0 find the length of each sides.
7. A two digit number is four times the sum and three times the product of its digits, find the number
[CBSE – 2000]
8. The number of a fraction is 1 less than its denominator. If 3 is added to each of the numerator and
3
denominator, the fraction is increased by . Find the fraction [CBSE - 2007]
28
x−1 x−2 x−5 x−6
9. Solve the quadratic equation − = −
x−2 x−3 x−6 x−7
10. An aeroplane left 30 minutes later then its scheduled time and in order to reach its destination 1500 km
away in time. it has to increase its speed by 250 km/h from its usual speed. Determine its usual speed.
[CBSE-2005]
11. A motor boat whose speed is 18 km/h in still water takes 1 hours more to go 24 km upstream than to
return downstream to the same spot. Find the speed of the stream. [CBSE-2008]
3
12. Two water taps together can fill a tank in 9 hours. The tap of larger diameter takes 10 hours less that
8
the smaller one to fill the tank separately. Find the time in which each tap can separately fill the tank.

[CBSE-2008]

ANSWERS
(Objective DPP # 5.1)
Que. 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. B C A C C
(Subjective DPP # 5.2)
1. k = 9 λ = -2 2. k = 3 or 1 3. 16, 17
4. 9 years & years 5. 40 cm 6. 17, 15, 8
3 9
7. 24 8. 9.
4 2
10. 75 km/h 11. 6 km/hr
12. Smaller tap = hr, Larger tap = 15 hr

C L A S S E S
..... the support ARITHMATIC PROGRESSIONS

6.1 PROGRESSIONS : Those sequence whose terms follow certain patterns are called progression.
Generally there are three types of progression.
(i) Arithmetic Progression (A.P.) (ii) Geometric Progression (G.P.) (iii) Harmonic Progression (H.P.)
6.2 ARTHMETIC PROGRESSION :
A sequence is called an A.P., if the difference of a term and the previous term is always same. i.e. d = tn+1
– tn = Constant for all n ∈ N . The constant difference, generally denoted by ‘d’ is called the common
difference.
Ex.1 Find the common difference of the following A.P. : 1,4,7,10,13,16 ......
Sol. 4 - 1 = 7 - 4 = 10 - 7 = 13 - 10 = 16 - 13 = 3 (constant). ∴ Common difference (d) = 3.
6.3 GENERAL FORM OF AN A.P. :
If we denote the starting number i.e. the 1st number by ‘a’ and a fixed number to the added is ‘d’ then a, a
+ d, a + 2d, a + 3d, a + 4d, ...... forms an A.P.
Ex.2 Find the A.P. whose 1st term is 10 & common difference is 5.
Sol. Given : First term (a) = 10 & Common difference (d) = 5. ∴ A.P. is 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, .....
6.4 nth TERM OF AN A.P. :
Let A.P. be a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, .....
Then, First term (a1) = a + 0.d
Second term (a2) = a + 1.d
Third term (a3) = a + 2.d
. .
. .
. .
nth term (an) = a + (n - 1) d
∴ an = a + (n - 1) d is called the nth term.
Ex.3 Determine the A.P. whose their term is 16 and the difference of 5th term from 7th term is 12.
Sol. Given : a3 = a + (3 - 1) d = a + 2d = 16 .....(i)
a7 - a5 = 12 ....(ii)
(a + 6d) - (a + 4d) = 12
a + 6d - a - 4d = 12 2d = 12
d=6 Put d = 6 in equation (i)
a = 16 – 12 a=4 ∴ A.P. is 4, 10, 16, 22, 28, ......
Ex.4 Which term of the sequence 72, 70, 68, 66, ..... is 40 ?
Sol. Here 1st term x = 72 and common difference d = 70 - 72 = - 2
∴ For finding the value of n
an = a + (n - 1)d
⇒ 40 = 72 + (n - 1) (-2) ⇒ 40 - 72 = - 2n + 2
⇒ -32 = - 2n + 2 ⇒ -34 = - 2n
⇒ n = 17 ∴ 17th term is 40.
Ex.5 Is 184, a term of the sequence 3,7,11,..... ?
Sol. Here 1st term (a) = 3 and common difference (d) = 7 - 3 = 4
nth term (an) = a + (n - 1) d
⇒ 184 = 3 + (n - 1) 4 ⇒ 181 = 4n – 4 ⇒ 185 = 4n
185
⇒ n= Since, n is not a natural number.
4
∴ 184 is not a term of the given sequence.
1 1 3
Ex.6 Which term of the sequence 20, 19 ,18 ,17 is the 1st negative term.
2 2 4

1 3
Sol. Here 1st term (a) = 20, common difference (d) = 19 − 20 = −
4 4
Let nth term of the given A.P. be 1st negative term ∴ an < 0
i.e. a + (n - 1) d < 0
 3 83 3n 83 2
⇒ 20 + (n - 1)  −  < 0 ⇒ − <0 ⇒ 3n > 83 ⇒ n > ⇒ n > 27
 4 4 4 3 3
2
Since, 28 is the natural number just greater then 27 .
3
∴ 1st negative term is 28th.
Ex.7 If pth, qth and rth term of an A.P. are a,b,c respectively, then show than a(q - r) + b( - p) + c(p - q) = 0.
Sol. ap = a ⇒ A + (p - 1) D = a ......(1)
aq = b ⇒ A + (q - 1) D = b .....(2)
ar = c ⇒ A + (r + 1) D = c ......(3)
Now, L.H.S. = a (q - r) + b(r - p) +c (p - q)
= {A + (p - 1)D} (q - r) + {A + (q - 1)D} (r - p) + {A + (r - 1)D} (p - q)
= 0. R.H.S
Ex.8 If m times the mth term of an A.P. is equal to n times its nth term. Show that the (m + n)th term of the A.P.
Sol. Let A the 1st term and D be the common difference of the given A.P.
Then, mam = nan
⇒ m[A + (m - 1)D] = n[A + (n - 1)D] ⇒ A(m - 1) + D[m + n (m - n) - (m - n)] = 0
⇒ A + (m + n - 1)D = 0 ⇒ am+n = 0
Ex.9 If the pth term of an A.P. is q and the qth term is p, prove that its nth term is (p + q - n).
Sol. ap = q ⇒ A + (p - 1) D = q ......(i)
& aq = p ⇒ A + (q - 1) D = p
Solve (i) & (ii) to get D = - 1 & A = p + q - 1
∴ an = A + (n - 1) D
an = (p + q - 1) + (n - 1) (-1) an = p + q - n.
1 1
Ex.10 If the mth term of an A.P. and nth term be then show that its (mn) term is 1.
n m
1 1
Sol. a m = ⇒ A + (m − 1)D = .....(i)
n n
1 1
& am = ⇒ A + ( n − 1)D = ....(ii)
m m
1 1
By solving (i) & (ii) D = & A= ∴ amn = A + (mn - 1) D = 1.
mn mn
6.5 mth TERM OF AN A.P. FROM THE END :
Let ‘a’ be the 1st term and ‘d’ be the common difference of an A.P. having n terms. Then mth term from
the end is (n - m + 1)th term from beginning or {n - (m - )}th term from beginning.
Ex.11 Find 20 th term from the end of an A.P. 3,7,11..... 407.
Sol. 407 = 3 + (n - 1)4 ⇒ n = 102
∴20th term from end ⇒ m = 20
a102-(20-1) = a102-19 = a83 from the beginning.
a83 = 3 + (83 + 1)4 = 331.
6.6 SELECTION OF TERMS IN AN A.P. :
Sometimes we require certain number of terms in A.P. The following ways of selecting terms are
generally very convenient.
No. of Terms Terms Common Difference
For 3 terms a – d, a, a + d d
For 4 terms a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d 2d
For 5 terms a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d d
For 6 terms a – 5d, a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d, a + 5d 2d
Ex.12 The sum of three number in A.P. is -3 and their product is 8. Find the numbers.
Sol. Three no. ‘s in A.P. be a - d, a, a + d
∴ a-d+a+a+d=-3
3a = - 3 ⇒ a = -1 & (a - d) a (a + d) = 8
2 2
a(a - d ) = 8

(-1) (1 - d2) = 8
1 - d2 = - 8 ⇒ d2 = 9 ⇒ d= ± 3
If a = 8 & d = 3 numbers are -4, -1, 2. If a = 8 & d = - numbers are 2, -1, -4.

6.7 SUM OF n TERMS OF AN A.P. :

Let A.P. be a, a + d, a + 1d, a + 3d,...... a + (n - 1)d
Then, Sn = a + (a + d) + ..... + {a + (n - 2) d} + {a + (n - 1) d} .....(i)
also, Sn = {a + (n - 1)d} + {a + (n - 2)d} + ...... + (a + d) + a .....(ii)
Add (i) & (ii)
⇒ 2Sn = 2a + (n - 1)d + 2a + (n - 1)d + ............. + 2a + (n - 1)d
n
⇒ 2Sn = n [2a + (n - 1) d] ⇒ S n = [ 2a + ( n + 1)d]
2
n n n
S n = [a + a + ( n − 1)d] = [a + ] ∴ S n = [a + ] where is the last term.
2 2 2
Ex.13 Find the sum of 20 terms of the A.P. 1,4,7,10.....
n 20
Sol. a = 1, d = 3 S n = [ 2 a + ( n − 1)d ] S 20 = [ 2(1) + ( 20 − 1)3]
2 2
Ex.14 Find the sum of all three digit natural numbers. Which are divisible by 7.
Sol. 1st no. is 105 and last no. is 994.
Find n 994 = 105 + (n + 1)7
128
∴ n = 128 ∴ Sum, S 128 = [105 + 994 ]
2
6.8 PROPERTIES OF A.P. :
(A) For any real numbers a and b, the sequence whose nth term is an = an + b is always an A.P. with
common difference ‘a’ (i.e. coefficient of term containing n)
(B) If any nth term of sequence is a linear expression in n then the given sequence is an A.P.
(C) If a constant term is added to or subtracted from each term of an A.P. then the resulting sequence
is also an A.P. with the same common difference.
(D) If each term of a given A.P. is multiplied or divided by a non-zero constant K, then the resulting
sequence is also an A.P. with common difference Kd or respectively. Where d is

the common difference of the given A.P.

(E) In a finite A.P. the sum of the terms equidistant from the beginning and end is always same and
is equal to the sum of 1st and last term.
(F) If three numbers a,b,c are in A.P., then 2b = a + c.
Ex.15 Check whether an = 2n2 + 1 is an A.p. or not.
Sol. an = 2n2 + 1 Then an+1 = 2 (n + 1)2 + 1
∴ an+1 - an = 2(n2 + 2n + 1) + 1 - 2n2 - 1
= 2n2 + 4n + 2 + 1 - 2n2 - 1
= 4n + 2, which is not constant ∴ The above sequence is not an A.P.

DAILY PRACTIVE PTOBLEMS # 6

OBJECTIVE DPP - 6.1

 1  2  3
1. pth term of the series  3 −  +  3 +  +  3 −  + ..... will be
 n  n  n
p p n n
(A) 3 + (B) 3 − (C) 3 + (D) 3 −
n n p p
2. 8th term of the series 2 2 + 2 + 0 + ..... will be
(A) − 5 2 (B) 5 2 (C) 10 2 (D) − 10 2
3. If 9th term of an A.P. be zero then the ratio of its 29th and 19th term is
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 2 : 1 (C) 1 : 3 (D) 3 : 1
4. Which term of the sequence 3,8,13,18,..... is 498
(A) 95th (B) 100 th (C) 102 th (D) 101 th
5. Which of the following sequence is an A.P.

(A) f(n) = ab + b n ∈ N (B) f(n) = krn, n ∈ N

1
(C) f(n) = (an + b)krn, n ∈ N (D) f( n ) = , n ∈N
 b
a n + 
 n
6. If the nth term of an A.P. be (2n - 1) then the sum of its firs n terms will be
(A) n2 - 1 (B) (2n - 1)2 (C) n2 (D) n2 + 1
7. The interior angles of polygon are in A.P. if the smallest angles be 1200 and the common difference be 5,
then the number of sides is (A) 8 (B) 10 (C) 9 (D) 6
8. In the first, second and last terms of an A.P. be a,b, 2a respectively, then its sum will
ab ab 3ab 3ab
(A) (B) (C) (D)
−a+b 2( b − a ) 2( b − a ) 4( b − a)
SUBJECTIVE DPP - 6.2
1. Is 51 a term of the A.P. 5, 8, 11, 14, ....... ?
2. Find the common difference of an A.P. whose first term is 100 and the sum of whose first six terms is five
times the sum of the next six terms.
3. Find three number in A.P. whose sum is 21 and their product is 336.
4. A student purchased a pen for Rs. 100. At the end of 8 years, it was valued at Rs. 20. Assuming the yearly
depreciation is constant amount, find the annual depreciation./
5. The fourth term of an A.P. is equal to three times the first term and the seventh term exceeds twice the
third by one. Find the first term and the common difference.
1 2 3
6. Which term of the sequence 17 ,16 ,15 ,14 ...... is the first negative term.
5 5 5
7. If Sn = n p and Sm = m p (m ≠ n ) in an A.P. Prove that Sp = p3.
2 2

8. Find the sum of all the three digit numbers which leave remainder 2 when divided by 5.
9. Find the sum of all two digit odd positive numbers
10. Find the 10th term from end of the A.P. 4,9,14,....., 254.
11. 200 logs are stacked in the following manner: 20 logs in the bottom row, 19 in the next row, 18 in the row
next to it and so on. In how many rows the 200 logs are placed and how many logs are in the top row ?
12. The sum of the first n term of an A.P. is given by Sn = 3n2 – 4n. Determine the A.P. and its 12th term.
[CBSE - 2004]
13. Find the sum of the first 25 terms of an A.P. whose nth term is given by tn = 2 -3n [CBSE - 2004]
14. Find the number of terms of A.P. 54, 54, 48..... so that their sum is 513. [CBSE - 2005]
2
3n 5n
15. In an A.P., the sum of first n terms is + Find its 25th term. [CBSE - 2006]
2 2
16. Which term of the arithmetic progression 8, 14 20, 26, ..... will be 72 more than its 41st term ?[CBSE - 2006]
17. The first term, common difference and last term of an A.P. are 12, 6 and 252 respectively. Find the sum of
all terms of this A.P. [CBSE - 2007]
18. Write the next term of the 8 , 18 , 32 , ............ [CBSE - 2008]
19. The sum of the 4 and 8 terms of an A.P. is 24 and the sum of the 6 and 10 terms is 44. Find the first
th th th th

three terms of the A.P. [CBSE - 2008]

ANSWERS
(Objects DPP # 6.1)
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ans. B A B B A C C C

(Subjective DPP # 6.2)

1. No 2. -10 3. 6,7,8 4. 10

5. 3,2 6. 23rd 8. 98910 9. 2475

10. 209 11. 16 rows, 5 logs 12. -1,5,11,..... & a12 = 65
13. -925 14. 18, 19 15. 76 16. 53rd
17. 5412 18. 50 19. -13, -8, -3

C L A S S E S
..... the support CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY

7.1 RECTANGULAR CO-ORDINATES :
Take two perpendicular lines X’OX and Y’OY intersecting at the point O. X’OX and Y’OY are called the
co-ordinate axes. X’Ox is called the X-axis, Y’OY is called the Y-axis and O is called the origin. Lines
X’OX and Y’OY are sometimes also called rectangular axes.

7.1 (a) Co-ordinates of a Point :

Let P be any point as shown in figure. Draw PL and PM perpendiculars on Y-axis and X-axis,
respectively. The length LP (or OM) is called the x - coordinate of the abscissa of point P and MP i
called the y - coordinate or the ordinate of point P. A point whose abscissa is x and ordinate is y named
as the point (x,y) or P(x,y).

The two liens X’OX and Y’OY divide the plane into four parts called quadrants. XOY, YOX’ X’OY’ and
Y’OX are, respectively, called the first, second third and fourth quadrants. The following table shows the
signs of the coordinates of pins situated in different quadrants :
Quadrant X-coodrinate Y-coordinate Point
First quadrant + + (+, +)
Second quadrant - + (-, +)
Third quadrant - - (-, -)
Fourth quadrant + - (+, -)
REMAKS
(i) Abscissa is the perpendicular distance of a point from y-axis (i.e., positive to the right of y-axis
and negative to the left of y - axis)
(ii) Ordinate is positive above x - axis and negative below x-axis.
(iii) Abscissa of any point on y-axis is zero.

(iv) Ordinate of any point of x-axis is zero.

(v) Co-ordinates of the origin are (0,0)
7.2 DISTACE BETWEEN TWO POINTS :
Let two points be P (x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2)
Take two mutually perpendicular lines as the coordinate axis with
O as origin. Mark the points P(x1, y1) and Q (x2, y2). Draw lines PA,
QB perpendicular to X-axis from the points P and Q, which meet
the X-axis in points A and B, respectively.
Draw lines PC and QD perpendicular to Y-axis, which meet the Y-
axis in C and D, respectively. Produce CP to meet BQ in R. Now
OA = abscissa of P = x1
Similarly, OB = x2, OC = y1 and OD = y2
Therefore, we have PR = AB = OB - OA = x2 - x1
Similarly, QR = QB - RB = QB - PA = y2 - y1
Now, using Pythagoras Theorem, in right angled triangle
PRQ, we have PQ2 = Pr2 + RQ2
or PQ2 = (x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2
Since the distance or length of the line-segment PQ is always non-negative, on taking the positive square
root, we get the distance as
PQ = ( x 2 − x 1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y 1 ) 2
This result is known as distance formula.
Corollary : The distance of a point P(x1, y1) from the origin (0,0) is given by

OP = x 12 + y 12
Some useful points :
1.In questions relating to geometrical figures, take the given vertices in the given order and proceed as
indicated.
(i) For an isosceles triangle - We have to prove that at least two sides are equal.
(ii) For an equilateral triangle - We have to prove that three sides are equal.
(iii) For a right -angled triangle - We have to prove that the sum of the squares of two sides is equal
to the square of the third side.
(iv) for a square - We have to prove that the four sides are equal, two diagonals are equal.
(v) For a rhombus - We have to prove that four sides are equal (and there is no need to establish that
two diagonals are unequal as the square is also a rhombus).
(vi) For a rectangle - We have to prove that the opposite sides are equal and two diagonals are equal.
(vii) For a Parallelogram - We have to prove that the opposite sides are equal (and there is no need to
establish that two diagonals are unequal sat the rectangle is also a parallelogram).
2. for three points to be collinear - We have to prove that the sum of the distances between two pairs of
points is equal to the third pair of points.
Ex.1 Find the distance between the points (8 , -2) and (3, -6).
Sol. Let the points (8, -2) and (3, -6) be denoted by P and Q, respectively.
Then, by distance formula, we obtain the distance PQ as
PQ = ( 3 − 8) 2 + ( −6 + 2 ) 2 = ( −5) 2 + ( −4) 2 = 41 unit
 1 1
Ex.2 Prove that the points (1,−1),  − ,  and (1, 2) are the vertices of an isosceles triangle.
 2 2
 1 1
Sol. Let the point (1, -1),  − ,  and (1, 2) be denoted by P, Q and R, respectively. Now
 2 2
2 2
 1  1  18 3
PQ =  − −  +  + 1  = = 2
 2  2  4 2
2 2
 1  1 18 3
QR =  1 +  +  2 −  = = 2
 2  2 4 2

PR = (1 − 1) 2 + ( 2 + 1) 2 = 9 = 3

From the above, we see that PQ = QR ∴ The triangle is isosceles.

Ex.3 Using distance formula, show that the points (-3, 2), (1, -2) and (9, -10) are collinear.
Sol. Let the given points (-3, 2), (1, -2) and (9, -10) be denoted by A, B and C, respectively. Points A, B and C
will be collinear, if the sum of the lengths of two line-segments is equal to the third.
Now, AB = (1 + 3) 2 + ( −2 − 2 ) 2 = 16 + 16 = 4 2

BC = (9 − 1) 2 + ( −10 + 2 ) 2 = 64 + 64 = 8 2

AC = (9 + 3) 2 + ( −10 − 2 ) 2 = 144 + 144 = 12 2

Since, AB + BC = 4 2 + 8 2 = 12 2 = AC , the, points A, B and C are collinear.
Ex.4 Find a point on the X-axis which is equidistant from the points (5, 4) and (-2, 3).
Sol. Since the required point (say P) is on the X-axis, its ordinate will be zero. Let the abscissa of the point be x.
Therefore, coordinates of the point P are (x, 0).
Let A and B denote the points (5, 4) and (-2, 3), respectively.
Since we are given that AP = BP, we have AP2 = BP2
i.e., (x - 5)2 + (0 - 4)2 = (x + 2)2 + (0 - 3)2
or x2 + 25 - 10x + 16 = x2 + 4 + 4x + 9 or -14x = - 28 or x=2
Thus, the required point is (2, 0).
Ex.5 The vertices of a triangle are (-2, 0) , (2, 3) and (1, -3). Is the triangle equilateral, isosceles or scalene?
Sol. Let the points (-2, 0), (2, 3) and (1, -3) be denoted by A, B and C respectively. Then,
AB = ( 2 + 2 ) 2 + ( 3 − 0) 2 = 5 BC = (1 − 2 ) 2 + ( −3 − 3) 2 = 37

and AC = ( 1 + 2 ) 2 + ( −0 − 0 ) 2 = 3 2 Clearly, AB ≠ BC ≠ AC.

Therefore, ABC is a scalene triangle.
Ex.6 The length of a line-segments is 10. If one end is at (2, -3) and the abscissa of the second end is 10, show
that its ordinate is either 3 or -9.
Sol. Let (2, -3) be the point A. let the ordinate of the second end B be y. Then its coordinates will be (10, y).
∴ AB = (10 − 2 ) 2 + ( y + 3) 2 = 10 (Given )
or 64 + 9 + y2 + 6y = 100 or y2 + 6y + 73 - 100 = 0
or y2 + 6y - 27 = 0 or (y + 9) (y - 3) = 0
Therefore, y=9 or y = 3.
Ex.7 Show that the points (-2, 5), (3, -4) and (7, 10) are the vertices of a right triangle.
Sol. Let the three points be A(-2, 5), B(3, - 4) and C(7, 10).
Then AB2 = (3 + 2)2 + (-4 - 5)2 = 106
BC2 = (7 - 3)2 + (10 + 4)2 = 212
AC2 = (7 + 2)2 + (10 - 5)2 = 106 We see that BC2 = AB21 + AC2
212 = 106 + 106 212 = 212
∴ ∠A = 900 Thus, ABC is a right triangle, right angled at A.
Ex.8 If the distance of P (x, y) from A (5, 1) and B(-1, 5) are equal, prove that 3x = 2y.
Sol. P(x, y), A (5, 1) and B (-1, 5) are the given points.
AP = BP (Given)
∴ AP = BP2
2 or AP2 - BP2 = 0
or {(x - 5)2 + (y - 1)}2 - {(x + 1)2 + (y - 5)2} = 0
or x2 + 25 - 10x + y2 + 1 -2y -x2 - 1 -2x - y2 - 25 + 10y = 0
or -12x + 8y = 0 or 3xx = 2y.
7.3 SECTION FORMULAE :
7.3 (a) Formula for Internal Division :
The coordinates of the pint which divided the line segment joining the pints (x1, y1) and x2, y2)
mx 2 + nx 1 my 2 + my 1
internally in the ratio m : n are given by x = ,y =
m+n m+n
Proof :Let O be the origin and let OX and OY be the X-axis and Y-axis respectively. Let A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) bet
the given points. Let (x, y) be the coordinates of the point p which divides AB internally in the ratio m : n Draw

AL ⊥ OX, BM ⊥ OX, PN ⊥ Ox. Also, draw AH and PK perpendicular from A and P on PN and BM respectively.
Then
OL = x1, ON = x, OM = x2, AL = y1, PN = y and BM = y2.
∴ AH = LN = ON - OL = x - x1, PH = PH - HN
= PN - AL = y - y1, PK = NM = OM - ON = x2 - x
and BK = BM - MK = BM - PN = y2 - y.
Clearly, ∆AHP and ∆PKB are similar.
AP AH PH
∴ = =
BP PK BK
m x − x1 y − y1
⇒ = =
n x2 − x y2 − y
m x − x1
Now, =
n x2 − x
⇒ mx2 - mx = nx - nx1 ⇒ mx + nx = mx2 + nx1
mx 2 + nx 1 m y − y1
⇒ x= and =
m+n n y2 − y
⇒ my2 - my = ny - ny1 ⇒ my + ny = my2 + ny1
my 2 + ny 1
⇒ y=
m+n
 mx 2 + nx 1 my 2 + ny 1 
Thus, the coordinates of P are  , 
 m+n m+n 
REMARKS
 x + x2 y1 + y2 
If P is the mid-point of AB, then it divides AB in the ratio 1 : 1, so its coordinates are  1 , 
 2 2 
7.3 (b) Formula for External Division :
The coordinates of the points which divides the line segment joining the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)
externally in the ratio m : n are given by
mx 2 − nx 1 my 2 − ny 1
x= ,y =
m−n m−n

Ex.9 Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line segment joining the points (6, 3) and (-4, 5) in the
ratio 3 : 2 (i) internally (ii) externally.
Sol. Let P(x, y) be the required point.
(i) For internal division, we have
3x − 4 + 2 × 6
x=
3+2
3× 5 + 2× 3
and y=
3+2
21
⇒ x = 0 and y =
5
So the coordinates of P are (0, 21/5)
(ii) For external division, we have
3x − 4 − 2 × 6
x=
3−2
3× 5 − 2× 3
any y=
3−2
⇒ x = - 24 and y = 9
So the coordinates of P are (-24, 9).
Ex.10 In which ratio does the point (-1, -1) divides the line segment joining the pints (4, 4) and (7, 7) ?
Sol. Suppose the point C(-1, -1) divides the line joining the points A(4, 4) and B(7, 7) in the ratio k : 1 Then, the
 7k + 4 7k + 4 
coordinates of C are  , 
 k+1 k+1 

7k + 4 5
But, we are given that the coordinates of the points C are (-1, -1). ∴ = −1 ⇒ k = −
k +1 8
Thus, C divides AB externally in the ratio 5 : 8.
Ex.11 In what ratio does the X-axis divide the line segment joining the points (2, -3) and (5, 6) ?
 5λ + 2 6 λ − 3 
Sol. Let the required ratio be k : 1. Then the coordinates of the point of division are  ,  . But, it is
 k+1 k+1 
a point on X-axis on which y-coordinate of every point is zero.
6λ − 3 1 1
∴ =0 ⇒ k= Thus, the required ratio is : 1 or 1 : 2.
k +1 2 2
Ex.12 A (1, 1) and B(2, -3) are two points and D is a point on AB produced such that AD = 3 AB. Find the
coordinates of D.
Sol. We have, AD = 3AB. Therefore, BD = 2AB. Thus D divides AB externally in the ratio AD : BD = 3 : 2
Hence, the coordinates of D are
 3 × 2 − 2 × 1 3x − 3 − 2 × 1 
∴  , 
 3−2 3−2  A(1, 1)
B(2,-3) D
= (4, -11).
Ex.13 Determine the ratio in which the line 3x + y - 9 = 0 divides the segment joining the pints (1, 3) and (2, 7).
Sol. Suppose the line 3x + y - 9 = 0 divides the line segment joining A(1, 3) and B(2, 7) in the ratio k : 1 at point
 2k + 1 7k + 3 
C. The, the coordinates of C are  ,  But, C lies on 3x + y - 9 = 0, therefore
 k+1 k +1 
 2k + 1  7 k + 3 3
3 + −9 = 0 ⇒ 6k + 3 + 7k + 3 - 9k - 9 = 0 ⇒ k=
 k +1  k+1 4
So, the required ratio is 3 : 4 internally.
7.4 CENTROID OF A TRIANGLE :
Prove that the coordinates of the triangle whose vertices are (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (y3, y3) are
 x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 
 ,  . Also, deduce that the medians of a triangle are concurrent.
 3 3 
Proof :
Let A(x1, y1, B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) be the vertices of ∆ABC whose medians are AD, BE and CF
respectively. So. D,E and F are respectively the mid-points of BC, CA and AB.
 x + x3 y2 + y3 
Coordinates of D are  2 ,  . Coordinates of a point dividing AD in the ratio 2 : 1 are
 2 2 
( x1 , y1 )

 x1 + x2 y1 + y2   x1 + x3 y1 + y3 
 ,   , 
 2 2   2 2 

(x 2 , y 2 ) (x 3 , y 3 )
 x2 + x3 y2 + y3 
 , 
 2 2 

  x + x3   y2 + y3 
 1.x 1 + 2 2  1 .y 1 +  
  2   2    x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 
 , = , 
  
1+ 2 1+ 2 3 3

 
 

 x + x3 y1 + y3 
The coordinates of E are  1 ,  . The coordinates of a point dividing BE in the ratio 2 : 1 are
 2 2 
 2( x 1 + x 3 ) 2( y 1 + y 3 ) 
 1.x 2 + 1.y 2 + 
 2 , 2  =  x 1 + x 2 + x 3 , y 1 + y 2 + y 3 
 1+2 1+2   3 3 
 
 
 x + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 
Similarly the coordinates of a point dividing CF in the ratio 2 : 1 are  1 , 
 3 3 
 x + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 
Thus, the point having coordinates  1 ,  is common to AD, BE and CF and
 3 3 
divides them in the ratio 1 : 2.
Hence, medians of a triangle are concurrent and the coordinates of the centroid are
 x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 
 , .
 3 3 
7.5 AREA OF A TRIANGLE :
Let ABC be any triangle whose vertices are A(x1, y1) B(x2, y3). Draw BL, AM and CN perpendicular
from B,A and C respectively, to the X-axis. ABLM, AMNC and BLNC are all trapeziums.

Area of ∆ABC = Area of trapezium ABLM + Area of trapezium AMNC - Area of trapezium BLNC We
1
know that, Area of trapezium = (Sum of parallel sides) (distance b/w them)
2
Therefore
1 1 1
Area of ∆ABC = (BL + AM) (LM) + (AM + CN) MN- (BL + CN) (LN)
2 2 2
1 1 1
Area of ∆ABC = (y2 + y1) x1 - x2) + (y1 + y3) (x3 - x1) - (y + y3) (x3 - x2)
2 2 2 2
1
Area of ∆ABC = [ x 1 ( y 2 − y 3 ) + x 2 ( y 3 − y ) + x 3 ( y 1 − y 2 )]
2
7.5 (a) Condition for collinearity :
Three points A (x1, y1) B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) are collinear if Area of ∆ABC = 0.
7.6 AREA OF QUADRILATERAL :
Let the vertices of Quadrilateral ABCD are A(x1,y1), B(x2,y2, C(x3,y3) and D(x4, y4)
So, Area of quadrilateral ABCD = Area of ∆ ABC + Area of ∆ ACD

Ex.14 The vertices of ∆ ABC are (-2, 1), (5, 4) and (2, -3) respectively. Find the area of triangle.
Sol. A(-2, 1), B(-2, 1) and C(2, -3) be the vertices of triangle.
So, x1 = - 2, y1 = 1 ; x2 = 5, y2 = 4; x3 = 2 y3 = -3

1
Area of ∆ ABC = [x 1 ( y 2 − y 3 ) + x 2 ( y 3 − y 1 ) + x 3 ( y 1 − y 2 )]
2
1 1
= [( −2 )( 4 + 3) + ( 5)( −3 − 1) + 2(1 − 4)] = [− 14 + ( −20 ) + ( −6)]
2 2
1
= − 40 = 20 Sq. unit.
2
Ex.15 The area of a triangle is 5. Two of its vertices area (2, 1) and (3, -2). The third vertex lies on y = x + 3. Find
the third vertex.
Sol. Let the third vertex be (x3, y3) area of triangle
1
= [x 1 ( y 2 − y 3 ) + x 2 ( y 3 − y 1 ) + x 3 ( y 1 − y 2 )]
2
As x1 = 2 y1 = 1 ; x2 = 3, y2 = - 2 ; Area of ∆ = 5 sq. unit
1
⇒ 5 = 2( −2 − y 3 ) + 3( y 3 − 1) + x 3 (1 + 2 ) ⇒ 10 = |3x3 + y3 - 7|
2
⇒ 3x3 + y3 - 7 = ± 10
Taking positive sign
3x3 + y3 - 7 = 10 ⇒ 3x∴ + y3 = 17 .....(i)
Taking negative sing
⇒ 3x3 + y3 - 7 = - 10 ⇒ 3x∴ + y3 = - 3 .....(ii)
Given that (x3, y3) lies on y = x + 3
So, -x∴ + y3 = 3 ....(iii)
7 13
Solving eq. (i) & (iii) x3 = , y3 =
2 2
−3 3
Solving eq. (ii) & (iii) x3 = , y3 =
2 2
 7 13   − 3 3 
So the third vertex are  ,  or  , 
2 2   2 2
Ex.16 Find the area of quadrilateral whose vertices, taken in order, are (-3, 2), B(5, 4), (7, -6) and D(-5, -4).
Sol. Area of quadrilateral = Area of ∆ABC + Area of ∆ ACD
1
So, Area of ∆ABC = ( −3)( 4 + 6) + 5( −6 − 2 ) + 7( 2 − 4)
2
1
= − 30 − 40 − 14
2
1
= − 84 = 42 Sq. units
2
1
Area of ∆ ACD = − 3( −6 + 4) + 7( −4 − 2 ) + ( −5)( 2 + 6)
2
1 1
= + 6 − 42 − 40 = − 76 = 38 Sq. units
2 2
So, Area of quadrilateral ABCD = 42 + 38 = 80 Sq. units.
DAILY PRACTIVELY PROBLEMS # 7
OBJECTIVE DPP - 7.1
1. The points (-a, -b), (0, 0), (a, b) and (a2, ab) are
(A) Collinear (B) Vertices of a parallelogram (C) Vertices of a rectangle (D) None of these
2. If the points (5, 1), (1, p) & (4, 2) are collinear then the value of p will be
(A) 1 (B) 5 (C) 2 (D) -2
3. Length of the median from B on AC where A(-1, 3), B(1, -1), (5, 1) is
(A) 18 (B) 10 (C) 2 3 (D) 4
4. The points (0, -1), (-2, 3), (6, 7) and (8, 3) are -
(A) Collinear (B) Vertices of a parallelogram which is not a rectangle
(C) Verticals of a rectangle, which is not a square (D) None of these
5. If (3, -4) and (-6, 5) are the extremities of the diagonal of a parallelogram and (-2, 1) is third vertex, then
its fourth vertex is - (A) (-1, 0) (B) (0, -1) (C) (-1, 1) (D) None of these
6. The area of a triangle whose vertices are (a, c + a), (a, c) and (-a, c - a) are

(A) a2 (B) b2 (C) c2 (D) a2 + c2

7. The are of the quadrilateral’s the coordinates of whose verticals are (1, -2,) (6, 2), (5, 3) and (3, 4) are
9 11
(A) (B) 5 (C) (D) 11
2 2
SUBJECTIVE DPP - 7.2
1. Find the distance between the points :
(i) P (-6, 7) and Q(-1, -5).
(ii) A(at12, 2at1) and B(at22, 2at2).
2. If the point (x, y) is equidistant from the points (a + b, b - a) and (a - b, a + b), prove that bx = ay.
3. Find the value of x, if the distance between the points (x, -1) and (3, 2) is 5.
4. Show that the points (a, a), (-a, -a) and − 3a , 3a ) are the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
5. Show that the points (1, 1), (-2, 7) and (3, -3) are collinear.
6. Prove that (2, -2), (-2, 1) and (5, 2) are the vertices of a right angled triangle. Find the area of the triangle
and the length of the hypotenuse.
7. If A(-1, 3), B(1, -1) and C(5, 1) are the vertices of a triangle ABC, find the length of the median passing
through the vertex A.
8. Show that the points A(1,2), B(5, 4), C(3, 8) and D(-1, 6) are the vertices of a square.
9. The abscissa of a point is twice its ordinate and the sum of the abscissa and the ordinate is -6. What are
the coordinates of the point ?
10. If two vertices of triangle are (3, 7) an (-1, 5) and its centroid is (1, 3), find the coordinates of the third vertex.
11. If the mid point of the line-segment joining the points (-7, 14) and (K, 4) is (a, b), where 2a + 3b = 5, find
the value of K.
1 1
12. Prove hat the points (a, 0), (0, b) and (1, 1) are collinear if + = 1 .
a b
13. The co-ordinates of two points A & B are (3, 4) and (5, -2) respectively. Find the co-ordinate of point P if
PA = PB, the area of ∆APB = 10.
Area ( ∆DBC ) 1
14. Four points A(6, 3), B(-3, 5) C(4, -2) and D(x, 3x) are given in such a way that = find x.
Area ( ∆ABC ) 2
15. Show that the points A(2, -2), B(14, 10), C(11, 13) and D(-1, 1) are the vertices of a rectangle.[CBSE-2004]
16. Determine the ratio in which the point (-6, a) divides the join of A(-3, -1) and B(-8, 9). Also find the value
of a. [CBSE 2004]
17. Find a pint on X-axis which is equidistant from the points (7, 6) and (-3, 4). [CBSE - 2005]
18. The line segment joining the points (3, -4) and (1, 2) is trisected at the pints P and Q. if the coordinates of
P and Q are (p, -2) and (5/3, ) respectively. Finds the value of p and q. [CBSE 2005]
19. If A(-2, -1), B(a, 0), C(4, b) and D(1, 2) are the verities of a parallelogram, find the values of a and b.[ -2006]
20. The coordinates of one end point of a diameter of a circle are (4, -1) and the coordinates of the centre of
the circle are (1, -3). Find the coordinates of the other end of the diameter. [CBSE-2007]
3
21. The pint R divides the line segment AB, where A(-4, 0) and B(0, 6) are such that AR = AB. Find the co-
4
ordinates or R. (CBSE - 2008)
22. For what value of k are the pints (1, 1), (3, k) and (-1, 4) collinear ?[CBSE - 2008]
23. Find the area of the ∆ABC with vertices A(-5, 7), B (-4, -5) and C(4, 5).[CBSE - 2008]
24. If the point P(x,y) is equidistant from the points A(3,6) and B(-3,4) prove that 3x + y - 5 = 0.[CBSE - 2008]
25. If A(4 -8), B(3,6) and C(5,- 4) are the vertices of a ∆ABC, D is the mid-point of BC and is P is point on AD
AP
joined such that = 2 find the coordinates of P. [CBSE - 2008]
PD
ANSWERS
(Objective DPP # 7.1)
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Ans. A B B C A A C
(Subjective DPP # 7.2)
1. (i) 13 (ii) a( t 2 − t 1 ) ( t 2 + t 1 ) 2 + 4 3. x = 7 or - 1
25
6. sq. units , 5 2
2

7. 5 units 9. (-4, -2) 10. (1, -3) 11. K = -15

11 3
13. (7, 2) or (1, 0) 14. ,− 16. 3 : 2, a = 5 17. (3, 0)
8 8
9
18. p = 7/3, q = 0 19. a = 1, b = 3 20. (-2, -5) 21. (−1, )
2
22. k=-2 23. 53 sq. units 25. (4, -2)

Free Remedy Classes for class 10th, Plot No. 27, III- Floor, Zone-2, M.P. NAGAR, Bhopal

Lec Coimbatore Jan2011
No ratings yet
Lec Coimbatore Jan2011
34 pages
Physics Practical Manual
100% (2)
Physics Practical Manual
206 pages
1082 B.P.S. X S.A. II Maths I.I.T.foundation N.T.S.E. Olympiad Study Package 2014 15
No ratings yet
1082 B.P.S. X S.A. II Maths I.I.T.foundation N.T.S.E. Olympiad Study Package 2014 15
58 pages
10 Maths
No ratings yet
10 Maths
97 pages
Constructions
No ratings yet
Constructions
11 pages
Parabola
No ratings yet
Parabola
21 pages
Hcrs Theory of Polygon-663
No ratings yet
Hcrs Theory of Polygon-663
29 pages
Voronoi Diagram PDF
No ratings yet
Voronoi Diagram PDF
12 pages
Adobe Scan 11 Feb 2024
No ratings yet
Adobe Scan 11 Feb 2024
16 pages
Analytical Geometry Notes
No ratings yet
Analytical Geometry Notes
93 pages
Bar Pendulm
No ratings yet
Bar Pendulm
4 pages
Worksheet D14 Oct 2024
No ratings yet
Worksheet D14 Oct 2024
11 pages
IB Analysis and Approaches Formula Sheet
No ratings yet
IB Analysis and Approaches Formula Sheet
1 page
CHAPTER 1 CIRCLES
No ratings yet
CHAPTER 1 CIRCLES
7 pages
4 ECE469L 2D Foundation F24
No ratings yet
4 ECE469L 2D Foundation F24
40 pages
EM Practicals
No ratings yet
EM Practicals
22 pages
Chapter 10: Circles: Key Points and Concepts
No ratings yet
Chapter 10: Circles: Key Points and Concepts
4 pages
SLOPE AND DEFLECTION IN DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
No ratings yet
SLOPE AND DEFLECTION IN DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
26 pages
PreCalculus - Module 2
50% (6)
PreCalculus - Module 2
9 pages
Unit - I
No ratings yet
Unit - I
18 pages
Ch-6,7
No ratings yet
Ch-6,7
1 page
Potential Flow Theory
No ratings yet
Potential Flow Theory
25 pages
Differential Calculus
No ratings yet
Differential Calculus
42 pages
Parabola
No ratings yet
Parabola
5 pages
7528 - Lesson Note 13
No ratings yet
7528 - Lesson Note 13
3 pages
رياضيات كورس اول
No ratings yet
رياضيات كورس اول
45 pages
2019 National Astronomy Olympiad (NAO) : 1 Instructions (Please Read Carefully)
No ratings yet
2019 National Astronomy Olympiad (NAO) : 1 Instructions (Please Read Carefully)
7 pages
Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials-Stress Transformation 2
No ratings yet
Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials-Stress Transformation 2
69 pages
sma-103-analytical-geometry-notes
No ratings yet
sma-103-analytical-geometry-notes
93 pages
Analytical Geometry 3 D Integral Calculus
100% (2)
Analytical Geometry 3 D Integral Calculus
75 pages
2015 Solutions
No ratings yet
2015 Solutions
21 pages
ELECTIVE MATHEMATICS 10 Module 1 Equation of Parabola
No ratings yet
ELECTIVE MATHEMATICS 10 Module 1 Equation of Parabola
20 pages
sma-103-analytical-geometry-notes
No ratings yet
sma-103-analytical-geometry-notes
93 pages
Part I Analytic Geometry Straight Line
No ratings yet
Part I Analytic Geometry Straight Line
12 pages
MOD 2 - Conic Sections
No ratings yet
MOD 2 - Conic Sections
42 pages
2Q-S7 Secants Tangents and Chord Lengths
No ratings yet
2Q-S7 Secants Tangents and Chord Lengths
35 pages
K Theoretic Virtual Fundamental Cycle of Global Kuranishi Chart
No ratings yet
K Theoretic Virtual Fundamental Cycle of Global Kuranishi Chart
19 pages
e6c181f6_43f6_4438_9de1_3c2e43bcfd9c_5.physics10thfa2
No ratings yet
e6c181f6_43f6_4438_9de1_3c2e43bcfd9c_5.physics10thfa2
10 pages
6thgrademath14 1textbookpdf
No ratings yet
6thgrademath14 1textbookpdf
6 pages
Get 103 Module 6
No ratings yet
Get 103 Module 6
31 pages
Adobe Scan 24 Jan 2024
No ratings yet
Adobe Scan 24 Jan 2024
7 pages
pre OTC Assignment 0 Problems on Rotation
No ratings yet
pre OTC Assignment 0 Problems on Rotation
6 pages
CURVES2
No ratings yet
CURVES2
23 pages
Class X Chapter 10 NCERT Solution
No ratings yet
Class X Chapter 10 NCERT Solution
14 pages
Precalculus Module Conic Sections
No ratings yet
Precalculus Module Conic Sections
35 pages
Pcal 11 Q2 1603 Final
No ratings yet
Pcal 11 Q2 1603 Final
37 pages
EM104 - Orbital Analysis - Kelm - 0612
100% (1)
EM104 - Orbital Analysis - Kelm - 0612
16 pages
Unit 5 - part-II Vector
No ratings yet
Unit 5 - part-II Vector
18 pages
Tacheometry - Stadia System: KS Sin
No ratings yet
Tacheometry - Stadia System: KS Sin
48 pages
Inversive Geometry
No ratings yet
Inversive Geometry
6 pages
amenta99
No ratings yet
amenta99
10 pages
Chapter 3 Parabolas Week 4
100% (1)
Chapter 3 Parabolas Week 4
6 pages
Math 10 Q3 Review
No ratings yet
Math 10 Q3 Review
58 pages
I. Fundamental Concepts
No ratings yet
I. Fundamental Concepts
44 pages
Experiment 5: AIM: To Determine Angle of Mintmum Deviation For A Given Prism by Plotting A Graph Dee
No ratings yet
Experiment 5: AIM: To Determine Angle of Mintmum Deviation For A Given Prism by Plotting A Graph Dee
4 pages
MATH 10 Q2 WEEK 5
50% (2)
MATH 10 Q2 WEEK 5
24 pages
How To Use A Scientific Calculator For Polar To Rectangular Conversion
No ratings yet
How To Use A Scientific Calculator For Polar To Rectangular Conversion
9 pages
SS2 PHYSICS NOTE FIRST TERM EDITED
No ratings yet
SS2 PHYSICS NOTE FIRST TERM EDITED
31 pages
Application of Derivatives Tangents and Normals (Calculus) Mathematics E-Book For Public Exams
From Everand
Application of Derivatives Tangents and Normals (Calculus) Mathematics E-Book For Public Exams
Mohmmad Khaja Shareef
5/5 (1)
Mathematical Analysis 1: theory and solved exercises
From Everand
Mathematical Analysis 1: theory and solved exercises
Alessio Mangoni
5/5 (1)
A Thought
No ratings yet
A Thought
7 pages
LD College of Engineering CIRCUIT AND NETWORKS (2130901) Semester-3 (EE)
No ratings yet
LD College of Engineering CIRCUIT AND NETWORKS (2130901) Semester-3 (EE)
4 pages
Boylestad 9th Edition Solution Manual
No ratings yet
Boylestad 9th Edition Solution Manual
4 pages
Certificate For VISHNU PANDEY For "QUIZ ON WORLD ENVIRONMENT DAY"
No ratings yet
Certificate For VISHNU PANDEY For "QUIZ ON WORLD ENVIRONMENT DAY"
1 page
Fdocuments - in - Boylestad 9th Edition Solution Manual 9th Edition Solution Manual Electronic PDF
No ratings yet
Fdocuments - in - Boylestad 9th Edition Solution Manual 9th Edition Solution Manual Electronic PDF
4 pages
Fdocuments - in - Boylestad 9th Edition Solution Manual 9th Edition Solution Manual Electronic PDF
No ratings yet
Fdocuments - in - Boylestad 9th Edition Solution Manual 9th Edition Solution Manual Electronic PDF
4 pages
Notice UnRegd
No ratings yet
Notice UnRegd
1 page
Admission Committee For Professional Courses, Ahmedabad 380015
No ratings yet
Admission Committee For Professional Courses, Ahmedabad 380015
5 pages
EVS - Ebook
No ratings yet
EVS - Ebook
104 pages
CBSE Class 7 Practical Geometry Worksheet
No ratings yet
CBSE Class 7 Practical Geometry Worksheet
6 pages
Savvas Lesson Plan 7-2
No ratings yet
Savvas Lesson Plan 7-2
3 pages
Maths: Nps International School Class X Holiday Homework
No ratings yet
Maths: Nps International School Class X Holiday Homework
10 pages
Direction: Read Each Question Carefully. Choose The Letter of The Correct Answer
No ratings yet
Direction: Read Each Question Carefully. Choose The Letter of The Correct Answer
2 pages
Construction
No ratings yet
Construction
9 pages
Mathematics Curriculum Guide Grade 8: Marlboro Township Public Schools Department of Curriculum and Instruction
No ratings yet
Mathematics Curriculum Guide Grade 8: Marlboro Township Public Schools Department of Curriculum and Instruction
30 pages
Construct Squares, Rectangles, Trianles, Circles, Half Circles, and Quarter Circles Using Cut Outs and Square Grids
No ratings yet
Construct Squares, Rectangles, Trianles, Circles, Half Circles, and Quarter Circles Using Cut Outs and Square Grids
5 pages
Math 9 Quarter 3 Reviewer JMSM
100% (1)
Math 9 Quarter 3 Reviewer JMSM
1 page
Answer Key
No ratings yet
Answer Key
2 pages
Proportional Segments & Basic Similarity Theorem
No ratings yet
Proportional Segments & Basic Similarity Theorem
30 pages
Jasneet Kaur, Mohd Mamur Ali, Ashu Threja: Understanding of Geometrical and Algebraic Concepts at Elementary Level
No ratings yet
Jasneet Kaur, Mohd Mamur Ali, Ashu Threja: Understanding of Geometrical and Algebraic Concepts at Elementary Level
23 pages
Lesson Plan Trig Ratios
No ratings yet
Lesson Plan Trig Ratios
4 pages
Practice Examination Class X - Mathematics 2021-2022
No ratings yet
Practice Examination Class X - Mathematics 2021-2022
13 pages
Higher Eng Maths 9th Ed 2021 Solutions Chapter
No ratings yet
Higher Eng Maths 9th Ed 2021 Solutions Chapter
39 pages
ST unit1
No ratings yet
ST unit1
14 pages
Quadratic Equations Class 10 Important Questions Very Short Answer
No ratings yet
Quadratic Equations Class 10 Important Questions Very Short Answer
35 pages
SMC 2023 Solutions
No ratings yet
SMC 2023 Solutions
4 pages
Mensuration 2D Sheet -01
No ratings yet
Mensuration 2D Sheet -01
5 pages
SARC School Class: - Seven: Submission Date: - 2078-02-23 FM: 30 PM: 15
No ratings yet
SARC School Class: - Seven: Submission Date: - 2078-02-23 FM: 30 PM: 15
3 pages
Exercise 4.4 (Solutions) : K Ax by C Kax by C
No ratings yet
Exercise 4.4 (Solutions) : K Ax by C Kax by C
16 pages
Q1 - JHS Sci 10 Motion in Two Dimension PPT (2024-2025)
No ratings yet
Q1 - JHS Sci 10 Motion in Two Dimension PPT (2024-2025)
69 pages
Measurement of Horizontal Distances Problem Set 2 1. PACING. in Walking Along A 75-m Course, The Pacer of A Field Party Counted
100% (1)
Measurement of Horizontal Distances Problem Set 2 1. PACING. in Walking Along A 75-m Course, The Pacer of A Field Party Counted
38 pages
Mathematics Textbook For Class 9 by NCERT
No ratings yet
Mathematics Textbook For Class 9 by NCERT
361 pages
MTA Math's Notes
No ratings yet
MTA Math's Notes
91 pages
Caed Solution Manual
No ratings yet
Caed Solution Manual
170 pages
BMP - Grade 6 Mathematics
No ratings yet
BMP - Grade 6 Mathematics
32 pages
Konsep Matematika Kls IX Sem 1 Bilingual
No ratings yet
Konsep Matematika Kls IX Sem 1 Bilingual
4 pages
Quantitative Aptitude
No ratings yet
Quantitative Aptitude
18 pages
Class 10 Mathematics Mind Map
No ratings yet
Class 10 Mathematics Mind Map
14 pages
2019 Maths Mock 2
No ratings yet
2019 Maths Mock 2
10 pages