For official Use Only

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS
(Railway Board)

INDIAN RAILWAY STANDARD

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR

THE DESIGN OF SUB-STRUCTURES
AND FOUNDATIONS OF BRIDGES

(BRIDGE SUB-STRUCTURES & FOUNDATION CODE)

ADOPTED –1936
FIRST REVISION -1985
SECOND REVISION -2013

(Incorporating Correction Slip Upto 1 dt 17.4.14)

Disclaimer: This Compilation is for educational reference only.
For details refer original correction slips.

ISSUED BY

RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

LUCKNOW - 226011
 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS
(Railway Board)

INDIAN RAILWAY STANDARD

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR

THE DESIGN OF SUB-STRUCTURES
AND FOUNDATIONS OF BRIDGES

(BRIDGE SUB-STRUCTURES & FOUNDATION CODE)

ADOPTED –1936
FIRST REVISION -1985
SECOND REVISION -2013

(Incorporating Correction Slip Upto 29)

ISSUED BY

RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

LUCKNOW - 226011
 CONTENTS

S.No. Description Page

1. Scope . . . . . . . . . . 1

2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1 Afflux . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Causeway . . . . . . . . . 2
2.3 Clearance . . . . . . . . . 2
2.4 Depth of Scour . . . . . . . . 2
2.5 Design discharge . . . . . . . . 2
2.6 Design discharge for foundations . . . . . . 2
2.7 Free board . . . . . . . . . 2
2.8 Full supply level . . . . . . . . 3
2.9 Highest flood level . . . . . . . . 3
2.10 Low water level . . . . . . . . 3
2.11 Important bridges . . . . . . . . 3
2.12 Major bridges . . . . . . . . . 3
2.13 Protection works . . . . . . . . 3
2.14 Training works . . . . . . . 3
2.15 Track crossing and bridges . . . . . . . 3

3. Notation And Symbols . . . . . . . 3

4. Hydrological Design Investigations . . . . . . 4

4.1 Hydrological investigation . . . . . . . 4
4.2 Estimation of design discharge . . . . . . 4
4.3 Methods of estimation of design discharge . . . . . 4
4.4 Design discharge for foundations . . . . . . 5
4.5 Design of waterways . . . . . . . . 5
4.6 Depth of scour . . . . . . . . 7
4.7 Afflux . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.8 Clearance . . . . . . . . . 10
4.9 Free board . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.10 Training works. . . . . . . . . 11

5. Loads, Forces And Stresses . . . . . . 11

5.1 General . . . . . . . . . 11
5.2 Dead load . . . . . . . . . 11

(i)
S.No. Description Page

5.3 Live load . . . . . . . . . 11

5.4 Dynamic augment . . . . . . . . 12
5.5 Longitudinal forces . . . . . . . . 13
5.6 Frictional resistance . . . . . . . . 13
5.7 Earth pressure . . . . . . . . 13
5.8 Earth pressure due to surcharge . . . . . . 18
5.9 Forces due to water current . . . . . . . 20
5.10 Buoyancy effect . . . . . . . . . 22
5.11 Wind pressure effect . . . . . . . . 23
5.12 Seismic forces . . . . . . . . 23
5.13 Combinations of loads and forces . . . . . . 28
5.14 Permissible stresses. . . . . . . 29
5.15 Permissible increase in stresses . . . . . . 29
5.16 Checking of existing masonry and concrete sub-structures . . . 30
5.17 Structures strengthened by jacketting . . . . . 33

6. Foundations . .. . . . . . . . 33
6.1 General design criteria . . . . . . . 33
6.2 Sub-soil investigations . . . . . . . . 34
6.3 Foundations in non-cohesive strata . . . . . . 36
6.4 Foundations in cohesive strata . . . . . 36
6.5 Foundations on Rock . . . . . . . . 39
6.6 Non-homogeneous and unsound rocks . . . . . 40
6.7 Permissible increase in allowable bearing pressure . . . . 40
6.8 Conditions of stability . . . . . . . . 40
6.9 Design of deep foundations . . . . . . . 41

7. Design And Construction Of Bridge Sub-Structures . . . 41

7.1 Abutments . . . . . . . . . 41
7.2 Piers . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.3 Bed blocks for abutments and piers . . . . . . 41
7.4 Butt joints . . . . . . . . . 41
7.5 Back fill material and Approach Slabs. . . . . . 42
7.6 Weep holes . . . . . . . . . 42
7.7 Application of load . . . . . . . . 43
7.8 Surface reinforcement in plain cement concrete in piers and abutments . 43

( ii )
APPENDICES :

APPENDIX – I Hydrological investigations . . . . 44

APPENDIX – II Graphical determination of active earth pressure . 46
APPENDIX– III Graphical determination of passive earth pressure . 47
APPENDIX– IV Procedures for laboratory and field tests to determine
permissible stresses in masonry . . . 48
APPENDIX– V Design and Analysis of Well Foundation . . 49
APPENDIX– V (i) List of Flood Estimation Reports . . 55
APPENDIX– V (ii) Hydrometrological – Sub zones of India . . 56

TABLES:
Table 1 Values of  for granular soils . . . . . 15
Table 2 Value of Kh for different types of soils and angles of Inclination
of back fill . . . . . . . 17
Table 3 Live load surcharge . . . . . . . 18
Table 4 Values of K for different shapes of piers and cut waters . . 21
Table 5 Values of Ce for hydrodynamic force . . . . 24
Table 6 Presumptive safe bearing capacity of soils . . . 37
Table 7 Application of load for different types of cement . . . 43



( iii )
 INDIAN RAILWAY STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE DESIGN
OF SUB-STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATIONS OF BRIDGES
(Bridge Sub-structure and Foundation Code)

1. SCOPE
1.5 This Code makes reference to the
1.1 This Code of Practice applies to the following Standards and Technical Papers.
design and construction of substructures and
foundations of Railway bridges including sub- I. INDIAN STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
structures in steel. Any revision or addition or
deletion of the provisions of this code shall be
(a) IS : 269-1976-Specification for ordinary and
issued only through the correction slip to this
low heat portland cement (Third revision).
code. No cognizance shall be given to any policy
directives issued through other means.
(b) IS: 8041E-1978 –Emergency Specifications
for rapid hardening portland cement.
1.2 The structural design of sub-structures
in steel shall be in accordance with the Indian
Railway Standard (IRS) Code of Practice for the (c) IS : 875-1964 Code of Practice for
design of steel or wrought iron bridges carrying Structural Safety of Buildings-Loading
rail, road or pedestrian traffic (revised 1962) and Standards.
the structural design of sub-structures and
foundations in concrete shall be in accordance (d) IS : 1888-1971-Methods of load tests on
with the IRS Code of Practice for concrete soils.
bridges (revised 1962).

(e) IS : 1892-1962-Code of Practice for site

1.3 New bridge sub-structures shall be investigations for foundations.
designed to the standards laid down in this code.

(f) IS :1893-1975-Criteria for earth quake

1.3.1 Checking the strength of the sub- resistant design of structures.
structure of the existing bridges for introducing
new type of locos/rolling stock or in case of
gauge conversion works shall be as per the (g) IS : 1911-1967-Schedule of unit weights of
building materials.
criteria laid down in Clause 5.16.

(h) IS : 2720-Pt. XIII-1965- Direct Shear Test.

1.4 The design and construction of sub-
structure and foundations of road bridges
exclusively carrying road traffic shall comply with (i) IS : 2911-Code of Practice for design and
relevant sections of the Standard Specifications construction of pile foundations (Parts I, II,
and Code of Practice for road bridges issued III ) (1964, 1965, 1973).
by the Indian Roads Congress.

[ 1 ]
(j) IS : 2950-1973 Pt. I-Code of Practice for (f) Hand B ook for Est imation of Design
design and construction of raft foundations. Discharge for Railway Bridges.

(k) IS : 3955-1967- Code of Practice for design HYDROLOGICAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

and construction of well foundation.
2. TERMINOLOGY
(l) IS : 6403-197 1-Code of Practic e for
determination of allowable bearing pressures
2.1 AFFLUX (h) is the rise in water level
on shallow foundation.
up-stream of a bridge as a result of obstruction
to natural flow caused by the construction of the
II. STANDARD SPECIFICAT IONS AND bridge and its approaches.
CODE OF PRACTICES ISSUED BY INDIAN
ROADS CONGRESS
2.2 CAUSEWAY or Irish bridge in a dip in
the Railway track which allows floods to pass
IRC-5-1970 Section I - General features of over it.
design.
IRC-6-1966 Section II - Loads and Stresses. 2.3 CLEARANCE(C) is the vertical distance
between the water level of the design discharge
III. TECHNICAL PAPERS: (Q) including afflux and the point on the bridge
super-structure where the clearance is required
to be measured.
(a) Railway Board Technical paper No.335-
‘River training and control for Bridges’ by
H.K.L.Sethi. 2.4 DEPTH OF SCOUR(D) is the depth
of the eroded bed of the river, measured from
the water level for the discharge considered.
(b) Railway Board Technical paper No.153 –
‘River training and control on the guide bank
system‘ by Sir F.J.E. Spring. 2.5 DE SIG N DISCHARG E(Q ) i s t he
estimated discharge for the design of the bridge
and its appurtenances.
(c) Central Board of Irrigation and power-
Pu blic atio n No.60 ‘Ma nua l on Riv er
Behaviour Control and Training (Revised 2.6 DE SIG N DISCHARG E FOR
Sept.1971). FO UNDAT IO NS (Qf ) i s t he e sti mat ed
discharge for design of foundations and training/
protection work.
(d) River Training and Protection Works for
Railway Bridges published by IRIATT/Pune.
2.7 FREE BOARD(F) is the vertical distance
between the water level corresponding to the
(e) Manual on the Design and Construction of
Design Discharge (Q) including afflux and the
well and pile Foundations.
formation level of the approach banks or the top
level of guide banks.

[ 2 ]
 purposes should be considered as bridge. All
2.8 FULL SUPPLY LEVEL (FSL) in the conduits provided across track for the passage
case of canals, is the water level corresponding of cables, pressurized or non pressurized fluids
to the full supply as designed by canal should be considered a track crossings and not
authorities. br idge s. Deta ils and sys tem of annu al
assessment and documentation of health of
such track crossings should be maintained.
2.9 HIGHEST FLOOD LEVEL (HFL) is the
highest water level known to have occurred.
3. NOTATION AND SYMBOLS

2.10 LOW WATER LEVEL (LWL) is the water

level generally obtained during dry weather. Low For the purpose of this Code, unless otherwise
water level is determined from gauge levels of stated in the text, the following letters/symbols
the river for the period as large as possible from shall have the meaning indicated against each-
the consideration of obtaining the longest Symbols are also explained at the appropriate
possible working period. place in the code.

2.11 IMP ORTANT BRIDG ES a re tho se A - Un-obstructed sectional area of river.

having a lineal waterway of 300m or a total a - Sectional area of river at obstructions
waterway of 1000 Sq.m or more and those B- Width of uniform distribution at formation
classified as important by the Chief Engineer/ level.
Ch ief Bri dge Eng ine er, dep end ing on
C- Coefficient for Lacey’s regime width or
considerations such as depth of waterway,
Half of un-confined compressive strength
extent of river training works and maintenance
of soil.
problems.
- Clearance.
C o - Compression index.
2.12 MAJOR BRIDGES are those which have
D- Lacey’s depth of scour.
either a total waterway of 18m or more or which
have a clear opening of 12m or more in any E- Thickness of clay layer.
one span. eo - Initial void ratio.
F- Free Board or Total Horizontal force
2.13 PROTECTION WORKS are works to du e to hyd ro- dyna mic for ce a nd
protect the bridge and its approaches from earthquake force.
damage by flood water. f- Lacey’s silt factor.
Fr - Modulus of rupture of masonry/ mass
2.14 TRAINING WORKS are works designed concrete.
to guide and confine the flow of a river. Fy - Yield strength of steel.
H,h- Height of retaining wall or afflux.
2.15 TRACK CROSSING AND BRIDGES - Ka - Coefficient of static active earth pressure
Any opening across the track formation for condition.
discharge of water, vehicles, men or for similar

[ 3 ]
K p - Coefficient of static passive earth i - Angle which the earth fill makes with
pressure. the horizontal in earth retaining structure
L- Length of abutment.
P- Total horizontal pressure due to water 4. HYDROLOGICAL DESIGN INVESTIGA-
current or pressure due to Dead Load TIONS
and Live Load surcharge.
Pa - Active earth pressure per unit length of 4.1 Hydrological investigations to the extent
wall or active earth pressure due to necessary, depending upon the type and
seismic effects. importance of the bridge shall be carried out as
Po - Initial overburden pressure. per guide lines given in Appendix I.
Ps - Percentage of steel area on each of
masonry / mass concrete. 4.2 ES T IMAT ION OF DESIGN
P1 - Pressure due to Live load and Dead load DISCHARGE(Q)
surcharge on return walls.
PP - Passive earth pressure per unit length 4.2.1 The estimation of design discharge for
of wall. waterway shall preferably be based, wherever
PW - Wetted perimeter in metres which can possible, on procedures evolved from actual
be taken as effective width of waterway hydrometeorological observations of the same
in case of large streams. or similar catchments.
p- Increase in stress due to external loads
at any depth below the formation. 4.2.2 All bridges shall be designed with
Q - Design discharge. adequate waterway for design discharge (Q).
Qf - Design discharge for foundations. This shall normally be the computed flood with
a probable recurrence interval of 50 years.
qr - Uniform surcharge intensity.
However, at the discretion of Chief Engineer/
qf - Discharge intensity.
Chief Bridge Engineer, bridges, damage to
S- Vertical surcharge load or anticipated which is likely to have severe consequences may
settlement. be desig ned fo r flo ods w ith a proba ble
V- Velocity in unobstructed stream or recurrence interval of more than 50 years, while
Maximum mean velocity of current. bridges on less important lines or sidings may
W - Unit weight of soil. be desig ned fo r flo ods w ith a proba ble
We- Weight of water of the enveloping recurrence interval of less than 50 years.
cylinder.
Ws - Saturated unit weight of soil. 4.3 ME T HO DS O F E ST IMAT ION OF
 h - Design horizontal seismic coefficient. DESIGN DISCHARGE

 v - Vertical seismic coefficient.

 - Angle of friction between the wall material 4.3.1 Where stream flow records (yearly peak
and earthfill. discharges) are available for the desired
recurrence interval or more, the design
- Angle of internal friction of back fill soil.
discharge shall be the computed flood for the
desired recurrence interval.

[ 4 ]
 estimated by slope area method after obtaining
4.3.2 Where such records exist for less than flood slope by field observations.
the desired recurrence interval, but are of
sufficient length to permit reliable statistical 4.4 DE SIG N DISCHARG E FOR
an alys is, the des ign dis char ge may be FOUNDATIONS(Q f )
computed statistically for the desired recurrence
To provide for an adequate margin of safety
interval.
against an abnormal flood of magnitude higher
than the design discharge (Q) the foundations,
4.3.3 Where records of floods are not of protection works and training works except free
sufficient length to permit reliable statistical board, shall be designed for a higher flood
analysis but where rainfall pattern and intensity discharge. The magnitude of this discharge shall
records are available for sufficient length of time be com put ed b y i ncre asi ng t he desi gn
and where it is possible to carry out at least discharge (Q) estimated according to Clause
limited observations of rainfall and discharge, 4.2, by the percentage indicated below
unit hydrographs based on such observations
may be developed and design discharge of the Catchment up to 500 Sq.km 30%
desired recurrence interval computed by Catchment more than 500 30% to 20%
applying appropriate design storm. Sq.km and upto 5,000 (decreasing with
Sq.km. increase in area)
Catchment more than 5,000 20% to 10%
Sq.km. and upto 25,000 (decreasing with
4.3.4 Where such observations, as mentioned Sq.km. increase in area)
in Cl. 4.3.3 above, are not possible, a synthetic Catchment more than Less than 10% (at
25,000 Sq.km the discretion of the
unit hydrograph may be developed for medium
Chief Bridge
size catchment (i.e. area 25 sq km or more but Engineer).
:
less than 2500 sq km) by utilising established
relationships as mentioned in Flood Estimation 4.5 DESIGN OF WATERWAYS
Report for respective hydro-meteorological
su b-zo ne, lis ted und er A ppen dix-V(i ).
4.5.1 In the case of a river which flows
Subsequently, design discharge may be
between stable high banks and which has the
computed in the manner, as mentioned in Cl.
whole of the bank-to-bank width functioning
4.3.3 above.Various hydro-meteorological sub-
actively in a flood of magnitude Q the waterway
zones, are shown in Appendix-V(ii). For small
provided shall be practically equal to the width
size catchment (less than 25 sq.km), design
of the waterspread between the stable banks
di scha rge may be est ima ted usi ng t he
for such discharge. If, however, a river spills over
techniques described in RDSO report no.RBF-
its banks and the depth of spill is appreciable
16, titled as “Flood Estimation Methods for
the waterway shall be suitably increased beyond
Catchments Less Than 25 Km 2 in Area”.
the bank-to-bank width in order to carry the
spill discharge as well.
4.3.5 Where feasible, gauging of the stream
may be done to establish the stage – discharge
4.5.2 In the ca se of a ri ver hav ing a
relationships and the discharge at known HFL
comparatively wide and shallow section, with the
determined. Otherwise, the discharge may be
active channel in flood confined only to a portion

[ 5 ]
of the full width from bank to bank, constriction hydraulic and economic considerations and the
of the natural waterway would normally be best possible solution chosen.
de sira ble fro m bo th h ydra uli c an d co st
considerations. A thorough study of both these
4.5.6 In the case of a bridge having one or
factors shall be made before determining the
more piers, the width of waterway obtained from
waterway for such a bridge.
procedure outlined in clause 4.5.3 to 4.5.5 above
shall be increased by twice the sum of the
4.5.3 For river with alluvial beds and sustained weighted mean submerged width of all the piers
floods the waterway shall normally be equal to including footings for wells to arrive at the total
the width given by Lacey’s formula : width of waterway to be provided between the
ends of the bridge; where such increase is not
made, the same shall be applied as a deduction
Pw=1.811 C Q
from the total width of waterway actually
provided to arrive at the effective width.
Where, Pw = wetted perimeter in metres which
can be taken as the effective width of waterway
4.5.6.1 If the width of the pier is b1 for a height h1
in case of large streams.
and b2 for a height h2 in the submerged portion
Q = design discharge in cum/sec. of the pier having a total height h 1 +h 2, the
C = a Coefficient normally equal to 2.67, but weighted mean submerged width is given by the
which may vary from 2.5 to 3.5 according to local expression:
conditions depending upon bed slope and bed
material.

4.5.4 If the river is of a flashy nature i.e. the

rise and fall of flood is sudden or the bed material
is not alluvial and does not submit readily to the
scouring effect of the flood, Lacey’s regime
width formula as given in clause 4.5.3 above will
not apply.

4.5.5 In the case of rivers in sub-montane

stage where the bed slopes are steep and the
h1b1  h2b2
bed material may range from heavy boulders to b mean =
h1  h2
gravel, it is not possible to lay down rigid rules
regarding constriction of waterway. Any
constriction, in such cases, shall be governed 4.5.7 For gauge conversion and doubling
largely by the configuration of the active channel works, where there is no history of past
or channels, the cost involved in diversion and incidents of over-flow/washout/excessive scour
training of these channels, and the cost of guide etc. during last 50 years, the waterway of
bunds, which will need much heavier protection existing bridge may be retained after taking
than the guide bunds of alluvial rivers. Each measures for safety as considered necessary
case shall be examined on merits from both by Chief Engineer Incharge. For locations where

[ 6 ]
there is history of past incidents of over-flow/ 4.6 DEPTH OF SCOUR
washout/excessive scour, the waterway has to
be re-assessed based on the freshly estimated
4.6.1 The probable maximum depth of scour for
design discharge using clause 4.3.1 to 4.3.4.
design of foundations and training and protection
For locations, where existing bridges are less
works shall be estimated considering local
than 50 years old and there is no past history of
conditions.
incidents of over flow/washout/excessive scour
etc., the water way may be judiciously decided
after calculation of the design discharge and 4.6.2 Wherever possible and especially for
keeping in view the water way of existing, flashy rivers and those with beds of gravel or
bridges on adjacent locations on the same river. boulders, soundings for purpose of determining
the depth of scour shall be taken in the vicinity
of the site proposed for the bridge. Such
4.5.8 For rebuilding of bridge, waterway shall
soundings are best taken during or immediately
be determined keeping in view the design
after a flood before the scour holes have had
discharge as worked out from clause 4.3.
time to silt up appreciably. In calculating design
depth of scour, allowance shall be made in the
4.5.9 For strengthening existing bridges by observed depth for increased scour resulting
jacketing etc., a reduction in waterway area as from:
per the limits specified below may be allowed
by the Chief Bridge Engineer provided that there
(i) The design discharge being greater than
has been no history of past incidents of overflow/
the flood discharge observed.
washout/ excessive scour etc. and that
(ii) The increase in velocity due to the
measures for safety as considered necessary
by the Field Engineer and approved by CBE are constr iction of w aterway cau sed by
taken. construction of the bridge.
(iii) The increase in scour in the proximity of
piers and abutments.
Reduction in waterway
S.
Span of Bridge area allowed as %age
No. 4.6.3 In the case of natural channels flowing
of existing waterway
in alluvial beds where the width of waterway
Upto and provided is not less than Lacey’s regime width,
1 20%
including 3.05m
the normal depth or Scour (D) below the
3.05m to 9.12m Varying linearly from foundation design discharge (Q f) level may be
2
including) 20% to 10% estimated from Lacey’s formula as indicated
(

Greater than below 1/3

3 10%  Qf 
9.12m D = 0.473  
 f 
Further reduction in the area shall be
where D is depth in metres Q f is in cumecs
subject to CRS sanction and submission of
and ‘f‘ is Lacey’s silt factor for representative
detailed calculation of waterways etc. Where the
sample of bed material obtained from scour
clearances are not available, the bridge should
zone.
be rebuilt.

[ 7 ]
4.6.4 Where due to constriction of waterway, 4.6.6 The depth calculated (vide clause 4.6.3
the width is less than Lacey’s regime width for and 4.6.4 above) shall be increased as indicated
Q or where it is narrow and deep as in the case below, to obtain maximum depth of scour for
of incised rivers and has sandy bed, the normal design of foundations, protection works and
depth of scour may be estimated by the following training works :-
formula:
1/ 3 Nature of the river Depth of scour
2
qf In a straight reach 1.25D
D = 1.338 f At the moderate bend
conditions e.g. along 1.5D
Where ‘qf’ is the discharge intensity in apron of guide bund.
At a severe bend 1.75D
cubic metre per second per metre width and ‘f’
At a right angle bend or
is silt factor as defined in clause 4.6.3. 2.0D
at nose of piers.
Graph relating q f and D for different In severe swirls e.g.
values of ‘ f ’ are also given at Fig.1 for ease of against mole head of a 2.5 to 2.75D
guide bund.
reference.

4.6.5 The silt factor ‘f’ shall be determined for 4.6.7 In case of clayey beds, wherever
representative samples of bed material collected possible, maximum depth of scour shall be
from scour zone using the formula : assessed from actual observations.

4.7 AFFLUX (h)

f = 1.76 m
4.7.1 For streams with non-erodible beds, the
where m is weighted mean diameter of afflux may be worked out by Molesworth formula
the bed material particles in mm. given below :-
2
 V2   A  
Values of ‘f’ for different types of bed material h=   0.01524      1
commonly met with are given below : 17.88   a  
Where,
h = Afflux in metres.
Weighted
Type of bed Value of 'f' V = Velocity in un-obstructed stream in
mean dia of
material
particle (mm) metre per second.
A = Un-obstructed sectional area of the
(i) Coarse silt 0.04 0.35 river in square metres.
a = Sectional area of the river at
0.08 0.50
(ii) Fine sand obstruction in square metres.
0.15 0.68
(iii) Medium 0.3 0.96
4.7.2 In case of rivers with erodible beds, full
sand 0.5 1.24
afflux as calculated by the formula may not
0.7 1.47 occur.
(iv) Coarse
1.0 1.76
sand
2.0 2.49

[ 8 ]
 100

90
80

f=21.00
f=11.205
f= .00
f=00.80
f=0.60
.40
f= .5
f=
70

60
50
DISCHARGE INTENSITY IN CUMECS/METRE

40

30

20

10
9
8

5
2 1/3
LACEY'S NORMAL SCOUR DEPTH, D=1.338 (qf /f)
4
FOR VARYING DISCHARGES & SILT FACTORS
3

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400

1 2

LACEY'S NORMAL SCOUR DEPTH IN METRES

GRAPH RELATING 'qf' & 'D' FOR DIFFERENT VALUES OF ' f '

Fig.1

[ 9 ]
4.8 CLEARANCE (C) (ii) The clearance can be safely reduced, from
those stipulated under clause 4.8.1.
4.8.1 The minimum clearance for bridges
excluding arch bridges, syphons, pipe culverts Discharge (cumecs) Clearance (mm)
and box culverts from the water level of design
dis c harge (Q) including afflux s hall be in Less than 3 300
accordance with Table below (CS 1 dt 17.4.14):
3 to 30 300-400(Pro-rata)

Vertical clearance 31 to 300 400-1200(Pro-rata)

Discharge in
(mm)
cumecs
The powers to relax prescribed clearance in
0-30 600 special circumstances as indicated above shall
be personally exercised by the Principal Chief
31-300 600-1200(Pro-rata) En gine er/ Chi ef B rid ge E ngi nee r, d ue
301-3000 1500 consideration being given to past history of the
bridge while doing so.
Above 3000 1800

4.8.2 In the case of arch bridges, minimum 4.8.4 W hile executing works other than
clearance measured to the crown of the intrados rebuilding a bridge, the existing clearance may
of the arch shall be as under : be retained.

Span of arch Clearance 4.8.5 Where a tendency has been observed

for the bed level of the stream to rise, a
Rise or 1200mm
Less than 4m clearance shall be provided taking this factor into
whichever is more.
account.
2/3 rise or 1500mm
4.0m to 7.0m
whichever is more.
2/3 rise or 1800mm 4.9 FREE BOARD (F)
7.1m to 20.0m
whichever is more.
Above 20.0m 2/3 rise.
4.9.1. The free-board from the water level of
the design discharge (Q) to the formation level
4.8.3 When rebuilding bridges on existing of the Railway embankment or the top of guide
lines or building new bridges on these or new bund shall not be less than 1m. In cases where
lines, the clearance can be relaxed to the limits heavy wave action is expected, the free-board
shown below provided : shall be increased suitably.

(i) Adoption of the prescribed values would 4.9.2. In special circumstances, where the
otherwise result in heavy expenditure and/ free-board can be safely reduced and where
or serious difficulties in construction, and adopt ion of t he pres c ribed v alues w ould res ult
in heavy expenditure and/or serious difficulties

[ 10 ]
in construction, the free-board may be relaxed
at the discretion of the Principal Chief Engineer/ 5.1 GENERAL
Chief Bridge Engineer as indicated below :-
For the purpose of computing stresses
and stability of sub-structures and foundations
Minimum free-board of bridges, loads and effects of forces in
Discharge (cumecs)
(mm) accordance with the provisions of the Bridge
Rules (Revised 1964 and Reprinted 2008 ) read
Less than 3. 600
together with amendments shall be considered
3 to 30 750 and subject to such additions and amplifications
as specified in this Code.
No relaxation is
More than 30
permissible.
Subject to the provisions of other
4.9.3 W hile executing works other than clauses, all loads and forces shall be considered
rebuilding a bridge or extending it for doubling as applied and all loaded lengths chosen in such
purposes, the existing freeboard may be a way that the most adverse effect is caused in
retained after taking measures for safety as the elements of the sub-structure under
c ons idered nec es s ary by Pr. Chief Eng./CBE. consideration.
(CS 1 dt 17.4.14)
4.9.4 However, in case of siphon bridges, the Force due to the gradient effect shall also
provision for free board as per Clause 4.9.1 need be taken into consideration, while designing sub-
not be considered where a spillway is provided structures and superstructures as a horizontal
on one bank of the channel at a suitable point force of magnitude equal to the product of total
upstream within or outside the Railway Boundary load and gradient.
so that as and when the channel rises over the
danger mark, the water from the channel will
5.2 DEAD LOAD (DL)
flow out. A small drain also has to be provided
For the purpose of calculations of the
from the point of spillway to the nearest bridge
dead load, the unit weights of different materials
to lead the water from the channel in case of
shall be taken as provided in IS : 1911 “Schedule
overflow from the spillway.
of Unit Weights of building materials”.

4.10 TRAINING WORKS

5.3 LIVE LOAD (LL)
These works are required to guide the
The live load for design of bridge sub-
flow past the bridge without causing damage to
structure and foundation shall be as specified
the structure and its approaches. These may
in the Bridge Rules, subject to such addition and
consist of guide bunds and/or spurs. The
amplifications as stated below :-
design of such works will depend on the
condition obtained at each site. Model studies
can be carried out with advantage in important (a) The relevant standard of Railway Loading
cases. shall be considered for new construction or
rehabilitation/ strengthening/ rebuilding of

5. LOADS, FORCES AND STRESSES

[ 11 ]
bridges as specified in IRS Bridge Rules unless (d) In the case of well foundations, for
otherwise specified. calculating foundation pressure, only such
proportion of live load which exceeds 15% of
the dead load after deducting buoyancy need be
(b) For simply supported spans, the live load
taken into account.
reaction on an abutment of the gravity type, shall
be taken as half of the total equivalent uniformly
distributed load (EUDL) for shear on the overall 5.4 DYNAMIC AUGMENT
length of the span. In the case of abutments of
other than gravity type, the minimum vertical live
(a) For calculating the pressure on the top
load reaction corresponding to the axle load
surface of the bed block, the live load shall be
po siti on whi ch d eve lops th e m axim um
incremented by the appropriate Dynamic
longitudinal force, shall be considered.
augment specified in the Bridge Rules.

(c) For simply supported spans, the live load

(b) Fo r th e de sig n of gr avit y type
reaction on a pier shall be worked out under the
substructure, the dynamic augment specified in
following conditions:
Cl.5.4 (a) above shall be multiplied by a factor
as under :
(i) When only one span is fully loaded, and
(ii) When both spans are fully loaded. For calculating the reaction
(i) at the bottom surface of 0.5
bed block
The live load reaction on a pier of gravity
type for the “one span loaded condition” shall 0.5
For calculating the pressure
be taken as half of the total EUDL for shear on decreasing
(ii) on top 3m of substructure
uniformly to
the overall length of the span. For the “both below the bed block
zero
spans loaded” condition where the spans are
equal, the live load reaction shall be taken as Beyond a depth of 3m
(iii) below the bed block, no
one half of the EUDL for bending moment on a impact need be allowed -
span equal to the distance between the outer
mo st e nds of the tw o sp ans und er
(c) Fo r de sign of non gr avit y type
consideration.
Substructure, full dynamic augment effect as
specified in Cl.5.4(a) above shall be considered
In the case of piers of the gravity type upto scour level.
supporting two unequal spans or continuous
spans, and also in the case of piers other than
(d) In a slab top culvert, where no bed block
of the gravity type the live load reaction for each
is provided and the slab rests directly on the
span shall be calculated for the appropriate axle
pi er o r ab utm ent, the to p 30 0mm of
loads in the positions which give the maximum
Substructure below the bottom of the slab shall
longitudinal forces on the loaded length.
be considered as bed- block.

[ 12 ]
(e) The dynamic augment for the design of due to dead load and the live load multiplied by
ballast walls upto a depth of 1.5m, shall be appropriate values of frictional coefficient as
assumed to be 0.5. For the remaining portion of given in clause 2.7.1 of the Bridge Rules.
ballast wall, no dynamic augment need be
allowed.
5.7 EARTH PRESSURE (EP)

5.5 LONGITUDINAL FORCES (LF)

5.7.1 All earth retaining structures shall be
designed for the active pressure due to earth fill
Where a bridge carries a railway or behind the structure. The general condition
roadway, provision shall be made for the encountered is illustrated in (Fig.2)
stresses in the piers and abutments for
longitudinal forces as specified in Bridge Rules.
In design calculations, it should be determined
which of these forces are applicable for the
condition of loading under consideration.

Temperature effects (TMP) need not be

considered in the design of sub structures and
foundation of bridges if a super structure is free
to expand or contract.

5.6 FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE

Fig -2
The active pressure due to earth fill shall
5.6.1 Frictional resistance of RC/PSC slabs be calculated by the formula, based on
kept on un-yielding piers/abutments without Coulomb’s theory for active earth pressure given
bearings shall be limited to frictional coefficient below:-
times the reaction due to dead load on the pier
or abutment. This frictional coefficient shall be
Pa = ½ Wh2 Ka where :-
as follows :
Pa = Active earth pressure per unit
length of wall.
a) For concrete over concrete with bitumen
W = Unit weight of soil.
layer in between = 0.5
h = height of wall.
 = angle of internal friction of back fill soil.
b) Fo r co ncre te over co ncre te n ot
intentionally roughened = 0.6  = angle of friction between wall and earth
fill where value of  is not determined
by actual tests, the following values
5.6.2 Frictional resistance of expansion
may be assumed.
bearings shall be taken into account in
(i)  = 1/3  for concrete structures.
accordance with clause 2.7 of the Bridge Rules
and shall be equal to the total vertical reaction (ii)  = 2/3  for masonry structures.

[ 13 ]
i = angle which the earth sirface makes 5.7.1.4 Th ese for mul ae f or act ive ear th
with horizontal behind the earth pressures are based on the supposition that
retaining structure. backfill behind the structure is granular and there
 = angle which the back surface of earth is effective drainage. These conditions shall be
retaining structure makes with vertical. ensured by providing filter media and backfill
behind the structure as shown in Fig.2 and as
Ka = Coefficient of static active earth described in clause 5.7.1 and 5.7.2
pressure condition.
5.7.1.5 In testing the stability of section of
Ka =
Cos2 (  α)
2
abutments below the ground level, 1/3 rd of the
2
 Sin(  δ)Sin(  i)  passive pressure of the earth in front of the
Cos αCos(α δ)1  
 Cos(α  δ)Cos(α i)  abutment may be allowed for upto the level
below which the soil is not likely to be scoured.

5.7.1.1 The point of application of the active earth

pressure due to earth fill shall be assumed to 5.7.1.6 The passive pressure P p due to the soil
be at a point on the earth face of the structure shall be calculated in accordance with the
at a height of h/3 above the section where formula :
stresses are being investigated.

Pp = Wh2KP
5.7.1.2 The direction of the active earth pressure
shall be assumed to be inclined at an angle  to
the normal to the back face of the structure. Where,

5.7.1.3 The magnitude of active earth pressure Pp = Passive earth pressure per unit
can also be determined graphically by well length of wall
kn own grap hic al c ons truc tion s s uch as
W =Unit weight of soil
Re bhan n’s or Cul man n’s con str ucti on
particularly in case of wing walls, where the h = height from the base of the wall to
profile of earthwork to be supported is not easily the top surface of the soil.
susceptible to analysis. (Fig.3) KP=Coefficient of static passive earth
pressure.

Cos 2 (   α)
K P= 2
2
 Sin(   δ)Sin(   i) 
Cos αCos(α  δ) 1  
 Cos( α  δ)Cos(α  i) 

(i) The point of application of passive earth

pressure due to earth fill shall be assumed to
be at a point on the front face of the abutment at
a height of h/3 above the level where stability is
being tested.

[ 14 ]
(ii) The direction of passive earth pressure ignored. Soil types ‘a’ to ‘e’ in Fig 4 and Table 2
shall be assumed to be upwards and inclined are as described below :
at an angle  to normal to front face of the
abutment.
Soil Type Description

5.7.1.7 Angle of Internal friction of soil.

(a) Coarse grained soil without admixture of fine
soil particles very permeable (clean sand or
Abutments, wing walls and return walls gravel).
shall be designed adopting suitable values for
angle of internal friction appropriate for the
(b) Coarse grained soil of low permeability due
material used in the backfill, determined, where
to admixture of particles of silt size.
possible, by testing soil samples as per IS :
2720-Pt (XIII).
(c) Residual soil with stones, fine silty sand and
granular materials with conspicuous clay
5.7.1.8 Where such tests are not done, values
content.
of  for granular soil may be assumed as given
in Table -1.
(d) Very soft or soft clay, organic silts or silty
TABLE 1 clays.

(e) Medium or stiff clay, deposited in chunks and

Material Loose state Dense State
protected in such a way that a negligible
(a)Sand Coarse 33 Degrees 45 Degrees amount of water enters the spaces between
the chunks during floods or heavy rains. If
(b) Sandy gravel 35 " 45 " this condition cannot be satisfied the clay
should not be used as back fill material. With
(c) Silty and fine
30 " 35 " increasing stiffness of the clay, danger to the
sand
wall due to infiltration of water increases
rapidly.
5.7.2 Semi-empirical methods of calculating
earth pressure.

Where assumptions applicable to theoretical

formulae as given in para 5.7.1.4 are not
satisfied or where it is not practicable to follow
the theoretical Method, the semi-empirical
method described here under may be adopted
in the case of new structures provided the height
of the structure from foundation to top of fill
does not exceed 6 m. The method may also be
used for checking existing sub-structures in
which case the limitation of height may be

[ 15 ]
NOTE : For new bridges, back fill of type ‘c’ soil with excessive clay content or soil of type ‘d’
and ‘e’ shall not be used.

a
2
1 K vH
1280
2 k v in Kg / m 2/ m

2:1 MAX
2
1 K hH
2 960 c
H

e b
640
H/3

a
320

b 0
d

a
VALUES OF K h in Kg/m 2/m LENGTH

2560

2:1 MAX
e
2
2240
1 Kv H
2 1920
d
3:1 MAX

2 1600
1 K hH
2 1280
H

c b
960
640
H/3

a
320
6:1 3:1 2:1 112 :1
0
b 10 20 30 40
VALUES OF SLOPE ANGLE i DEGREES

Fig.4 Chart for estimating pressure of backfill against retaining walls supporting backfills
with plane surface

Note : Alphabets on curves indicate soil types as described in clause 5.7.2. For materials of type (e) computations of
pressure will be based on value of H-4 feet less than the actual value.

[ 16 ]
The active earth pressure is given by the formula P a = Kh H2 assuming the surface of

backfill is plain where Kh for each of the classification is obtained from Fig. 4 or from

Table 2.

TABLE 2

Value of Kh for different types of soils & angles of inclination of backfill (clause 5.7.2)

Type of 6:1 3:1 2:1 1½:1

i=0
soil 0029' 180 25' 26034' 33040'

a 4609 (470) 4471 (456) 4707 (480) 5962 (608) 8786 (896)

b 6178 (630) 5805 (592) 6276 (640) 7649 (780) 10787 (1100)

c 7355 (750) 7511 (766) 8090 (825) 9571 (976) 13494 (1376)

d 15690 (1600) 16186 (1648) 17893 (1824) --- ---

e 18828 (1920) 20306 (2070) 21189 (2160) --- ---

Note : ‘Kh’ is in N/m 2(kg/m 2)/lineal metre

[ 17 ]
 5.8.2 Earth Pressure Due To Surcharge On
The height H is the height of the vertical section Abutments
passing through the heel of the wall. For
material of type ‘a’ computation of pressure may
The horizontal active earth pressure P due to
be based on value of H which should be 1.2 m surcharge, dead and live loads per unit length
less than actual value. on abutment will be worked out for the following
two cases.
5.7.3. Where the substructure is founded on Case-1 : When depth of the section h is less
compressible soft clay, the computed value of than (L-B).
active earth pressure may be increased by 50%
for all soils except type (d). Case-2 : When depth of the section h is more
than (L-B) .
5.8 EART H PRE SSURE DUE TO Where :
SURCHARGE L= Length of the abutment;
B= Width of uniform distribution of surcharge
5.8.1 Earth pressure due to surcharge on load at formation level; and
account of live load and dead loads (i.e. track, h= Depth of the section below formation level.
ballast etc.) shall be considered as equivalent
to loads placed at formation level and extending
Case-1 : h  (L-B)
upto the front face of ballast wall.
The active earth pressure diagrams are as
under :
The surcharge due to live loads for the different
standards of loading is indicated in Table-3.

TABLE-3

Width of uniform
Standard of Surcharge,S distribution at
loading (Kg/m) formation
Level, B (m)
DFC
Loading
16,300 3.0
(32.5t axle
load)
25t
Loading- 13,700 3.0
2008
HM Loading Whereas -
15,800 3.0
- 1995
Modified S = Live load surcharge per unit length
13,700 3.0
BG-1987
Modified V = Dead load surcharge per unit length
9,800 2.1
MG-1988
MGML 9,800 2.1
NG’A’ Class 8,300 1.8 P1 =Force due to active earth pressure on
‘abde’

[ 18 ]
P2 = Force due to active earth pressure on S = Live load surcharge for unit length
‘bcd’.
V = Dead load surcharge for unit length.
(S  V) h
P1 = h.ka , acting at from section h = Height of fill.
(B  h) 2
under consideration
This is assumed to act at a height of h/2
2 from base of the section under consideration.
S  V h Ka 2h
P2 = , acting at from section Surcharge due to live load and dead load may
2BB  h  3
under consideration. be assumed to extend upto the front face of the
ballast wall.
Case-2 : h >(L-B)
The active earth pressure diagrams are as 5.8.3 Earth Pressure due to Surcharge on
under : Return Walls : The earth pressure due to
su rcha rge on retu rn wall s of BO X type
abutments may be assumed to be dispersed
below the formation level at a slope of one
horizontal to one vertical. The pressure due to
live load and dead load surcharge shall be
calculated by the formula:

S  V h1K a
P1 =
B  2D
P1 = Force due to active earth pressure on
‘’abdefg’’
This pressure will be assumed to be acting at a
P2 = Force due to active earth pressure on distance of h1/2 above the section considered
“bcd” as shown in Fig.5(a)

S  V 
P1 = Ka h
L
h
acting at from section under consideration
2

S  V L  B2 Ka
P2 = acting at
2BL
  L  B  Fig 5(a)
h   3  from section under consideration. 5.8.4 Earth Pressure due to Surcharge on
  
Wing Walls :
Where,

[ 19 ]
 The wing walls are subject to the sloping Type of Soil Ka
surcharge due to the fill. In such cases, ‘h’
should be measured from the point at the a 0.27
extreme rear of the wall at the base to point on
the surcharge line vertically above the former b 0.30
as shown in Fig 5(b) and horizontal earth
c 0.39
pressure P2 may be worked out as follows :-

d 1.00
1
P2 = Wh(h+2h3) Ka
2
5.9. FORCES DUE TO WATER CURRENT (WC)

Where,
5.9.1. Any part of the bridge substructure which
h3 = 1/3 Cot  tan h
may be submerged in running water shall be
 = Angle of earth surcharge with the designed to withstand safely the horizontal
horizontal pressure due to force of water current. The
 = Angle of internal friction of the backfill water pressure shall be estimated as indicated
soil. in Clause 5.9.2
W = Weight of backfill per cubic metre.
5.9.2. The total water pressure shall be
Portions of a wing wall which fall within estimated as given in clauses 5.9.2.1 to 5.9.2.7.
0
the 45 distribution of surcharge as illustrated
in Fig. 5(a) shall be designed to carry an 5.9.2.1 On piers parallel to the direction of water
additional earth pressure due to surcharge in current the water pressure shall be calculated
accordance with the formula given in Clause by the formula :
5.8.3.

P = KAV2,

where,
P = Total pressure in kg due to water
current.
A = Area in square metres of elevation of
the part exposed to the water current.
V = The maximum mean velocity of current
in metre per second
5.8.5 Where semi empirical methods are used K = A constant having values for different
to determine the earth pressure, the effect due shapes of piers as given in Clause
to surcharge shall be computed by the formula 5.9.2.2.
given in Clauses 5.8.2 to 5.8.4 above, assuming
values of Ka as given below :-

[ 20 ]
 TABLE 4

Description Figure Value of K

1. Square-ended piers. 79

2. Circular piers or piers with semi-

circular ends. 35

Piers with triangular cut-and ease-

waters, the angle included
between the faces being 60 60o 37
degrees.

4. Piers with triangular cut-and ease-

waters, the angle included
between the faces being 90 90o 47
degrees.

5. Piers with cut-and ease- waters

of equilateral arcs of circle at 60 24
degrees. 60o

Piers with arcs of the cut and

ease waters intersecting at 90
degrees. 90
o 26

5.9.2.1.1 Ma xim um m ean ve loci ty of In cases of standard designs, where

current (V) may be taken from past record, if particulars of discharge and silt factor are not
available. available, velocity of current may be assumed
as 3m/sec.
5.9.2.1.2 Where past record is not available
and bridge is constructed across river in alluvial 5.9.2.1.3 W h ere pas t r eco rd i s n ot
bed, velocity of current may be estimated by available and bridge is constructed across river
using following formula: in other than alluvial bed, velocity of current may
1 be estimated from observations/past record of
 Qf 2  6 Width of unobstructed waterway
adjacent sites on the same river.
V =  
 140  Width of obstructed waterway

5.9.2.2 Masonry and concrete piers shall

be provided at both ends with suitably shaped

[ 21 ]
cutwaters, as shown in Table-4 to the requisite same overall width and the value of constant ‘K’
height. Cut waters may be provided upto a height taken as 66 for the purpose of evaluating the
of 1m above HFL taking afflux into consideration total water pressure. This will apply in
or to any other height that may be found suitable calculating effects of cross currents also.
by the Engineer, depending on local conditions.

5.9.2.6 The point of application of the

5.9.2.3 When a current strikes a pier at total water pressure (centre of pressure)
an angle, the velocity of current shall be resolved calculated in accordance with clauses 5.9.2.1
into two components one parallel and the other to 5.9.2.5 shall be taken at 1/3 of the distance
normal to the pier. measured from the top between the upper and
lower wetted limits of the surface under
consideration.
(a) The force due to water pressure parallel
to the pier shall be determined as indicated in
Cl. 5.9.2.1. taking the velocity V as the 5.9.2.7 The effect of cross currents can
component of the velocity of the current in a generally be neglected unless the effect of such
direction parallel to the pier. water current exceeds the additional allowance
of 20 per cent provided for in Clause 5.9.2.4.

(b) The force due to water pressure normal

to the pier shall be calculated as indicated in 5.10 BUOYANCY EFFECT (B) :
clause 5.9.2.1 taking the velocity V as the
component of the velocity of the current in a
5.10.1 For designing of foundation full buoyancy
direction normal to the pier, the area A as the
considered upto HFL or LWL, as the case may
area of elevation of the part of the pier exposed
be , de pen ding up on t he most cr itic al
to the current and the constant K as 79 except
combination, irrespective of the type of soil.
in case of a circular pier where the constant
However, if foundations are resting on rock and
shall be 35.
have adequate bond with it, suitable reduction
in buoyancy may be considered at the discretion
5.9.2.4 To provide against the effect of of Engineer responsible for design but in any
possible variations in the direction of the current case the reduction shall not be less than 50%
from the direction assumed in the design, of full buoyancy.
allowance shall be made in the design of piers
except in the cases of piers of single circular
5.10.1.1 Che cking stability against
sections for an additional force acting normal
overturning :
to the pier, and having an intensity of pressure
per unit area of the exposed surface of the pier The effect of buoyancy upto HFL, as indicated
equal to 20 per cent of the intensity of pressure in Clause 5.10.1, shall be considered in the
taken as acting in a direction parallel to the pier. de sign to che ck the sta bil ity of brid ge
foundations against any possible combination
of forces.
5.9.2.5 When supports are made with
two or more piles or trestle column, the group
shall be treated as solid rectangular pier of the

[ 22 ]
5.10.1.2 For calculations of foundation into which it is conveniently divided for the
pressure: purpose of design.

In case of foundations of bridges where 5.12.1.1 Slab, box and pipe culverts
water perennially present, buoyancy effect shall need not be designed for seismic forces.
be considered as per Clause 5.10.1 for LWL and For design of substructures of bridges in
also for HFL. Where water flow is not perenial, dif feren t zone s, se ismic force s may be
buoyancy effect shall be considered with respect considered as given below :-
to lowest level of water table and HFL. Buoyancy
effect upto LWL is considered for checking Zone I to III : Seismic forces shall be considered
maximum foundation pressure and upto HFL for only in case of bridges of overall length more
checking minimum foundation pressure. than 60m or spans more than 15m.
Zone IV and V: Seismic forces may be
5.10.2 Design of submerged masonry or considered for all spans.
concrete sub structure :

Note : In zones IV and V, suitably designed

For design of submerged masonry or reinforced concrete piers and abutments shall
concrete structure the buoyancy effect through be used and where use of mass concrete/
pore pressure may be limited to 15% of full masonry substructures becomes unavoidable,
buoyancy upto LWL for checking of compressive a minimum surface reinforcement as per
strength and upto HFL for checking tensile formula given below may be provided vertically
strength. on each face of the pier/abutment to improve
the ductility of the substructure and surface
5.11 WIND PRESSURE EFFECT (WL) reinforcement not less than 5 Kg/m 2 may be
pr ovid ed h ori zontally. Spaci ng o f su ch
reinforcement shall not exceed 500mm center
Wind pressure shall be taken into account for to center.
bridges of span 18m and over, and the intensity
of pressure, along with the effects to be
considered shall be as per Bridge Rules 0.2Fr
Ps = Fy x 100%
(Revised 1964 and reprinted 2008).

5.12 SEISMIC FORCES (SF) Where,

Ps = percentage steel area on each face of
5.12.1 General : Bridge as a whole and every masonry/mass concrete.
part of it shall be designed and constructed to Fr = modulus of rupture of masonry/mass
resist stresses produced by seismic force as concrete,
specified in the IRS Bridge Rules and subject Fy = yield strength of steel.
to amplifications given in this Code. The
stresses shall be calculated as the effects of
5.12.1.2 Modal analysis shall be necessary, for
forces applied vertically or horizontally at the
the following cases, in Zone IV and V.
centre of mass of the elements of the structure

[ 23 ]
(a) in the design of bridges of types, such 5.12.3 Substructure shall be designed for the
as suspension bridges, bascule bridges, cable- worst effect of seismic forces given in clause
stayed bridges, horizontally curved girder 5.12.2 assuming the horizontal seismic forces
bridges and reinforced concrete arch or steel to act either parallel or perpendicular to the
bridges, and direction of traffic.

(b) when the height of substructure from 5.12.4 Substructures oriented skew shall be
base of foundations to the top of pier is more designed for the worst effect of the seismic
than 30m or when the bridge span is more than forces given in clause 5.12.2 assuming the
120m. horizontal seismic forces to act either parallel
or perpendicular to the face of the pier or
abutment.
(c) In important bridges where there is a
possibility of amplification of vertical seismic co-
efficient modal analysis is preferable. 5.12.5 For submerged portions of the pier,
hydrodynamic forces (in addition to earthquake
forces calculated on the mass of the pier) shall
5.12.1.3 Se ism ic forc es sha ll be
be assumed to act in a horizontal direction
calculated on the basis of depth of scour caused
corresponding to that of earthquake motion. The
by mean annual flood. Earthquake and
total horizontal force F shall be given by the
discharge greater than the mean annual flood
following formula:
shall not be assumed to occur simultaneously.

F= Ce α h We
5.12.2 Seismic forces on substructure above
Where
the scour depth shall be as follows: -
Ce = a coefficient (as given in Table –5).
h = design horizontal seismic coefficient
(a) Horizontal and Vertical seismic forces due
as given in Bridge Rules.
to self weight of the substructure applied at the
centre of mass ignoring reduction due to We = Weight of the water of the enveloping
buoyancy and uplift. cylinder (See.5.12.5.2)

TABLE 5
(b) Hydrodynamic forces as specified in
clause 5.12.5 and increase in the earth pressure
due to earthquake as per clause 5.12.6 acting Height of submerged
on the substructure. portion of pier (H)
Values of C e
Radius of Enveloping
cylinder
(c) Horizontal and vertical seismic forces
1.0 0.390
due to dead load of superstructure and live load
2.0 0.575
as specified in Bridge Rules applied at the 3.0 0.675
centre of their mass and considered to be 4.0 0.730
transferred from superstructure to substructure
through the bearings.

[ 24 ]
5.12.5.1 The pressure distribution will be as 5.12.5.2 Some typical cases of submerged
shown in Fig.6. Values of coefficients, C 1, C2 , portions of piers and enveloping cylinders are
C3 ,and C4 for use in Fig.6 are given below : illustrated in Fig.7

C1 C2 C3 C4
0.1 0.410 0.026 0.9345
0.2 0.673 0.093 0.8712
0.3 0.832 0.184 0.8103
0.4 0.922 0.289 0.7515
CASES OF ENVELOPING CYLINDER
0.5 0.970 0.403 0.6945 Fig 7
0.6 0.990 0.521 0.6390
5.12.5.3 The Hydrodynamic suction from the
0.8 0.999 0.760 0.5320
water side and dynamic increment in earth
1.0 1.000 1.000 0.4286 pressures from the earth side shall not be
considered simultaneously. The water level on
earth side may be treated as the same on the
river side.

5.12.6 Ea rth Pre ssur e Due To S eism ic

Effects
Lateral Earth Pressure – The pressure from
earth fill behind abutments and wing walls
during an earthquake shall be as given in Clause
5.12.6.1 to 5.12.6.4.

5.12.6.1 Active Pressure Due To Earth Fill

(a) The general conditions encountered in
the design of retaining walls are illustrated in
Fig.8. The active pressure exerted against the
wall shall be

Pa = 4.9 x Wh2Ca in Newtons.

1
(Pa = Wh2Ca in kg)
2
Where,

Pa = Active earth pressure in kg per metre

Fig 6
length of wall.
W = Unit weight of soil in kg/m 3

[ 25 ]
h = Height of wall in metre, remainder is the dynamic increment. The static
component of the total pressure shall be applied
1   v Cos 2        at an elevation h/3 above the base of the wall.
Ca =
Cos.Cos 2 .Cos      The point of application of the dynamic
2
increment shall be assumed to be at mid-height
  of the wall.
 
 1 
  1/2 
1   Sin(φ  δ)Sin(φ  i  λ)   5.12.6.2 Passive Pressure Due To Earth Fill
  Cos(α  i)Cos(δ  α  λ)  
(a) The general conditions encountered in
the design of retaining walls are illustrated in
the maximum of the two being the value for
Fig.8. The passive pressure against the walls
design,
shall be given by the following formula
v = Vertical seismic coefficient its direction
being taken consistently throughout the
Pp = 4.9 Wh2Cp in Newtons
stability analysis of wall and equal to
1
. 1
2 h (Pp = Wh2Cp in kg)
2
 = Angle of internal friction of soil.
Where,
αh
 = tan-1
1  αv Pp = Passive earth pressure in kg per
metre length of wall.
 = Angle which earth face of the wall
makes with the vertical. (1   v )Cos 2 (     )
Cp = X
i = Slopes of earthfill. CosCos 2Cos(     )

2
 = Angle of friction between the wall and  
earthfill and  
 1 
  1/ 2 

h = Horizontal seismic coefficient. 1   Sin(φ  δ)Sin(φ  i  λ)  

  Cos(α  i)Cos(δ  α  λ)  

(b) The active pressure may be determined

graphically by means of the method described
the minimum of the two being the value for
in Appendix-II.
design; w, h, , i,  and are as defined in 5.12,
6.1, and
(c) Point of Application : From the total
pressure computed as above subtract the static αh
active pressure obtained by putting h = v =   = tan-1 1  αv
= 0 in the expression given in 5.12.6.1. The

[ 26 ]
 (b) Point of application – The dynamic
DIRECTION OF HORIZONTAL EARTHQUAKE
ACCELERATION
increment in active pressures due to uniform
surcharge shall be applied at an elevation of 0.66
h above the base of the wall, while the static
component shall be applied at mid-height of the
wall.

5.12.6.4 Pa ssive Pres sur e Due To

Uniform Surcharge

(a) The passive pressure against the wall

due to a uniform surcharge of intensity ‘q’ per
unit area of the inclined earthfill shall be :
FIG 8 – Earth Pressure Due To Earthquake
On Retaining Walls.
q h Cosα
(PP) q = C p in kg
Cosα  i 
(b) Th e P assi ve pre ssu re m ay be
determined graphically by means of the method
described in Appendix-III. (b) Point of application : The dynamic
decrement in passive pressure due to uniform
surcharge shall be applied at an elevation
(c) Point of application – From the static of 0.66 h above the base of the wall while the
passive pressure obtained by putting h = v = static component shall be applied at mid-height
 = 0 in the expression given in 5.12.6.2 subtract of the wall.
the total pressure computed as above. The
remainder is the dynamic decrement. The static
component of the total pressure shall be applied 5.12.7 Effect Of Saturation On Lateral Earth
at an elevation h/3 above the base of wall. The Pressure
point of application of the dynamic decrement
shall be assumed to be at an elevation 0.66 h 5.12.7.1 Fo r sa tur ate d ea rth fil l, t he
above the base of the wall. saturated unit weight of the soil shall be
adopted as in the formulae described in 5.12.6.
5.12.6.3 Ac tive Pr essure Due to
Uniform Surcharge 5.12.7.2 For submerged earthfill, the
(a) The active pressure against the wall due dynamic increment (or decrement) in active and
to a uniform surcharge of intensity ‘q’ per unit passive earth pressure during earthquakes shall
area of the inclined earthfill surface shall be : be found from expressions given in 5.10.6.1 and
5.10.6.2 with the following modifications.

q h Cos α
(Pa) q = Ca (a) The value of  shall be taken as ½ the
Cos( α  i)
value of  for dry backfill.

[ 27 ]
(b) The value of  shall be taken as follows : (a) Combination I - The worst possible
combination of Dead load (DL), Live load (LL),
ws α
= tan-1 x h Dynamic augment (I), Longitudinal forces (LF),
ws - 1 1  α v
Forces due to curvature and eccentricity of track
Where, (CF), Earth Pressure (EP), Forces due to water
ws = saturated unit weight of soil in gm/cc. current (WC) and Buoyancy (B), Temperature
effects where considered (TMP) and Effects
h = horizontal seismic coefficient and
due to resistance of expansion bearings to
v = vertical seismic coefficient which is movements (EXB).
1
αh . In addition, in case of multi-span bridges
2
provided with sliding or elastomeric bearings,
(c) Buoyant unit weight shall be adopted.
the design of sub-structure shall also be checked
for worst possible combination of dead load,
(d) From the value of earth pressure found longitudinal forces, earth pressure, forces due
out as above subtract the value of earth to water current and buoyancy and effect due
pressure determined by putting h = v =  = 0 to res ista nce of expa nsio n b eari ngs to
but using buoyant unit weight. The remainder movement. In this connection, clause 2.8.2.4.1
shall be dynamic increment. of IRS Bridge Rules may be referred.

5.12.7.3 Hydro dyna mic pr essu re on (b) Combination II - The worst possible
account of water contained in earthfill shall not combination of forces mentioned in combination
be considered separately as the effect of I alongwith Wind pressure effect (WL).
acceleration on water has been considered
indirectly.
(c) Combination III - In case of bridges for
which seismic forces have to be considered as
5.12.8 In loose sands or poorly graded per clause 5.12.1.1, the worst possible
sands with little or no fines, the vibration due to combination of forces in combination I plus
earthquake may cause liquefaction or excessive forces and effects due to earth quake Seismic
total and differential settlement. In zones III, IV forces (SF). Wind pressure effect need not be
and V founding of bridges on such sands shall taken into account when seismic effect is
be avoided unless appropriate methods of considered.
compaction or stabilisation are adopted.

(d) Combination IV - The worst possible

5.13 COMBINATIONS OF LOADS AND combination of all loads and forces and effects
FORCES which can operate on any part of the structure
during erection. For bridges for which seismic
The following combinations of loads and forces forces have to be considered as per clause
sh all be cons ide red in the des ign of 5.12.1.1, either wind pressure effect or seismic
substructures and foundations - effect whichever gives the worst effect need
only be considered.

[ 28 ]
5.14 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES 5.14.4 Where the type of masonry or mortar
mixes not specified above are adopted, strength
5.14.1 Th e va rio us part s o f t he b rid ge tests as described in Appendix-IV shall be
substructure shall be so proportioned that the conducted to determine the ultimate crushing
calculated maximum stresses resulting from strength. The permissible compressive
the design loading shall not exceed those stresses in masonry shall then not exceed 1/6 th
specified in clauses hereunder for the material of t he ultim ate crus hing st rength. The
used in the construction. permissible tensile and shear stresses for the
various types of masonry can be determined
from the ultimate crushing strength by using the
5.14.2 The effective length of any horizontal
following ratios: -
section of the pier or abutment which resists
the vertical and horizontal external loads may
be taken as equal to the length between the outer (i) Brick masonry in lime mortar and cement
edges of the bed blocks plus twice the depth of mortar . . . . 1/30
the section under consideration below the (ii) Stone masonry in lime mortar.. 1/100
underside of the bed blocks, subject to a
(iii) Stone masonry in cement mortar. 1/60
maximum equal to the whole length of the
masonry at that section.
However, the permissible stresses arrived at by
adopting the above ratios shall not exceed the
5.14.3 Where substructures are of brick or
values given in Table 5.14.3.
stone construction with lime or cement mortars
of standard mixes of 1:2 and 1:4 respectively,
the permissible stresses in such sound 5.14.5 In sub stru ctu res buil t o f pl ain or
masonry shall be taken as Under :- reinforced cement concrete, the permissible
stresses shall not exceed those specified in IRS
Concrete Bridge Code (Revised 1962). It shall
Permissible Permissible
compressive tensile or be ensured that standard of construction and
Type of masonry stresses shear supervision are in conformity with the codes.
stresses
2 2 2 2
KN/m t/m KN/ m t/ m
1. Brick masonry in 5.14.6 If the concrete substructure is built in
540 55 108 11
lime mortar 1:2 stages providing construction joints between
2. Brick masonry in
cement mortar 863 88 172 17.5 such stages of concreting the permissible
1:4 tensile stress may be limited to 80% of the
3. Coarsed rubble values indicated in Clause 5.14.5 above.
masonry in lime 863 88 54 5.5
mortar 1:2
4. Coarsed rubble
masonry in 5.15 PERMISSIBLE INCREASE IN STRESSES
1079 110 98 10
cement mortar
1:4
5.15.1 For combination of loads stated in clause
5.13, the permissible stresses on substructures
shall be increased as follows : -

[ 29 ]
 Combination I ...... Nil 5.16.2.2 Criteria For Masonry Abutments /
Piers
Combination II &III.... 33 %
Factor of
Max.Co safety for
Combination IV ...... 40% m pressi com pressive/e
ve quivalent
stress/ com pressive
S.
equivale stress.
5.16 CE RT IFICAT ION OF EX IST ING No
nt W ithout W ith R em arks
MASONRY AND CONCRE T E compre occasi occa
ssive onal sion
SUBSTRUCTURES FOR INTRODUCTION stress load al
OF NEW T Y PES OF LOCOMO T IVE S, load
1 2 3 4 5
RO LLING S TOCKS AND NEW T RAIN 1 As per
CO MPOS IT IONS OR FOR GAUGE values
given in
CONVERSION. IRS  6  4.5
Bridge
Substru
cture
5.16.1 Except for the cases described in clause Code
vide
5.16.2 and 5.16.3, certification of substructures clause
of existing bridges as per para-5 Chapter VI of 5.14.3 &
5.14.4
Rules for Opening of a Railway, shall be based 2 Upto Should be
on the physical condition of the piers and 100% 3  allowed subject
overstre 2.25 to good
abutments. When new types of locomotives and ss condition of
m asonry as
rolling stocks are permitted to run on the section contem plated
for the first time, substructures of bridges should for gauge
conversion vide
be kept under observation as considered clause 5.16.3.2
necessary by the Chief Engineer. 3 Upto C an be allowed
200% 2 1.5 subject to good
overstre condition of
ss m asonry and
5.16.2 Certification of substructures when close
observation of
new types of locomotives, rolling stock and bridges as
considered
the train compositions cause increase of necessary by
axle load, tractive effort and braking forces the Chier
Engineer after
over bridges. introduction of
new locom otive/
rolling stock or
train
5.16.2.1 Th e Ra ilwa y sh ould che ck t he com position
theoretical stresses in abutments and piers of 4 More Should be
than < 2 < 1.5 strengthened/
existing bridges. The certification shall be done 200 % rebuilt to
overstre appropriate
after appropriate action as per criteria given in ss loading
clauses 5.16.2.2 and 5.16.2.3. standard

Note : If maximum tensile stress exceeds by more

than 100% of the values as contemplated in IRS
Bridge Substructure Code vide clause 5.14.3 & 5.14.4,
tensile zone shall be neglected and equivalent
compressive stress shall be worked out.

[ 30 ]
5.16.2.3 Criteria For Mass Concrete 5.16.2.5 Pressure on the Soil at the base of
Abutments/Piers. foundation:
Upto 50% overstress in bending compressive
stress beyond that specified in the IRS Concrete The pressure on the soil at the base of
Bridge Code can be allowed subject to good foundation shall be checked and if it is in
co ndit ion of mas s co ncr ete and clo se compression throughout the base, its maximum
observation as considered necessary by the
value shall not exceed the safe/allowable
Chief Engineer. If the overstress in compression
bearing pressure of soil i.e. the shear stress and
exceeds 50%, the substructures shall be
settlement of the soil shall be within permissible
strengthened/rebuilt to appropriate standard of
limits. If on calculating the foundation pressure,
loading.
considering the full base width, tension is found
to develop on one side, the foundation pressure
Note : If maximum tensile stress exceeds by more than shall be recalculated on the reduced area of
100% of the values, as contemplated in IRS Concrete contact. The maximum pressure so arrived at
Bridge Code, tensile zone shall be neglected and equivalent shall not exceed the safe/allowable bearing
compressive stress shall be worked out. capacity of the soil.

5.16.2.4 Whenever it is not possible to carry 5.16.2.6 Checking the Stability of Buried
out theoretical checks, or wherever the results of
Abutments:
theoretical checks are found to be inconsistent
with the physically sound condition of an existing (i) While checking the stability of buried
bridge, running of locomotives and rolling stock abutments, the passive pressure at any section
with heavier tractive force/ braking force may be of the abutment shall be considered for a height
permitted subject to physical condition being (h) from the section under consideration to the
certified and bridges being kept under close point of intersection between slope line of the earth
observation, as considered necessary by the Chief fill and the failure line from the section at an angle
Engineer. In such cases, the increase of tractive
of 450 - /2 to the horizontal as shown in fig 8 (a).
and/ or braking forces shall not be more than 20%
over bridges above the level of tractive and braking The weight of soil mass above height h shall be
forces running over the bridges for the past one considered to be acting as surcharge for which
year or so. the passive earth pressure shall be considered
as under :
In cases where tractive effort is found to
exceed the limit of 20% mentioned above, the
P’P =(W S/B)h. Kp
maximum tractive effort of the locomotive(s) to be
considered may be fixed by Chief Bridge Engineer h
(Acting at from the section under consideration
in consultation with the Mechanical and Operating 2
as shown in Fig. 8(a))
Departments for each specific bridge location
Where,
keeping in view the load to be hauled, the gradient
Ws = Weight of soil mass above height h
on the approaches and operating characteristics
B = Width of earth fill at height h
of the locomotives subject to the physical condition
of the bridges being certified sound and the bridges h = Height of earth fill worked out as above.
being kept under close observation as considered Kp = Coefficient of static passive earth
necessary by the Chief Engineer. pressure as per clause 5.7.1.6

[ 31 ]
 (iii) W h ere the cer tifi cat ion of buri ed
abutments is based on the criteria laid down in
subclause (i) and (ii) above, such buried
abutments shall be kept under regular and close
observation regarding any movements in
longitudinal direction. Suitable scheme shall be
devised and implemented to detect and monitor
any movement of buried abutments with respect
to adjacent pier/ abutment. The details of
scheme, the interval of measurements and the
level of monitoring of recorded data shall be as
decided by Chief Engineer. The frequency of
monitoring may gradually be relaxed if the
incremental movement of buried abutments are
found to be negligible, or attributable to other
factors like temperature variation, measurement
errors etc.

5.16.2.7 Checking of Well Foundations:

(a) Where the records of actual tilt & shift of

well foundations of existing bridges are available,
the calculation of moments due to tilt & shift shall
be based on actual tilt & shift. In other cases,
where the actual tilt and shift can not be
ascertained with a fair degree of certainty, a tilt
of 1 in 100 and shift of D/40 subject to a
minimum of 150mm shall be considered for
computing the moment (D is the width or
(ii) While checking the stability of buried
diameter of well).
abutments, full passive pressure resistance of
the soil as derived from sub para (i) above may
(b) Hydrodynamic forces as per clause
be taken i nto acc oun t in cas es of o ld
5.12.5 and forces due to water current (WC) as
consolidated formations (50 years or more)
per clause 5.9 shall not be considered to occur
where the slopes are well protected and have
simultaneously while checking the foundations
no known history of scour. In other cases, only
and substructures of existing bridges for load
1/3 of the passive pressure as derived from sub
combination III of Clause 5.13 (c).
para (i) above shall be considered. Moreover,
for recent constructions, where the earth fill is
(c) For Checking of well foundation of
not fully consolidated, passive pressure below
existing bridges as per load combination II of
the ground level shall only be considered as per
clause 5.19 (b) wind forces shall not be
clause 5.7.1.5.
considered to occur simultaneously with the

[ 32 ]
maximum scour induced due to maximum The pressure on the soil at the base of
design discharge. In such cases, the scour foundation shall be checked and if it is in
induced on account of Mean Annual Flood duly compression throughout the base, its maximum
doubled on account of obstructions (2 DLacey for value shall not exceed the safe/allowable
mean annual flood) shall be considered for bearing pressure of soil i.e. the shear stress and
checking the well foundation of existing bridges. settlement of the soil shall be within permissible
limits. If on calculating the foundation pressure,
5.16.3 Certification Of Substructure considering the full base width, tension is found
For Gauge Conversion to develop on one side, the foundation pressure
shall be recalculated on the reduced area of
contact. The maximum pressure so arrived at
5.16.3.1 W h ile che ckin g st ren gth of
shall not exceed the safe/allowable bearing
existing bridge substructure on lines proposed
capacity of the soil.
for conversion to wider gauge the standard of
loading applicable to the wider gauge shall be
considered. 5.17. STRUCTURES STRENGTHENED BY
JACKETTING

5.16.3.2 In case of gauge conversion, the

strength of existing bridge substructure should 5.17.1 Existi ng subs tru ctur es may be
be checked in accordance with the provision of strengthened by jacketting which should be so
clause 5.16.3.3, subject to any further safeguard designed and constructed as to make the
as considered necessary by the Chief Engineer composite structure function monolithically.
with due regard to the physical condition of the
substructures. 6. FOUNDATIONS:

5.16.3.3 Checking Des ign Of 6.1 GENERAL DESIGN CRITERIA:

Substructures Existing In Narrower Gauge
For Conversion To Wider Gauge.
As far as possible, foundations should
be located on a firm ground having stable strata.
Existing gravity type substructures to This would not always be possible and,
narrower gauge may be permitted to be retained therefore, the foundations must be designed
after conversion of the section to a wider gauge, adequately against any expected failures.
provided the maximum stresses developed in the Following basic requirements should be fulfilled:
substructure do not exceed the permissible
stresses stipulated in clause 5.14.3 and 5.14.4 by
(i) Safety against strength failure:
Foundation should be safe against catastrophic
(i) 100 % in case of compression in masonry
failures caused by foundation pressures
su bstr uct ure s, a nd no o ver str ess in
exceeding the “Bearing Capacity” of foundation
compression in concrete substructures.
soil. It is basically the strength failure of the
supporting soil mass.
(ii) 100 % in case of tension in masonry and
concrete structures.

[ 33 ]
(ii) Sa fety ag ain st d efo rma tion s a nd 6.2 SUB-SOIL INVESTIGATIONS :
differential settlements:
6.2.1 Scope :
The foundation should deform within
To det ermine t he nature, extent and
acceptable limits of total and differential
engineering properties of soil/rock strata and
settlements. These acceptable limits depend
depth of ground water table for development
on the type of structure and sub-strata involved
of a reliable and satisfactory design of bridge
and should be decided judiciously. The
foundation.
settlement shall not normally exceed 25 mm
after the end of the construction period for
bridges with simply supported spans. Larger 6.2.1.1 Guidance of the following standards with
settlement may be allowed if adjustment of the latest edition may be taken :
level of girders is possible so as to eliminate
infringements to track tolerances. (i) IS:1892 “Code of Practice for Sub
surface Investigation for Foundations”
In case of structures sensitive to may be utilised for guidance regarding
differential settlement, the tolerable settlement investigation and collection of data.
limit has to be fixed based on conditions in each
case.
(ii) IS:6935 “Method of Determination of
Water Level in a Bore Hole.”
(iii) Allowable Bearing Pressure :
The allowable bearing pressure for foundation
supported by rock or soil mass, based on the (iii) IS:2720 – “Method of Test for Soils.” The
above two criteria, shall be taken as lesser of tests on undisturbed samples shall be
the following : co nduc ted as far as po ssib le at
simulated field conditions to get realistic
(a) Net ultimate bearing capacity divided by values.
factor of safety of 2.5, or
(iv) IS:1498 “Classification & Identification of
(b) The allowable pressure (maximum) to Soils for General Engineering Purposes.”
which the foundation of the structure may be
su bjec ted wit hout pr oduc ing exc essi ve
(v) IRC:78 “Standard Specification and Code
settlement (i.e. more than 25mm) or excessive
of Practice for Road Bridges, Section VII
differential settlement of the structure.
– Foundation and Sub-structure.”

(iv) In case of open foundation, the resultant

of all forces on the base of foundation (for 6.2.1.2 Sub-surface investigations to be carried
rectangular foundation) shall fall within the during three stages viz.
middle third if the structure is founded on soil.
Depth of foundations in soil strata shall not be (i) Reconnaisance Survey;
less than 1.75 m below the anticipated scour
(ii) Preliminary Survey; and
level. Foundation shall not normally rest on
(iii) Final Location Survey.
compressible soils.

[ 34 ]
6.2.1.3 Reconnaisance Survey : structure, high flood level (HFL), low
At reconnaisance stage, obviously bad water level (LWL), founding levels etc.
locations for bridge foundations, such as,
unstable hill sides, talus formation (i.e. soil (iii) Load conditions shown on a schematic
transported by gravitational forces consisting of plan, indicating design combination of
rock fragments), swampy areas, peaty ground loads transmitted to the foundation;
etc, are avoided. The reliable data from
geological and topographical maps and other
(iv) Environmental factors – Information
soils surveys done, in the past are scrutinised.
relating to the geological history of the
ar ea, sei smi city of th e re gio n,
6.2.1.4 Preliminary Survey : hydrological information, etc.
The scope is restricted to determine
depth, thickness, extent and composition of each (v) Geotechnical Information – Giving sub-
soil stratum, location of rock and ground water surface profile with stratification details,
and to obtain approximate information regarding engineering properties of the founding
strength and compressibility characteristics of strata, e.g. index properties, effective
various strata. The objective of the exploration shear parameters, determined under
is to obtain data to permit the selection of the ap prop ria te d rai nag e co ndi tion s,
type, location and principal dimensions of all compressibility characteristics, swelling
major structures. properties, results of field tests, like static
and dynamic penetration tests;
6.2.1.5 Final Location Survey :
Du ring th e fi nal lo cati on stag e, (vi) Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of sub-
undisturbed samples are collected to conduct grade reaction;
detailed tests, viz, shear tests, consolidation
tests etc, to design safe and economical
(vii) A review of the performance of a similar
structure. The exploration shall cover the entire
structure, if any, in the locality; and
length of the bridge and also extend at either
end for a distance of about twice the depth below
bed of the end main foundations, to assess the (viii) Information necessary to assess the
effect of the approach embankment on the end possible effects of the new structure on
foundations. th e existi ng stru ctu res in t he
neighbourhood.

6.2.1.6 During sub-surface investigations, the

following relevant information will be obtained : 6.2.2 Open Foundation:
Investigation by “Trial Pit Method” can be
(i) Site Plan – showing the location of
carried out, and soil classification determined
foundations and abutments, etc.
by visual inspection, or by simple classification
tests. Safe bearing capacity may be assumed
(ii) Cross Sections along the proposed from the values indicated in Table 6, as a guide.
bridge, indicating rail level, top of super-

[ 35 ]
6.2.3 Deep Foundations: (ii) IS : 2911(Pt. I to IV) - “Code of Practice
Exploratory bore holes shall be driven by for Design and Construction of Pile
deep boring equipment and samples collected Foundations;”
at every 1.5m or at change of strata, using
special techniques of sampling. Often, in case (iii) IS : 2 131 “Me thod fo r Standa rd
of cohesionless soil, undisturbed samples Penetration Test for Soils;”
cannot be taken and recourse has to be made
to in-situ field tests. (iv) IS : 4968 (Pt. I and Pt.II) – “Method for
Normally, the depth of boring will extend Sub-surface Sounding for Soils” Use of
to 1.5 to 2.0 times the width of footing below dynamic cone penetration test may be
foundation level. The first boring at each co nduc ted whe re c ons ider ed
foundation shall extend to a depth sufficient to appropriate;
disclose deep problem layers. Soft strata shall
be penetrated completely even when covered (v) IS : 1888 “Method of Load Test on Soils.”
with a surface layer of higher bearing capacity.
Guidance of the following Standards with latest (vi) IS : 1904 “Code of Practice for Design
edition may be taken: and Construction of Foundation in Soil:
General Requirements.”
(i) IS:2132 “Indian Standard Code of
Practice for Thin Walled Tube Sampling
6.3.2 Settlement:
of Soils.”
Settlement of foundations in non-
cohesive soils can be determined from Plate
(ii) IS :876 3 “G uid e fo r Undis turb ed Load Test and Standard Penetration Test. The
Sampling of Sands.” settlements in this soil take place very quickly
and are over for dead loads during construction
6.3 FOUNDATIONS IN NON-COHESIVE stage itself.
STRATA
6.3.3 Allowable Bearing Pressure:
6.3.1 Bearing Capacity Al lowa ble bea ring pr essu re f or
Bearing capacity of bridge foundations dimensioning of the foundation will be judiciously
in non-cohesive strata can be determined by decided in each case, keeping in view the
several methods, such as plate load test (for importance of the structure and criteria
shallow depths only), dynamic cone penetration mentioned in para 6.1 above.
test, standard penetration test and strength
parameters of soil. The choice of the method 6.4 FOUNDATIONS IN COHESIVE STRATA:
will depend upon the feasibility of adoption and
importance of the structure. These methods
6.4.1 Determination of bearing capacity :
may be regarded as aids to design and these
Bearing capacity for foundations in cohesive
cannot replace the critical role of engineering
strata will be determined in the similar manner
judgement. For determination of the bearing
as determined in case of foundations in non-
capacity, guidance of following Standards with
cohesive soils (para 6.3.1)
latest edition may be taken:
(i) IS : 6403 “Code of Practice for
Determination of Bearing Capacity of
Shallow Foundations;”

[ 36 ]
 TABLE 6
PRESUMPTIVE SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL
Safe
Sr. bearing
Types of Rocks/Soils
No capacity Remarks
2 2
KN/m /t/ m
(1) (2) (3) (4)
(a) Rocks
Rocks (hard) without lamination and defects, for 3,240 ..
1.
example , granite, trap and diorite (330.39)
Laminated rocks, for example, stone and lime stone in 1,620 ..
2.
sound condition (165.19)
Residual deposits of shattered and broken bed rock 880 ..
3.
and hard shale cemented material (89.73)
440 ..
4. Soft Rock
(44.87)
(b) Non-cohesive soils: ..
Gravel, sand and gravel, compact and offering high 440
5. (See Note 2)
resistance to penetration when excavated by tools (44.87)
Dry means that the ground water
440 level is at a depth not less than
6. Coarse sand, compact and dry
(44.87) the width of foundation below the
base of the foundation
245
7. Medium sand, compact and dry
(24.98)
..
Fine sand, silt (dry lumps easily pulverized by the 150 ..
8.
fingers). (15.30)
Loose gravel or sand gravel mixture loose coarse to 245 (See Note 2)
9.
medium sand, dry (24.98)
100
10 Fine sand, loose and dry.
(10.20)
(c)Cohesive soils:
440 This group is susceptible to long
11. Soft shale, hard or stiff clay in deep bed, dry
(44.87) term consolidation settlement
245 ..
12. Medium clay, readily indented with a thumb nail
(24.98)
Moist clay and sand clay mixture which can be 150 ..
13
indented with strong thumb pressure (15.30)
100 ..
14 Soft clay indented with moderate thumb pressure
(10.20)
Very soft clay which can be penetrated several 50 ..
15.
centimeters with the thumb (5.10)
Black cotton soil or other shrinkable or expansive clay .. See Note 3. To be determined
16.
in dry condition (50 percent saturation) after investigation
(d) Peat:
.. See Note 3 and Note 4. To be
17. Peat
determined after investigation
(e) Made-up Ground:
.. See Note 2 and Note 4. To be
18. Fills or made-up ground
determined after investigation
Note: 1- Value listed in the Table are from shear consideration only
Note:2- Values are very much rough due to the following reasons:
(a) Effect of characteristics of foundations (that is, effect of depth, width, shape, roughness, etc.) has not
been considered.
(b) Effect of range of soil properties (that is, angle of frictional resistance, cohesion, water table, density,
etc) has not been considered.
(c) Effect of eccentricity and indication of loads has not been considered.
Note:3 – For non-cohesive soils, the values listed in the Table shall be reduced by 50% if the water table is
above or near the base of footing
Note 4: Compactness of non-cohesive soils may be determined by driving the cone of 65 mm dia and 60
apex angle by a hammer of 65 kg falling from 75 cm. If corrected number of blows (N) for 30 cm
penetration are less than 10, the soil is called loose, if N lies between 10 and 30, it is medium, if more
than 30, the soils is called as dense.

[ 37 ]
6.4.2 Settlement considerations: 6.4.2.2 Es tim ation of s econda ry
consolidation settlement Ps:
Settlements below bridge foundation
should be computed for dead load only. In The Secondary consolidation settlement
cohesive soils, settlement takes place over a may be computed as under:
long period of time and the total settlement P
will comprise of three parts, i.e.
(a) If the load increment is more than
(p c-p o )
P= Pi + Poed + Ps
Where, [i.e. p > (pc-po)], then

Pi = Immediate or elastic settlement i.e. that

part of the settlement of the structure Cc p
th at t akes pla ce imme diat ely on Ps = E log 10 c
1  e0 po
application of the load;

(b) If the load increment is smaller than

Poed = Primary consolidation settlement
measured by odeometer, i.e. the
pc-po [ i.e. p < (pc-po)],
settlement due to reduction in volume
of a s oil mas s, caus ed by t he
the corresponding equation will be :
application of sustained stresses and
due to squeezing out of water from the Cc p  Δp
Ps = E.Log10 o
voids. 1  e0 po

Ps = Seco nda ry set tle ment i. e. t he Where,

settlement due to reduction in volume
of a soil mass caused by the application Ps = Secondary settlement
of a sustained stresses and due to the
adjustment of internal structure of the Cc = Compression index
soil mass.
eo = Initial void ratio

6.4.2.1 Estimation of immediate and primary

Pc = Pre-consolidation pressure
consolidation settlements

Po = Initial effective pressure

For computation of immediate settlement
an d pr imar y c onso lid atio n se ttl emen t, E = Thickness of clay layer
procedures provided in IS:8009 Part I and Part
II– “Code of Practice for Calculation of p = Pressure increment
Settlement of Foundations”, shall be followed.

[ 38 ]
6.4.2.3 Time rate of Settlement: 6.4.3 Allowable bearing pressures:

Allowable bearing pressure will be based

The Time Rate of Settlement will be
on the criteria already elaborated in para 6.1. In
computed in accordance with the provisions of
cohesive soils since the settlements spread over
IS:8009 (P t.I) based on Terzaghi’s One
a long period of time, the measures to tackle
Dimensional Consolidation Theory. In practice,
the balance / remainder settlements at the time
the consolidation settlements take place much
of placement of super-structure should be
faster than those predicted from Terzaghi’s
considered.
Consolidation Theory.

6.5 FOUNDATIONS ON ROCK :

Following reasons partly explain the faster rates :

6.5.1 Foundations resting on rocky strata shall

i) Three dimensional consolidation i.e. lateral
be designed taking into consideration nature of
release of excess pore pressure;
rock formation, the dip and strike of the rock
ii) Release of hydrostatic pressure outside the
strata and presence of faults and fissures.
footing area; and
Foundations shall not be allowed to rest on
iii) Horizontal permeabilities are usually much faulted strata likely to slip. Fissured strata shall
higher than the vertical. be stabalised by grouting.

Therefore, the rate of settlement should 6.5.2 The ult im at e b ear ing cap aci ty of
be corrected by factor of three to five times homogeneous sound rock may be computed
faster. Actual rates of settlements in the area from the shear strength properties in the same
for similar cases will be of great value for the way as the bearing capacity for soils. The shear
accuracy of prediction for rate of settlement. strength may be determined by unconfined
compression tests on test samples of rock
Note: 1. Settlement will be computed for the consisting of cylinders whose heights are at-
probable/actual sequence of loading and least twice their diameter. A 5 cm dia x 10 cm
correction for construction period will be allowed high cylinder may be used. The ultimate bearing
as per the provisions of IS:8009 (Pt.I), clause capacity shall be taken as 4.5 time the
10.2, Appendix D. unconfined compressive strength.

2. While computing pressure increment 6.5.3 Allowable Bearing Pressure :

below abutments, due care will be taken to
include the pressure increment due to earth fill The allowable bearing pressure shall be
be hind abu tme nt a lso wit h th e h elp of decided upon after taking into consideration for
appropriate nomograms (IS:8009-Pt.I, clause weakness of the rock strata as mentioned below
8.3, Appendix B).

(a) Tendency to slide due to sloping rock

surface;

[ 39 ]
(b) Stratification of alternate layers of sound i) IS :446 4 – “Code of Pra ctic e f or
and weak rock; Presentation of Drilling Information and
Co re Descr ipt ion in Foun dati on
(c) Presence of joints and the extent of joints; Investigation”.

(d) Planes of weakness such as bedding ii) IS:5313 – “Guide for Core Drilling
planes, dykes, faults, cavities, caverns Observations”.
etc.
iii) IS:6926 – “Code of Practice for Diamond
The extent to which reduction is to be Core Drilling for Site Investigation for
affected in bearing capacity to allow for these River Valley Projects”.
wea knes ses is a mat ter of e ngin eeri ng
judgement. The allowable bearing pressure for iv) IS:11315 (Pt.II) – “Methods of Quantitative
sound homogeneous rock may be determined Description of Discontinuities in the Rock
from the ultimate bearing capacity by adopting Masses”.
a factor of safety of 3.

6.7 Permissible Increase In Allowable

Note : When the foundation rests on rock, Bearing Pressure :
resultant of forces at the base of the foundation
shall not fall outside the middle half and the
6.7.1 When the foundations are checked for
maximum foundation pressure calculated on the
combinations of loads as stated in clause 5.13,
reduced area of contact shall not exceed the
the allowable bearing pressures on foundations
allowable bearing pressure.
may be increased as follows :

6.6 NON-HOMOGENEOUS & UNSOUND

Combination I - Nil
ROCKS :
Combination II &III - 33 %
6.6.1 A factor of safety of 6 to 8 on unconfined Combination IV - 40%
compression strength should normally be
adequate to cover such rock deficiencies in
6.8. Conditions Of Stability :
fixing the allowable bearing pressure.

6.6.2 In the case of badly disintegrated rocks 6.8.1 The following factors of safety shall be
ensured for stability under combinations of loads
or very soft varieties of rock where the core
and forces as indicated in clause 5.13.
recovery during boring is found to be less than
35% and test cylinders are not available, the
i) Against overturning -
allowable bearing pressure may be assessed Combination I 2.0
by adopting methods prescribed for soil. Combination II or III 1.5
Guidance of the following Codes with latest ii) Against sliding -
Combination I 1.5
edition may be taken :
Combination II or III. 1.25

[ 40 ]
6.9 Design Of Deep Foundations : concrete beyond the bearings to resist diagonal
shearing.
6.9.1 The bottom of foundations shall be taken
to such a depth as to provide adequate grip 7.1.2 Where pier type abutments are provided
below the deepest anticipated scour. The depth without wing walls and return walls, the earthfill
of foundations below the water level for the around the abutment shall be protected by
design discharge for foundations shall not be providing properly designed stone-pitching on
less than 1.33 times of the max. depth of scour. the slopes and apron at the toe of the fill.
In case, of inerodible strata, such as rock,
occurring at higher levels, the structure may be
7.2 PIERS
founded at such higher level. The foundation
7.2.1 The length of piers shall be sufficient to
shall not normally rest on sloping rock strata.
provide proper seating for the girders. The width
at the top shall be sufficient not only to
6.9.2 In calculating the foundation pressure the accommodate the bearings of the girders, but
effect due to skin pressure (below deepest scour shall also provide sufficient masonry or concrete
level) between the body of the foundation and on the outside of the bearings to resist diagonal
the surrounding soil shall also be taken into shearing.
accounts except in seismic zones IV &V.

7.2.2 W h ere nec ess ary, pi ers sha ll be

6.9.3 For design of deep foundation, dynamic provided at both ends with suitably shaped cut
augment need not be considered. For design waters which shall extend upto at least 1 m
and analysis of well foundation, the methods above high flood level, including afflux.
described in Appendix-V may be used. The
depth of foundations shall be adequate to provide
7.3 BED BLOCKS FOR ABUTMENTS AND
stability against overturning and sliding. Only
PIERS
50% of the passive earth pressure that can be
mobilised on the sides of the well foundations
below max. scour level shall be considered while 7.3.1 In girder bridges where concentrated
considering stability against overturning. loads are transmitted to the substructure, bed
blocks of proper design shall be provided on the
top of the piers and abutments under the
7. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
bearings to ensure proper distribution of the
BRIDGE SUB STRUCTURES
superimposed loads over the whole length of the
abutment or pier. Such bed blocks may be
7.1 ABUTMENTS reinforced cement concrete.

7.1.1 The length of abutments at the top shall 7.4 BUTT JOINTS
normally be equal to the formation width. The
7.4.1 In piers and abutments built on shallow
wi dth at the top sha ll be suff ici ent to
open foundations on poor soil, a butt joint shall
accommodate not only the bearings, but also
be provided between the tracks throughout the
to carry ballast walls. It shall also be sufficient
height of the structure, including the foundations,
to provide adequate thickness of masonry or
so as to permit differential settlements. Similar

[ 41 ]
 materials of GW, GP, SW groups as per IS :
butt joints shall be provided also near the
1498-1970.
junction of the wing or return walls and the
abutments.
7.5.3 Approach slabs : In order to reduce
impact effect and to obtain improved running,
7.4.2 In the case of canal crossings, where
properly designed approach slabs may be
there are clean joints between the abutments
provided on both the approaches of non-
and the wing/return walls such joints shall be
ballasted deck bridges having spans 12.2 m or
filled up with suitable material like bitumen below
more. One end of the approach slab may be
the full supply level.
supported on the abutment and other end on the
formation. Length of the approach slab shall be
7.5 BACKFILL MATERIAL AND APPROACH minimum 4 meters.
SLABS.

7.6 WEEP HOLES

7.5.1 Backfill behind abutments, wing walls
and return walls.
7.6.1 Weep holes shall be provided through
Behind abutments, wing walls and return
abutments, wing or return walls and parapets
walls, boulder filling and backfill materials shall
as may be nec essa ry with ad equa te
be provided as shown in Fig. 9.

7.5.2 The boulder filling shall consist of well arrangements being made to lead the water to
hand-packed boulders & cobbles to thickness the weep holes
not less than 600 mm with smaller size
towards the back. Behind the boulder filling,
backfill materials shall consist of granular

[ 42 ]
7.6.2 For abutments of canal crossing culverts, Note :
weep holes may be provided only above full supply
level. No weep holes need be provided below full (1) The expression ‘load’ means the total
supply level. To drain away the water from the calculated load with the appropriate Dynamic
backfill of the abutment, wing or return walls, open augment allowance specified for the speed at
jointed pipes or boulder drains may be provided at which the load is permitted to run.
suitable levels.
(2) The above time shall be suitably increased
where the mean air temperature is less than 150C
7.7 APPLICATION OF LOAD
(600F).

7.7.1 After completion of any portion of the (3) Where rapid hardening cement is used,
masonry or concrete of a bridge substructure, the tests shall be carried out on the cement used so
following minimum time shall be allowed to elapse as to ensure that it is of the proper quality, or
before loads as specified in Table 7 may be alternatively works cubes of concrete shall be
imposed on that portion of the sub-structure : tested to verify whether the expected cube
strength has actually been attained. In case the
TABLE 7 cement used is found to be not conforming to IS :
8041E or the required work cube strength is not
50% 75% Full
obtained, the time schedule for application of loads
design design design
load load load shall be modified suitably.
In days
Cement Mortar 7.8 Surface reinforcement in Plain Cement
& Concrete 7 14 28
using ordinary Concrete in piers and abutments :
cement The surface reinforcement shall br provided with
Cement Mortar minimum of 8mm bars @ 200mm center to center
& concrete 3 7 10
using Rapid in both directions. The cover shall be provided as
hardening per requirement of the IRS Concrete Bridge Code.
cement



[ 43 ]
 APPENDIX-I
(Clause 4.1)

HYDROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

I. A comprehensive outline of hydrological investigations for collecting the necessary field data for
the design of a bridge is given below. The nature and extent of investigations and data to be collected
will depend upon the type and importance of the bridge. In the case of minor bridges, the scope of data
collection may be reduced to the items marked by an asterisk / as shown below :

1.
0 Area of catchment.

2.
0 Shape of catchment (oblong, fan, etc.).

3.
0 Details of the course of the main stream and its tributaries.

4.
0 Longitudinal slope of the main stream and average land slope of the catchment from the
contours.

5.
0 Nature of soil in the catchment (rocky, sandy, loamy or clay, etc.).

6.
0 Extent of vegetation (forest, pasture, cultivated, barren, etc.)

These details can be obtained from the following records :-

(i) Survey of India topo sheets to a scale of 1:50,000.

(ii) Aerial photographs.
(iii) In some cases aerial survey of the catchment may be necessary.

7.
0 Probable changes that may occur in the catchment characteristics assessed by enquiries
from the right sources.

8.
0 Information from rainfall records of local or nearby rain gauges.

9. Other climatic conditions ( like temperature, humidity, snow accumulation, etc.) assessed either
from maps issued by or from the India Meteorological Department.

10. Changes in the course of the channel.

11. The nature of the material through which the channel flows (whether it consists of boulder
gravel, sand, clay or alluvium).

The description should be based also on actual bore hole particulars.

[ 44 ]
12. Bank erosion and bed scour observed at the bridge site in the case of alluvial rivers and the
nature of the material transported.

13. The maximum observed scour depth caused by the flow in the vicinity of the proposed bridge
crossing.

14. A full description of existing bridges (as given below) both upstream and downstream from
proposed crossing (including, relief and overflow structures).

14.1 Type of bridge including span lengths and pier orientation.

14.2 Cross-section beneath structure, noting clearance from water level to superstructures and
direction of current during floods.

14.3 All available flood history – high water marks with dates of occurrence, nature of flooding, afflux
observed, damages and sources of information.

14.4 Photographs of existing bridges, past floods, main channels and flood plains and information
as to nature of drift, stream bed and stability of banks.

15. Factors affecting water stage at bridge site :

15.1* High water of other streams joining.

15.2* Particulars of reservoirs and tanks existing or proposed to be constructed and approximate
date of construction.

15.3* Flood control projects on the stream or other structures which affect the flow in the stream
such as weirs, barrages, training works of other structure, spurs etc.

15.4 Tides, or back flow due to a confluence downstream.

15.5 Character of floods – whether steady, flashy or eddy forming etc.

II. A detailed map showing flood flow patterns, location of proposed bridges, spill openings, if any,
and alignment of piers, should be prepared to a suitable scale.

The map should indicate :-

1. Contours at 1m intervals, stream meander, vegetation and man-made improvements, if

any.
2. Three cross-sections together with HFL one on the centre line of the proposed bridge, one
upstream and one downstream at 100 to 300 interval.



[ 45 ]
 APPENDIX-II
[Clause 5.12.6.1(b)]

GRAPHICAL DETERMINATION OF ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE

1. METHOD

1.1 Make the following construction (See Fig. 10). Draw BB’ to make an angle (  -  ) with
horizontal. Draw BE to make and angle (90 -  -  -  ) to BB’. Assume planes of rupture Ba, Bb etc.
such that Aa=ab=bc=cd, etc. Make Ba’=a’b’=b’c’ etc. on BB’ equal to Aa, ab, bc, etc. Draw lines from
a’, b’ etc. parallel to BE to intersect corresponding assumed planes of rupture Ba, Bb etc. Draw the
locus of the intersection points (modified Culmann’s line). Draw a tangent to the locus parallel to BB’.
The distance between the tangent point and BB’ measured parallel to BE given the maximum active
pressure vector ‘X’.

FIG. 10 : DETERMINATION OF ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE BY GRAPHICAL METHOD

1.2 The active earth pressure shall then be calculated as follows :-

1  1  αv  
Pa = 9.8    W X BC in Newtons
 2  Cos λ  
 1 1  αv  
Where,  Pa    W X BC  in kg
 2  Cos λ  
Where,

X = maximum active earth pressure vector,

BC = perpendicular distance from B to AA’ and Pa, W, α v & λ are as defined in 5.12.6.1.

Note : The above graphical construction can be adopted for non-seismic conditions by assuming
λ = 0 and  v = 0


[ 46 ]
 APPENDIX-III
[Clause 5.12.6.2(b)]

GRAPHICAL DETERMINATION OF PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE

1. METHOD

1.1 Make the following construction (See Fig. 11). Draw BB’ to make an angle ( -  ) with horizontal.
Draw BE to make an angle (90o - α + δ +  ) to BB’. Assume planes of rupture Ba, Bb etc. such that
Aa=ab=bc etc. Make Ba’=a’b’=b’c’ etc. on BB’ equal to Aa, ab, bc, etc. Draw lines from a’, b’ etc.
parallel to BE to intersect corresponding assumed planes of rupture Ba, Bb etc. Draw the locus of the
intersection points (modified Culmann’s line). Draw a tangent to the locus parallel to BB’ measured
parallel to BE gives the minimum passive pressure vector ‘X’.

F ig .1 1 : D E T E R M IN A T IO N O F P A S S IV E E A R T H P R E S S U R E B Y G R A P H IC A L M E T H O D

1.2 The passive pressure shall then be calculated as follows :-

1  1 αv  
Pp = 9.8    W X BC in Newtons
 2  Cos λ  

 1 1 αv 
Pp =  W X BC  in kg.
 2 Cosλ 
where,

X = Minimum passive earth pressure vector,

BC = Perpendicular distance from B to AA’ as shown in Fig.11 and
Pp = W,  v &  are as defined in 5.12.6.2.

Note : The above graphical construction can be adopted for non-seismic conditions by assuming
 = 0 and  v = 0.


[ 47 ]
 APPENDIX-IV
(Clause 5.14.4)

PROCEDURES FOR LABORATORY AND FIELD TESTS TO DETERMINE

PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN MASONRY.

1. INTRODUCTION

The permissible stresses in compression and tension in stone and brick masonry shall be
decided by conducting tests in accordance with procedures detailed below :-

2. TESTS FOR DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

2.1 The standard test samples shall be of size 50x20x50 cms.

2.2 To facilitate a number of samples being tested on the same reaction frame the pillars shall
preferably be constructed in a casting yard. To facilitate transportation the pillars shall be cast on
75mm thick RCC slab with suitable hooks to lift the slab along with the pillars. The pillars shall be
cured by damp cloth for a period of 28 days. To avoid damage during transit the pillars shall be
transported to the reaction frame by a suitable crane or gantry girder arrangement.

2.3 A reaction frame of suitable design of 150 tonnes capacity shall be devised for the testing of
masonry pillars. A schematic diagram of testing masonry pillars is given in figure. The pillars shall be
erected on the reaction frame with an RCC capping slab of 75 mm thickness or hard wood block of
150 mm thickness on its top.

The load shall be applied through three rollers each of 60 mm diameter and 450 mm length
provided in between two 25 mm thick machined steel plates. The rollers shall be properly greased
and correctly centred so that the load is applied concentrically.

2.4 The load shall be applied centrally using hydraulic jacks of 150 tonnes capacity without shock
and increased gradually till failure of the pillar occurs. It would be deemed that the pillar has failed
when the masonry crumbles and the jack ceases to take load.



[ 48 ]
 APPENDIX V
(Clause 6.9.3)

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF WELL FOUNDATION:

1. The design of well foundations shall be carried out for either of the following two situations:

i) Wells surrounded by non-cohesive soils, below maximum scour level and resting on non-
cohesive soils;

ii) Wells surrounded by cohesive soils or mixed strata below maximum scour level and resting on
any strata viz. Cohesive soil, non–cohesive soil or rock.

2. WELLS RESTING ON NON-COHESIVE SOILS

2.1 For wells resting on non-cohesive soils like sand and surrounded by the same soil below a
maximum scour level, the design of foundations shall be checked by both Elastic Theory and Ultimate
Soil Resistance Methods as given below which are based on IRC:45-1972 ‘Recommendations for
Estimating the Resistance of Soil below the maximum scour level in the design of Well Foundation of
Bridges.’ Elastic Theory Method gives the soil pressure at the side and the base under design load,
but to determine the actual factor of safety against failure, the ultimate soil resistance is computed.

2.2 Scope

The provisions given below shall not apply if the depth of embedment is less than 0.5 times the
width of foundation in the direction of lateral forces.

2.3 Procedure for calculating the soil resistance:

The resistance of soil surrounding the well foundation shall be checked :

i) for calculation of base pressures by the elastic theory with the use of subgrade moduli ; and

ii) by computing the ultimate soil resistance with appropriate factor of safety.

2.4 METHOD OF CALCULATION

2.4.1 Elastic Theory

Step 1: Determine the values of W, H and M under combination of normal loads without wind
and seismic loads assuming the minimum grip length below maximum scour level,

Where,

W = total downward load acting at the base of well, including the self weight of well.

H = external horizontal force acting on the well at scour level.

M = total applied external moment about the base of well, including those due to tilts and shifts.

[ 49 ]
Step 2 : Compute IB and IV and I

Where,

I = IB + mIv (1+2µ’ )
IB = moment of inertia of base about the axis normal to direction of horizontal forces passing
through its C.G.

Iv = moment of inertia of the projected area in elevation of the soil mass offering resistance =
LD 3
12

where,

L = projected width of the soil mass offering resistance multiplied by appropriate value of shape
factor.

Note: The value of shape factor for circular wells shall be taken as 0.9. For square or rectangular
wells where the resultant horizontal force acts parallel to a principal axis, the shape factor shall
be unity & where the forces are inclined to the principal axis, a suitable shape factor shall be
based on experimental results :

D = depth of well below scour level

m = KH / K : Ratio of horizontal to vertical coefficient of subgrade reaction at base. In the

absence of values for KH and K determined by field tests m shall generally be assumed as
unity.

µ’ = Coefficient of friction between sides and the soil = tan , where  is the angle of wall
friction between well and soil.

B
 = for rectangular well
2D

diameter
= for circular well.
πD

Step 3 : Ensure the following :

M
H> (1+ µ µ’) - µ W
r

and H < M/r (1- µ µ’) + µ W

where,
r = (D/2) (I / m Iv )

µ = coefficient of friction between the base and the soil. It shall be taken as tan 

 = angle of internal friction of soil.

[ 50 ]
Step 4 : Check the elastic state
mM/I  (Kp – KA)
If mM/ I is >  (Kp – KA), find out the grip required by putting the limiting value mM/ I =  (Kp – KA)

Where,

 = density of the soil (submerged density to be taken when under water or below water table)

Kp & KA = passive and active pressure coefficients to be calculated using Coulomb’s theory, assuming
‘’ the angle of wall friction between well and soil equal to 2/3  but limited to a value of
10
22 .
2

Step 5 : Calculate

σ1 W  μ ' P MB
}= 
σ2 A 2I

where,

1 & 2= max. and min. base pressure respectively.

A = area of the base of well.

B = width of the base of well in the direction of forces and moments.

P = M/r

P = horizontal soil reaction.

Step 6 : Check 2 0 i.e. no tension

1 allowable bearing capacity of soil.

Step 7 : If any of the conditions in Steps 3, 4 and 6 or all do not satisfy, redesign the well accordingly.

Step 8 : Repeat the same steps for combination with wind and with seismic case separately.

2.4.2 ULTIMATE RESISTANCE METHOD

Step 1 : Check that W/A u/2

W = total downward load acting at the base of well, including the self weight of well, enhanced by
a suitable load factor given vide Step 5.
A = area of the base of well

u = ultimate bearing capacity of the soil below the base of well.

Step 2: Calculate the base resisting moment Mb at the plane of rotation and side resisting moment
Ms by the following formulae :

[ 51 ]
 Mb = QWB tan 

B = width in case of square and rectangular wells parallel to direction of forces and diameter for
circular wells.

Q = a constant as given in Table 1 below for square or rectangular base. A shape factor of 0.6 is
to be multiplied for wells with circular base.

 = angle of internal friction of soil.

TABLE -1
D/B 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Q 0.41 0.45 0.5 0.56 0.64
NOTE : The values of Q for intermediate D/B values in the above range may be linearly interpolated.
Ms = 0.10  D3 ( KP – KA) L

Where,
Ms = Side resisting moment

 = density of soil (submerged density to be taken for soils under water or below water table)

L = projected width of the soil mass offering resistance. In case of circular wells. It shall be 0.9
diameter to account for the shape.

D = depths of grip below max. scour level.

KP , KA = passive and active pressure coefficient to be calculated using coulomb’s Theory assuming
10
“” angle of wall friction between well and soil equal to 2/3  but limited to a value of 22 .
2

Step 3: Calculate the resisting moment due to friction at front and back faces (Mf) about the plane of
rotation by following formulae :

(i) For rectangular well

Mf = 0.18  ( KP – KA) L.B.D2 Sin 

(ii) for circular well

Mf = 0.11 ( KP – KA) B2.D2 Sin 

Step 4: The total resistance moment Mt about the plane of rotation shall be

Mt = 0.7 (Mb + Ms + Mf)

Step 5 : Check Mt M

Where,

[ 52 ]
M = Total applied external moment about the plane of rotation, viz, located at 0.2D above the
base, taking appropriate load factors as per combinations given below :

1.1 D .... (1)

1.1 D – B +1.4 (W c +EP + W or S) . . . (2)
1.1 D +1.6 L .... (3)
1.1 D – B + 1.4 (L + Wc +EP ) .... (4)
1.1 D – B + 1.25 (L + W c +EP + W or S) (5)

Where,

D = Dead load.
L = Live load including tractive/braking etc.
B = Buoyancy
Wc = Water current force
Ep = Earth pressure
W = Wind force
S = Seismic force

Note : Moment due to shift and tilt of wells and piers and direct loads, if any, shall also be considered
about the plane of rotation.

Step 6 : If the conditions in steps 1 and 5 are not satisfied, redesign the well.
Note : Notation, symbols given in the clause 3.0 of Bridge Substructure & Foundation Code, Revised
in 1985 are not applicable for the above Appendix-V.

3.0 WELLS RESTING ON COHESIVE SOILS

3.1 For wells founded in clayey strata and surrounded by clay below max. scour level, the passive
earth pressure shall be worked out by C &  parameters of the soil as obtained from UU (unconsolidated
undrained) test and for stability against overturning, only 50% of the passive earth pressure will be
assumed to be mobilised (Refer clause 6.9.3).

3.2 In wells through clayey strata, the skin friction will not be available during the whole life of the
structure, hence support from skin friction should not be relied upon.

4. SETTLEMENT OF WELL FOUNDATION

4.1 The settlement of well foundation may be the result of one or more of the following cases :

a) Static loading,
b) Deterioration of the foundation structure;
c) Mining subsidence; and
d) Vibration subsidence due to underground erosion and other causes.

4.2 Catastrophic settlement may occur if the static load is excessive. When the static load is not
excessive, the resulting settlement may be due to the following :

a) Elastic compression of the foundation structure;

b) Slip of the foundation structure relative to the soil;
c) Elastic deformation or immediate settlement of the surrounding soil and soil below the foundation
structure ;

[ 53 ]
d) Primary consolidation settlement of the surrounding soil;
e) Primary consolidation settlement of the soil below the foundation structure.
f) Creep of the foundation structure under the constant axial load; and
g) Secondary compression of the surrounding soil and soil below the foundation structure.

4.3 If a structure settles uniformly, it will not theoretically suffer damage, irrespective of the amount
of settlement. In practice, settlement is generally non-uniform. Such non-uniform settlements induce
secondary stresses in the structure. Depending upon the permissible extent of these secondary
stresses, the settlements have to be limited. Alternatively, if the estimated settlements exceed the
allowable limits, the foundation dimensions or the design shall be suitably modified.

4.4 The following assumptions are made in settlement analysis :

a) The total stresses induced in the soil by the construction of the structure are not changed by
the settlement;

b) Induced stresses on soil layers due to imposed loads can be estimated, and

c) The load transmitted by the structure to the foundation is static and vertical.

In the present state of knowledge, the settlement computations at best estimate the most probable
magnitude of settlement.

4.5 It is presumed that the load on the foundation will be limited to a safe bearing capacity and,
therefore, catastrophic settlements are not expected. Settlement due to deterioration of foundations,
mining and other causes cannot, in the present state of knowledge, be estimated. Such methods are
not also available for computation of settlement due to the slip of foundation structure with reference to
the surrounding soils and, therefore, not covered.

4.6 Wells Founded In Cohesionless Soil :

For wells constructed in cohesionless soils, the settlement due to dead load of sub-structure
will take place by the time the construction is completed and the necessary adjustment in the final level
can be made before erection of the girder. In such cases, settlement shall be evaluated only for the
dead load of the super-structure.

4.7 Wells Founded In Cohesive Soil :

When wells are founded in cohesive soil, the total settlement will be computed as per the
provisions of clause 6.4. The settlements in clay occur over a long period and time rate of settlement
will be computed as per the provisions of clause 6.4.2.3.



[ 54 ]
 APPENDIX-V(i)

LIST OF FLOOD ESTIMATION REPORTS

(Clause 4.3.4)

S.No Name of the sub-zones Flood Estimation

Report No.(Published
by CWC)
A. For medium size catchment (i.e. area 25 sq km or more but
less than 2500 sq km)
1. Luni Sub-Zone 1(a) L-20/1993
2. Chambal Sub-Zone 1(b) C/16/1988
3. Belwa Sub-Zone 1(c) B/17/1989
4. Sone Sub-Zone 1(d) S/15/1987
5. Upper Indo-Ganga Plains Sub-Zone 1(e) UGP/9/1984
6. Middle Ganga Plains Sub-Zone 1(f) GP/10/1984
7. Lower Ganga Plains Sub-Zone 1(g) (Revised) LG-1(g)/R-1/23/94
8. North Brahmaputra Basin Sub-Zone 2(a) NB/18/1991
9. South Brahmaputra Basin Sub-Zone 2(b) (Revised) SB-2(b)/R-4/44/99
10. Mahi and Sabarmati Sub-Zones 3(a) M5/13/1986
11. Lower Narmada and Tapi Sub-Zone 3(b) (Revised) LNT/3(b)/R-7/47/2004
12. Upper Narmada and Tapi Sub-Zone 3(c) (Revised) UNT -3(c)/R-6/46/2002
13. Mahanadi Sub-Zone 3(d) (Revised) M-3(d)/R-3/25/97
14. Upper Godavari Sub-Zone 3(e) CB/12/1985
15. Lower Godavari Sub-Zone 3(f) LG-3(f)/R-2/24/95
16. Indravati Sub-Zone 3(g) 1-21/1993
17. Krishna and Pennar Basins Sub-Zone 3(h) (Revised) KP-3(h)/R-5/45/2000
18. Kaveri Basin Sub-Zone 3(i) CB/11/1985
19. Eastern Coasts Region (Upper, Lower and South) Sub- EC(U,L&S)/14/1986
Zones 4(a, b & c)
20. West Coast Region Kokan and Malabar Coasts Sub-Zones K&M/19/1992
5(a &b)
21. Flood Estimation Report for Western Himalayan Zone -7 WH/22/1994
B: For small size catchments (i.e. area less than 25 sq km)
1. Flood Estimation Methods for Catchments less than 25 km2 RBF-16
in Area. (Published by RDSO)



[ 55 ]
APPENDIX –V (ii)
(Clause 4.3.4)

[ 56 ]
[ 57 ]
Notes
Notes