HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

Selni Sandabunga’*, Aisyah Nurul Wahda, Maurizka Amaliah, Nur Aliyah

Ibrahim
ICP A Chemistry

Abstract
Had been performed experiments on hydrostatic pressure. This experiment aims to determine the
effect of depth, the effect of the density of liquids and understand the principle of trial against
hydrostatic pressure. The type of liquid used in the lab are water, oil, and glycerin which has a
different density. The initial steps in the first activities that determine the density of the liquid that
is used to measure the mass and volume. Then measure the height of the liquid in the U pipe with
different depths, where the liquid used is water. In the next experiment is to investigate the
influence of the density of the liquid against which we measure the hydrostatic pressure of the
liquid at the height of the U pipe to a depth of 2 cm, with the type of liquid that is different. And
the last one we made a graph showing the relationship between the surface with a high hydrostatic
pressure, which results is the greater the depth and density of the liquid, the greater the its
hydrostatic pressure.

Keywords : hydrostatic pressure, liquid, depth, height and density.

PROBLEM FORMULATION
1. How does the depth to the hydrostatic pressure?
2. How influence of the density tk6o the hydrostatic pressure?
3. What is the principle of hydrostatic pressure experiments?

PURPOSE
1. Students can determine the influence of the depth of the hydrostatic pressure.
2. Students are able to determine the effect of density on the hydrostatic pressure.
3. Students can understand the principle of hydrostatic pressure experiments.
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY
Theory
Pressure is the force acting perpendicular to a surface and the surface area
divided the field. Mathematically, the pressure equation is written as follows.
𝐹
𝑝=𝐴 (1.4)
by: F = force (N),
A = surface area (m2), and
p = pressure (N / m2 = Pascal).
The above equation states that the pressure p is inversely proportional to the
surface area of a work force. So, for the same great style, a small bandwidth will
gain a greater pressure than the large bandwidth (Asfar, 2013)

Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure that occurs under water. Hydrostatic

pressure caused by the fluid is not moving. Hydrostatic pressure experienced by a
point in the fluid caused by the gravity of the fluid which is above that point. If
the magnitude of the hydrostatic pressure at the bottom of the tube is p, according
to the concept of pressure, the magnitude of p can be calculated from the
comparison between the gravity of the fluid (F) and the vessel surface area (A).
Gravity of the fluid is a fluid mass by multiplying the acceleration of gravity,
written p = mass x gravity of the earth / A. Therefore m = ρ V, by the pressure of
the fluid equation is written as p = ρVg / A.The volume of fluid in the vessel is the
multiplication of the vessel surface area (A) and high fluid in the vessel (h).
Therefore, the equation at the bottom of the pressure vessel due to fluid height h
can be written as:

p= ρ(Ah) g / A = ρ h g
If the hydrostatic pressure is denoted by ph, the equation is written as follows:

𝑃ℎ = 𝜌𝑔ℎ (1.5)

Specification:

P = Hydrostatic Pressure (N / m2)

ρ = Mass Density (kg / m3)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2)
h = depth / height (m)
The higher of the surface of the earth, the air pressure will decrease. In contrast,
the deeper we dive from the surface of the ocean or a lake, the hydrostatic
pressure will increase. Why is that? It is caused by the gravity generated by air
and liquid. We already know that the air layer will be thin with increasing height
from the surface of the Earth so that the air pressure will decrease as altitude
increases. As for the liquid, the greater its mass along with increasing depth.
Therefore, the hydrostatic pressure will increase if the depth increases (Supiyanto,
2004).
APPARATUS

1. Tools
a. 1 pieces U-pipe
b. 2 pieces Beaker glass 600 ml and 300 ml
c. 1 pieces Plastic hoses
d. 1 pieces Ohauss balance 2610 gram
e. 1 pieces Funnel
f. 1 pieces Ruler 30 cm
2. Materials
a. Aquadest
b. Oil
c. Glyserin

IDENTIFICATION OF VARIABLE
Activity 1: Effect of depth to hydrostatic pressure
1. Variable Control : Density
2. Variable Manipulation : Depth
3. Variable Response : Height
Activity 2: The effect of the density of the liquid to the hydrostatic pressure
1. Variable Control : Depth
2. Variable Manipulation : Density
3. Variable Response : Height
DEFINITION OF OPERATIONAL VARIABLE
Activity 1
1. Type liquids are liquids that will be compared and pressure, namely distilled
water, cooking oil, and glycerin.
2. The depth is the distance from the surface of the liquid to the surface of the
liquid in the funnel
3. The difference in height of the liquid in the pipe U is the value obtained when
the height of the funnel is pressed in water.
Activity 2
1.The depth is the distance from the surface of the liquid to the surface of the
liquid in the funnel
2.The density of a liquid is the mass of liquid per unit volume with units of g /ml
or g/cm3
3.The difference in height of the liquid in the pipe U is the value obtained when
the height of the funnel is pressed in water.
Work Procedure

Activity 1: Effect of depth to hydrostatic pressure

1. Taking the beaker and the balance in 2610 grams, then determine the NST of
the instruments
2. Pouring distilled water, oil and glycerin into each beaker that has been
provided
3. Weighing the mass of each substance that is distilled water, oil and glycerin
using ohauss balance of 2610 grams, then measure the volume of each.
4. Determining the density of each substance
5. Connecting the U pipe containing liquid with a funnel by plastic cups.
6. Inserting a funnel into distilled water, and then pressed at a certain depth., Use
a ruler to measure the depth of a regular (measured from the surface of the
water to the surface of the water in the funnel)
7. Observing the liquid surface height changes at both the U pipe, measuring the
difference in height of the liquid in the U pipe, noting the measurement results
in Table observations.
8. Repeating the experiment with different depths are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 cm.
Activity 2: The effect of the density of the liquid to the hydrostatic pressure
b. Inserting a funnel into distilled water, and then pressed at a depth of 2 cm. then
repeated 3 times.
c. Observing the liquid surface height changes at both the U pipe, measuring the
difference in height of the liquid in the U pipe, noting the measurement results
in Table observations.
d. Inserting the funnel into the oil, then pressed at a depth of 2 cm. then repeated
3 times.
e. Observing the liquid surface height changes at both the U pipe, measuring the
difference in height of the liquid in the U pipe, noting the measurement results
in Table observations.
f. Inserting a funnel into glycerin, and pressed at a depth of 2 cm. then repeated 3
times.
g. Observing the changes in the surface of the liquid height on both the U pipe,
measuring the difference in height of the liquid in the U pipe, noting the
measurement results in Table observations.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DATA ANALYSIS

Observation Results
1 cm
NST of Ruler = 10 skala =0.1 cm/skala
1g
NST Ohauss Balance 311g = 100 = 0,01 g
1 cm
NST Pipe U = 10 skala =0.1 cm/skala

NST of Beaker = 1 ml

Table 1. Density of liquid

No Type of liquid Masa (gram) Volume (ml)
1. Water |31,40 ± 0,01| |40 ± 1|
2. Oil |34,23 ± 0,01| |40 ± 1|
 3. Glycerin |47,60 ± 0,01| |40 ± 1|

Activity 1. Influence of depth to hydrostatic pressure

Density = | 38.40 ± 0.01 | g

Table 2. Influence of depth to hydrostatic pressure

Difference Height of liquid in U

No. Depth (cm)
pipe (cm)
1. |1,30 ± 0,05|
1 |1.00 ± 0.05| 2. |1,30 ± 0,05|
3. |1,40 ± 0,05|
1. |2,30 ± 0,05|
2 |2.00 ± 0.05| 2. |2,30 ± 0,05|
3. |2,40 ± 0,05|
1. |3,60 ± 0,05|
3 |3.00 ± 0.05| 2. |3,20 ± 0,05|
3. |3,20 ± 0,05|
1. |4,70 ± 0,05|
4 |4.00 ± 0.05| 2. |4,70 ± 0,05|
3. |4,70 ± 0,05|
1. |5,20 ± 0,05|
5 |5.00 ± 0.05| 2. |5,30 ± 0,05|
3. |5,40 ± 0,05|
1. |6,40 ± 0,05|
6 |6.00 ± 0.05| 2. |6,40 ± 0,05|
3. |6,60 ± 0,05|
1. |7,80 ± 0,05|
7 |7.00 ± 0.05| 2. |7,80± 0,05|
3. |7,70 ± 0,05|
Activity 2. Influence of the density of liquid to hydrostatic pressure

Depth=|2,00 ± 0,05| cm
Table 3. Influence of the density of liquid to hydrostatic pressure

Difference height of liquid in U

No. Density of liquid (g/cm3)
pipe (cm)
1. |2,30 ± 0,05|
1 | 0,786 ± 0.019 | 2. |2,40 ± 0,05|
3. |2,50 ± 0,05|
1. |2,40 ± 0,05|
2 | 0,856 ± 0.022 | 2. |2,50 ± 0,05|
3. |2,50 ± 0,05|
1. |2,70 ± 0,05|
| 1,190 ± 0.029 |
3 2. |2,80 ± 0,05|
3. |2,90 ± 0,05|

Data Analysis
Determine of Density

a. Water
m = |31,44 ± 0,01| g

V = |40 ± 1| cm3
m 38,7 𝑔
𝜌= = = 0,786 g⁄cm3
V 40 𝑐𝑚

Uncertainty Analysis

𝛿𝜌 𝛿𝜌
𝑑𝜌 = | | 𝑑𝑚 + | | 𝑑𝑉
𝛿𝑚 𝛿𝑉
𝑑𝜌 = |𝑉 −1 𝑑𝑚| + |𝑚𝑉 −2 𝑑𝑉|
𝑑𝜌 𝑉 −1 𝑑𝑚 𝑚𝑉 −2 𝑑𝑉
=| |+| |
𝜌 𝑚𝑉 −1 𝑚𝑉 −1
 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑉
= | |+| |
𝜌 𝑚 𝑉
Δ𝑚 ∆𝑉
∆𝜌 = | + |𝜌
m 𝑉
0,01 gr 1 𝑐𝑚3
=| + | 0,786
31,44 gr 40 𝑐𝑚3

= |0.000318 + 0.025|0,786
= 0.025318 ∙ 0,786 = 0.0198 𝑔⁄𝑐𝑚3
∆ρ 0.0198
KR= ×100%= ×100%=2,5 % (3 AP)
ρ 0,786
DK = 100% - KR = 100% - 2,5% = 97,5%
P= |0.786 ±0.019| g⁄cm3

With use same ways is obtained density to glycerin and oil :

b. Oil

𝜌 = 0,856 𝑔⁄𝑐𝑚3

= |0,856 ± 0.022| 𝑔⁄𝑐𝑚3

c. Glycerin
𝜌 = 1,19 𝑔⁄𝑐𝑚3
= | 1,190 ± 0.029| 𝑔⁄𝑐𝑚3
Activity 1
𝑚 31,44
𝜌= = = 0.786 = 786 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
𝑉 40
a) Depth 1 cm = 0.01 m
P = ρgh = 786 .10 . 0.01 = 78,6 N/m2
P0be ignored.
Uncertainty Analysis
𝛿𝑃 𝛿𝑃
𝑑𝑃 = | | 𝑑𝜌 + | | 𝑑ℎ
𝛿𝜌 𝛿ℎ
𝑑𝑃 = |ℎ 𝑑𝜌| + |𝑃 𝑑ℎ|
 𝑑𝑃 ℎ 𝑑𝜌 𝜌 𝑑ℎ
=| |+| |
𝑃 𝜌ℎ 𝜌ℎ
𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝜌 𝑑ℎ
= | |+| |
𝑃 𝜌 ℎ
Δ𝜌 ∆ℎ
∆𝑃 = | + |𝑃
𝜌 ℎ
0.019 gr 0.0005 𝑐𝑚3
=| + | 78,6
786 gr 0.01 𝑐𝑚3

= |0.0000252 + 0.05|78,6

= 0.0500252 ∙ 78,6 = 3,93 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3

∆P 3,93
KR= ×100%= ×100%=5 % (3 AP)
P 78,6
DK=100%-KR=100%-5%=95%

= |78,6 ± 3,9|Pa

With use the same ways be obtained hydrostatic pressure in depth 2 – 7 cm :

b) Depth 2 cm = 0.02 m
P = 157,2 N/m2
KR= 2.5 % (3 AP)
DK=97.5%
P =|157 ±4|Pa
c) Depth 3 cm = 0.03 m
P = 235,8 N/m2
KR= 0,6 % (4 AP)
DK=99,4%
P =|235,8 ±3,9|Pa
d) Depth 4 cm = 0.04 m
P = 314,4 N/m2
KR= 0,3 % (4 AP)
DK=99.7%
 P =|314,4 ±4,0|Pa
e) Depth 5 cm = 0.05 m
P = 393 N/m2
KR= 1 % (3 AP)
DK=99%
= |393 ±4|Pa
f) Depth 6 cm = 0.06 m
P = 471,6 N/m2
KR=0.8 % (4 AP)
DK=99.2%
= |471,6 ± 3,9|Pa
g) Depth 7 cm = 0.07 m
P = 550,2 N/m2
KR= 0.7 % (4 AP)
DK=99.3%
= |550,2 ±3,9|Pa

Table 5. Relation between depth with hydrostatic pressure

No Depth (cm) Hydrostatic Pressure (Pa)

1 |1.00 ± 0.05| |78,6 ± 3,9|
2 |2.00 ± 0.05| |157 ±4|
3 |3.00 ± 0.05| |235,8 ±3,9|
4 |4.00 ± 0.05| |314,4 ±4,0|
5 |5.00 ± 0.05| |393 ±4|
6 |6.00 ± 0.05| |471,6 ± 3,9|
7 |7.00 ± 0.05| |550,2 ±3,9|
 600

500

400
Δh (cm)

300 y = 78.6x
R² = 1
200

100

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Depth (cm)

Graph 1. Relation between depth and hydrostatic pressure

where P = Δh (cm)

𝑃
tan 𝜃 =
ℎ
𝑃
𝜌𝑔 =
ℎ
𝑃 = 𝜌∙𝑔∙ℎ
Activity 2
h = 2 cm = 0.02 m
a) Water
ρ = 0.786 g/cm3 = 786 kg/m3
P = ρgh = 786 .10 . 0.02 = 157,2 N/m2
Uncertainty Analysis
δP δP
dP= | | dρ+ | | dh
δρ δh
dP =|h dρ|+|P dh|
dP h dρ ρ dh
=| |+| |
P ρh ρh
dP dρ dh
=| |+| |
P ρ h
 Δρ ∆h
∆P = | + | P
ρ h
0.019 gr 0.0005 𝑐𝑚3
=| + | 157,2
786 gr 0.02 𝑐𝑚3
= |0.0000242 + 0.025|157,2
= 0.0250242 ∙ 483.75 = 3,93 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
KR= 2,5 % (3 AP)
DK=97,5%
= |157 ±4|Pa

With use the same ways be obtained density of gliceryn and oil :

b) Oil
ρ = 0,856 g/cm3 = 856 kg/m3
P = ρgh = 856 .10 . 0.02 = 171,2 N/m2
KR= 2,5 %(3 AP)
DK=97,5%
= |171 ±4|Pa
c) Glycerin
ρ = 1,19 g/cm3 = 1190 kg/m3
P = ρgh = 1190 .10 . 0.02 = 238 N/m2
KR= 2,5 % (3 AP)
DK=97,5%
= |238 ±6|Pa

Table 6. Relation between density with hydrostatic pressure

Hydrostatic Pressure (P)
No Density (ρ) (kg/m3)
(Pa)
1 |0.786 ±0.019| |157 ±4|
2 |0,856 ± 0.022| |171 ±4|
3 | 1,190 ± 0.029| |238 ±6|
Discussion
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure that occurs under water. Hydrostatic pressure
caused by the fluid is not moving. Hydrostatic pressure experienced by a point in
the fluid caused by the gravity of the fluid which is above that point.
In this experiment, there are three types of liquid used is water, oil and glycerin.
The density of water is 0.786 g / cm3, with a relative error of 2.5%. The density of
oil is 0.856 g/cm3 and the density of glycerin that is 1.190 g/cm3.
In the first activity that is influence of the depth against hydrostatic pressure that
is distilled water, the magnitude of the hydrostatic pressure on the measurements
obtained at a depth |1.00 ± 0.05| cm, the pressure is |78.6 ± 3.9| Pa, at a depth |2.00
± 0.05| cm, the pressure is | 157 ± 4 | Pa, at a depth | 3.00 ± 0.05 | cm, the pressure
is |235.8 ± 3.9| Pa, on depth | 4.00 ± 0.05 | cm, the pressure is |314.4 ± 4.0| Pa, at a
depth |5.00 ± 0.05| cm, the pressure is |393 ± 4| Pa , at a depth |6.00 ± 0.05| cm,
the pressure is |471.6 ± 3.9| Pa, at a depth |7.00 ± 0.05| cm, the pressure is |550.2 ±
3.9| Pa. In the second activity, namely the effect of density on the hydrostatic
pressure. Water with density |0786 ± 0019| g/cm3, the pressure is 157 Pa. Cooking
oil is its density |0.857± 0.022| g/cm3, the pressure is 171 Pa and glycerin its
density is | 1.190 ± 0.029 | g / cm3, the pressure is 238 Pa.
In the second activity, experiments were performed similar to the first
except that the activity were measured at a fixed depth and used three liquids:
water, oil, and glycerin. Thus obtained is directly proportional to the depth of the
hydrostatic pressure as well as density.
CONCLUSION AND DISCUSS
1. The greater the depth of a liquid substance, the greater its hydrostatic pressure.
2. The greater the density of the liquid, the greater the pressure.
3. Hydrostatic pressure can be determined by measuring the difference in height
of the liquid in the pipe U.
REFERENCES
Asfar, Syafar. 2013. Static and Dynamic Fluiada. http: // basic physics. static fluid
and fluid dinamis.html. Accessed on December 20th 2014

Supiyanto. 2004.Physics. Erlangga. Jakarta