CONFIDENTIAL

FINAL EXAMINATION SEMESTER 2

SESSION 2016/2017

COURSE CODE : SKEE 4683

COURSE NAME : POWER SYSTEM DESIGN AND OPERATION

LECTURERS : DR. SAIFULNIZAM BIN ABD KHALID

PROGRAMME : SKEE

SECTION : 01

TIME : 2 HOURS 30 MINUTES

DATE :
ANSWER ONE QUESTION FROM SECTION A
INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATE :
AND ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN SECTION B

THIS QUESTIONS PAPER CONTAINS 13 PAGES INCLUDING THE FRONT COVER

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SKEE 4683

Section A.

Q.1 (a) In an overhead transmission line system, the basis of comparison is the
maximum voltage between conductor and ground. Explain why?
[3 Marks]

(b) A d.c. 2-wire system is to be converted into a.c. 3 phase, 3 wire system by
the addition of a third conductor of the same cross-section as the two
existing conductors. Calculate the percentage additional load, which can
now be supplied if the voltage between wires and the percentage loss in the
line remain unchanged. Assume a balanced load of unity power factor.
[7 Marks]

(c) A 50 km long transmission line supplies a load of 5 MVA at 0.8 power

factor lagging at 33 kV. The efficiency of transmission is 90%. Design by
calculating the volume of aluminium conductor required for the line when:
(i) single phase, 2-wire system is used
(ii) 3-phase, 3-wire system is used
The specific resistance of aluminium is 2.85×10-8 Ω m.
[8 Marks]

(d) In a 33 kV overhead line, there are 3 units in the string of insulators as

shown in Figure Q.1(d). The capacitance between each insulator pin and
earth is 11% of self-capacitance of each insulator.
Design the suspension insulator string by finding:
(i) The line to neutral voltage
(ii) The voltage over 3 insulators
(iii) String efficiency
[9 Marks]
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I1
KC i1 C V1
A
I2
KC i2 C V2 V
B
I3
KC i3 C V3
C

Figure Q.1(d)
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Q.2 (a) Discuss briefly the rules for selecting an ideal location for substation.
[3 Marks]

(b) A transmission line has a span of 160 m between level supports. The
conductor has an effective diameter of 0.95 cm and weight 0.65 kg/m. The
wind pressure is 40 kg/m2 of projected area and has a breaking stress of
4250 kg/cm2.
Design the overhead lines by calculating:
(i) the sag for a safety factor of 5
(ii) the vertical sag
[8 Marks]

(c) For the area and the loads P1= 4MVA, P2=5 MVA, P3=5 MVA,
P4=6MVA, P5=5 MVA, P6=7 MVA, P7=4 MVA, operating at 13.2 kV as
shown in Figure Q.2(c), design the distribution substation by calculating:
(i) The best location for the substation
[8 Marks]
(ii) The number of substation outgoing feeder (#4/0 AWG copper
conductors). Then, determine whether these feeders are thermally
limited or voltage drop limited. Assume the load is uniformly
distributed on the area with no future loads are expected and the
maximum allowable voltage drop is 6%.
Distribution substation application curves for 6% voltage drop is given in
Appendix A.
[8 Marks]
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mi -3 -1 Y 2 3
2
P6
1.5
P1 P2 P7

0 X

P3 P5
-0.5

-1

P4
-1.5

-2
-5 -2.5 0 2.5 5
mi

Figure Q.2(c)
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SKEE 4683

Section B.

Q.3 (a) Discuss the three steps of planning in power system.

[3 Marks]

(b) Explain the voltage band according to IEC 60038.

[3 Marks]

(c) Discuss the engineering studies that are recommended to be carried out
when connecting green-energy production plants to power systems.
[4 Marks]

(d) State the factors that should be considered in substation design.

[4 Marks]

(e) Explain the important points in the mechanical design of overhead

transmission lines
[5 Marks]
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SKEE 4683

Q.4 (a) State TWO (2) aspects that need to be considered for the designing of power
generating station.
[5 Marks]

(b) Give the comparison of steam power plant and green-energy plant on the
basis of operating cost, initial cost, efficiency and availability of source of
power.
[6 Marks]

(c) A 100 MW steam power station uses coal with calorific value of 5400
kcal/kg. Thermal efficiency of the station is 30% and electrical efficiency is
90%. Assume the heat equivalent of 1 kWh = 860 kcal. Calculate the coal
consumption per hour when the station is delivering its full rated output.
[8 Marks]

(d) A hydro-electric generating station is supplied from a reservoir of capacity

5×106 cubic metres at a head of 200 metres. Calculate the total energy
available in kWh if the overall efficiency is 75%. Assume the mass of 1 m3
of water = 1000 kg.
[8 Marks]
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SKEE 4683

Q5) (a) State any TWO (2) types of secondary distribution systems.
[4 Marks]

(b) The square-shaped distribution substation service area as shown in Figure

Q.5(b) is served by four three-phase four wire 2.4/4.16 kV grounded-wye
primary feeders. The feeder mains are made of #2 AWG cooper (7 strands).
The three-phase open-wire overhead lines have a geometric mean spacing of
37 inches between phase conductors. Assume a lagging load power factor of
0.9 and a 1000 kVA/mi2 uniformly distributed load density. Consider
thermally loaded feeder mains and design the primary substation sizing by
calculating:
(i) Maximum load per feeder
(ii) Substation size
(iii) Both ways of substation spacing
(iv) Total percentage of voltage drop from the feed point to the end of the
main.
Data for Figure Q.5(b) are given in Appendix B.

Distribution
Feeder trnasformer
load
center
Lateral
Feeder
main

a
b

Area
served by
lateral

2/3 I4
c
I4

Figure Q.5(b)
[13 Marks]
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(c) A single phase distributor one km long has resistance and reactance per
conductor of 0.1 Ω and 0.15 Ω respectively. At the far end, the voltage VB =
200 V and the current is 100 A at a power factor of 0.8 lagging. At the mid-
point M of the distributor, a current of 100 A is tapped at a power factor of
0.6 lagging with reference to the voltage VM at the mid-point.
(i) Draw the single line diagram of the system
(ii) Design the single phase distributor by finding voltage at mid-point,
sending end voltage VA and phase angle between VA and VB
[10 Marks]
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Appendix A
Distribution substation application curves for 6% voltage drop.
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Appendix B
Standard transformer and conductor sizes.
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The K constant for copper conductors, assuming a lagging-load power factor of 0.9.