Scilab Textbook Companion for

Engineering Physics
by D. K. Bhattacharya1

Created by
Nandan Hegde
B.E.(EXTC)
Others
Mumbai University
College Teacher
Mrugendra Vasmatkar
Cross-Checked by
Chaitanya

May 27, 2016

1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the ”Textbook Companion Project”
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description

Title: Engineering Physics

Author: D. K. Bhattacharya

Publisher: Oxford University, New Delhi

Edition: 2

Year: 2013

ISBN: 9780198065425

1
 Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.

Exa Example (Solved example)

Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)

AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular

Example of the above book)

For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.

2
Contents

List of Scilab Codes 4

1 ultrasonics 6

2 Lasers 13

3 Fibre optics and its applications 15

4 Quantum physics 18

5 Crystal physics 23

6 Conducting materials 27

7 Semiconducting materials 35

8 Magnetic materials 49

9 Superconducting materials 52

10 Dielectric materials 54

12 Additional solved examples 56

13 Additional solved short answers 74

3
List of Scilab Codes

Exa 1.1 To find depth of submerged submarine . . . . . . . . . 6

Exa 1.2 To calculate the natural frequency . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Exa 1.3 To calculate the natural frequency . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Exa 1.4 compute the velocity of waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Exa 1.5 To calculate the natural frequency . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Exa 1.6 To calculate the natural frequency . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Exa 1.7 To calculate the natural frequency . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Exa 1.8 To calculate the frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Exa 1.9 To find depth of sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Exa 1.10 To find depth of sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Exa 1.11 To calculate reverberation time . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Exa 1.12 To find area of interior surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Exa 1.13 To find reverberation time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Exa 1.14 To find depth of submarine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Exa 1.15 To find frequency of waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Exa 1.16 To evaluate natural frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Exa 2.1 To calculate relative population . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Exa 2.2 To calculate ratio of stimulated emission to spontaneous
emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Exa 2.3 calculate number of photons emitted per minute . . . 14
Exa 3.1 To find NAand phi m and critical angle . . . . . . . . 15
Exa 3.2 calculate pulse broadening per unit length . . . . . . . 16
Exa 3.3 To calculate minimum and maximum number of total
internal reflections per metre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Exa 4.1 calculate energy and momentum of photon . . . . . . 18
Exa 4.2 calculate number of photons emitted per second . . . . 18
Exa 4.3 determine number of photons emitted per second . . . 19
Exa 4.4 find the wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

4
Exa 4.5 calculate de Broglie wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Exa 4.6 find energy of particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Exa 4.7 calculate minimum energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Exa 4.8 calculate energy required to excite electron from ground
state to 6th excited state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Exa 4.9 find change in wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Exa 5.1 determine miller indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Exa 5.2 calculate density of Si . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Exa 5.3 calculate surface density of atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Exa 5.4 calculate spacing of planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Exa 5.5 determine size of unit cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Exa 5.6 determine spacing between planes . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Exa 5.7 find volume of unit cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Exa 6.1 calculate Fermi energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Exa 6.2 calculate Fermi energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Exa 6.3 calculate conductivity and relaxation time . . . . . . . 28
Exa 6.4 calculate Lorentz number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Exa 6.5 calculate electrical conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Exa 6.6 calculate relaxation time and mobility and average drift
velocity and mean free path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Exa 6.7 calculate thermal conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Exa 6.8 calculate Lorentz number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Exa 6.9 find F E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Exa 6.10 calculate electrical conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Exa 6.11 calculate electrical and thermal conductivities . . . . . 31
Exa 6.12 find relaxation time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Exa 6.13 calculate drift velocity and mobility and relaxation time 32
Exa 6.14 calculate drift velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Exa 6.15 calculate Fermi energy and Fermi temperature . . . . 33
Exa 6.16 calculate Fermi velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Exa 7.1 Evaluate approximate donor binding energy . . . . . . 35
Exa 7.2 calculate equilibrium hole concentration and how is Ef
located relative to Ei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Exa 7.3 calculate resistivity of sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Exa 7.4 calculate resistivity and Hall coefficient and Hall voltage 38
Exa 7.5 calculate intrinsic carrier concentration and intrinsic con-
ductivity and relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Exa 7.6 calculate Fermi energy with respect to Fermi energy . 40

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Exa 7.7 find resistance of pure and doped Si crystal . . . . . . 40
Exa 7.8 compute forbidden energy gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Exa 7.9 calculate conductivity of sample . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Exa 7.10 find the new position of Fermi level . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Exa 7.11 calculate concentration in conduction band . . . . . . 43
Exa 7.12 calculate drift mobility of electron . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Exa 7.13 calculate concentration of conduction electrons in Cu . 43
Exa 7.14 calculate charge carrier density and electron mobility . 44
Exa 7.15 calculate magnitude of Hall voltage . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Exa 7.16 find resistance of intrinsic Ge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Exa 7.17 determine the position of Fermi level . . . . . . . . . . 46
Exa 7.18 calculate electrical conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Exa 7.19 find intrinsic resistivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Exa 7.20 find electrical conductivity before and after addition of
B atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Exa 7.21 find Hall coefficient and electron mobility . . . . . . . 47
Exa 7.22 find Hall potential difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Exa 8.1 Determine magnitude and direction of magnetic moment 49
Exa 8.2 Determine magnetic moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Exa 8.3 calculate magnetic susceptibility . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Exa 8.4 calculate permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Exa 8.5 calculate magnetic moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Exa 9.1 calculate critical magnetic field intensity . . . . . . . . 52
Exa 9.2 calculate isotopic mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Exa 10.1 calculate electronic polarizability . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Exa 10.2 calculate electronic polarizability . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Exa 12.1 calculate relative population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Exa 12.2 determine relative population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Exa 12.3 calculate ratio of stimulated emission to spontaneous
emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Exa 12.4 calculate number of photons emitted per minute . . . 58
Exa 12.5 calculate number of photons emitted per minute . . . 58
Exa 12.6 find NA and critical angle and alpha m . . . . . . . . 58
Exa 12.7 find NA and critical angle and alpha m . . . . . . . . 59
Exa 12.8 calculate pulse broadening per unit length . . . . . . . 59
Exa 12.9 calculate pulse broadening per unit length . . . . . . . 60
Exa 12.10 calculate minimum and maximum number of total in-
ternal reflections per metre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

6
Exa 12.11calculate energy and momentum of photon . . . . . . 61
Exa 12.12calculate number of photons emitted per second . . . . 62
Exa 12.13calculate de Broglie wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Exa 12.14 find change in wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Exa 12.15find miller indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Exa 12.16find miller indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Exa 12.17find size of unit cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Exa 12.18find volume of unit cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Exa 12.19calculate Fermi energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Exa 12.20calculate relaxation time and average drift velocity and
velocity of electron and mean free path . . . . . . . . . 66
Exa 12.21 evaluate value of F E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Exa 12.22 calculate how is Ef located relative to Ei . . . . . . . . 67
Exa 12.23 find magnitude of Hall voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Exa 12.24 calculate Hall voltage and Hall coefficient . . . . . . . 69
Exa 12.25 determine magnitude and direction of magnetic moment 69
Exa 12.26 determine magnitude and direction of magnetic moment 70
Exa 12.27 determine magnetic moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Exa 12.28 calculate permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Exa 12.29 calculate susceptibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Exa 12.30 determine critical current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Exa 12.31 calculate critical current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Exa 12.32 calculate isotopic mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Exa 12.33 calculate isotopic mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Exa 13.1.2 find fundamental frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Exa 13.1.6 calculate critical angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Exa 13.1.10calculate interplanar spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Exa 13.1.12find the wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Exa 13.1.14calculate energy of scattered photon . . . . . . . . . . 75
Exa 13.1.15calculate number of unit cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Exa 13.2.1 calculate the frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Exa 13.2.7 calculate wavelength of scattered radiation . . . . . . . 77
Exa 13.2.13calculate Na and acceptance angle . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Exa 13.3.11calculate mean free time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Exa 13.3.12calculate the resistivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Exa 13.3.13calculate energy loss per hour and intensity of magneti-
zation and flux density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Exa 13.3.14find capacitance and electric flux density . . . . . . . . 80

7
List of Figures

7.1 calculate equilibrium hole concentration and how is Ef located

relative to Ei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

12.1 calculate how is Ef located relative to Ei . . . . . . . . . . . 67

8
 Chapter 1

ultrasonics

Scilab code Exa 1.1 To find depth of submerged submarine

1 // c h a p t e r 1 , Example1 1 , pg 20
2 v =1440 // v e l o c i t y o f u l t r a s o n i c waves ( i n m/ s )
3 t =0.33 // t i m e l a p s e d ( i n s e c )
4 d =( v * t ) // d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d by u l t r a s o n i c waves
5 d1 = d /2 // d e p t h o f s u b m a r i n e
6 disp (d , ’ t h e v e l o c i t y o f u l t r a s o n i c waves ( i n m)
is ’ )
7 disp ( d1 , ’ t h e d e p t h o f s u b m a r i n e ( i n m) i s ’ )

Scilab code Exa 1.2 To calculate the natural frequency

1 // c h a p t e r 1 , Example1 2 , pg 21
2 d =7.25*10^3 // d e n s i t y ( i n kg /mˆ 3 )
3 E =115*10^9 // y o u n g s modulus ( i n N/mˆ 2 )
4 l =40*10^ -3 // l e n g t h o f r o d ( i n m)
5 n = sqrt ( E / d ) /(2* l ) // n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y o f r o d
6 disp ( n *10^ -3 , ’ t h e n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y o f r o d ( i n kHz
) is ’)

9
7 printf ( ” y e s , t h e r o d can be u s e d f o r p r o d u c i n g
u l t r a s o n i c waves b e c a u s e i t s f r e q u e n c y l i e s i n
the u l t r a s o n i c range ”)

Scilab code Exa 1.3 To calculate the natural frequency

1 // c h a p t e r 1 , Example1 3 , pg 21
2 l =10^ -3 // l e n g t h ( i n m)
3 E =7.9*10^10 // y o u n g s modulus ( i n N/mˆ 2 )
4 d =2650 // d e n s i t y ( i n kg /mˆ 3 )
5 p =1 // f u n d a m e n t a l mode
6 n = p * sqrt ( E / d ) /(2* l ) // n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y
7 printf ( ” Fundamental f r e q u e n c y o f q u a r t z c r y s t a l \n ” )
8 printf ( ” n=%. 2 f Hz” ,n )

Scilab code Exa 1.4 compute the velocity of waves

1 // c h a p t e r 1 , Example1 4 , pg 22
2 lam =2*0.55*10^ -3 // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n 2 a n t i n o d e s is
lam /2 ( i n m)
3 n =1.45*10^6 // f r e q u e n c y o f c r y s t a l ( i n Hz ) ( g i v e n )
t h e y have t a k e n n =1.5 Hz i n
calculation
4 v = n * lam // v e l o c i t y
5 printf ( ” v e l o c i t y o f waves i n s e a w a t e r \n ” )
6 printf ( ” v=%. 1 f m/ s ” ,v )
7
8
9 // sum i s s o l v e d u s i n g n =1.5 Hz w h i l e t h e f r e q u e n c y
g i v e n i s n =1.45 Hz

10
 Scilab code Exa 1.5 To calculate the natural frequency

1 // c h a p t e r 1 , Example1 5 , pg 22
2 l =50*10^ -3 // l e n g t h o f r o d ( i n m)
3 d =7250 // d e n s i t y ( i n kg /mˆ 3 )
4 E =11.5*10^10 // y o u n g s modulus ( i n N/mˆ 2 )
5 n = sqrt ( E / d ) /(2* l ) // n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y
6 printf ( ” N a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y o f r o d \n ” )
7 printf ( ” n=%. 2 f KHz” ,n *10^ -3)

Scilab code Exa 1.6 To calculate the natural frequency

1 // c h a p t e r 1 , Example1 6 , pg 23
2 l =2*10^ -3 // l e n g t h ( i n m)
3 d =2650 // d e n s i t y ( i n kg /mˆ 3 )
4 E =7.9*10^10 // y o u n g s modulus ( i n N/mˆ 2 )
5 p =1
6 n =( p * sqrt ( E / d ) ) /(2* l ) // n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y
7 printf ( ” f r e q u e n c y o f c r y s t a l \n ” )
8 printf ( ” n=%. 3 f MHz” ,n *10^ -6)

Scilab code Exa 1.7 To calculate the natural frequency

1 // c h a p t e r 1 , Example1 7 , pg 23
2 l =3*10^ -3 // l e n g t h ( i n m)
3 d =2500 // d e n s i t y ( i n kg /mˆ 3 )
4 E =8*10^10 // y o u n g s modulus ( i n N/mˆ 2 )
5 p =1
6 n =( p * sqrt ( E / d ) ) /(2* l ) // n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y
7 printf ( ” f r e q u e n c y o f u l t r a s o u n d \n ” )
8 printf ( ” n=%. 3 f KHz” ,n *10^ -3)

11
 Scilab code Exa 1.8 To calculate the frequency

1 // c h a p t e r 1 , Example1 8 , pg 23
2 l =1.5*10^ -3 // l e n g t h ( i n m)
3 d =2650 // d e n s i t y ( i n kg /mˆ 3 )
4 E =7.9*10^10 // y o u n g s modulus ( i n N/mˆ 2 )
5 p =1
6 n =( p * sqrt ( E / d ) ) /(2* l ) // n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y
7 printf ( ” f r e q u e n c y o f c r y s t a l \n ” )
8 printf ( ” n=%. 3 f MHz” ,n *10^ -6)

Scilab code Exa 1.9 To find depth of sea

1 // c h a p t e r 1 , Example1 9 , pg 24
2 v =1440 // v e l o c i t y o f u l t r a s o n i c waves ( i n m/ s )
3 t =0.95 // t i m e l a p s e d ( i n s e c )
4 d =( v * t ) // d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d by u l t r a s o n i c waves
5 d1 = d /2 // d e p t h o f s e a
6 disp ( d1 , ’ t h e d e p t h o f s e a ( i n m) i s ’ )

Scilab code Exa 1.10 To find depth of sea

1 // c h a p t e r 1 , Example1 10 , pg 24
2 v =1440 // v e l o c i t y o f u l t r a s o n i c waves ( i n m/ s )
3 t =0.83 // t i m e l a p s e d ( i n s e c )
4 d =( v * t ) // d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d by sound
5 d1 = d /2 // d e p t h o f s u b m a r i n e
6 disp (d , ’ t h e v e l o c i t y o f u l t r a s o n i c waves ( i n m)
is ’ )
7 disp ( d1 , ’ t h e d e p t h o f s u b m a r i n e ( i n m) i s ’ )

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 Scilab code Exa 1.11 To calculate reverberation time

1 // c h a p t e r 1 , Example1 11 , pg 24
2 aS =1050 // t o t a l a b s o r p t i o n i n s i d e h a l l ( i n S a b i n e )
3 // a=a v e r a g e a b s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t , S=a r e a o f
interior surface
4 V =9000 // volume o f h a l l ( i n mˆ 3 )
5 T =(0.165* V ) / aS // r e v e r b e r a t i o n t i m e
6 printf ( ” R e v e r b e r a t i o n t i m e o f h a l l \n ” )
7 printf ( ”T=%. 4 f s e c ” ,T )

Scilab code Exa 1.12 To find area of interior surface

1 // c h a p t e r 1 , Example1 12 , pg 25
2 V =13500 // volume ( i n mˆ 3 )
3 T =1.2 // r e v e r b e r a t i o n t i m e ( i n s e c )
4 a =0.65 // a v e r a g e a b s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t ( i n S a b i n e /m
ˆ2)
5 S =(0.165* V ) /( a * T ) // a r e a o f i n t e r i o r s u r f a c e
6 printf ( ” Area o f i n t e r i o r s u r f a c e \n ” )
7 printf ( ” S=%. 1 f mˆ2 ” ,S )

Scilab code Exa 1.13 To find reverberation time

1 // c h a p t e r 1 , Example1 13 , pg 25
2 V =15000 // volume ( i n mˆ 3 )
3 T1 =1.3 // i n i t i a l r e v e r b e r a t i o n t i m e ( i n s e c )
4 aS =(0.165* V ) / T1 // t o t a l a b s o r p t i o n o f h a l l ( in
Sabine )

13
5 T2 =(0.165* V ) /( aS +300) // r e v r b e r a t i o n t i m e o f hall
a f t e r a d d i n g 300 c h a i r s e a c h h a v i n g a b s o r p t i o n o f
1 Sabine
6 printf ( ” R e v e r b e r a t i o n t i m e o f h a l l a f t e r a d d i n g 300
c h a i r s \n ” )
7 printf ( ”T2=%. 3 f s e c ” , T2 )

Scilab code Exa 1.14 To find depth of submarine

1 // c h a p t e r 1 , Example1 14 , pg 26
2 v =1440 // v e l o c i t y o f u l t r a s o n i c waves ( i n m/ s )
3 t =0.5 // t i m e l a p s e d ( i n s e c )
4 d =( v * t ) // d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d by u l t r a s o n i c waves
5 d1 = d /2 // d e p t h o f s u b m a r i n e
6 disp (d , ’ t h e v e l o c i t y o f u l t r a s o n i c waves ( i n m)
is ’ )
7 disp ( d1 , ’ t h e d e p t h o f s u b m a r i n e ( i n m) i s ’ )

Scilab code Exa 1.15 To find frequency of waves

1 // c h a p t e r 1 , Example1 15 , pg 26
2 lam =2*0.4*10^ -3 // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n 2 a n t i n o d e s is
lam /2 ( i n m)
3 n =1.5*10^6 // f r e q u e n c y o f c r y s t a l ( i n Hz )
4 v = n * lam // v e l o c i t y
5 printf ( ” v e l o c i t y o f waves i n s e a w a t e r \n ” )
6 printf ( ” v=%. 1 f m/ s ” ,v )

Scilab code Exa 1.16 To evaluate natural frequency

14
1 // c h a p t e r 1 , Example1 16 , pg 26
2 l =40*10^ -3 // l e n g t h ( i n m)
3 E =11.5*10^10 // y o u n g s modulus ( i n N/mˆ 2 )
4 d =7250 // d e n s i t y ( i n kg /mˆ 3 )
5 p =1 // f u n d a m e n t a l mode
6 n = p * sqrt ( E / d ) /(2* l ) // n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y
7 printf ( ” Fundamental f r e q u e n c y o f q u a r t z c r y s t a l \n ” )
8 printf ( ” n=%. 2 f KHz” ,n *10^ -3)

15
 Chapter 2

Lasers

Scilab code Exa 2.1 To calculate relative population

1 // c h a p t e r 2 , Example2 1 , pg 52
2 lam =590*10^ -9 // w a v e l e n g t h ( i n m)
3 T =250+273 // t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n k e l v i n ) ( converting
celsius into kelvin )
4 k =1.38*10^ -23 // b o l t z m a n c o n s t a n t ( i n (mˆ2∗Kg ) / ( s ˆ2∗ k
))
5 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( i n J s )
6 c =3*10^8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t
7 N = exp ( -( h * c ) /( lam * k * T ) ) //N=(n2 / n1 )= r e l a t i v e
p o p u l a t i o n o f atoms i n t h e 1 s t e x c i t e d s t a t e and
i n ground s t a t e
8 // n1=number o f atoms i n g r o u n d s t a t e
9 // n2=number o f atoms i n e x c i t e d s t a t e
10 printf ( ” R e l a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n o f Na atoms i n t h e 1 s t
e x c i t e d s t a t e and i n g r o u n d s t a t e \n ” )
11 disp ( N )

Scilab code Exa 2.2 To calculate ratio of stimulated emission to sponta-

neous emission

16
 1 // c h a p t e r 2 , Example2 2 , pg 53
2 T =250+273 // t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n k e l v i n ) ( converting
celsius into kelvin )
3 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( i n J s )
4 c =3*10^8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t ( i n m/ s )
5 lam =590*10^ -9 // w a v e l e n g t h ( i n m)
6 k =1.38*10^ -23 // b o l t z m a n c o n s t a n t ( i n (mˆ2∗Kg ) / ( s ˆ2∗ k
))
7 N =1/( exp (( h * c ) /( lam * k * T ) ) -1) //N=(( n21 ) ’ / ( n21 ) )
ratio of stimulated emission to spontaneous
emission
8 printf ( ” R a t i o o f s t i m u l a t e d emission to spontaneous
emission i s ”)
9 disp ( N )
10
11
12 // a n s w e r g i v e n i s wrong

Scilab code Exa 2.3 calculate number of photons emitted per minute

1 // c h a p t e r 2 , Example2 3 , pg 53
2 lam =632.8*10^ -9 // w a v e l e n g t h ( i n m)
3 Em =3.147*10^ -3*60 // e n e r g y e m i t t e d p e r m i n u t e ( i n J /
min )
4 c =3*10^8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t ( i n m/ s )
5 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( i n J s )
6 n = c / lam // f r e q u e n c y o f e m i t t e d p h o t o n s ( i n Hz )
7 E = h * n // e n e r g y o f e a c h p h o t o n ( i n J )
8 N = Em / E // number o f p h o t o n s e m i t t e d p e r m i n u t e
9 printf ( ”Number o f p h o t o n s e m i t t e d p e r m i n u t e ” )
10 disp ( N )

17
 Chapter 3

Fibre optics and its applications

Scilab code Exa 3.1 To find NAand phi m and critical angle

1 // c h a p t e r 3 , Example 3 . 1 , pg 84
2 n1 =1.5 // c o r e r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
3 n2 =1.47 // c l a d d i n g r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
4 n0 =1 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f a i r
5 NA = sqrt ( n1 ^2 - n2 ^2) // n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e
6 alpha_m = asin ( NA / n0 ) // a n g l e o f a c c e p t a n c e ( in
radian )
7 phi_m = asin (( n0 * sin ( alpha_m ) ) / n1 ) // no ∗ s i n ( a l p h a m )
=n1 ∗ s i n ( phi m ) ( i n r a d i a n )
8 phi_c = asin ( n2 / n1 ) // c r i t i c a l a n g l e ( in radian )
9 printf ( ”NA=%. 1 f \n ” , NA )
10 printf ( ” a l p h a m=%. 2 f d e g r e e \n ” ,( alpha_m *180) / %pi )
11 printf ( ” phi m=%. 2 f d e g r e e \n ” ,( phi_m *180) / %pi )
12 printf ( ” p h i c=%. 2 f d e g r e e ” ,( phi_c *180) / %pi )
13
14
15 // d a t a g i v e n i s n2 =1.97 which i s n o t p o s s i b l e s i n c e
r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f c l a d d i n g s h o u l d a l w a y s be
l e s s than r e f r a c t i v e index o f c o r e
16 // i n c a l c u l a t i o n n2 =1.47

18
 Scilab code Exa 3.2 calculate pulse broadening per unit length

1 // c h a p t e r 3 , Example 3 . 2 , pg 85
2 n1 =1.5 // c o r e r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
3 n2 =1.47 // c l a d d i n g r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
4 c =3*10^8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t ( i n m/ s )
5 P =( n1 *( n1 - n2 ) ) /( n2 * c ) // p u l s e b r o a d e n i n g p e r u n i t
l e n g t h due t o m u l t i p l e d i s p e r s i o n
6 //P=( d e l t /L ) where d e l t =t i m e i n t e r v a l , L=
distance t r a n s v e r s e d by r a y i n s i d e c o r e
7 printf ( ” p u l s e b r o a d e n i n g p e r u n i t l e n g t h due t o
m u l t i p l e d i s p e r s i o n ( i n s /m) ” )
8 disp ( P )

Scilab code Exa 3.3 To calculate minimum and maximum number of total
internal reflections per metre

1 // c h a p t e r 3 , Example 3 . 3 , pg 85
2 n1 =1.5 // c o r e r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
3 n2 =1.47 // c l a d d i n g r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
4 n0 =1 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f a i r
5 a =100*10^ -6/2 // r a d i u s o f c o r e
6 NA = sqrt ( n1 ^2 - n2 ^2) // n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e
7 alpha_m = asin ( NA / n0 ) // a n g l e o f a c c e p t a n c e ( in
radian )
8 phi_m = asin (( n0 * sin ( alpha_m ) ) / n1 ) // no ∗ s i n ( a l p h a m )
=n1 ∗ s i n ( phi m ) ( i n r a d i a n )
9 L = a / tan ( phi_m ) // ( i n m)
10 printf ( ”Minimum number o f r e f l e c t i o n s p e r m e t r e=z e r o
\n ” ) // s i n c e r a y s t r a v e l l i n g w i t h a l p h a =0
s u f f e r no i n t e r n a l r e f l e c t i o n

19
11 // f o r r a y s t r a v e l l i n g w i t h a l p h a=a l p h a m , 1 i n t e r n a l
r e f l e c t i o n takes place for a transversed
d i s t a n c e o f 2∗L
12 N =1/(2* L ) //Maximum number o f r e f l e c t i o n s p e r m e t r e
13 disp ( ”Maximum number o f r e f l e c t i o n s p e r m e t r e ( i n m
ˆ −1)=” )
14 printf ( ”N=%. 0 f ” ,N )
15
16 // Answer v a r i e s a s L i s r e s t r i c t e d t o 2.45∗10ˆ −4 (m)
i n s t e a d o f 2 . 4 6 2 ∗ 1 0 ˆ − 4 (m)

20
 Chapter 4

Quantum physics

Scilab code Exa 4.1 calculate energy and momentum of photon

1 // c h a p t e r 4 , Example4 1 , pg 117
2 c =3*10^8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t ( i n m/ s e c )
3 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k ’ s c o n s t a n t ( i n J s )
4 lam =1.2*10^ -10 // w a v e l e n g t h ( i n m)
5 E =( h * c ) /( lam *1.6*10^ -19) // e n e r g y o f p h o t o n ( i n eV )
6 p = h / lam //momentum o f p h o t o n
7 printf ( ” Energy o f p h o t o \n ” )
8 printf ( ”E=%. 1 f eV\n ” ,E )
9 printf ( ”momentum o f p h o t o n ( i n Kg m/ s e c ) \n ” )
10 disp ( p )

Scilab code Exa 4.2 calculate number of photons emitted per second

1 // c h a p t e r 4 , Example 4 . 2 , pg 117
2 E1 =10^4 // e n e r g y e m i t t e d p e r s e c o n d ( i n J )
3 n =900*10^3 // f r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
4 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( i n J s )
5 E = h * n // e n e r g y c a r r i e d by 1 p h o t o n ( i n J )

21
 6 N = E1 / E // number o f p h o t o n s e m i t t e d p e r s e c o n d
7 printf ( ” number o f p h o t o n s e m i t t e d p e r s e c o n d \n ” )
8 disp ( N )

Scilab code Exa 4.3 determine number of photons emitted per second

1 // c h a p t e r 4 , Example 4 . 3 , pg 118
2 c =3*10^8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t ( i n m/ s e c )
3 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( i n J s )
4 E1 =100 // e n e r g y e m i t t e d p e r s e c o n d ( i n J )
5 lam =5893*10^ -10 // w a v e l e n g t h ( i n m)
6 E =( h * c ) / lam // e n e r g y c a r r i e d by 1 p h o t o n
7 N = E1 / E // number o f p h o t o n s e m i t t e d p e r s e c o n d
8 printf ( ” number o f p h o t o n s e m i t t e d p e r s e c o n d \n ” )
9 disp ( N )
10
11
12 // a n s w e r m e n t i o n e d i s wrong

Scilab code Exa 4.4 find the wavelength

1 // c h a p t e r 4 , Example 4 . 4 , pg 118
2 lam =2.8*10^ -10 // w a v e l e n g t h ( i n m)
3 theta =(30* %pi ) /180 // v i e w i n g a n g l e ( i n r a d i a n ) (
converting degree into radian )
4 c =3*10^8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t ( i n m/ s e c )
5 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( i n J s )
6 m0 =9.11*10^ -31 // r e s t mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )
7 lam1 = lam +((2* h ) * sin ( theta /2) ^2) /( m0 * c ) // w a v e l e n g t h
of scattered radiation
8 printf ( ” w a v e l e n g t h o f s c a t t e r e d r a d i a t i o n ( i n m) \n ” )
9 disp ( lam1 )

22
10 printf ( ” w a v e l e n g t h o f s c a t t e r e d r a d i a t i o n ( i n
Angstrom ) \n ” )
11 disp ( lam1 *10^10)
12
13
14 // c a l c u l a t i o n i s done a s s u m i n g h =6.6∗10ˆ −34 J s i n
book

Scilab code Exa 4.5 calculate de Broglie wavelength

1 // c h a p t e r 4 , Example 4 . 5 , pg 119
2 m =0.04 // mass ( i n Kg )
3 v =1000 // s p e e d ( i n m/ s e c )
4 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( i n J s )
5 p = m * v //momentum ( i n kg m/ s e c )
6 lam = h / p // w a v e l e n g t h
7 printf ( ” de B r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h ( i n m) \n ” )
8 disp ( lam )
9 printf ( ” de B r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h ( i n A) \n ” )
10 disp ( lam *10^10)
11
12
13
14 // c a l c u l a t i o n i s done a s s u m i n g h =6.6∗10ˆ −34 J s

Scilab code Exa 4.6 find energy of particle

1 // c h a p t e r 4 , Example 4 . 6 , pg 119
2 a =0.1 *10^ -9 // w i d t h ( i n m)
3 n =1 // l o w e s t energy s t a t e of p a r t i c l e i s obtained
a t n=1
4 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( i n J s )
5 m =9.11*10^ -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )

23
6 E =( h ^2) /(8* m * a ^2) // e n e r g y o f an e l e c t r o n
7 printf ( ” Energy o f e l e c t r o n i n g r o u n d s t a t e ( i n J ) \n ” )
8 disp ( E )
9 printf ( ”E=%. 3 f eV” ,E /(1.6025*10^ -19) )

Scilab code Exa 4.7 calculate minimum energy

1 // c h a p t e r 4 , Example 4 . 7 , pg 120
2 a =4*10^ -9 // w i d t h ( i n m)
3 n =1 // l o w e s t energy s t a t e of p a r t i c l e i s obtained
a t n=1
4 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( i n J s )
5 m =9.11*10^ -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )
6 E =( h ^2) /(8* m * a ^2) // e n e r g y o f an e l e c t r o n
7 printf ( ” Energy o f e l e c t r o n i n g r o u n d s t a t e ( i n J ) \n ” )
8 disp ( E )
9 printf ( ”E=%. 5 f eV” ,E /(1.6025*10^ -19) )

Scilab code Exa 4.8 calculate energy required to excite electron from ground
state to 6th excited state

1 // c h a p t e r 4 , Example 4 . 8 , pg 120
2 a =0.1 *10^ -9 // w i d t h ( i n m)
3 n1 =1 // l o w e s t energy s t a t e of p a r t i c l e i s obtained
a t n=1
4 n =6 // 6 t h e x c i t e d s t a t e h a n c e n=6
5 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( i n J s )
6 m =9.11*10^ -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )
7 //E=(n ˆ2∗ h ˆ 2 ) / ( 8 ∗m∗ a ˆ 2 ) n=e x c i t e d s t a t e of
electron
8 E1 =( n1 ^2* h ^2) /(8* m * a ^2) // e n e r g y o f an e l e c t r o n in
ground s t a t e ( i n J )

24
 9 E6 =( n ^2* h ^2) /(8* m * a ^2) // e n e r g y a t 6 t h e x c u t e d state (
in J)
10 E = E6 - E1 // e n e r g y r e q u i r e d t o
e x c i t e t h e e l e c t r o n from
ground s t a t e to the 6 th e x c i t e d s t a t e
11 printf ( ” e n e r g y r e q u i r e d t o e x c i t e t h e e l e c t r o n from
ground s t a t e t o t h e 6 t h e x c i t e d s t a t e ( i n J ) \n ” )
12 disp ( E )
13 printf ( ”E=%. 2 f eV” ,( E /(1.6025*10^ -19) ) )

Scilab code Exa 4.9 find change in wavelength

1 // c h a p t e r 4 , Example 4 . 9 , pg 121
2 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( i n J s )
3 c =3*10^8 // v e l o c i t y o f x−r a y p h o t o n ( i n m/ s e c )
4 m0 =9.11*10^ -31 // r e s t mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )
5 phi =(90* %pi ) /180 // a n g l e o f s c a t t e r i n g ( i n r a d i a n )
( converting degree into radian )
6 delta_H =( h *(1 - cos ( phi ) ) ) /( m0 * c ) // c h a n g e i n
w a v e l e n g t h due t o compton s c a t t e r i n g
7 printf ( ” c h a n g e i n w a v e l e n g t h o f x−r a y p h o t o n ( i n m) \n
”)
8 disp ( delta_H )

25
 Chapter 5

Crystal physics

Scilab code Exa 5.1 determine miller indices

1 // c h a p t e r 5 , Example5 1 , pg 149
2 // p l a n e h a s i n t e r c e p t s a , 2 b , 3 c a l o n g t h e 3 c r y s t a l
axes
3 // l a t t i c e p o i n t s i n 3−d l a t t i c e a r e g i v e n by r=p∗ a+q
∗b+s ∗ c
4 // a s p , q , r a r e t h e b a s i c v e c t o r s t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f
intercepts 1:2:3
5 p =1
6 q =2
7 s =3
8 // t h e r e f o r e r e c i p r o c a l
9 r1 =1/1
10 r2 =1/2
11 r3 =1/3
12 // t a k i n g LCM
13 v = int32 ([1 ,2 ,3])
14 l = double ( lcm ( v ) )
15 m1 =( l * r1 )
16 m2 =( l * r2 )
17 m3 =( l * r3 )
18 printf ( ” m i l e r i n d i c e s =” )

26
19 disp ( m3 , m2 , m1 )

Scilab code Exa 5.2 calculate density of Si

1 // c h a p t e r 5 , Example5 2 , pg 150
2 a =5.43*10^ -8 // l a t t i c e c o n s t a n t ( i n cm )
3 M =28.1 // a t o m i c w e i g h t ( i n g )
4 n =8 // number o f atoms / c e l l ( for Si )
5 N =6.02*10^23 // Avogadro number
6 C = n / a ^3 // a t o m i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n =(number o f atoms /
c e l l ) / c e l l volume ( i n atoms /cm ˆ 3 )
7 D =( C * M ) / N // D e n s i t y
8 printf ( ” D e n s i t y o f S i=” )
9 printf ( ”D=%. 2 f g /cmˆ3 ” ,D )

Scilab code Exa 5.3 calculate surface density of atoms

1 // c h a p t e r 5 , Example5 3 , pg 151
2 // ( 1 1 1 ) p l a n e f o r a BCC c r y s t a l
3 a =5*10^ -10 // l a t t i c e c o n s t a n t ( i n m)
4 // h e i g h t o f e q u i l a t e r l t r i a n g l e ( s h a d e d a r e a ) =a ∗
sqrt (3/2)
5 // h e n c e a r e a o f s h a d e d t r i a n g u l a r p o r t i o n i s a ∗ s q r t
( 2 ) ∗ a ∗ s q r t ( 3 / 2 ) /2 = a ˆ2∗ s q r t ( 3 ) /2
6 // e v e r y c o r n e r atom c o n t r i b u t e s 1/6 t o t h e a r e a
7 n111 =(3/6) /( a ^2* sqrt (3) /2) // p l a n a r c o n c e n t r a t i o n
8 printf ( ” s u r f a c e d e n s i t y o f atoms i n ( 1 1 1 ) p l a n e o f
BCC s t r u c t u r e ( i n atoms /mˆ 2 ) ” )
9 disp ( n111 )

27
 Scilab code Exa 5.4 calculate spacing of planes

1 // c h a p t e r 5 , Example5 2 , pg 150
2 a =4.049 // l a t t i c e c o n s t a n t ( i n Angstrom )
3 h =2
4 k =2
5 l =0 // s i n c e ( h k l ) =(2 2 0 ) miller indices
6 d = a / sqrt ( h ^2+ k ^2+ l ^2) // s p a c i n g
7 printf ( ” s p a c i n g o f ( 2 2 0 ) p l a n e s=” )
8 printf ( ” d=%. 3 f Angstrom ” ,d )

Scilab code Exa 5.5 determine size of unit cell

1 // c h a p t e r 5 , Example5 5 , pg 152
2 d110 =2.03 // s p a c i n g o f ( 1 1 0 ) p l a n e s ( i n Angstrom )
3 h =1
4 k =1
5 l =0 // ( h k l ) =(1 1 0 )
6 a = d110 * sqrt ( h ^2+ k ^2+ l ^2) // s i z e o f u n i t c e l l
7 printf ( ” s i z e o f u n i t c e l l =” )
8 printf ( ” a=%. 2 f a n g s t r o m ” ,a )

Scilab code Exa 5.6 determine spacing between planes

1 // c h a p t e r 5 , Example5 6 , pg 152
2 a =5.64 // l a t t i c e c o n s t a n t ( i n Angstrom )
3 h1 =1
4 k1 =0
5 l1 =0 // ( h1 k1 l 1 ) =(1 0 0 )
6 h2 =1
7 k2 =1
8 l2 =0 // ( h2 k2 l 2 ) =(1 1 0 )
9 h3 =1

28
10 k3 =1
11 l3 =1 // ( h3 k3 l 3 ) =(1 1 1 )
12 d100 = a / sqrt ( h1 ^2+ k1 ^2+ l1 ^2) // s p a c i n g o f ( 1 0 0 )
planes
13 d110 = a / sqrt ( h2 ^2+ k2 ^2+ l2 ^2) // s p a c i n g o f ( 1 1 0 )
planes
14 d111 = a / sqrt ( h3 ^2+ k3 ^2+ l3 ^2) // s p a c i n g o f ( 1 1 1 )
planes
15 printf ( ” s p a c i n g o f ( 1 0 0 ) p l a n e s=” )
16 printf ( ” d100=%. 2 f Angstrom \n ” , d100 )
17 printf ( ” s p a c i n g o f ( 1 1 0 ) p l a n e s=” )
18 printf ( ” d110=%. 2 f Angstrom \n ” , d110 )
19 printf ( ” s p a c i n g o f ( 1 1 1 ) p l a n e s=” )
20 printf ( ” d111=%. 2 f Angstrom ” , d111 )

Scilab code Exa 5.7 find volume of unit cell

1 // c h a p t e r 5 , Example5 7 , pg 153
2 r =1.605 *10^ -10 // r a d i u s o f atom ( i n m)
3 a =2* r // l a t t i c e c o n s t a n t ( f o r HCP s t r u c t u r e ) ( i n m)
4 c = a * sqrt (8/3) // ( i n m)
5 V =(3* sqrt (3) * a ^2* c ) /2 // volume o f u n i t c e l l
6 printf ( ” volume o f u n i t c e l l ( i n mˆ 3 ) \n ” )
7 disp ( V )

29
 Chapter 6

Conducting materials

Scilab code Exa 6.1 calculate Fermi energy

1 // c h a p t e r 6 , Example6 1 , pg 170
2 Vf =10^6 // Fermi v e l o c i t y ( i n m/ s )
3 m =9.11*10^ -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )
4 Ef =( m * Vf ^2) /2 // Fermi e n e r g y ( in J)
5 printf ( ” Fermi e n e r g y f o r t h e e l e c t r o n s in the metal
=” )
6 printf ( ” Ef=%. 1 f eV” ,( Ef /(1.6*10^ -19) ) ) //
c o n v e r t i n g J i n t o eV

Scilab code Exa 6.2 calculate Fermi energy

1 // c h a p t e r 6 , Example6 2 , pg 170
2 Ef0 =7.04*1.6*10^ -19 // Fermi e n e r g y a t 0 K (
c o n v e r t i n g eV i n t o J )
3 T =300 // t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n K)
4 k =1.38*10^ -23 // b o l t z m a n n c o n s t a n t ( i n (mˆ2∗Kg )
/ ( s ˆ2∗Kˆ −1) )
5 Ef = Ef0 *(1 -( %pi ^2*( k * T ) ^2) /(12* Ef0 ^2) ) // Fermi
e n e r g y a t 300 K ( i n J )

30
 6 printf ( ” Fermi e n e r g y a t 300 K =” )
7 printf ( ” Ef=%. 4 f eV” ,( Ef /(1.6*10^ -19) ) ) //
c o n v e r t i n g J i n t o eV

Scilab code Exa 6.3 calculate conductivity and relaxation time

1 // c h a p t e r 6 , Example6 . 3 , pg 171
2 d =2.7*10^3 // d e n s i t y ( i n Kg/mˆ 3 )
3 Ma =27 // a t o m i c w e i g h t
4 Me =9.11*10^ -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )
5 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e i n e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
6 T =10^ -14 // r e l a x a t i o n t i m e ( in s )
7 Na =6.022*10^23 // Avogadro c o n s t a n t
8 N =3*10^3 // number o f f r e e e l e c t r o n s p e r atom
9 n =( d * Na * N ) / Ma // ( i n /mˆ 3 )
10 sigma =( n * e ^2* T ) / Me // c o n d u c t i v i t y
11 printf ( ” C o n d u c t i v i t y o f Al ( i n / ( ohm∗m) ) ” )
12 disp ( sigma )

Scilab code Exa 6.4 calculate Lorentz number

1 // c h a p t e r 6 , Example6 4 , pg 171
2 sigma =5.87*10^7 // e l e c t r i c a l conductivity ( in
/ ( ohm m) )
3 K =390 // t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y ( i n W/ (m K) )
4 T =293 // t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n K)
5 L = K /( sigma * T ) // L o r e n t z number by wiedemann
−Franz law
6 printf ( ” L o r e n t z number ( i n W∗ohm /Kˆ 2 ) ” )
7 disp ( L )

31
 Scilab code Exa 6.5 calculate electrical conductivity

1 // c h a p t e r 6 , Example6 5 , pg 172
2 d =8900 // d e n s i t y ( i n Kg/mˆ 3 )
3 M =63.5 // a t o m i c w e i g h t
4 T =10^ -14 // r e l a x a t i o n t i m e ( i n s )
5 N =6.022*10^23 // A v o g a d r o s c o n s t a n t
6 N1 =10^3 // number o f f r e e e l e c t r o n s p e r atom
7 e =1.6*10^ -19 // e l e c t r o n i c c h a r g e ( i n C)
8 me =9.11*10^ -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )
9
10 n =( N * d * N1 ) / M
11 sigma =( n * e ^2* T ) / me // e l e c t r i c a l conductivity
12 printf ( ” E l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c t i v i t y ( i n ohm m)=” )
13 disp ( sigma )

Scilab code Exa 6.6 calculate relaxation time and mobility and average
drift velocity and mean free path

1 // c h a p t e r 6 , Example6 6 , pg 172
2 rho =1.54*10^ -8 // r e s i s t i v i t y ( i n ohm∗m)
3 Ef =5.5 // Fermi e n e r g y ( i n eV )
4 E =100 // e l e c t r i c f i e l d i n t e n s i t y ( i n V/m)
5 n =5.8*10^28 // c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f e l e c t r o n s ( in
atoms /mˆ 3 )
6 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e i n e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
7 Me =9.11*10^ -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )
8 T = Me /( rho * n * e ^2) // r e l a x a t i o n t i m e
9 Un =( e * T ) / Me // m o b i l i t y o f e l e c t r o n
10 Vd =( e * T * E ) / Me // d r i f t v e l o c i t y
11 Vf = sqrt ((2* Ef * e ) / Me ) // Fermi v e l o c i t y
12 lam_m = Vf * T // mean f r e e p a t h
13
14 printf ( ” R e l a x a t i o n t i m e o f e l e c t r o n ( i n s ) ” )
15 disp ( T )

32
16 printf ( ” M o b i l i t y o f e l e c t r o n ( i n mˆ 2 / (V∗ s ) ) ” )
17 disp ( Un )
18 printf ( ” D r i f t v e l o c i t y o f e l e c t r o n ( i n m/ s ) ” )
19 disp ( Vd )
20 printf ( ” Fermi v e l o c i t y o f e l e c t r o n s ( i n m/ s ) ” )
21 disp ( Vf )
22 printf ( ”Mean f r e e p a t h ( i n m) ” )
23 disp ( lam_m )

Scilab code Exa 6.7 calculate thermal conductivity

1 // c h a p t e r 6 , Example6 6 , pg 174
2 L = 2.26*10^ -8 // L o r e n t z number ( i n W∗m /Kˆ 2 )
3 T =27+273 // t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n K) ( converting
celsius into kelvin )
4 rho =1.72*10^ -8 // e l e c t r i c a l resistivity ( i n ohm
∗m)
5
6 // a c c o r d i n g t o Wiedemann−Franz law
7 K =( L * T ) / rho // t h e r m a l conductivity
8 printf ( ” Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y =” )
9 printf ( ”K=%. 0 f W/ (m∗K) ” ,K )

Scilab code Exa 6.8 calculate Lorentz number

1 // c h a p t e r 6 , Example6 8 , pg 174
2 sigma =5.87*10^7 // e l e c t r i c a l conductivity ( in
/ ( ohm m) )
3 K =390 // t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y ( i n W/ (m K) )
4 T =293 // t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n K)
5 L = K /( sigma * T ) // L o r e n t z number by wiedemann
−Franz law
6 printf ( ” L o r e n t z number ( i n W∗ohm /Kˆ 2 ) ” )

33
7 disp ( L )

Scilab code Exa 6.9 find F E

1 // c h a p t e r 6 , Example6 9 , pg 174
2 del_E =0.01*1.6*10^ -19 // d e l E = E−Ef ( i n J ) (
c o n v e r t i n g eV i n t o J )
3 T =200 // t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n K)
4 k =1.38*10^ -23 // b o l t z m a n n s c o n s t a n t ( i n J /K)
5 F_E =1/(1+ exp ( del_E /( k * T ) ) ) // Fermi D i r a c
distribution function
6 printf ( ” F E=%. 2 f ” , F_E )

Scilab code Exa 6.10 calculate electrical conductivity

1 // c h a p t e r 6 , Example6 . 1 0 , pg 175
2 lam =4*10^ -8 // maen f r e e p a t h o f e l e c t r o n s ( in m
)
3 n =8.4*10^28 // e l e c t r o n d e n s i t y ( i n mˆ −3)
4 Vth =1.6*10^6 // a v e r a g e t h e r m a l v e l o c i t y o f
electrons ( i n m/ s )
5 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e o f e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
6 Me =9.11*10^ -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )
7 sigma =( n * e ^2* lam ) /( Vth * Me ) // c o n d u c t i v i t y
8 printf ( ” E l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c t i v i t y ( i n / ( ohm∗m) ) ” )
9 disp ( sigma )

Scilab code Exa 6.11 calculate electrical and thermal conductivities

1 // c h a p t e r 6 , Example6 . 1 1 , pg 176

34
 2 Tr =10^ -14 // r e l a x a t i o n t i m e ( i n s )
3 T =300 // t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n K)
4 n =6*10^28 // e l e c t r o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( i n /mˆ 3 )
5 Me =9.11*10^ -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )
6 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e o f e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
7 k =1.38*10^ -23 // Boltzmann c o n s t a n t ( i n J /K)
8 sigma =( n * e ^2* Tr ) /( Me ) // E l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c t i v i t y
9 K =(3* n * k ^2* Tr * T ) /(2* Me ) // Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y
10 L = K /( sigma * T ) // L o r e n t z number
11 printf ( ” E l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c t i v i t y ( i n / ( ohm∗m) ) ” )
12 disp ( sigma )
13 printf ( ” Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y ( i n W/ (m∗K) ) ” )
14 disp ( K )
15 printf ( ” L o r e n t z number ( i n (W∗ohm ) /Kˆ 2 ) ” )
16 disp ( L )

Scilab code Exa 6.12 find relaxation time

1 // c h a p t e r 6 , Example6 . 1 2 , pg 177
2 n =5.8*10^28 // e l e c t r o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( i n /mˆ 3 )
3 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e o f e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
4 rho =1.54*10^ -8 // r e s i s t i v i t y o f m e t a l ( i n ohm
∗m)
5 M =9.11*10^ -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )
6 T = M /( n * e ^2* rho ) // r e l a x a t i o n t i m e
7 printf ( ” R e l a x a t i o n t i m e ( i n s ) ” )
8 disp ( T )

Scilab code Exa 6.13 calculate drift velocity and mobility and relaxation
time

1 // c h a p t e r 6 , Example6 . 1 3 , pg 177
2 rho =1.54*10^ -8 // r e s i s t i v i t y ( i n ohm∗m)

35
 3 E =100 // e l e c t r i c f i e l d i n t e n s i t y ( i n V/m)
4 n =5.8*10^28 // e l e c t r o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( i n /m
ˆ3)
5 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e o f e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
6 Me =9.11*10^ -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )
7 T = Me /( rho * n * e ^2) // r e l a x a t i o n t i m e
8 Vd =( e * E * T ) / Me // d r i f t v e l o c i t y
9 U = Vd / E // m o b i l i t y
10 printf ( ” R e l a x a t i o n t i m e ( i n s ) ” )
11 disp ( T )
12 printf ( ” D r i f t v e l o i t y ( i n m/ s ) ” )
13 disp ( Vd )
14 printf ( ” M o b i l i t y ( i n mˆ 2 / (V∗ s ) ) ” )
15 disp ( U )

Scilab code Exa 6.14 calculate drift velocity

1 // c h a p t e r 6 , Example6 14 , pg 178
2 T =300 // t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n K)
3 l =2 // l e n g t h ( i n m)
4 R =0.02 // R e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohm )
5 u =4.3*10^ -3 // ( i n mˆ 2 / (V∗ s ) )
6 I =15 // c u r r e n t ( i n A)
7 V=I*R // v o l t a g e d r o p a c r o s s w i r e ( in V )
8 E=V/l // e l e c t r i c f i e l d a c r o s s w i r e ( i n V/m)
9 Vd = u * E // d r i f t v e l o c i t y ( i n m/ s )
10 printf ( ” D r i f t v e l o c i t y ( i n m/ s ) ” )
11 disp ( Vd )

Scilab code Exa 6.15 calculate Fermi energy and Fermi temperature

1 // c h a p t e r 6 , Example6 15 , pg 179
2 m =9.11*10^ -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )

36
 3 k =1.38*10^ -23 // b o l t z m a n n c o n s t a n t ( i n J /K)
4 e =1.6*10^ -19 // e l e c t r o n i c c h a r g e ( i n C )
5 Vf =0.86*10^6 // Fermi v e l o c i t y o f e l e c t r o n ( i n m/ s
)
6 Ef =( m * Vf ^2) /(2* e ) // Fermi e n e r g y ( i n eV )
7 Tf =( Ef * e ) / k // Fermi t e m p e r a t u r e
8 printf ( ” Fermi e n e r g y=” )
9 printf ( ” Ef=%. 1 f eV \n ” , Ef )
10 printf ( ” Fermi t e m p e r a t u r e =” )
11 printf ( ” Tf=%. 0 f K” , Tf )

Scilab code Exa 6.16 calculate Fermi velocity

1 // c h a p t e r 6 , Example6 16 , pg 179
2 Tf =2460 // Fermi t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n K)
3 m =9.11*10^ -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )
4 k =1.38*10^ -23 // b o l t z m a n n c o n s t a n t ( i n J /K)
5 Vf = sqrt ((2* k * Tf ) / m ) // Fermi v e l o c i t y
6 printf ( ” Fermi v e l o c i t y ( i n m/ s )=” )
7 disp ( Vf )

37
 Chapter 7

Semiconducting materials

Scilab code Exa 7.1 Evaluate approximate donor binding energy

1 // c h a p t e r 7 , Example7 . 1 , pg 208
2 Er =13.2 // r e l a t i v e p e r m i t t i v i t y
3 Me =9.11*10^ -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )
4 Mnc =0.067* Me
5 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( i n J s )
6 Eo =8.85*10^ -12
7 e =1.6*10^ -19 // e l e c t r o n i c c h a r g e o f e l e c t r o n (
i n C)
8 E =( Mnc * e ^4) /(8*( Er * Eo ) ^2* h ^2) // Donor b i n d i n g
energy ( in J)
9 printf ( ” Donor b i n d i n g e n e r g y ( i n J )=” )
10 disp ( E )
11 printf ( ”E=%. 4 f eV” ,( E / e ) )

38
Figure 7.1: calculate equilibrium hole concentration and how is Ef located
relative to Ei

39
 Scilab code Exa 7.2 calculate equilibrium hole concentration and how is
Ef located relative to Ei

1 // c h a p t e r 7 , Example 7 . 2 , pg 208
2 ni =1.5*10^10 // i n t r i n s i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( i n cm
ˆ −3)
3 Nd =10^16 // d o n o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( i n atoms /cm ˆ 3 )
4 T =300 // t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n K)
5 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e o f e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
6 k =1.38*10^ -23 // Boltzmann c o n s t a n t ( i n J /K)
7 n0 = Nd // Assuming n0=Nd ( since Nd >> n i
)
8 p0 = ni ^2/ n0 // h o l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n
9 E = k * T * log ( n0 / ni ) // E=(Ef−Ei ) l o c a t i o n o f Ef
r e l a t i v e t o Ei
10 printf ( ” H o l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( i n cmˆ −3) ” )
11 disp ( p0 )
12 printf ( ” L o c a t i o n o f Ef r e l a t i v e t o Ei ( i n eV ) ” )
13 disp ( E / e )
14 x = linspace ( -5.5 ,5.5 ,51) ;
15 y = 1 ;
16
17 scf (2) ;
18 clf (2) ;
19 plot (x , y +0.1) ;
20
21 plot (x ,y , ’ ro − ’ ) ;
22 plot (x ,y -0.347 , ’−− ’ ) ;
23 plot (x , y *0 , ’ b s : ’ ) ;
24 xlabel ([ ” x a x i s ” ; ” ( i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e ) ” ]) ;
25 ylabel ( ” Energy l e v e l ( eV ) ” ) ;
26 title ( ” Band d i a g r a m ” ) ;
27 legend ([ ” Ec ” ; ” Ef ” ; ” Ei ” ; ”Ev” ]) ;
28 set ( gca () ,” d a t a b o u n d s ” , matrix ([ -6 ,6 , -0.1 ,1.1] ,2 , -1)
);

40
 Scilab code Exa 7.3 calculate resistivity of sample

1 // c h a p t e r 7 , Example7 . 3 , pg 208
2 Nd =10^14 // Donor d e n s i t y ( i n atoms /cm ˆ 3 )
3 e =1.6*10^ -19 // e l e c t r o n i c c h a r g e o f e l e c t r o n (
i n C)
4 Un =3900 // e l e c t r o n m o b i l i t y ( i n cm ˆ 2 / (V∗ s ) )
f o r Ge a t 300 K
5 sigma = Nd * e * Un // c o n d u c t i v i t y
6 rho =1/ sigma // r e s i s t i v i t y
7 printf ( ” R e s i s t i v i t y =\n ” )
8 printf ( ” r h o=%. 2 f ohm∗cm” , rho )

Scilab code Exa 7.4 calculate resistivity and Hall coefficient and Hall volt-
age

1 // c h a p t e r 7 , Example7 4 , pg 209
2 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e i n e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
3 Ix =2*10^ -3 // c u r r e n t ( i n A)
4 d =200*10^ -4 // t h i c k n e s s ( i n cm )
5 Bz =5*10^ -5 // m a g n e t i c i n d u c t i o n ( i n Wb/cm ˆ 2 )
6 Un =800 // e l e c t r o n m o b i l i t y ( i n cm ˆ 2 / (V∗ s ) )
7 n =5*10^16 // d o p i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( i n atoms /cm
ˆ3)
8
9 sigma = n * e *( Un ) // e l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c t i v i t y
10 rho =1/ sigma // r e s i s t i v i t y
11 Rh = -1/( e * n ) // H a l l c o e f f i c i e n t
12 Vh = -( Ix * Bz ) /( d * e * n ) // H a l l voltage
13 printf ( ” R e s i s t i v i t y ( i n ohm∗cm ) ” )
14 disp ( rho )
15 printf ( ” H a l l c o e f f i c i e n t ( i n cmˆ3/C) ” )

41
16 disp ( Rh )
17 printf ( ” H a l l v o l t a g e ( i n V) ” )
18 disp ( Vh )

Scilab code Exa 7.5 calculate intrinsic carrier concentration and intrinsic
conductivity and relativity

1 // c h a p t e r 7 , Example 7 . 5 , pg 210
2 T =300 // t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n K)
3 Un =0.4 // e l e c t r o n m o b i l i t y ( i n mˆ 2 / (V∗ s ) )
4 Up =0.2 // h o l e m o b i l i t y ( i n mˆ 2 / (V∗ s ) )
5 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e o f e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
6 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( i n mˆ2∗Kg∗S
ˆ −1)
7 Eg =0.7 // bandgap ( i n eV )
8 k =1.38*10^ -23 // Boltzmann c o n s t a n t ( i n J /K)
9 Me =9.11*10^ -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )
10 Mn =0.55* Me // e l e c t r o n e f f e c t i v e mass
11 Mp =0.37* Me // h o l e e f f e c t i v e mass
12 ni =2*((2* %pi * k * T ) / h ^2) ^(3/2) *( Mn * Mp ) ^(3/4) * exp ( -( Eg *
e ) /(2* k * T ) ) // i n t r i n s i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n
13 sigma = ni * e *( Un + Up ) // i n t r i n s i c c o n d u c t i v i t y
14 rho =1/ sigma // i n t r i n s i c r e s i s t i v i t y
15 printf ( ” I n t r i n s i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( i n mˆ −3) ” )
16 disp ( ni )
17 printf ( ” I n t r i n s i c c o n d u c t i v i t y ( i n / ( ohm∗m) ” )
18 disp ( sigma )
19 printf ( ” I n t r i n s i c r e s i s t i v i t y ( i n ohm∗m) ” )
20 disp ( rho )
21
22
23 // a n s w e r g i v e n i s wrong

42
 Scilab code Exa 7.6 calculate Fermi energy with respect to Fermi energy

1 // c h a p t e r 7 , Example 7 . 6 , pg 211
2 Nd =10^16 // d o n o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( i n cmˆ −3)
3 ni =1.45*10^10 // i n t r i n s i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( i n cm
ˆ −3)
4 T =300 // t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n K)
5 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e o f e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
6 k =1.38*10^ -23 // Boltzmann c o n s t a n t ( i n J /K)
7 E = k * T * log ( Nd / ni ) //E=(Efd−Ei ) Fermi e n e r g y
w i t h r e s p e c t t o Fermi e n e r g y i n i n t r i n s i c S i
8 printf ( ” Fermi e n e r g y w i t h r e s p e c t t o Fermi e n e r g y
i n i n t r i n s i c S i ( i n eV ) ” )
9 disp ( E / e )

Scilab code Exa 7.7 find resistance of pure and doped Si crystal

1 // c h a p t e r 7 , Example 7 . 7 , pg 211
2 rho =2300 // r e s i s t i v i t y ( i n ohm∗m) for Si
( v a l u e g i v e n i n book i s wrong )
3 ni =1.6*10^16 // i n t r i n s i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( in m
ˆ −3)
4 Ue =0.15 // e l e c t r o n m o b i l i t y ( i n mˆ 2 / (V∗ s ) )
5 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e o f e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
6 // a s s u m i n g 1 ∗ 1 ∗ 1 ( i n cm ) d i m e n s i o n o f S i
crystal
7 l =10^ -2 // l e n g t h ( i n m)
8 b =10^ -2 // b r e a d t h ( i n m)
9 w =10^ -2 // w i d t h ( i n m)
10 Nsi =5*10^28 // ( i n atoms /mˆ 3 )
11 x =1/10^9 // d o p i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n
12 A=l*b // a r e a ( i n mˆ 2 )
13 R1 =( rho * l ) / A // r e s i s t a n c e o f p u r e S i c r y s t a l
( i n ohm )
14 Nd = Nsi * x // d o n o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( i n mˆ −3)

43
15 p = ni ^2/ Nd // c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f h o l e ( i n mˆ −3)
16 sigma = Nd * Ue * e // c o d u c t i v i t y o f doped S i ( i n ohm
ˆ−1∗mˆ −1)
17 R = l /( sigma * A ) // r e s i s t a n c e o f doped S i c r y s t a l
( i n ohm )
18 printf ( ” R e s i s t a n c e o f p u r e S i c r y s t a l ( i n ohm ) ” )
19 disp ( R1 )
20 printf ( ” R e s i s t a n c e o f doped S i c r y s t a l ( i n ohm ) ” )
21 disp ( R )
22
23
24 // a n s w e r g i v e n i s wrong

Scilab code Exa 7.8 compute forbidden energy gap

1 // c h a p t e r 7 , Example 7 . 8 , pg 212
2 rho =2.12 // r e s i s t i v i t y ( i n ohm∗m)
3 T =300 // t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n K)
4 Un =0.36 // e l e c t r o n m o b i l i t y ( i n mˆ 2 / (V∗ s ) )
5 Up =0.17 // h o l e m o b i l i t y ( i n mˆ 2 / (V∗ s ) )
6 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( i n mˆ2∗Kg∗S
ˆ −1)
7 k =1.38*10^ -23 // Boltzmann c o n s t a n t ( i n J /K)
8 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e i n e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
9 Me =9.11*10^ -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )
10 Mn =0.5* Me // e l e c t r o n e f f e c t i v e mass
11 Mp =0.37* Me // h o l e e f f e c t i v e mass
12 ni =1/( rho * e *( Un + Up ) ) // i n t r i n s i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n
( i n mˆ −3)
13 Nc =2*((2* %pi * k * T ) / h ^2) ^(3/2) *( Mn ) ^(3/2) //
e f f e c t i v e d e n s i t y o f s t a t e s i n c o n d u c t i o n band (
i n mˆ −3)
14 Nv =2*((2* %pi * k * T ) / h ^2) ^(3/2) *( Mp ) ^(3/2) //
e f f e c t i v e d e n s i t y o f s t a t e s i n v a l e n c e band ( i n m
ˆ −3)

44
15 Eg =2* k * T * log ( sqrt ( Nc * Nv ) / ni ) // F o r b i d d e n
e n e r g y gap
16 printf ( ” F o r b i d d e n e n e r g y gap=” )
17 printf ( ”Eg=%. 3 f eV” , Eg / e )

Scilab code Exa 7.9 calculate conductivity of sample

1 // c h a p t e r 7 , Example7 . 9 , pg 213
2 ni =2.4*10^19 // i n t r i n s i c carrier density ( in m
ˆ −3)
3 Un =0.39 // e l e c t r o n m o b i l i t y ( i n mˆ 2 / (V∗ s ) )
4 up =0.19 // h o l e m o b i l i t y ( i n mˆ 2 / (V∗ s ) )
5 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e i n e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
6 sigma = ni * e *( Un + up ) // e l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c t i v i t y
7 printf ( ” E l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c t i v i t y \n ” )
8 printf ( ” s i g m a=%. 3 f ( ohm∗m) ˆ−1” , sigma )

Scilab code Exa 7.10 find the new position of Fermi level

1 // c h a p t e r 7 , Example 7 . 1 0 , pg 214
2 T1 =300 // t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n K)
3 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e o f e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
4 k =1.38*10^ -23 // Boltzmann c o n s t a n t ( i n J /K)
5 T2 =330 // t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n K)
6 E1 =0.3 // E1=(Ec−E f 3 0 0 ) ( i n eV )
7 E2 =( E1 * T2 ) / T1 // E2=(Ec−E f 3 3 0 ) ( i n eV )
8 printf ( ” At 330 K t h e Fermi e n e r g y k e v e l l i e s ” )
9 disp ( E2 )
10 printf ( ” ( i n eV ) b e l o w c o n d u c t i o n band ” )

45
 Scilab code Exa 7.11 calculate concentration in conduction band

1 // c h a p t e r 7 , Example 7 . 1 1 , pg 214
2 T =300 // t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n K)
3 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e o f e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
4 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( i n mˆ2∗Kg∗S
ˆ −1)
5 Eg =1.1 // bandgap ( i n eV )
6 k =1.38*10^ -23 // Boltzmann c o n s t a n t ( i n J /K)
7 Me =9.11*10^ -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )
8 Mn =0.31* Me // e l e c t r o n e f f e c t i v e mass
9 ni =2*((2* %pi * k * T * Mn ) / h ^2) ^(3/2) * exp ( -( Eg * e ) /(2* k * T ) )
// i n t r i n s i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n
10 printf ( ” I n t r i n s i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( i n mˆ −3) ” )
11 disp ( ni )

Scilab code Exa 7.12 calculate drift mobility of electron

1 // c h a p t e r 7 , Example7 . 1 2 , pg 214
2 T =300 // t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n K)
3 Rh =0.55*10^ -10 // H a l l c o e f f i c i e n t ( i n mˆ 3 / (
A∗ s ) )
4 sigma =5.9*10^7 // c o n d u c t i v i t y ( i n ohmˆ−1 ∗
mˆ −1)
5 DM = Rh * sigma // d r i f t m o b i l i t y
6 printf ( ” D r i f t m o b i l i t y ( i n mˆ 2 / (V ∗ s ) )=” )
7 disp ( DM )

Scilab code Exa 7.13 calculate concentration of conduction electrons in

Cu

1 // c h a p t e r 7 , Example 7 . 1 3 , pg 215

46
 2 Ud =3.2*10^ -3 // e l e c t r o n d r i f t m o b i l i t y ( i n mˆ 2 / (
V∗ s ) )
3 sigma =5.9*10^7 // c o n d u c t i v i t y ( i n / ( ohm∗m) )
4 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e o f e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
5 Na =6.022*10^23 // Avogadro c o n s t a n t ( i n mol ˆ −1)
6 ni = sigma /( Ud * e ) // i n t r i n s i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( in
mˆ −3)
7 Aw =63.5 // a t o m i c w e i g h t
8 d =8960 // d e n s i t y ( i n Kg/mˆ 3 )
9 n =10^3 // number o f f r e e e l e c t r o n s p e r atom
10 N =( Na * d * n ) / Aw // c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f f r e e e l e c t r o n s
i n p u r e Cu
11 Avg_N = ni / N // A v e r a g e number o f e l e c t r o n s
c o n t r i b u t e d p e r Cu atom
12 printf ( ” c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f f r e e e l e c t r o n s i n p u r e Cu
( i n mˆ −3) ” )
13 disp ( N )
14 printf ( ” A v e r a g e number o f e l e c t r o n s c o n t r i b u t e d p e r
Cu atom \n ” )
15 printf ( ” Avg N=%. 2 f ” , Avg_N )

Scilab code Exa 7.14 calculate charge carrier density and electron mobil-
ity

1 // c h a p t e r 7 , Example7 . 1 4 , pg 215
2 RH =3.66*10^ -11 // H a l l c o e f f i c i e n t ( i n mˆ 3 / (A∗ s
))
3 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e i n e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
4 sigma =112*10^7 // c o n d u c t i v i t y ( i n ( oh ∗m) ˆ −1)
5 n =1/( RH * e ) // c h a r g e c a r r i e r d e n s i t y
6 Un = sigma /( n * e ) // e l e c t r o n m o b i l i t y
7 printf ( ” c h a r g e c a r r i e r d e n s i t y ( i n mˆ −3)=” )
8 disp ( n )
9 printf ( ” E l e c t r o n m o b i l i t y=” )
10 printf ( ”Un=%. 3 f mˆ 2 / (A∗ s ) ” , Un )

47
 Scilab code Exa 7.15 calculate magnitude of Hall voltage

1 // c h a p t e r 7 , Example7 . 1 5 , pg 216
2 I =50 // c u r r e n t ( i n A)
3 B =1.5 // m a g n e t i c f i e l d ( i n T)
4 d =0.2*10^ -2 // w i d t h o f s l a b ( i n m)
5 n =8.4*10^28 // c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f e l e c t r o n s ( i n m
ˆ −3)
6 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e ( i n C)
7 VH =( B * I ) /( n * e * d ) // H a l l voltage
8 printf ( ” H a l l v o l t a g e ( i n V)=” )
9 disp ( VH )
10
11
12
13
14 // Answer g i v e n i s wrong

Scilab code Exa 7.16 find resistance of intrinsic Ge

1 // c h a p t e r 7 , Example7 . 1 6 , pg 216
2 ni =2.5*10^19 // i n t r i n s i c carrier density ( in m
ˆ −3)
3 Un =0.39 // e l e c t r o n m o b i l i t y ( i n mˆ 2 / (V∗ s ) )
4 up =0.19 // h o l e m o b i l i t y ( i n mˆ 2 / (V∗ s ) )
5 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e i n e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
6 l =10^ -2 // l e n g t h ( i n m)
7 A =10^ -3*10^ -3 // a r e a ( i n mˆ 2 )
8 sigma = ni * e *( Un + up ) // e l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c t i v i t y (
i n ( ohm∗m) ˆ −1)
9 R = l /( sigma * A ) // R e s i s t a n c e

48
10 printf ( ” R e s i s t a n c e o f i n t r i n s i c Ge r o d \n ” )
11 printf ( ”R=%. 0 f ohm” ,R )

Scilab code Exa 7.17 determine the position of Fermi level

1 // c h a p t e r 7 , Example7 . 1 7 , pg 216
2 Eg =1.12 // bandgap ( i n eV )
3 T =300 // t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n K)
4 Me =9.11*10^ -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )
5 Mn =0.12* Me
6 Mp =0.28* Me
7 k =1.38*10^ -23 // Boltzmann c o n s t a n t ( i n (mˆ2∗Kg )
/ ( s ˆ2∗K) )
8 Ef =( Eg /2) +(( log ( Mp / Mn ) *3* k * T ) /(4*1.6*10^ -19) )
9 printf ( ” p o s i t i o n o f Fermi l e v e l ” )
10 printf ( ” Ef=%. 3 f eV” , Ef )

Scilab code Exa 7.18 calculate electrical conductivity

1 // c h a p t e r 7 , Example7 . 1 8 , pg 217
2 ni =1.5*10^16 // i n t r i n s i c carrier density ( in m
ˆ −3)
3 Un =0.13 // e l e c t r o n m o b i l i t y ( i n mˆ 2 / (V∗ s ) )
4 up =0.05 // h o l e m o b i l i t y ( i n mˆ 2 / (V∗ s ) )
5 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e i n e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
6 sigma = ni * e *( Un + up ) // e l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c t i v i t y
7 printf ( ” E l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c t i v i t y \n ” )
8 printf ( ” s i g m a=%. 6 f ( ohm∗m) ˆ−1” , sigma )

Scilab code Exa 7.19 find intrinsic resistivity

49
1 // c h a p t e r 7 , Example7 . 1 9 , pg 217
2 ni =2.15*10^13 // i n t r i n s i c carrier density ( in
cmˆ −3)
3 Un =3900 // e l e c t r o n m o b i l i t y ( i n cm ˆ 2 / (V∗ s ) )
4 up =1900 // h o l e m o b i l i t y ( i n cm ˆ 2 / (V∗ s ) )
5 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e i n e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
6 sigma_I = ni * e *( Un + up ) // e l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c t i v i t y
( i n ( ohm∗cm ) ˆ −1)
7 rho_I =1/ sigma_I // i n t r i n s i c r e s i s t i v i t y
8 printf ( ” I n t r i n s i c r e s i s t i v i t y \n ” )
9 printf ( ” r h o I=%. 0 f ohm∗cm” , rho_I )
10
11
12
13
14 // I n t r i s i c c a r r i e r d e n s i t y i s g i v e n a s 2 . 1 5 ∗ 1 0 ˆ − 1 3
instead of 2.15∗10ˆ13

Scilab code Exa 7.20 find electrical conductivity before and after addition
of B atoms

1 // c h a p t e r 7 , Example7 . 2 0 , pg 217
2 ni =2.1*10^19 // i n t r i n s i c carrier density ( in m
ˆ −3)
3 Un =0.4 // e l e c t r o n m o b i l i t y ( i n mˆ 2 / (V∗ s ) )
4 up =0.2 // h o l e m o b i l i t y ( i n mˆ 2 / (V∗ s ) )
5 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e i n e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
6 sigma = ni * e *( Un + up ) // e l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c t i v i t y
7 printf ( ” E l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c t i v i t y \n ” )
8 printf ( ” s i g m a=%. 3 f ( ohm∗m) ˆ−1” , sigma )

Scilab code Exa 7.21 find Hall coefficient and electron mobility

50
 1 // c h a p t e r 7 , Example 7 . 2 1 , pg 218
2 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e o f e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
3 I =5*10^ -3 // c u r r e n t ( i n mA)
4 V =1.35 // v o l t a g e ( i n V)
5 Vh =20*10^ -3 // H a l l v o l t a g e ( i n V)
6 B =0.45 // m a g n e t i c i n d u c t i o n ( i n T)
7 l =10^ -2 // l e n g t h ( i n m)
8 b =5*10^ -3 // b r e a d t h ( i n m)
9 d =10^ -3 // t h i c k n e s s ( i n m)
10 R=V/I // r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohm )
11 A=b*d // a r e a ( i n mˆ 2 )
12 rho = ( R * A ) / l // r e s i s t i v i t y ( i n ohm∗m)
13 E = Vh / d // H a l l e l e c t r i c f i e l d ( i n V/m)
14 J=I/A // c u r r e n t d e n s i t y ( i n A/mˆ 2 )
15 Rh = E /( B * J ) // H a l l c o e f f i c i e n t
16 Un = Rh / rho // e l e c t r o n m o b i l i t y ( i n mˆ 2 / (V∗S ) )
17 printf ( ” H a l l c o e f f i c i e n t =” )
18 printf ( ”Rh=%. 3 f mˆ3/C \n ” , Rh )
19 printf ( ” E l e c t r o n m o b i l i t y=” )
20 printf ( ”Un=%. 2 f mˆ 2 / (V∗S ) ” , Un )

Scilab code Exa 7.22 find Hall potential difference

1 // c h a p t e r 7 , Example7 . 2 2 , pg 218
2 Ix =200 // c u r r e n t ( i n A)
3 Bz =1.5 // m a g n e t i c f i e l d ( i n T)
4 d =10^ -3 // w i d t h o f s l a b ( i n m)
5 p =8.4*10^28 // c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f e l e c t r o n s ( i n m
ˆ −3)
6 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e ( i n C)
7 VH =( Bz * Ix ) /( p * e * d ) // H a l l voltage
8 printf ( ” H a l l v o l t a g e ( i n V)=” )
9 disp ( VH )

51
 Chapter 8

Magnetic materials

Scilab code Exa 8.1 Determine magnitude and direction of magnetic mo-
ment

1 // c h a p t e r 8 , Example 8 . 1 , pg 238
2 I =12 // c u r r e n t ( i n A)
3 A =7.5*10^ -4 // a r e a ( i n mˆ 2 )
4 M=I*A // m a g n e t i c moment a s s o c i a t e d with the
loop
5 printf ( ” M a g n e t i c moment a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the loop ( in
A mˆ 2 )=” )
6 disp ( M )
7 printf ( ”M i s d i r e c t e d away from t h e o b s e r v e r and
is perpendicular to the plane of the loop ”)

Scilab code Exa 8.2 Determine magnetic moment

1 // c h a p t e r 8 , Example 8 . 2 , pg 238
2 r =0.5*10^ -10 // r a d i u s o f o r b i t ( i n m)
3 e = 1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e on e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
4 n =10^16 // f r e q u e n c y o f r e v o l u t i o n o f e l e c t r o n (
in rps )

52
5 I=e*n // c u r r e n t ( i n A)
6 A = %pi * r ^2 // a r e a ( i n mˆ 2 )
7 M=I*A // m a g n e t i c moment a s s o c i a t e d w i t h motion o f
electron
8 printf ( ” M a g n e t i c moment a s s o c i a t e d w i t h motion o f
e l e c t r o n ( i n A mˆ 2 ) ” )
9 disp ( M )

Scilab code Exa 8.3 calculate magnetic susceptibility

1 // c h a p t e r 8 , Example 8 . 3 , pg 239
2 ur =5000 // r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y
3 xm = ur -1 // m a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y
4 printf ( ” M a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y =” )
5 disp ( xm )

Scilab code Exa 8.4 calculate permeability

1 // c h a p t e r 8 , Example 8 . 4 , pg 239
2 H =1800 // m a g n e t i z i n g f i e l d ( i n A/m)
3 phi =3*10^ -5 // m a g n e t i c flux ( i n Wb)
4 A =0.2 *10^ -4 // a r e a ( i n mˆ 2 )
5 B = phi / A // m a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y ( i n Wb/mˆ 2 )
6 u=B/H // p e r m e a b i l i t y ( i n H/m)
7 printf ( ” p e r m e a b i l i t y ( i n H/m )=” )
8 disp ( u )

Scilab code Exa 8.5 calculate magnetic moment

1 // c h a p t e r 8 , Example 8 . 5 , pg 239

53
2 B =0.65 // m a g n e t i c i n d u c t i o n ( i n T)
3 d =8906 // d e n s i t y ( i n Kg/mˆ 3 )
4 M =58.7 // a t o m i c w e i g h t
5 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e o f e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
6 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( i n mˆ2∗Kg∗S
ˆ −1)
7 m =9.11*10^ -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )
8 Uo =4* %pi *10^ -7 // vacuum p e r m e a b i l i t y
9 Na =6.023*10^26 // Avogadro c o n s t a n t
10 Ub =( e * h ) /(4* %pi * m ) // Bhor magneton ( i n A∗mˆ 2 )
11 N =( d * Na ) / M // number o f atoms p e r u n i t volume
12 Ur = B /( N * Uo ) // r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y ( i n A/m
ˆ2)
13 M = Ur /( Ub ) // m a g n e t i c moment
14 printf ( ” M a g n e t i c moment” )
15 printf ( ”M=%. 2 f A∗mˆ2 ” ,M )

54
 Chapter 9

Superconducting materials

Scilab code Exa 9.1 calculate critical magnetic field intensity

1 // c h a p t e r 9 , Example9 . 1 , pg 255
2 H0 =6.5*10^4 // m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n t e n s i t y a t 0K (
i n A/m)
3 T =4.2 // t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n K)
4 Tc =7.18 // c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n K)
5 Hc = H0 *(1 -( T ^2/ Tc ^2) ) // c r i t i c a l m a g n e t i c f i e l d
intensity
6 printf ( ” c r i t i c a l m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n t e n s i t y \n ” )
7 printf ( ”Hc=%. 0 f A/m” , Hc )

Scilab code Exa 9.2 calculate isotopic mass

1 // c h a p t e r 9 , Example9 . 2 , pg 255
2 M1 =199.5 // i s o t o p i c mass
3 Tc1 =4.185 // c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e f o r M1 ( i n K)
4 Tc2 =4.133 // c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e f o r M2 ( i n K)
5 alpha =0.5
6

55
7 //Mˆ a l p h a ∗ Tc=c o n s t a n t
8 M2 =(( M1 ^ alpha * Tc1 ) / Tc2 ) ^(1/ alpha )
9 printf ( ” I s o t o p i c mass a t c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e 4 . 1 3 3K
\n ” )
10 printf ( ”M2=%. 3 f ” , M2 )

56
 Chapter 10

Dielectric materials

Scilab code Exa 10.1 calculate electronic polarizability

1 // c h a p t e r 10 , Example10 1 , pg 289
2 Er =1.0000684 // D i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t
3 N =2.7*10^25 // ( i n atoms /mˆ 3 )
4 E0 =8.85*10^ -12 // p e r m i t t i v i t y o f f r e e s p a c e ( i n F/
m)
5 Alpha_e =( E0 *( Er -1) ) / N // e l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a t i o n
6 printf ( ” E l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a t i o n ( i n F∗mˆ 2 ) \n ” )
7 disp ( Alpha_e )

Scilab code Exa 10.2 calculate electronic polarizability

1 // c h a p t e r 10 , Example10 2 , pg 290
2 Er =1.0024 // D i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t
3 N =2.7*10^25 // ( i n atoms /mˆ 3 )
4 E0 =8.85*10^ -12 // p e r m i t t i v i t y o f f r e e space ( in
F/m)
5 Alpha_e =( E0 *( Er -1) ) / N // e l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a t i o n
6 printf ( ” E l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a t i o n ( i n F∗mˆ 2 ) \n ” )
7 disp ( Alpha_e )

57
58
 Chapter 12

Additional solved examples

Scilab code Exa 12.1 calculate relative population

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 1 , pg 330
2 lam =590*10^ -9 // w a v e l e n g t h ( i n m)
3 T =270+273 // t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n k e l v i n ) ( converting
celsius into kelvin )
4 k =1.38*10^ -23 // b o l t z m a n c o n s t a n t ( i n (mˆ2∗Kg ) / ( s ˆ2∗ k
))
5 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( i n J s )
6 c =3*10^8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t
7 N = exp ( -( h * c ) /( lam * k * T ) ) //N=(n2 / n1 )= r e l a t i v e
p o p u l a t i o n o f atoms i n t h e 1 s t e x c i t e d s t a t e and
i n ground s t a t e
8 // n1=number o f atoms i n g r o u n d s t a t e
9 // n2=number o f atoms i n e x c i t e d s t a t e
10 printf ( ” R e l a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n o f Na atoms i n t h e 1 s t
e x c i t e d s t a t e and i n g r o u n d s t a t e \n ” )
11 disp ( N )

Scilab code Exa 12.2 determine relative population

59
1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 2 , pg 330
2 lam =500*10^ -9 // w a v e l e n g t h ( i n m)
3 T =250+273 // t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n k e l v i n ) ( converting
celsius into kelvin )
4 k =1.38*10^ -23 // b o l t z m a n c o n s t a n t ( i n (mˆ2∗Kg ) / ( s ˆ2∗ k
))
5 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( i n J s )
6 c =3*10^8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t
7 N = exp ( -( h * c ) /( lam * k * T ) ) //N=(n2 / n1 )= r e l a t i v e
p o p u l a t i o n o f atoms i n t h e 1 s t e x c i t e d s t a t e and
i n ground s t a t e
8 // n1=number o f atoms i n g r o u n d s t a t e
9 // n2=number o f atoms i n e x c i t e d s t a t e
10 printf ( ” R e l a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n o f Na atoms i n t h e 1 s t
e x c i t e d s t a t e and i n g r o u n d s t a t e \n ” )
11 disp ( N )

Scilab code Exa 12.3 calculate ratio of stimulated emission to sponta-

neous emission

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 3 , pg 331
2 T =260+273 // t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n k e l v i n ) ( converting
celsius into kelvin )
3 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( i n J s )
4 c =3*10^8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t ( i n m/ s )
5 lam =590*10^ -9 // w a v e l e n g t h ( i n m)
6 k =1.38*10^ -23 // b o l t z m a n c o n s t a n t ( i n (mˆ2∗Kg ) / ( s ˆ2∗ k
))
7 N =1/( exp (( h * c ) /( lam * k * T ) ) -1) //N=(( n21 ) ’ / ( n21 ) )
ratio of stimulated emission to spontaneous
emission
8 printf ( ” R a t i o o f s t i m u l a t e d emission to spontaneous
emission i s ”)
9 disp ( N )

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 Scilab code Exa 12.4 calculate number of photons emitted per minute

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 4 , pg 331
2 lam =632.8*10^ -9 // w a v e l e n g t h ( i n m)
3 Em =3.16*10^ -3*60 // e n e r g y e m i t t e d p e r m i n u t e ( i n J / min
)
4 c =3*10^8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t ( i n m/ s )
5 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( i n J s )
6 n = c / lam // f r e q u e n c y o f e m i t t e d p h o t o n s ( i n Hz )
7 E = h * n // e n e r g y o f e a c h p h o t o n ( i n J )
8 N = Em / E // number o f p h o t o n s e m i t t e d p e r m i n u t e
9 printf ( ”Number o f p h o t o n s e m i t t e d p e r m i n u t e ” )
10 disp ( N )

Scilab code Exa 12.5 calculate number of photons emitted per minute

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 5 , pg 332
2 lam =540*10^ -9 // w a v e l e n g t h ( i n m)
3 Em =5*10^ -3*60 // e n e r g y e m i t t e d p e r m i n u t e ( i n J / min )
4 c =3*10^8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t ( i n m/ s )
5 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( i n J s )
6 n = c / lam // f r e q u e n c y o f e m i t t e d p h o t o n s ( i n Hz )
7 E = h * n // e n e r g y o f e a c h p h o t o n ( i n J )
8 N = Em / E // number o f p h o t o n s e m i t t e d p e r m i n u t e
9 printf ( ”Number o f p h o t o n s e m i t t e d p e r m i n u t e ” )
10 disp ( N )

Scilab code Exa 12.6 find NA and critical angle and alpha m

61
1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 6 , pg 332
2 n1 =1.5 // c o r e r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
3 n2 =1.45 // c l a d d i n g r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
4 n0 =1 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f a i r
5 NA = sqrt ( n1 ^2 - n2 ^2) // n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e
6 alpha_m = asin ( NA / n0 ) // a n g l e o f a c c e p t a n c e ( in
radian )
7 phi_m = asin (( n0 * sin ( alpha_m ) ) / n1 ) // no ∗ s i n ( a l p h a m )
=n1 ∗ s i n ( phi m ) ( i n r a d i a n )
8 phi_c = asin ( n2 / n1 ) // c r i t i c a l a n g l e ( in radian )
9 printf ( ”NA=%. 2 f \n ” , NA )
10 printf ( ” a l p h a m=%. 2 f d e g r e e \n ” ,( alpha_m *180) / %pi )
11 printf ( ” phi m=%. 2 f d e g r e e \n ” ,( phi_m *180) / %pi )
12 printf ( ” p h i c=%. 2 f d e g r e e ” ,( phi_c *180) / %pi )

Scilab code Exa 12.7 find NA and critical angle and alpha m

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 7 , pg 333
2 n1 =1.5 // c o r e r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
3 n2 =1.45 // c l a d d i n g r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
4 n0 =1.1 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f medium
5 NA = sqrt ( n1 ^2 - n2 ^2) // n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e
6 alpha_m = asin ( NA / n0 ) // a n g l e o f a c c e p t a n c e ( in
radian )
7 phi_m = asin (( n0 * sin ( alpha_m ) ) / n1 ) // no ∗ s i n ( a l p h a m )
=n1 ∗ s i n ( phi m ) ( i n r a d i a n )
8 phi_c = asin ( n2 / n1 ) // c r i t i c a l a n g l e ( in radian )
9 printf ( ”NA=%. 2 f \n ” , NA )
10 printf ( ” a l p h a m=%. 2 f d e g r e e \n ” ,( alpha_m *180) / %pi )
11 printf ( ” phi m=%. 2 f d e g r e e \n ” ,( phi_m *180) / %pi )
12 printf ( ” p h i c=%. 2 f d e g r e e ” ,( phi_c *180) / %pi )

Scilab code Exa 12.8 calculate pulse broadening per unit length

62
1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 8 , pg 334
2 n1 =1.5 // c o r e r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
3 n2 =1.45 // c l a d d i n g r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
4 c =3*10^8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t ( i n m/ s )
5 P =( n1 *( n1 - n2 ) ) /( n2 * c ) // p u l s e b r o a d e n i n g p e r u n i t
l e n g t h due t o m u l t i p l e d i s p e r s i o n
6 //P=( d e l t /L ) where d e l t =t i m e i n t e r v a l , L=
distance t r a n s v e r s e d by r a y i n s i d e c o r e
7 printf ( ” p u l s e b r o a d e n i n g p e r u n i t l e n g t h due t o
m u l t i p l e d i s p e r s i o n ( i n s /m) ” )
8 disp ( P )

Scilab code Exa 12.9 calculate pulse broadening per unit length

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 9 , pg 334
2 n1 =1.55 // c o r e r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
3 n2 =1.48 // c l a d d i n g r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
4 c =3*10^8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t ( i n m/ s )
5 P =( n1 *( n1 - n2 ) ) /( n2 * c ) // p u l s e b r o a d e n i n g p e r u n i t
l e n g t h due t o m u l t i p l e d i s p e r s i o n
6 //P=( d e l t /L ) where d e l t =t i m e i n t e r v a l , L=
distance t r a n s v e r s e d by r a y i n s i d e c o r e
7 printf ( ” p u l s e b r o a d e n i n g p e r u n i t l e n g t h due t o
m u l t i p l e d i s p e r s i o n ( i n s /m) ” )
8 disp ( P )

Scilab code Exa 12.10 calculate minimum and maximum number of total
internal reflections per metre

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 10 , pg 335
2 n1 =1.5 // c o r e r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
3 n2 =1.45 // c l a d d i n g r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
4 n0 =1 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f a i r

63
 5 NA = sqrt ( n1 ^2 - n2 ^2) // n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e
6 alpha_m = asin ( NA / n0 ) // a n g l e o f a c c e p t a n c e ( in
radian )
7 a =100*10^ -6/2 // r a d i u s o f c o r e
8 phi_m = asin (( n0 * sin ( alpha_m ) ) / n1 ) // no ∗ s i n ( a l p h a m )
=n1 ∗ s i n ( phi m ) ( i n r a d i a n )
9 L = a / tan ( phi_m ) // ( i n m)
10 printf ( ”Minimum number o f r e f l e c t i o n s p e r m e t r e=z e r o
\n ” ) // s i n c e r a y s t r a v e l l i n g w i t h a l p h a =0
s u f f e r no i n t e r n a l r e f l e c t i o n
11 // f o r r a y s t r a v e l l i n g w i t h a l p h a=a l p h a m , 1 i n t e r n a l
r e f l e c t i o n takes place for a transversed
d i s t a n c e o f 2∗L
12 N =1/(2* L ) //Maximum number o f r e f l e c t i o n s p e r m e t r e
13 disp ( ”Maximum number o f r e f l e c t i o n s p e r m e t r e ( i n m
ˆ −1)=” )
14 printf ( ”N=%. 0 f ” ,N )
15
16 // Answer v a r i e s a s L i s r e s t r i c t e d t o 1.86∗10ˆ −4 (m)
i n s t e a d o f 1 . 8 8 8 ∗ 1 0 ˆ − 4 (m)

Scilab code Exa 12.11 calculate energy and momentum of photon

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 11 , pg 335
2 c =3*10^8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t ( i n m/ s e c )
3 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k ’ s c o n s t a n t ( i n J s )
4 lam =1.4*10^ -10 // w a v e l e n g t h ( i n m)
5 E =( h * c ) /( lam *1.6*10^ -19) // e n e r g y o f p h o t o n ( i n eV )
6 p = h / lam //momentum o f p h o t o n
7 printf ( ” Energy o f p h o t o \n ” )
8 printf ( ”E=%. 1 f eV\n ” ,E )
9 printf ( ”momentum o f p h o t o n ( i n Kg m/ s e c ) \n ” )
10 disp ( p )

64
 Scilab code Exa 12.12 calculate number of photons emitted per second

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 12 , pg 336
2 E1 =2*10^4 // e n e r g y e m i t t e d p e r s e c o n d ( i n J )
3 n =1000*10^3 // f r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
4 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( i n J s )
5 E = h * n // e n e r g y c a r r i e d by 1 p h o t o n ( i n J )
6 N = E1 / E // number o f p h o t o n s e m i t t e d p e r s e c o n d
7 printf ( ” number o f p h o t o n s e m i t t e d p e r s e c o n d \n ” )
8 disp ( N )

Scilab code Exa 12.13 calculate de Broglie wavelength

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 13 , pg 336
2 m =0.05 // mass ( i n Kg )
3 v =2000 // s p e e d ( i n m/ s e c )
4 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( i n J s )
5 p = m * v //momentum ( i n kg m/ s e c )
6 lam = h / p // w a v e l e n g t h
7 printf ( ” de B r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h ( i n m) \n ” )
8 disp ( lam )
9 printf ( ” de B r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h ( i n A) \n ” )
10 disp ( lam *10^10)

Scilab code Exa 12.14 find change in wavelength

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 14 , pg 336
2 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( i n J s )
3 c =3*10^8 // v e l o c i t y o f x−r a y p h o t o n ( i n m/ s e c )

65
 4 m0 =9.11*10^ -31 // r e s t mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )
5 phi =(85* %pi ) /180 // a n g l e o f s c a t t e r i n g ( i n r a d i a n )
( converting degree into radian )
6 delta_H =( h *(1 - cos ( phi ) ) ) /( m0 * c ) // c h a n g e i n
w a v e l e n g t h due t o compton s c a t t e r i n g
7 printf ( ” c h a n g e i n w a v e l e n g t h o f x−r a y p h o t o n ( i n m) \n
”)
8 disp ( delta_H )

Scilab code Exa 12.15 find miller indices

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 15 , pg 337
2 // p l a n e h a s i n t e r c e p t s 2 a , 2 b , 3 c a l o n g t h e 3
c r y s t a l axes
3 // l a t t i c e p o i n t s i n 3−d l a t t i c e a r e g i v e n by r=p∗ a+q
∗b+s ∗ c
4 // a s p , q , r a r e t h e b a s i c v e c t o r s t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f
intercepts 2:2:3
5 p =2
6 q =2
7 s =3
8 // t h e r e f o r e r e c i p r o c a l
9 r1 =1/2
10 r2 =1/2
11 r3 =1/3
12 // t a k i n g LCM
13 v = int32 ([2 ,2 ,3])
14 l = double ( lcm ( v ) )
15 m1 =( l * r1 )
16 m2 =( l * r2 )
17 m3 =( l * r3 )
18 printf ( ” m i l e r i n d i c e s =” )
19 disp ( m3 , m2 , m1 )

66
 Scilab code Exa 12.16 find miller indices

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 16 , pg 337
2 // p l a n e h a s i n t e r c e p t s 4 a , 2 b , 4 c a l o n g t h e 3
c r y s t a l axes
3 // l a t t i c e p o i n t s i n 3−d l a t t i c e a r e g i v e n by r=p∗ a+q
∗b+s ∗ c
4 // a s p , q , r a r e t h e b a s i c v e c t o r s t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f
intercepts 2:2:3
5 p =4
6 q =2
7 s =4
8 // t h e r e f o r e r e c i p r o c a l
9 r1 =1/4
10 r2 =1/2
11 r3 =1/4
12 // t a k i n g LCM
13 v = int32 ([4 ,2 ,4])
14 l = double ( lcm ( v ) )
15 m1 =( l * r1 )
16 m2 =( l * r2 )
17 m3 =( l * r3 )
18 printf ( ” m i l e r i n d i c e s =” )
19 disp ( m3 , m2 , m1 )

Scilab code Exa 12.17 find size of unit cell

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 17 , pg 338
2 d110 =1.96 // s p a c i n g o f ( 1 1 0 ) p l a n e s ( i n Angstrom )
3 h =1
4 k =1
5 l =0 // ( h k l ) =(1 1 0 )

67
6 a = d110 * sqrt ( h ^2+ k ^2+ l ^2) // s i z e of unit c e l l
7 printf ( ” s i z e o f u n i t c e l l =” )
8 printf ( ” a=%. 2 f a n g s t r o m ” ,a )

Scilab code Exa 12.18 find volume of unit cell

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 18 , pg 339
2 r =1.575 *10^ -10 // r a d i u s o f atom ( i n m)
3 a =2* r // l a t t i c e c o n s t a n t ( f o r HCP s t r u c t u r e ) ( i n m)
4 c = a * sqrt (8/3) // ( i n m)
5 V =(3* sqrt (3) * a ^2* c ) /2 // volume o f u n i t c e l l
6 printf ( ” volume o f u n i t c e l l ( i n mˆ 3 ) \n ” )
7 disp ( V )

Scilab code Exa 12.19 calculate Fermi energy

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 19 , pg 339
2 Vf =7*10^5 // Fermi v e l o c i t y ( i n m/ s )
3 m =9.11*10^ -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )
4 Ef =( m * Vf ^2) /2 // Fermi e n e r g y ( in J)
5 printf ( ” Fermi e n e r g y f o r t h e e l e c t r o n s in the metal
=” )
6 printf ( ” Ef=%. 1 f eV” ,( Ef /(1.6*10^ -19) ) ) //
c o n v e r t i n g J i n t o eV
7
8
9
10
11 // Answer i s g i v e n wrong

68
 Scilab code Exa 12.20 calculate relaxation time and average drift velocity
and velocity of electron and mean free path

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 20 , pg 339
2 rho =1.8*10^ -8 // r e s i s t i v i t y ( i n ohm∗m)
3 Ef =4.8 // Fermi e n e r g y ( i n eV )
4 E =100 // e l e c t r i c f i e l d i n t e n s i t y ( i n V/m)
5 n =6.2*10^28 // c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f e l e c t r o n s ( in
atoms /mˆ 3 )
6 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e i n e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
7 Me =9.11*10^ -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )
8 T = Me /( rho * n * e ^2) // r e l a x a t i o n t i m e
9 Un =( e * T ) / Me // m o b i l i t y o f e l e c t r o n
10 Vd =( e * T * E ) / Me // d r i f t v e l o c i t y
11 Vf = sqrt ((2* Ef * e ) / Me ) // Fermi v e l o c i t y
12 lam_m = Vf * T // mean f r e e p a t h
13
14 printf ( ” R e l a x a t i o n t i m e o f e l e c t r o n ( i n s ) ” )
15 disp ( T )
16 printf ( ” M o b i l i t y o f e l e c t r o n ( i n mˆ 2 / (V∗ s ) ) ” )
17 disp ( Un )
18 printf ( ” D r i f t v e l o c i t y o f e l e c t r o n ( i n m/ s ) ” )
19 disp ( Vd )
20 printf ( ” Fermi v e l o c i t y o f e l e c t r o n s ( i n m/ s ) ” )
21 disp ( Vf )
22 printf ( ”Mean f r e e p a t h ( i n m) ” )
23 disp ( lam_m )

Scilab code Exa 12.21 evaluate value of F E

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 21 , pg 341
2 del_E =0.02*1.6*10^ -19 // d e l E = E−Ef ( i n J ) (
c o n v e r t i n g eV i n t o J )
3 T =220 // t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n K)
4 k =1.38*10^ -23 // b o l t z m a n n s c o n s t a n t ( i n J /K)

69
 Figure 12.1: calculate how is Ef located relative to Ei

5 F_E =1/(1+ exp ( del_E /( k * T ) ) ) // Fermi D i r a c

distribution function
6 printf ( ” F E=%. 3 f ” , F_E )

Scilab code Exa 12.22 calculate how is Ef located relative to Ei

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 22 , pg 341
2 ni =1.5*10^10 // i n t r i n s i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( i n cm
ˆ −3)

70
 3 Nd =5*10^15 // d o n o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( i n atoms /cm
ˆ3)
4 T =300 // t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n K)
5 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e o f e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
6 k =1.38*10^ -23 // Boltzmann c o n s t a n t ( i n J /K)
7 n0 = Nd // Assuming n0=Nd ( since Nd >> n i
)
8 p0 = ni ^2/ n0 // h o l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n
9 E = k * T * log ( n0 / ni ) // E=(Ef−Ei ) l o c a t i o n o f Ef
r e l a t i v e t o Ei
10 printf ( ” H o l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( i n cmˆ −3) ” )
11 disp ( p0 )
12 printf ( ” L o c a t i o n o f Ef r e l a t i v e t o Ei ( i n eV ) ” )
13 disp ( E / e )
14 x = linspace ( -5.5 ,5.5 ,51) ;
15 y = 1 ;
16
17 scf (2) ;
18 clf (2) ;
19 plot (x , y +0.1) ;
20
21 plot (x ,y , ’ ro − ’ ) ;
22 plot (x ,y -0.329 , ’−− ’ ) ;
23 plot (x , y *0 , ’ b s : ’ ) ;
24 xlabel ([ ” x a x i s ” ; ” ( i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e ) ” ]) ;
25 ylabel ( ” Energy l e v e l ( eV ) ” ) ;
26 title ( ” Band d i a g r a m ” ) ;
27 legend ([ ” Ec ” ; ” Ef ” ; ” Ei ” ; ”Ev” ]) ;
28 set ( gca () ,” d a t a b o u n d s ” , matrix ([ -6 ,6 , -0.1 ,1.1] ,2 , -1)
);

Scilab code Exa 12.23 find magnitude of Hall voltage

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 23 , pg 342
2 I =40 // c u r r e n t ( i n A)

71
 3 B =1.4 // m a g n e t i c f i e l d ( i n T)
4 d =2*10^ -2 // w i d t h o f s l a b ( i n m)
5 n =8.4*10^28 // c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f e l e c t r o n s ( in m
ˆ −3)
6 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e ( i n C)
7 VH =( B * I ) /( n * e * d ) // H a l l voltage
8 printf ( ” H a l l v o l t a g e ( i n V)=” )
9 disp ( VH )

Scilab code Exa 12.24 calculate Hall voltage and Hall coefficient

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 24 , pg 342
2 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e i n e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
3 Ix =2*10^ -3 // c u r r e n t ( i n A)
4 d =220*10^ -4 // t h i c k n e s s ( i n cm )
5 Bz =5*10^ -5 // m a g n e t i c i n d u c t i o n ( i n Wb/cm ˆ 2 )
6 Un =800 // e l e c t r o n m o b i l i t y ( i n cm ˆ 2 / (V∗ s ) )
7 n =9*10^16 // d o p i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( i n atoms /cm
ˆ3)
8
9 sigma = n * e *( Un ) // e l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c t i v i t y
10 rho =1/ sigma // r e s i s t i v i t y
11 Rh = -1/( e * n ) // H a l l c o e f f i c i e n t
12 Vh = -( Ix * Bz ) /( d * e * n ) // H a l l voltage
13 printf ( ” R e s i s t i v i t y ( i n ohm∗cm ) ” )
14 disp ( rho )
15 printf ( ” H a l l c o e f f i c i e n t ( i n cmˆ3/C) ” )
16 disp ( Rh )
17 printf ( ” H a l l v o l t a g e ( i n V) ” )
18 disp ( Vh )

Scilab code Exa 12.25 determine magnitude and direction of magnetic

moment

72
1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 25 , pg 343
2 I =10 // c u r r e n t ( i n A)
3 A =8*10^ -4 // a r e a ( i n mˆ 2 )
4 M=I*A // m a g n e t i c moment a s s o c i a t e d with the
loop
5 printf ( ” M a g n e t i c moment a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the loop ( in
A mˆ 2 )=” )
6 disp ( M )
7 printf ( ”M i s d i r e c t e d away from t h e o b s e r v e r and
is perpendicular to the plane of the loop ”)

Scilab code Exa 12.26 determine magnitude and direction of magnetic

moment

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 26 , pg 343
2 I =22 // c u r r e n t ( i n A)
3 A =9*10^ -3 // a r e a ( i n mˆ 2 )
4 M=I*A // m a g n e t i c moment a s s o c i a t e d with the
loop
5 printf ( ” M a g n e t i c moment a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the loop ( in
A mˆ 2 )=” )
6 disp ( M )
7 printf ( ”M i s d i r e c t e d t o w a r d s t h e o b s e r v e r and i s
perpendicular to the plane of the loop ”)

Scilab code Exa 12.27 determine magnetic moment

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 27 , pg 344
2 r =0.62*10^ -10 // r a d i u s o f o r b i t ( i n m)
3 e = 1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e on e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
4 n =10^15 // f r e q u e n c y o f r e v o l u t i o n o f e l e c t r o n (
in rps )
5 I=e*n // c u r r e n t ( i n A)

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6 A = %pi * r ^2 // a r e a ( i n mˆ 2 )
7 M=I*A // m a g n e t i c moment a s s o c i a t e d w i t h motion o f
electron
8 printf ( ” M a g n e t i c moment a s s o c i a t e d w i t h motion o f
e l e c t r o n ( i n A mˆ 2 ) ” )
9 disp ( M )

Scilab code Exa 12.28 calculate permeability

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 28 , pg 344
2 H =2000 // m a g n e t i z i n g f i e l d ( i n A/m)
3 phi =5*10^ -5 // m a g n e t i c flux ( i n Wb)
4 A =0.2 *10^ -4 // a r e a ( i n mˆ 2 )
5 B = phi / A // m a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y ( i n Wb/mˆ 2 )
6 u=B/H // p e r m e a b i l i t y ( i n H/m)
7 printf ( ” p e r m e a b i l i t y ( i n H/m )=” )
8 disp ( u )

Scilab code Exa 12.29 calculate susceptibility

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 29 , pg 345
2 ur =4000 // r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y
3 xm = ur -1 // m a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y
4 printf ( ” M a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y =” )
5 disp ( xm )

Scilab code Exa 12.30 determine critical current

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 30 , pg 345

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2 H0 =6*10^4 // m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n t e n s i t y a t 0K ( in
A/m)
3 T =4.2 // t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n K)
4 Tc =8 // c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n K)
5 Hc = H0 *(1 -( T ^2/ Tc ^2) ) // c r i t i c a l m a g n e t i c field
intensity
6 printf ( ” c r i t i c a l m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n t e n s i t y \n ” )
7 printf ( ”Hc=%. 0 f A/m” , Hc )

Scilab code Exa 12.31 calculate critical current

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 31 , pg 346
2 H0 =7*10^4 // m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n t e n s i t y a t 0K ( in
A/m)
3 T =4.2 // t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n K)
4 Tc =8.2 // c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n K)
5 Hc = H0 *(1 -( T ^2/ Tc ^2) ) // c r i t i c a l m a g n e t i c f i e l d
intensity
6 printf ( ” c r i t i c a l m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n t e n s i t y \n ” )
7 printf ( ”Hc=%. 0 f A/m” , Hc )

Scilab code Exa 12.32 calculate isotopic mass

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 32 , pg 346
2 M1 =198.5 // i s o t o p i c mass
3 Tc1 =4.175 // c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e f o r M1 ( i n K)
4 Tc2 =4.213 // c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e f o r M2 ( i n K)
5 alpha =0.5
6
7 //Mˆ a l p h a ∗ Tc=c o n s t a n t
8 M2 =(( M1 ^ alpha * Tc1 ) / Tc2 ) ^(1/ alpha )
9 printf ( ” I s o t o p i c mass a t c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e 4 . 1 3 3K
\n ” )

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10 printf ( ”M2=%. 3 f ” , M2 )

Scilab code Exa 12.33 calculate isotopic mass

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d e x a m p l e s , Example 33 , pg 346
2 M1 =199 // i s o t o p i c mass
3 Tc1 =4.18 // c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e f o r M1 ( i n K)
4 Tc2 =4.14 // c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e f o r M2 ( i n K)
5 alpha =0.5
6
7 //Mˆ a l p h a ∗ Tc=c o n s t a n t
8 M2 =(( M1 ^ alpha * Tc1 ) / Tc2 ) ^(1/ alpha )
9 printf ( ” I s o t o p i c mass a t c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e 4 . 1 3 3K
\n ” )
10 printf ( ”M2=%. 4 f ” , M2 )

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 Chapter 13

Additional solved short answers

Scilab code Exa 13.1.2 find fundamental frequency

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d n u m e r i c a l q u e s t i o n s , Example (
s e t 1 ) 2 , pg 348
2 l =0.7*10^ -3 // l e n g t h ( i n m)
3 E =8.8*10^10 // y o u n g s modulus ( i n N/mˆ 2 )
4 d =2800 // d e n s i t y ( i n kg /mˆ 3 )
5 p =1 // f u n d a m e n t a l mode
6 n = p * sqrt ( E / d ) /(2* l ) // n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y
7 printf ( ” Fundamental f r e q u e n c y o f q u a r t z c r y s t a l ) \n ”
)
8 printf ( ” n=%. 2 f Hz” ,n )

Scilab code Exa 13.1.6 calculate critical angle

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d n u m e r i c a l q u e s t i o n s , Example (
s e t 1 ) 6 , pg 348
2 n1 =1.5 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x of core
3 n2 = 1.47 // c l a d d i n g r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
4 theta_c = asin ( n2 / n1 ) // c r i t i c a l a n g l e ( i n r a d i a n )

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5 printf ( ” c r i t i c a l a n g l e =\n ” )
6 printf ( ” t h e t a c=%. 2 f d e g r e e ” ,( theta_c *180) / %pi )

Scilab code Exa 13.1.10 calculate interplanar spacing

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d n u m e r i c a l q u e s t i o n s , Example (
s e t 1 ) 10 , pg 349
2 a =4.938 // l a t t i c e c o n s t a n t ( i n Angstrom )
3 h =2
4 k =2
5 l =0 // s i n c e ( h k l ) =(2 2 0 ) miller indices
6 d = a / sqrt ( h ^2+ k ^2+ l ^2) // s p a c i n g
7 printf ( ” s p a c i n g o f ( 2 2 0 ) p l a n e s=” )
8 printf ( ” d=%. 3 f Angstrom ” ,d )

Scilab code Exa 13.1.12 find the wavelength

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d n u m e r i c a l q u e s t i o n s , Example (
s e t 1 ) 12 b 3 , pg 349
2 Eg =0.8*1.6*10^ -19 // bandgap ( i n J ) (
c o n v e r t i n g eV i n t o J )
3 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( in J s )
4 c =3*10^8 // s p e e d o f l i g h t ( i n m/ s )
5 lam =( h * c ) / Eg // w a v e l e n g t h
6 printf ( ” w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t e m i t t e d ( i n m) i s =” )
7 disp ( lam )

Scilab code Exa 13.1.14 calculate energy of scattered photon

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 1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d n u m e r i c a l q u e s t i o n s , Example (
s e t 1 ) 14 a 3 , pg 350
2 lam =1.24*10^ -13 // w a v e l e n g t h ( i n m)
3 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( i n J s )
4 c =3*10^8 // v e l o c i t y o f x−r a y p h o t o n ( i n m/ s e c )
5 m0 =9.11*10^ -31 // r e s t mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )
6 phi =(90* %pi ) /180 // a n g l e o f s c a t t e r i n g ( i n r a d i a n )
( converting degree into radian )
7 delta_H =( h *(1 - cos ( phi ) ) ) /( m0 * c ) // c h a n g e i n
w a v e l e n g t h due t o compton s c a t t e r i n g ( i n m)
8 LAM = lam + delta_H // w a v e l e n g t h ( i n m)
9 E =( h * c ) / LAM // e n e r g y o f scattered photon (
in J)
10 printf ( ” Energy o f scattered photon ( i n J )=” )
11 disp ( E )

Scilab code Exa 13.1.15 calculate number of unit cells

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d n u m e r i c a l q u e s t i o n s , Example (
s e t 1 ) 15 b 3 , pg 352
2 a =2.88*10^ -8 // l a t t i c e c o n s t a n t ( i n cm )
3 d =7200 // d e n s i t y ( i n Kg/mˆ 3 )
4 C =8/ a ^3 // a t o m i c concentration
5 n =8 // number o f atoms / c e l l
6 n1 = C / n // u n i t c e l l c o n c e n t r a t i o n
7
8 // s i n c e d e n s i t y =7200 Kg/mˆ3
9 // 7 2 0 0 Kg = 1 0 ˆ 6 c c
10 // h e n c e 1Kg = ( 1 0 ˆ 6 ) / 7 2 0 0 cc
11 N =( n1 *10^6) /7200 // number o f u n i t cells
p r e s e n t i n 1 Kg o f m e t a l
12 printf ( ”Number o f u n i t c e l l s p r e s e n t i n 1 Kg o f
m e t a l=” )
13 disp ( N )
14 printf ( ” u n i t c e l l s ” )

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 Scilab code Exa 13.2.1 calculate the frequency

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d n u m e r i c a l q u e s t i o n s , Example (
s e t 2 ) 1 , pg 352
2 l =4*10^ -2 // l e n g t h ( i n m)
3 E =207 *10^6 // y o u n g s modulus ( i n N/mˆ 2 )
4 d =8900 // d e n s i t y ( i n kg /mˆ 3 )
5 p =1 // f u n d a m e n t a l mode
6 n = p * sqrt ( E / d ) /(2* l ) // n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y
7 printf ( ” Fundamental f r e q u e n c y o f q u a r t z c r y s t a l ) \n ”
)
8 printf ( ” n=%. 2 f Hz” ,n )

Scilab code Exa 13.2.7 calculate wavelength of scattered radiation

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d n u m e r i c a l q u e s t i o n s , Example (
s e t 2 ) 7 , pg 353
2 lam =0.5*10^ -9 // w a v e l e n g t h ( i n m)
3 h =6.625*10^ -34 // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ( i n J s )
4 c =3*10^8 // v e l o c i t y o f x−r a y p h o t o n ( i n m/ s e c )
5 m0 =9.11*10^ -31 // r e s t mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )
6 phi =(45* %pi ) /180 // a n g l e o f s c a t t e r i n g ( i n r a d i a n )
( converting degree into radian )
7 delta_H =( h *(1 - cos ( phi ) ) ) /( m0 * c ) // c h a n g e i n
w a v e l e n g t h due t o compton s c a t t e r i n g ( i n m)
8 LAM = lam + delta_H // w a v e l e n g t h ( i n m)
9 printf ( ” w a v e l e n g t h o f s c a t t e r e d r a d i a t i o n ( im m)=” )
10 disp ( LAM )

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 Scilab code Exa 13.2.13 calculate Na and acceptance angle

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d n u m e r i c a l q u e s t i o n s , Example (
s e t 2 ) 13 b , pg 354
2 n1 =1.5 // c o r e r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
3 n2 =1.447 // c l a d d i n g r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
4 n0 =1 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f a i r
5 NA = sqrt ( n1 ^2 - n2 ^2) // n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e
6 alpha_m = asin ( NA / n0 ) // a n g l e o f a c c e p t a n c e ( in
radian )
7 printf ( ”NA=%. 1 f \n ” , NA )
8 printf ( ” a l p h a m=%. 2 f d e g r e e \n ” ,( alpha_m *180) / %pi )

Scilab code Exa 13.3.11 calculate mean free time

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d n u m e r i c a l q u e s t i o n s , Example (
s e t 3 ) 11 a , pg 355
2 Un =3*10^ -3 // e l e c t r o n m o b i l i t y ( i n mˆ 2 / (V∗ s ) )
3 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e i n e l e c t r o n ( i n C)
4 Me =9.11*10^ -31 // mass o f e l e c t r o n ( i n Kg )
5 T =( Me * Un ) / e // mean f r e e t i m e
6 printf ( ”Mean f r e e t i m e ( i n S ) ” )
7 disp ( T )

Scilab code Exa 13.3.12 calculate the resistivity

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d n u m e r i c a l q u e s t i o n s , Example (
s e t 3 ) 12 b , pg 356
2 ni =1.5*10^16 // i n t r i n s i c carrier density ( in m
ˆ −3)
3 Un =1.35 // e l e c t r o n m o b i l i t y ( i n mˆ 2 / (V∗ s ) )
4 up =0.48 // h o l e m o b i l i t y ( i n mˆ 2 / (V∗ s ) )
5 e =1.6*10^ -19 // c h a r g e i n e l e c t r o n ( i n C)

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 6
7 Ix =10^ -3 // c u r r e n t ( i n A)
8 d =100*10^ -6 // t h i c k n e s s ( i n m)
9 Bz =0.1 // m a g n e t i c i n d u c t i o n ( i n T)
10 Un1 =0.07 // e l e c t r o n m o b i l i t y ( i n mˆ 2 / (V∗ s ) )
11 n =10^23 // d o p i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( i n atoms /mˆ 3 )
12
13 sigma = ni * e *( Un + up ) // e l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c t i v i t y
14 rho =1/ sigma // r e s i s t i v i t y
15 Vh = -( Ix * Bz ) /( d * e * n ) // H a l l voltage
16 printf ( ” R e s i s t i v i t y ( i n ohm∗m) ” )
17 disp ( rho )
18 printf ( ” H a l l v o l t a g e ( i n V) ” )
19 disp ( Vh )

Scilab code Exa 13.3.13 calculate energy loss per hour and intensity of
magnetization and flux density

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d n u m e r i c a l q u e s t i o n s , Example (
s e t 3 ) 13 b , pg 357
2 A =250 // a r e a o f B−H l o o p
3 f =50 // f r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
4 d =7.5*10^3 // d e n s i t y ( i n Kg/mˆ 3 )
5 M =10 // mass o f c o r e ( i n Kg )
6
7 H =2000 // m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n t e n s i t y ( i n A/m)
8 Xm =1000 // s u s c e p t i b i l i t y
9 U0 =4* %pi *10^ -7 // r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y
10
11 V=M/d // volume o f s a m p l e ( i n mˆ 3 )
12 N =60*60* f // number o f c y c l e s p e r h o u r
13 EL = A * V * N // e n e r g y l o s s p e r h o u r
14 I = H * Xm // i n t e n s i t y o f m a g n e t i z a t i o n
15 Ur =1+ Xm
16 B = Ur * U0 * H // m a g n e t i c flux density

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17 printf ( ” Energy l o s s p e r h o u r ( i n J ) ” )
18 disp ( EL )
19 printf ( ” I n t e n s i t y o f m a g n e t i z a t i o n ( i n Wb/mˆ 3 ) ” )
20 disp ( I )
21 printf ( ” M a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y ( i n T) ” )
22 disp ( B )

Scilab code Exa 13.3.14 find capacitance and electric flux density

1 // A d d i t i o n a l s o l v e d n u m e r i c a l q u e s t i o n s , Example (
s e t 3 ) 14 , pg 358
2 Er1 =1.0000684 // D i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t ( f o r sum
14 a 2 )
3 N =2.7*10^25 // ( i n atoms /mˆ 3 )
4 E0 =8.85*10^ -12 // p e r m i t t i v i t y o f f r e e s p a c e ( in
F/m)
5 Er2 =6 // d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t ( f o r sum 14 a 3 )
6 E =100 // e l e c t r i c f i e l d i n t e n s i t y ( i n V/m) (
f o r sum 14 a 3 )
7 A =200*10^ -4 // a r e a ( i n mˆ 2 )
8 Er3 =3.7 // d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t ( f o r sum 14 b 2
)
9 d =10^ -3 // t h i c k n e s s ( i n m)
10 V =300 // e l e c t r i c p o t e n t i a l ( i n V)
11 Alpha_e =( E0 *( Er1 -1) ) / N // e l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a t i o n
12 R =( Alpha_e /(4* %pi * E0 ) ) ^(1/3) // r a d i u s o f atom
13 P = E0 *( Er2 -1) * E // p o l a r i z a t i o n
14 C =( E0 * Er3 * A ) / d // c a p a c i t a n c e
15 E1 = V / d // e l e c t r i c f l u x d e n s i t y
16 printf ( ” E l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a t i o n ( i n F∗mˆ 2 ) ” )
17 disp ( Alpha_e )
18 printf ( ” R a d i u s o f He atom ( i n m) ” )
19 disp ( R )
20 printf ( ” p o l a r i z a t i o n ( i n C/mˆ 2 ) ” )
21 disp ( P )

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22 printf ( ” c a p a c i t a n c e ( i n F ) ” )
23 disp ( C )
24 printf ( ” E l e c t r i c f l u x d e n s i t y ( i n V/m) ” )
25 disp ( E1 )

84