4

VII CBSE Mathematics – Integers

Instructions: This booklet can be used while watching videos. Keep filling the sheet as the videos
proceed.

1. Introduction

Did you know?

The highest elevation in North America is Mt. McKinley,
which is 20,237 feet above sea level. The lowest elevation is
Death Valley, which is 282 feet below sea level.

Question 1. What is the distance from the top of Mt. McKinley to the bottom of Death Valley?

Helping hand: The problem above uses the notion of opposites: Above sea level is the opposite of
below sea level. We could solve the problem above using integers. Integers are the set of whole
numbers and their opposites. Integers are represented as ‘Z’.

Did you know?

Integers were introduced by a man named Arbermouth Holst in 1563.
The Chinese were the first known culture to use negative integers.

Question 2. Define whole numbers and give some examples.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Integers

We can classify integers as,

 Positive Integers

Eg.

 Negative Integers

Eg.

 Zero

2. Introduction to Zero

Zero means nothing. It acts as a reference. For example, in Question1, the sea level can be
taken as 0. In physical terms it is called neutral level. It is a mathematical value that is
intermediate between positive and negative numbers.

Did you know?

There are different words used for the number zero depending on the context. For the
simple notion of lacking, the words nothing and none are often used. Several sports
have specific words for zero, such as nil in football, love in tennis and a duck in
cricket. It is often called „oh‟ in the context of telephone numbers. Slang words for
zero include zip, zilch, nada, and scratch.

Question 3. Which number is a whole number but not a natural number?

Question 4. Which number is neither negative nor positive integer?

3. The Number Line

A number line is a visual representation of all integers. Actually, a number line is a picture
representation of real numbers evenly laid out on a straight line. It looks as follows:

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Integers

Negative Numbers Positive Numbers

Question 5. What are real numbers?

Question 6. Identify few uses of number line.

Question 7. Mark the following numbers on the number line:

(i) -2 (iii) 6 (v) -4
(ii) 0 (iv) 5

Did you know?

Every even number greater or equal to 4 can be expressed as a sum of

exactly two (not necessarily distinct) prime numbers. The first few
examples are: 4 = 2 + 2, 6 = 3 + 3, 8 = 3 + 5, 10 = 5 + 5, 12 = 5 + 7, etc.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Integers

Question 8. On a number line when we:

 Add a positive integer, we move to the ________

Eg.
 Move three steps right of

 Add a negative integer, we move to the ________

Eg. ( )
 Move _____ steps _____ of

 Subtract a positive integer, we move to the ________

Eg.
 Move nine steps left of _____

 Subtract a negative integer, we move to the ________

Eg. ( )
 Move six steps ______ of _______.

After performing the above operations on a number line, it can be said that
 When two positive integers are added, we get a ______________.
 When two negative integers are added, we get a _______________.
 When a positive and negative integer are added, we get a
_______________________________.
 Additive inverse of a number is the number that, when added to , yields zero.

Did you know?

6 is the smallest perfect number. A perfect number is an integer such

that the sum of its proper divisors is equal to the integer itself: 6 = 1 + 2 + 3.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Integers

Question 9. Find the additive inverse of the following numbers:
(i) (iii) (v)
(ii) (iv)

Question 10. You won a lottery worth Rs. 20,000. You spent Rs. 2850 on your shopping and Rs. 450
on eating. Find the amount of money left with you.

Question 11. The value of: ( ) will be:

Question 12. In a magic square, each row, column and diagonal have the same sum. Fill in the blanks
to make it a magic square.

1 -10
-3 -2

-6 4

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Integers

Question 13. The value of is:

Question 14. Simplify: ,*( ) ( )+ ( )-

4. Properties of Addition and Subtraction of Integers

a. Closure Property

(i) Clousre under addition

 The sum of two whole numbers is always a ________________.
 Similarly, the sum of any two integers is always an ____________.
For eg. , which is an _________.

is also an __________.

Thus, if are two integers, then will also be an integer.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Integers

(ii) Closure under subtraction

Statement Observation
Result is an integer
( ) Result is an _______
( ) Result is an _______
Result is an _______
Result is an _______

 Thus, if are two integers, then will also be an integer.

b. Commutative Property
 For two integers ,

 For eg. +34 = _______ and ( )

Are they equal? ____________
 ( ) and
Are they equal? ____________

c. Associative Property
Consider the integers

( ) ,( ) ( )- and

,( ) ( )- ( )

For any three integers

( ) ( )

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Integers

For eg. ( ) ,( ) ( )-

And ,( ) ( )- ( )

Are they equal? __________

Hence they follow _______________ property.

d. Additive Identity
Consider any integer

If we add ____ to any integer we get the same integer. Hence, ______ is the
_________________ of all integers.
For eg.
( )

Question 15. Write a pair of integers whose difference gives an integer greater than only one of the
integers.

Question 16. Write a pair of integers whose sum gives an integer smaller than both the integers.

Question 17. Write down a pair of integers whose:

a. Sum is

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Integers

b. Difference is

Question 18. An atom changes to a charged particle called ion if it loses or gains electrons. The
charge on an ion is the charge on the electrons plus the charge on the protons. Write the missing
information in the table given below:

Name of the Ion Proton Charge Electron Charge Ion Charge

Hydroxide Ion +9 ______ -1
Sodium Ion +11 ______ +1
Aluminium Ion +13 -10 ______
Oxide Ion +8 -10 _______

Question 19. Arjun evaluated the expression ( ) and came up with an answer of What
did Arjun do wrong?

Question 20. You are at an elevation of 368 m above the sea level as you start the motor ride. During
the ride, your elevation changes by the following metres:

What is your elevation relative to sea level at the end of the ride?

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Integers

5. Multiplication of Integers
Multiplication is basically repeated ____________.

Fill in the following table using suitable terms:

__ __ __

( ) ___________________________ ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) =

a. Multiplication of a Positive and Negative Integer

Consider the following case:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

This can be represented on a number line as follows:

Similarly, ( ) ( ) ( ) ___ ___ = ______

( ) _____

____

____ = ( )
Hence, to find the product of a positive and negative integer, multiply both of them without sign
and then put a minus sign before the product.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Integers

Question 21. Find the product of the following:

(i) ( )

(ii) ( )

(iii) ( )

(iv) ( )

(v) ( )

(vi) ( )

In general,

( ) ( ) ( )
b. Multiplication of two negative integers

___ ( )
___ = ( )
___ = ( )
___ = ( )
___ = ( )
___ = ( )
___ = ( )
Can you identify the pattern in the above numbers?

By observing these products we can say that the product of two negative integers will be a
_____________________.So, we multiply the two negative integers as a whole number and
put a positive sign before the product.

Question 22. Try to find the product of the following integers:

(i) ( ) ( )

(ii)

(iii) ( ) ( )

(iv) ( ) ( )

(v) ( ) ( )

(vi) ( ) ( )

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Integers

c. Product of three or more Negative Integers

 Product of two negative integers is a ___________________

 Product of three negative integers is ___________________

Eg. ( ) ( ) ( ) ,( ) ( )- ( ) ____ ( ) _____

 Product of four negative integers is a __________________

Eg. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ,( ) ( )- ,( ) ( )- = ___

Generalising,

 If the number of negative integers in the product is _______, then the product is a
positive integer.

 If the number of negative integers in the product is _______, then the product is a
negative integer.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Integers

Question 23. Find the product of the following the integers:

(i) ( ) ( ) ( )

(ii) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

(iii) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

(iv) ( ) ( ) ( )

(v) ( ) ( ) ( )

What can you conclude from (iv) and (v)?

(vi) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( )

6. Properties of Multiplication of Integers

a. Closure under Multiplication

( ) ( ) =
( ) =
=
( ) =

Consider two integers

is also an ____________.

b. Commutativity of Multiplication

( ) = = or ≠ = ( )
( ) ( ) = = or ≠ = ( ) ( )
= = or ≠ =

In general, if are two integers, then

c. Multiplication by 0

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Integers

Consider an integer
___

Eg. ____, _____

d. Multiplicative Identity
Consider an integer
____
Eg. ____, _____
Hence, 1 is the multiplicative identity of all integers.

e. Associativity of Multiplication

,( ) ( )- = = or ≠ = ( ) ,( ) -

,( ( )- ( ) = = or ≠ = ,( ) ( )-

,( )- = = or ≠ = , -

For any three integers

( ) ( )
The product of three integers does not depend upon the grouping of integers.

f. Distributive Property

( ) ( ) _______

Also, ,( ) - ,( ) - _______

Similarly, , - _______

Also, ( ) ( ) ________

Thus for any three integers

( ) and

( )

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Integers

Question 24. In a class test containing 15 questions, 4 marks are given for every correct answer and (–
2) marks are given for every incorrect answer. (i) Ram attempts all questions but only 9 of them were
correct. What will be his score?

Question 25. A shopkeeper earns a profit of Rs. 1 by selling one pen and incurs a loss of 40 paise per
pencil while selling pencils of her old stock. In a particular month she incurs a loss of Rs. 5. In this
period, she sold 45 pens. How many pencils did she sell in this period?

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Integers

7. Division of Integers

Division is the inverse operation of ___________________.

For eg.

Fill in the following table:

Multiplication statement Division statement-I Division Statement-II

( ) ____ ____ _____ _____ ( ) _____
( ) ( ) _____
( ) _____
______

Generalising,
 When we divide a negative integer by a positive integer, we divide as a whole number and put
a minus sign ( ) before the quotient.

Eg.

 When we divide a positive integer by a negative integer, we

______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Eg.

 When we divide a negative integer by a negative integer, we

______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Eg.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Integers

8. Properties of Division of Integers
a. Consider the following cases:

Division Result Inference

= Result is an Integer
( ) =
( ) ( ) =
( ) =

Thus, division of integers does not follow ____________________________ property.

Question 26. Give few examples to show that division of integers does not follow commutative
property.

b. Any integer divided by ____ gives the same integer.

Eg. ____, _____, etc.

c. Consider following examples:

,( ) - ( ) = = or ≠ = ( ) , ( )

, - ( ) = = or ≠ = , ( )

, ( )- = = or ≠ = ,( ) -

Thus, division of integers does not follow _______________________ property.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Integers

Question 27. Give few examples to show that division of integers does not follow associative
property.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Integers

Instructions: Solve these problems after watching the videos.

Questions from 1 to 10 are MCQ’s.

1. Find a number that is 560 more than -190.

A) 370 C) -750
B) 750 D) -370
2. Find the next number of the sequence: 6, 3, 0, ___
A) 3 B) -3 C) -6 D) -1
3. Which pair of numbers among the following is additive inverse of each other?
A) 1, -1 C) 0, -1
B) 1, 1 D) None of these
4. Which among the following is a property of integer multiplication?
A) Associative Property C) Commutative Property
B) Closure Property D) All of the above
5. What mathematical symbol should be put between -6 and -2, to get a number bigger than -6
and smaller than -2?
A) B) C) D)
6. What will be the integer which is 8 more than its additive inverse?
A) 4 B) -4 C) 3 D) -3
7. The sum of two integers is -56 and their quotient is 7. The numbers are
A) -56, 49 C) -56, -49
B) 56, 49 D) 56, -49
8. A plane is flying at the height of 5500 m above the sea level. At a particular point, it is exactly
above a submarine floating 3500 m below the sea level. What is the vertical distance between
them?
A) 6 km C) 8 km
B) 7 km D) 9 km
9. The temperature at 12 noon was 12°C above zero. If it decreases at the rate of 3°C per hour
until midnight, at what time would the temperature be 12°C below zero?
A) 6 pm C) 8 pm
B) 7 pm D) 9 pm
10. A certain freezing process requires that room temperature be lowered from 20°C at the rate of
4°C every hour. What will be the room temperature 12 hours after the process begins?
A) -16°C C) -24°C
B) -20°C D) -28°C
Questions from 11 to 20 are subjective questions.
11. A merchant earns a profit of Re 2 by selling one pen and incurs a loss of 80 paise per pencil
while selling pencils of her old stock. In a particular month she incurs a loss of Rs. 20. In this
period, she sold 30 pens. How many pencils did she sell in this period?
12. The highest peak in the world Mt. Everest is 29,028 feet above the sea level. The lowest
elevation, Dead Sea is 1,312 feet below sea level. What is the difference between these two
elevations?

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Integers

13. The beginning of Roman civilization was marked in 509 BC and it ended in 476 AD. For how
long did the Roman civilization last?
14. Simplify the following
a) ( ) ( )
b) ( ) ( ( )) ( )
15. Sam was given two integers x and y such that x is predecessor of y. Find the value of y - x -
31.
16. On a particular day in Shimla, the temperature in the morning is -160C. Later in the day, the
temperature increased by 170C. Again at night, the temperature decreased by 30C. What was
the temperature at night?
17. A submarine is travelling at a speed of 220 mph at a depth of 1600 miles from sea level. To
avoid detection, it further goes down 220 miles. Later when it reaches safe zone, it ascends 440
miles. Finally, what is the depth of submarine from the sea level?
18. In a test of 60 marks taken by Anmol, he gets +3 marks for every correct answer and -1 for
every wrong answer. If he scores 32, how many questions did he attempt wrong considering he
attempted all the questions?
19. An ice- berg shrinks by one- fourth every month. If its current height is 6428 m. above sea
level. Calculate the height of the ice berg after 4 months.
20. A certain TV show has some viewers. If it gains 100 viewers per week and the current
number of viewers is 4500, calculate the number of viewers one and a half month ago.

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VII - CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

Instructions: This booklet can be used while watching videos. Keep filling the sheet as the videos
proceed.

1. Introduction

Have you ever thought about a life without numbers? Can you really imagine that?
A life without knowing when you are born! A life where you are not able to convey how
many chocolates you want from a shopkeeper! A life without mobile phone numbers! A
life in which how much money you have in your wallet!

Question 1. The numbers which are used for counting objects are called _____________.

Question 2. The number which is part of whole numbers and not a part of natural numbers is
________.

Question 3. The set of positive and negative integers together with 0 is called ___________.

Question 4. When we divide an integer by an another integer, the resulting number is always an
integer
(True/False).

a. Rational numbers

Numbers which are represented in the form where and are integers and are rational
numbers.

Set of numbers and their notation

Set of numbers Notation

Natural numbers N
Whole numbers W
Integers I or Z
Rational numbers Q

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VII - CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

Question 5. All the integers are rational numbers. Justify the statement.

(i) Numerator and denominator

is a rational number, where the integer is _______ and ( ) is ________.

A rational number whose numerator and denominator are 3 and -5 respectively is

_______.

Did you know?

The ancient Greek mathematician Pythagoras believed
that all numbers were rational,
but one of his students Hippasus proved
(using geometry, it is thought) that you
could not write the square root of 2 as
a fraction, and so it was irrational.
But followers of Pythagoras could not accept the existence
of irrational numbers, and it is said that Hippasus
was drowned at sea as a punishment from the gods!

Question 6. Write 4 rational numbers whose

(i) Numerator and denominator both are positive integers.

(ii) Numerator and denominator both are negative integers.

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VII - CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

(iii) Numerator is a negative integer and denominator is a positive integer.

(iv) Numerator is a positive integer and denominator is a negative integer.

(ii) Equivalent rational numbers

By multiplying the numerator and denominator of a rational number by the same non zero
integer, we obtain another rational number equivalent to the given rational number. This
is same as obtaining equivalent fractions.

Question 7. Find the value of from the following statement.

In , denominator 5 is multiplied by _____ gives 20.

Therefore, = _____________

Similarly,

_______

Similarly, division of the numerator and denominator by the same non-zero integer gives equivalent
rational numbers.

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VII - CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

Question 8. Using Question 7, find the value of from the following statement.

b. Positive and Negative Rational Numbers

 If both the numerator and denominator of a rational number are positive or

negative, then the rational number is ____________(Positive/Negative)

 If either of the numerator or denominator is negative, then the rational number is

_____________

Question 9. Classify the following rational numbers into positive and negative houses.

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VII - CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

c. Rational Numbers in Standard Form

Is a rational number? ________ (Yes/No)

Is there any common factor in both numerator and denominator other than 1?
______(Yes/No)
The common factor in numerator and denominator is _______.
Therefore, is not in its standard form.
Standard form of is ________________.

A rational number is said to be in the standard form if its denominator is a positive integer
and the numerator and denominator have no common factor other than 1.

Question 10. Reduce into standard form.

(i)

HCF of 48 and 32 is ___________.

Therefore, standard form is obtained by dividing the numerator and denominator by „-HCF‟,
which is equal to____________.

(ii)

Helping hand: to reduce the rational number to its standard form, we divide its numerator and
denominator by their HCF ignoring the negative sign, if any.
If there is negative sign in the denominator, divide by ‘– HCF’.

2. Representation of Rational Numbers on the Number Line

a. Representing on a Number Line

Question 11. Mark -3 on the number line given below.

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VII - CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

Question 12. Mark on the number line.

Question 13. Mark and on the number line.

Question 14. Mark on the number line.

Helping hand: The denominator of the rational number indicates the number of equal parts into
which the each unit is to be divided. The numerator indicates how many such parts are to be
considered.

b. Comparison of Rational Numbers

(i) Pair of positive rational numbers

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VII - CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

Question 15. Mark and on the number line and find which is greater.

We know that

The number which is on the right side of the other number is the greater.

Therefore,

_____>_____

(ii) Pair of negative rational numbers

Question 16. Mark and on the number line and find which is greater.

The number which is on the right side of the other number is the greater.

Therefore,

_____>_____

From Question 14 and Question 15; we can say that,

To compare two negative rational numbers, we compare them ignoring their negative signs and then
reverse the order.

(iii) A positive rational number and a negative rational number

Question 17. Mark and on the number line and find which is greater.

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VII - CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

The number which is on the right side of the other number is the greater.

Therefore,

_____>_____

It is obvious that, negative rational number lies on _________ of zero and positive rational
number lies on __________of zero.

c. Operations on Rational Numbers

(i) Addition

Question 18. Find:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

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VII - CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

Question 19. Find:

(i)

Therefore,

(ii)

Therefore,

(ii) Subtraction

Additive inverse:
Sum of a number and its additive inverse is equal to_____.
Additive inverse of is _____.

While subtracting two rational numbers, we add the additive inverse of the rational number that is
being subtracted, to the other rational number.

Question 20. Find:

(i)

Therefore,

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VII - CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

(iii) Multiplication

When a rational number is to be multiplied with an integer, we multiply the numerator by that
integer, keeping the denominator unchanged.

Question 21. Find the value of „House A‟, „House B‟ and multiply both.

Value of „House A‟=

Value of „House B‟=

Therefore,

(House A) (House B) =

Helping hand: Steps to be followed while multiplying two rational numbers.

 Multiply the numerators of the two rational numbers.

 Multiply the denominators of the two rational numbers.
 Write the results from the above steps as numerator and denominator respectively.
 Write the resulting rational number in standard form.

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VII - CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

(iv) Division

Product of a number and its reciprocal is _______

Reciprocal of is ____.

Reciprocal of is _____.

Question 22. From Question21, find :

Helping hand: To divide one rational number by the other rational number we multiply the rational
number by the reciprocal of the other.

3. Negatives and reciprocals

a. Negative of a number

If sum of two numbers is zero, then one number is called negative of the other number.

Question 23. Negative of a number is also called _____________________.

b. Reciprocal of a number

If the product of two rational numbers is 1 then one rational number is called the reciprocal or
multiplicative inverse of other rational number.

Question 24. If is a rational number, then _____ is its reciprocal.

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VII - CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

Question 25. Given: ( ) ( )

Find the value of if is additive inverse of and is multiplicative inverse of .

Did you know?

There is no rational number which when
multiplied by 0 gives 1. Thus zero has no reciprocal.

4. Rational numbers between two rational numbers

Question 26. How many natural numbers are there in between -5 and 3?

Question 27. Write 6 rational numbers between 2 and 4.

Number of rational numbers between two rational number is not definite. Any number of rational
numbers can be inserted between two rational numbers.

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VII - CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

Question 28. Find 4 rational numbers between and .

Helping hand: Take any two rational numbers and find their mean. It is also a rational number.

5. Properties of rational numbers

a. Closure property
Operation Closed (Yes/No)
Addition
Yes

Conclusion: Rational numbers are closed under addition

Subtraction

Conclusion:
Multiplication

Conclusion:

Division

Conclusion:

b. Commutative property

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VII - CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

(i) Commutative property for whole numbers and integers.

For any two whole numbers and ,

and

But, and

Therefore, addition and multiplication are commutative for whole numbers. Subtraction
and division are not commutative for whole numbers.

Question 29. Define commutative property for integers.

(ii) Commutative property for rational numbers.

Operation Commutative (Yes/No)
Addition

Conclusion: Addition is commutative for rational numbers.

Subtraction

Conclusion:
Multiplication

Conclusion:
Division

Conclusion:

c. Associative property

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VII - CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

(i) Associative property for whole numbers and integers

For any three whole numbers and ;

( ) ( ) and ( ) ( )

Therefore, addition and multiplication are associative for whole numbers. But
subtraction and division are not associative for whole numbers.

Similarly,

Addition and multiplication are associative for integers. But subtraction and division
are not associative for integers.

(ii) Associative property for rational numbers

Operation Associative (Yes/No)
Addition

( )

( )

Conclusion: Addition is associative for rational numbers

Subtraction

( )

( )

Conclusion:
Multiplication

( )

( )

Conclusion:

Division

( )

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VII - CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

( )

Conclusion:

d. Distributive property of multiplication over addition

For any three rational numbers and ;

( )

Question 30. Verify distributive property of multiplication over addition taking the numbers and
.

Solution:

( )

Question 31. Simplify the following using commutative or associative property.

Question 32. Simplify the following using distributive property.

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VII - CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

e. Additive identity

Question 33. What do you get when „zero‟ is added to a number?

Therefore zero is called the identity for addition or additive identity for rational numbers.

f. Multiplicative identity

Question 34. What do you get when a number is multiplied with 1?

Therefore, 1 is called the multiplicative identity for rational numbers.

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VII - CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

Instructions: Solve these problems after watching the videos.

Questions from 1 to 8 are MCQ’s.

1. If the multiplicative inverse of is , then value of (a+b) can be,
A) 3 B) 4 C) 5 D) 6
2. The equivalent fraction of and with a denominator of 30 is
A) C)
B) D) None of the above

3. Rational number which lies outside and is

A) C)
B) D) None of the above

4. For what value of „a‟ the number is not a rational number.

A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3
5. Rational numbers are not closed under
A) Addition C) Multiplication
B) Division D) Subtraction
6. A rational number is greater than if (for all positive )
A) C)
B) D)
7. What must be subtracted from to get ?
A) D) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
B)
C)
8. If the sum of three rational numbers is then what is the sum of the additive inverses of
the three rational numbers?
A) C)
B) D)
Questions from 9 to are 221 subjective.
9. Arrange these numbers in their decreasing order:
10. Simplify: 0 . / 2 . /31
11. After final exams, Karan gave of his books to Sarosh for studying and sold of the
remaining books to Gautham. If he had 360 books, how many did he sell?
12. Division of two irrational number can be rational. (True/False)
13. If , then any one of or can be irrational. Tell whether above statement is
correct or not. Then explain why so?
14. Write any three rational and irrational numbers between and

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VII - CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

15. Use the following figure and find the value of ( ) ( )

16. Explain whether rational numbers are close under addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division or not. Give at least one example for each operation.
17. Rakesh earns Rs.20000 per month. He spends of his income on food; of the remainder on
house rent and of the remainder on education of children. How much money is still left
with him?
18. Take any positive number find its inverse. Is the inverse is also positive? Same way what will
be inverse of a negative number.
19. If you have 50 chocolates and you distributed th of the chocolates among your friends then
number of chocolates remaining with you is ______.
20. If one-seventh of a number k is multiplied with itself which in result give the number 7, then
find the value of k.
21. A tin holds litres, then how many such tins will be required to hold litres of oil?

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Fractions and Decimals

Instructions: This booklet can be used while watching videos. Keep filling the sheet as the videos
proceed.

1. Introduction

If a pizza is divided into five equal parts, each part is said to be one-fifth of the whole and if
out of these 5 equal parts, 2 parts are eaten; we say that two-fifths of the pizza is eaten or
three – fifth of the pizza is left.
Write the terms one-fifth, two-fifths and three – fifth used in the above statement numerically.

The numbers written above are called ________________.

Question 1. Define fraction and represent the following shaded part into fraction.

Note: Every fraction can be expressed as , where a and b are integers and b ≠ 0 i.e.
denominator is not equal to zero.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Fractions and Decimals

Question 2. Construct a rectangle and try to shade th of the whole.

Question 3. Represent the following fractions on number line : , ,

Did you know?

Word “fraction” is derived from Latin word
“fractus” means “broken”

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Fractions and Decimals

2. Types of Fractions

Types of fractions Condition Examples

denominator is 10 or highest
Decimal fraction power of 10

denominator is greater than

Proper fraction its numerator

Denominator is less than its

Improper fraction numerator

Consists of an integer and a

Mixed fraction proper fraction.

If the numerator is equal to

Unity fraction denominator

Question 4. Convert (i) 3 into improper fractions. (ii) into mixed fractions.

Note: The value of fraction remains the same if both its numerator and denominator are multiplied or
divided by same non-zero number.
Question 5. Express , into decimal fraction.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Fractions and Decimals

a. Reducing a given fraction to its lowest term

Method:
First of all find the H.C.F of the both numerator and denominator of the given fraction.
Then, divide each term by its H.C.F.

Question 6. Reduce to its lowest form: (i) (ii) (iii)

Alternative Method: Reduce both numerator and denominator into their prime factors, then
cancel out the common factors among both.

b. Equivalent fractions: Fractions having same values in their simplest fom are called
equivalent fractions.

Question 7. State whether and are equivalent frcation or not.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Fractions and Decimals

Question 8. A rectangular sheet has length 2 cm and breadth 3 cm. Find the perimeter of the
rectangle.

c. Simple and Complex Fractions

Question 9. Explain simple and complex fractions with proper examples.

d. Like and Unlike Fractions

Fractions having the same denominator are called ___________.
Fractions having different denominator are called ___________.

Question 10. Convert , and to like fractions.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Fractions and Decimals

3. Fraction Multiplied with a Whole Number and "of" Operator

The word “of” between any two fractions is to be used as multiplication.

Question 11. Rashid has 16 marbles. Pratik has th of the number of marbles what Rashid has. How
many marbles Pratik has?

Question 12. In a class of 40 students, th of total students like to study Mathematics, th of total
students like to study Science and remaining like to study Social science.
(i) Total number of student who like to study Mathematics
(ii) Total number of student who like to study Science
(iii) Total number of student who like to study Social Science

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Fractions and Decimals

Question 13. Find the value of:

(i) of = _______________

(ii) of 125 = ______________

(iii) of = ______________

Question 14. Find the area of rectangle whose length is 3 cm and breadth is cm.

a. To Multiply fraction with an integer

To multiply a fraction with an integer, multiply its numerator with the integers.
× 5 = _________

-7 = __________

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Fractions and Decimals

4. Fraction multiplied with a Fraction

a. To Multiply two or more fractions

To multiply two or more fractions, multiply their numerator together and their
denominator separately together.
Question 15. Find the product of following:

(i) ×
(ii) ×
(iii) ×

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Fractions and Decimals

5. Value of Product

We know that the product of two whole numbers are always greater than each of these two
whole number. For example: 2 × 3 = 6 which is greater than both 2 and 3.

Question 16. What happens to the product when we multiply two fractions? (Explain by taking
example of both proper and improper fraction)

6. Fraction division by whole Number

To divide one fraction by some whole number, multiply the first by the reciprocal of second.

Question 17. Define reciprocal of a number with an example.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Fractions and Decimals

Question 18. Divide the following:

÷ 2 = _________

4÷ = _________

8 ÷ = _________

7. Division of fraction with fraction

As earlier discussed, to divide one fraction by some other fraction, multiply the first with the
reciprocal of second fraction.

Question 19. Find the value of following:

(i) ÷
(ii) ÷
(iii) 3 ÷

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Fractions and Decimals

8. Place Value Expressions

Decimals: A decimal number is a fraction whose denominator can be expressed as 10 or

some higher power of 10.

Note:
 When there is no number to the left of the decimal point, a zero is written i.e, .35 is
written as 0.35
 Any extra zero written after the decimal part of a number does not changes its value.i.
e,4.6, 4.60 and 4.600 are of same value.

In decimal system, the first place represents „tenth place’, second place to the right of
decimal is called „hundredths place’ and so on.
Similarly, the first place on the left of decimal is the units place, the second place on the left
of decimals is the tens place and so on.

Did you know?

Ten fingers on two hands, is the possible
starting point of the decimal counting.

Question 20. Which is greater?

(i) 0.0067 or 0.0098
(ii) 0.043 or 0.78
(iii) 0.00124 or 1.236

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Fractions and Decimals

Question 21. Express the following using decimals
(i) 7 m and 46 mm
(ii) 7 km and 34 cm
(iii) 77 rupees and 34 paise

Question 22. Convert each of the following into decimal fraction:

(i) 5

(ii)

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Fractions and Decimals

9. Multiplications of Decimals
a. Multiplication of decimal number by another decimal number

 Multiply the two decimals in normal way, ignoring their decimals.

 In the product, from the right count the digits equal to the sum of decimal places
in the two decimals and fix the decimal point.

Question 23. Find the value of:

(i) 0.01 × 0.004 = _______________

(ii) 0.81 × 0.1 = _________________

(iii) 2.5 × 1.5 = __________________

(iv) 1.5 × 0.025 = ________________

Multiplication of decimal number by a whole number

 Multiply the two decimals in normal way, ignoring their decimals.

 In the product, from the right count the digits equal to the decimal places in the
decimal number and fix the decimal point.

Question 24. Find the value of:

(i) 12.8 4 = ______________________

(ii) 5.037 8 = ______________________

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Fractions and Decimals

10. Multiplication by 10, 100, 1000 etc.:

Step: Shift the decimal point, in the decimal number, to the right by as many as digits as there
are zeroes in the multiplier.

Question 25. Find the value of:

(i) 0.0152 × 100 = __________

(ii) 0.00897 × 10 = __________

(iii) 0.000001 × 100000 = __________

(iv) 0.125 × 10 = ____________

11. Division of Decimals

a. Division by 10, 100, 1000 etc:

While dividing a decimal by a 10,100,1000 etc shift the decimal points to the left by as
many digits as there are zeroes in the divisor.

Question 26. Find the value of following:

(i) 456 ÷ 100 = ____________

(ii) 0.014 ÷ 10 = ___________

(iii) 0.0167 ÷ 1000 = ___________

12. Division by a whole number :

While dividing a decimal by a whole number, divide in the normal manner, ignoring the
decimal point and mark the decimal point in the quotient, while just crossing over the
decimal points in the dividend.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Fractions and Decimals

Question 27. Find the value of:
(i) 34.32 ÷ 4
(ii) 0.945 ÷ 9

13. Division of decimal number by another decimal number

While dividing a decimal by decimal number, shift the decimal points of the dividend and the
divisor both by as many equal number of digits, so that the divisor converts into a whole
number.

Question 28. Evaluate:

(i) 257.894 ÷ 0.169
(ii) 0.125 ÷ 0.25
(iii) 0.56 ÷ 0.11

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Fractions and Decimals

14. Infinity

Infinity (symbol: ∞) is an abstract concept describing something without any bound or larger
than any number. In mathematics, "infinity" is often treated as if it were a number (i.e., it
counts or measures things: "an infinite number of terms") but it is not the same sort of number
as natural or real numbers.

Did you know?

The earliest recorded idea of infinity comes from Anaximander,
a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus

Did you know?

The mathematical theory of infinity was created, almost single-handedly,
by the German mathematician Georg Cantor at the end of the
19th century.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Fractions and Decimals

Instructions: Solve these problems after watching the videos.

Questions from 1 to 5 are MCQ’s

1. The equivalent fraction of is

A. C.
B. D. None of these

2. Value of : - + is

A. C.
B. D. None of these

3. A rectangle sheet of paper is 12 cm long and cm wide. Then its perimeter is

A. C.
B. D.
4. Multiply and express as a mixed fraction: 4 × 6 .
A. 25 C. 24
B. 25 D. 23
5. Express as rupee using decimals: 77 rupees 77 paisa
A. Rs. 77.077 C. Rs. 77.07
B. Rs. 77.77 D. None of these
Questions from 6 to 20 are subjective questions
6. Arjun pays th of the cost price of a television in cash. He pays the rest of the amount in 13
monthly instalments of Rs. 200 each. Find the cost price of the TV.
7. Ajit and kunal paid and of the total cost of a comic book. If the book cost Rs. 84, how
much did each of them paid?
8. A piece of wire m long was cut into two pieces. The first piece was m long. Find the
length of remaining part.
9. Rina weighs 66 kg. Gauri‟s weight is of Rina‟s weight. Find Gauri‟s weight and difference
between their weights.
10. Multiply 6.4237 by 9.52.
11. Write the following as decimals: 3 × 10 + 4 × 1 + 7×
12. The product of two numbers is 42.611. If one number is 257, find the other.
13. Find the value: 0.00567 ÷ 0.014
14. Add 1.34 m , 36.02 m, 8.40 m, 7.63 and 212.45 m
15. The cost of 13 balls is Rs. 152.25. Find the cost of each ball.
16. The cost of 1 m of cloth is Rs. 143.25. Find the cost of 3.20 m of cloth.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Fractions and Decimals

17. Convert the following recurring decimals into fraction: a) 0.2 ̅ b) ̅̅̅̅
18. Find the following : Rs. 36.24 + Rs. 12.25 – Rs. 32.02 + Rs. 42.50
19. Express (i) 1.0385 (ii) 0.0010385 correct to 3 significant figures.
20. Write (i) 6.132 (ii) 15.6489 correct to two places of decimals.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Powers and Exponents

Instructions: This booklet can be used while watching videos. Keep filling the sheet as the videos
proceed.

1. Introduction

Question 1. Can you explain how addition of the same number many times and multiplication of two
numbers are connected?

Hint: Think about adding the number 5, six times and multiplying 5 with 6.

Question 2. Is there any difference between the two terms: 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 and 24? Explain.

Question 3. Evaluate:

a)
b)
c)

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Powers and Exponents

2. Visualisation of Powers and Exponents

A power is the product of multiplying a number by itself. The number which is being
multiplied is called the base and how many times the number is multiplied is called the
exponent. The exponent is written on the right top of the base.

Did you know?

The term power was first used by Greek
mathematician Euclid for the square
of a line.

 Misconception: ‘Power’ and ‘Exponent’ are same.

 Clarification:

Figure 1:Exponential form of a number

In the above figure, „ ‟ is base.

„ ‟ is exponent.
as a whole is power.

Question 4. A small cubical box is considered as 2 units. Find the number of cubical box present in a
large one if it is considered as 24.

a. Value of
By the definition, the exponent shows how many times the base is multiplied by itself.
Here it's multiplied only one time, that is why it equals itself.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Powers and Exponents

b. Meaning of negative exponents.

In a number , it is not always necessary that should be a natural number, can be

even negative number also.

The reciprocal of is written as .

Note: is the multiplicative inverse of because if you multiply and , you

end upgetting 1 as product.

3. Laws of Exponents
Did you know?
The word exponent was introduced
in 1544 by Michael Stifel

a. Law of Multiplication

If m and n are natural numbers, then

Now, ( ) ( )

( )

Thus,

This is the law of multiplication.

Note: The law of multiplication can be extended to more powers. For example,

Question 5. Simplify ( ) ( )

Note: ( ) = ; if is an even number.

( ) = ; if is an odd number.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Powers and Exponents

b. Law of division

If and are natural number , where , then

On cancelling n factors in the numerator with those in the denominator, we will be left
with
– factors in the numerator , since .

Therefore, the quotient becomes ( – ) times.

When , there will be more factors in the denominator than in the numerator.

When , Number of factors of numerator and denominators are same.

= =1

(i) The value of

Using the above case 3 we can prove =1
Proof :

Question 6. Simplify ( )

Hint: For any non zerointeger , = where a is a positive integer.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Powers and Exponents

c. Law of powers

If and are natural number, then

( )

The law of powers is,( )

Question 7. Simplify ,*( ) + -

d. Powers of a product

If is a natural number, then

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )

Therefore,

( )

Question 8. Simplify

e. Power of the quotient

. /

Note : All the laws of exponents are applicable for negative and fractional indices.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Powers and Exponents

Question 9. Simplify . / . /

4. Questions on Law of Exponents

Question 10. Find the value of (15559)0.

Question 11. What is the value of . / ?

–
Question 12. If and , then what is the value of ( ) ?

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Powers and Exponents

Question 13. Solve

Question 14. Evaluate [{(5-1)-1}-1]-1

Question 15. Find the value of ( ) ( ) .

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Powers and Exponents

5. Use of Exponents
Exponents are used to express very large numbers or very small numbers effectively. The
number in the new form is called standard form.

Question 16. Express the following numbers in their standard form:

a) 0.000000132
b) 0.00000000000542
c) 0.00000000000089

Question 17. Express the following numbers in their normal form:

a) 3.02 10-9
b) 11.26 10-4

Note: Exponents are used to compare very large numbers and very small numbers.

For example: To compare the diameter of the sun and diameter of the moon

Diameter of the sun = 1.4 × 109km

Diameter of the moon = 3474 km

Hence, we can conclude that sun is larger than moon but when seen from earth, they appeared to
be of same size.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Powers and Exponents

Instructions: Solve these problems after watching the videos.

Questions from 1 to 5 are MCQ’s.

1. Which one is greater 72 or 27?

A) 72 C) Both are equal
B) 27 D) None of these
2. Find the value of (√ ) .
A) 1 B) 0 C) 2 D) 1.732
3. Find the value of ((22) × (2-2)) × 22.
A) 2 B) 1 C) 0 D) 4
4. Find the value of
A) 16 B) 9 C) 3 D) 4
-4
5. Find the value of 16 × 2 .
A) 1 C) 64
B) 32 D) None of these
Questions from 6 to 20 are subjective questions.
6. Can you tell which one is greater: (62), (2-4), ( )?
7. Write exponential form of 64 × 64 × 64 × 64 taking base 2.
8. Simplify and write the answer in exponential form: (7-2 × 74) ÷ ( )
9. Simplify and write the answer in exponential form:[(22)3 × 36] × 56

10. Simplify :
11. Find the value of (64 × ) ÷ 62

12. Simplify:
13. Find the value of (20 × 30) ÷
14. Say true or false and justify your answer:
10 × 1011 = 10011
100 = 3330
15. Find the value of (100 × 2-1) ÷ (24 ÷ 2-2)
16. Express the following in standard form:
(i) 8976.32
(ii) 3,456,000
(iii) 90876.01
17. Write the number from each of the following expanded form:
(i) 5 × 103 + 2 ×102 + 3 × 10 + 2
(ii) 7 × 105 + 2 × 102 + 9
18. Express the number appearing in the following statement in standard form:
(i) The mass of earth is 5467000000000 kg
(ii) The diameter of the sun is 1392000 km

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Powers and Exponents

( )
19. Simplify the following:

20. Simplify the following : × 52 ×

( )

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Algebraic Expressions

Instructions: This booklet can be used while watching videos. Keep filling the sheet as the videos
proceed.

1. Introduction

Algebra has its own language of symbols. Like any other language, you first must learn the basic
vocabulary and the correct ways to structure sentences.

Question 1. What is the use of algebraic expressions in mathematics?

Question 2. Write 3 examples for simple algebraic expressions.

Question 3. Write an expression to find the perimeter of the following figure.

Figure 1

2. Definition of a Variable

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Algebraic Expressions

Question 4. Write down the difference between a constant and a variable.

Classify the following as constants and variables.
a. 5 d. Number of months in an year
b. e. Height of students in a class
f. 2x
c. Temperature at different times of a
g. 4a
day

Constant Variable

3. Formation of Algebraic Expressions

Question 5. How is the expression formed.

Hint: is obtained by multiplying by itself.

Question 6. Write algebraic expressions for the following conditions.

a) Twice a number, decreased by forty-one.

b) Number 5 added to three times the product of numbers m and n.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Algebraic Expressions

a. Terms of an Expression

Question 7. Define terms of an expression.

Question 8. Write down the terms of the expression .

Question 9. “Terms are added to get an expression”. Why not “Terms are subtracted to get an
expression”?

(i) Factors of a term

Question 10. Factors of a term are separated by ______________ (Addition/Multiplication).

Question 11. Complete the flow chart.

Expression Terms Factors

_____
_____ _____
5x2 - _____
4xy
_____
_____ _____
_____

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Algebraic Expressions

Expression Terms Factors

_____
-4m2 _____

_______
8

_____ m

(ii) Coefficients

Question 12. Write down the terms of the following expressions and their coefficients.

Expression Terms Coefficients

4. Like and Unlike Terms

Question 13. Write down the algebraic factors of the following terms.

Terms Algebraic factors

Helping hand: Algebraic factors contain only variable.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Algebraic Expressions

Question 14. Classify the terms in Question 13 as follows.

Terms having same algebraic factors Terms having different algebraic factors

Question 15. Write the difference between like terms and unlike terms. Give examples.

Like terms Unlike terms

Following steps help to decide if the given terms are like terms or unlike terms.
 Consider the algebraic factors. Ignore the numerical coefficients.
 Check the variables in the terms. They must be same.
 Check the powers of each variable in the terms. Powers of each variable should be same.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Algebraic Expressions

5. Monomial, Binomial, Trinomial and Polynomial

Question 16. Write down the number of unlike terms in the following expressions.

Expression Number of unlike terms

Question 17. Using the table in Question16, define monomial, binomial, trinomial and polynomial.
Give examples.

Monomial Binomial Trinomial Polynomial

6. Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Expressions

Note: Sum of two or more like terms is a like term with a numerical coefficient equal to the sum of the
numerical coefficients of all the like terms. Similarly, the difference between two like terms is a like
term with a numerical coefficient equal to the difference between the numerical coefficients of the two
like terms.

Question 18. Complete the following table.

Algebraic Expressions Result

( ) ( )

( )

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Algebraic Expressions

Question 19. What should be added to to obtain .

Hint: 2 is added to 3 to get 5.

7. Expressions with Variables

Question 20. Find the value of the following expressions.

Expression When Value of the expression

Question 21. Value of the expression is 5 when . Find the value of .

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Algebraic Expressions

8. What is an Equation?

Question 22. Complete the following table with formulas for perimeter and area.

Perimeter
Equilateral triangle (S )
Square (S )
Regular pentagon (S )
Area
Square (S )
Rectangle ( )
Triangle ( )

Question 23. Pratik went for jogging in a square shaped park .He covered 212 meters after completing
one round of running. Find the value of if length of one side of the park is ( ) meters.

9. Solving an Equation

Question 24. Find the value of x in the equation

Helping hand: While solving an equation,

 Same number can be added to (or subtracted from) both sides of the equation.
 Both sides of the equation can be multiplied or divided by same non- zero number.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Algebraic Expressions

10. Algebra as Patterns

a. Number patterns

Question 25. If a natural number is denoted as then

(a) Its successor is ______.

(b) Even numbers are denoted as ________.

(c) Odd numbers are denoted as _______.

Question 26. Following table shows different patterns and the number of matchsticks used to make it.
Match them accordingly.

b. Pattern in geometry

Number of diagonals which can be drawn from one vertex of a triangle is ______
Number of diagonals which can be drawn from one vertex of a rectangle are ______
Number of diagonals which can be drawn from one vertex of a pentagon is ______
In general, number of diagonals which can be drawn from one vertex of a polygon having sides is
______.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Algebraic Expressions

11. Word Problems

Question 27. “A number multiplied by 2, then decreased by 41 is 3”. Write an equation for the
statement and find the number.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Algebraic Expressions

Instructions: Solve these problems after watching the videos.

Questions from 1 to 5 are MCQ’s.

1. If 6 is added to three times the product of two numbers m and n, then expression will be
a. mn + 6 c. 3mn + 6
b. 3 + 6 mn d. m + 6 + 3n
2. Coefficient of term in expression – is?
a. 1 b. 3 c. 2 d. -3
3. Value of expression if and
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. -1
4. Observe the pattern given below 1,4,9,16,25...... Then term at position will be given by
expression
a. n +3 b. 2n c. n -3 d. n2
5. Value of the expression ( )( ) when and is
a. 13 b. 17 c. 15 d. 16

Questions from 6 to 20 are subjective questions.

6. Find the sum of the following expressions

7. Will the value of for be greater than or less than 15? Explain.
8. Each symbol given below represents an algebraic expression written in it:

Find the value of

9. Sonu and Raju have to collect different kinds of leaves for science project. They went to park
where Sonu collected 12 leaves and Raju collected leaves. After sometime Sonu lost 3 leaves
and Raju collects moreleaves. Write an algebraic expression to find the total number of leaves
collected by both of them.
10. Rohit‟s mother gave him Rs. and his father gave him Rs. ( ).Out of this total
money, he spent Rs. ( ) on his birthday party. How much money is left with him?
11. Two adjacent sides of a rectangle are and .Find its perimeter.
12. Simplify (a + b) (2a – 3b + c) – (2a – 3b) c.
13. The perimeter of a triangle is 6p2 - 4p + 9 and two of its adjacent side is p2 - 2p + 1 and 3p2 - 5p
+ 3. Find third side of triangle.
14. Diya is 3 times as old as her cousin. The total of their ages is 36 years. How old is Diya‟s cousin?
15. The number of children at the library was 3 times the number of adults. The total number of
people at the library was 48. How many children were at the library?
16. Numerical coefficients of terms of expression are __,__,__ respectively.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Algebraic Expressions

17. When a monomial is multiplied with a binomial, resultant is a binomial. Explain with an example.
18. Sum of coefficients of the expression is 5. Find the value of the constant .
19. What is the number of diagonals that can be drawn from one vertices of a polygon having „n‟
sides? What if the polygon is an octagon?
20. Simplify the expression . Is it a monomial? Why?

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Simple Equations

Instructions: This booklet can be used while watching videos. Keep filling the sheet as the videos
proceed.

1. Introduction

Pratik and Rashid were playing a game. Rashid asked Pratik to think about a number and multiply that
number with 2 and add 5 to the product. Then he asked Rashid to tell the result. According to Rashid,
the final number is 25.

Question 1. Help Pratik in finding the number. Represent the given condition mathematically.

Question 2. Define variable.

Question 3.What is the difference between a variable and a constant?

Variable Constant

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Simple Equations

a. What is an Equation?

An equation is a condition on a variable. The condition is that two expressions should have equal
value. Note that atleast one of the two expression must contain the variable.

An equation remains same, when the expressions in LHS and RHS are interchanged.

Note: If there is some sign other than the equality sign between the LHS and the RHS, it is not an
equation. Thus, 2x + 2 > 65 is not an equation.

Question 4. What is the importance of an equality sign in an equation?

Question 5. What is the difference between an equation and an algebraic expression?

Equation Algebraic expression

Question 6. What are the mathematical operations involved in mathematical expressions?

Mathematical equations are not just useful, many are quite beautiful.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Simple Equations

Did you know?

Pythagorean Theorem, which every geometry student learns.
This equation describes how, for any right – angled triangle, the
square of the length of the hypotenuse(c) equals the sum of the
squares of the lengths of the other two sides (a and b).
Thus

Question 7. Write the following statements in the form of equations:

(vi) The sum of 4 times and 11 is 42
(vii) 2 times of is equal to 4 times of 3

Question 8. Convert the following equations to statement form:

(i) 3x + 4 = -1
(ii) 2x – 8 = 0

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Simple Equations

Question 9. Sum of two numbers is 56. One number is 8 more than the other number. Set up an
equation for the following condition?

Did you know?

Euler‟s equation, this simple equation explains about the

nature of spheres. “It says that if you cut the surface of a sphre up
into faces, edges and vertices, and let F be the number of faces,
E the number of edges and V the number of vertices, you
will always get

b. Linear Equation In one variable:

An equation which has highest power of variable as 1.

Note: There is no restriction on the number of variable to classify an equation as linear, but these
variables should appear in power 1 only.

Question 10. Find out which of the following are examples of linear equation in one variable.

2x + 4, 2xy – 3, x2, (x + 1) (x – 1), (2x + 1), (yzx – 9)

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Simple Equations

2. Solving Linear Equations

In an equation, the expression on LHS and the expression on RHS are equal and this is true only for
one value of the variable which is called the solution of the equation.

How do we solve these equations to get the value of the variable?

a. Solving equations which have linear expressions on one side and numbers on the other side.
(i) By adding, subtracting, multiplying or dividing by the same number on either side.

The expressions on either side of the equation are always equal to each other. So, if some
mathematical operations are performed on both sides of an equation, the equality does not change.

Question 11. Multiply the following equations by 2 and check whether they are same before and
after.

1. 3x + 4 = 2x – 2
2. 2y + 1 = y – 1

Hint: Check whether the solution remains same or not.

Note: When both sides of an equation are multiplied, added, subtracted or divided by the same non –
zero quantity, the equality does not change. However, division by zero is not permitted, as it is not
defined.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Simple Equations

Question 12. Solve the following equations:

(i) 2x – 6 = -8
(ii) 3x + 2 = -7

(ii) Transposition method.

In this method, the number or a variable is transposed to other side. It is same as adding or subtracting
the number from both sides. In doing so, the sign of the number has to be changed. What applies to
the numbers also applies to expressions.

Question 13. Solve by transpose method, 3p -10 = 5

Question 14.Solve

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Simple Equations

Question 15.Sum of digits of two digits number is 8. The digit in tens place is thrice the digit in unit
place. Find the number.

b. Solving equations having variables on both sides.

Question 16. Find the solution of 4x + 12 = 2x – 2

Question 17. Find the solution of 2x + 1 = 3x – 5

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Simple Equations

Question 18.Sum of digits of a two digit number is 9. If 27 is added to the number, the digits of the
original number get interchanged. Find the original number.

c. Cross multiplication method:

Question 19.Solve

Question 20. Solve =

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Simple Equations

d. Application of liner equations to practical problems:

Many day-to-day problems can be solved by framing equations. These problems involve relations
among variables and numbers. The process consists of two parts, formulation and solution.

Question 21.The perimeter of a rectangle is 36 cm. If the length of the rectangle is 4 cm. Find its
length.

3. Equations Reducible to Linear Form

Question 22. State whether the following equation is linear. If yes, solve it.

There are some equations which are not linear but we can put them in the form of linear equation by
doing some mathematical operations e.g. by multiplying both the sides of the equation by a suitable
expression.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Simple Equations

Question 23. The ratio of the present age of Manas and his wife is 4: 3. After 4 years, the ratio of their
ages will be 9: 7. What is the present age of Manas?

Question 24.The denominator of a rational number is greater than its numerator by 5. If the number is
increased by 10 and the denominator is decreased by 3, the new number becomes 2. Find the original
number.

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VII - CBSE Mathematics – Linear Equations in One variable

Instructions: Solve these problems after watching the videos.

Questions from 1 to 5 are MCQ’s

1. Sum of three consecutive multiple of 6 is 666. One of these multiple is
a. 210 b. 222 c. 234 d. 240
2. 3x + 4 = 0 is
a. A linear polynomial c. A linear equation in one variable
b. A binomial d. None of these
3. What should be added to rational number to get ?
a. c.
b. d. None of these
4. The perimeter of a rectangle is 24 cm. If the length of the rectangle is 3cm, then its breadth is
a. 9 cm c. 10 cm
b. 11 cm d. 12 cm
5. The ratio of Vimal‟s age and Arun‟s age is 3: 5 and sum of their ages is 80 years. The ratio of
their ages after 10 years will be
a. 3:2 c. 2:1
b. 1:2 d. 2:3

Questions from 6 to 20 are subjective questions

6. Solve : =
7. Two numbers are in ratio of 5:3. If they differ by 18, what are the numbers?
8. Sum of four consecutive odd numbers is 40. Find the numbers.
9. A number is twice another number. If their sum is 96, what are the numbers?
10. The difference between two numbers is 18. If their sum is 86, what are the numbers?
11. When a number is multiplied by 4 and then diminished by 7, the result is 65. What is the number?
12. The sum of two numbers is 45 and their ratio is 7: 8. Find the numbers.
13. Sheela is now 15 years older than her younger brother Sanjay. Ten years from now Sheela will be
twice as old as Sanjay. Find the present age of each.
14. The denominator of a rational number is greater than its numerator by 3. Find the fraction.
15. Solve: 4 + 3x = ( 6x – 2)
16. Find three consecutive even numbers whose sum is 96.
17. A box of sweets is divided among 24 children. They will get 5 sweets each. How many would
each get, if the number of children is reduced by 4.
18. Solve the equation: = ( x + 10 )
19. One number is three times another. If the larger number is subtracted from 60, the result is 5 less
than the smaller number subtracted from 55. Find the numbers.
( ) ( )
20. Solve the equation: =

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Lines and Angles

Instructions: This booklet can be used while watching videos. Keep filling the sheet as the videos
proceed.

1. Introduction to Geometry

Geometry is a subject in mathematics that focuses on the study of shapes, sizes, relative
configurations, and spatial properties. Derived from the Greek word meaning "earth measurement,"
geometry is one of the oldest sciences. It was first formally organized by the Greek mathematician
Euclid around 300 BC. Geometry has been the subject of countless developments.

This discussion primarily focuses on the properties of lines, points, and angles.

Question 1. Differentiate between a line and a line segment.

Line Line Segment

Question 2. Can you identify the number of angles present in the given figure?

Figure 1

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Lines and Angles

Question 3. What is the minimum number of lines or line segments required to form an angle?

Question 4. Can you name all the angles present in the given figure?

Figure 2

Question 5. What are Triangular Numbers? Explain briefly.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Lines and Angles

2. Intersecting Lines and Pairs of Angles
 Misconception:Size of an angle depends on the length of its arms or its
orientation.
 Clarification:

Figure 3: Angle

In the above figure, both the angles are equal to 45 irrespective of length of their arms or orientation.

a. Types of Angles

(i) Acute angle :

An acute angle is an angle which is smaller than 90°.

Question 6. Find the total number of acute angles present in the given figure and name them.

Figure 4

(ii) Obtuse Angle:

Obtuse angle is an angle which is _______________ than 90°.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Lines and Angles

Question 7. What is a right angle? Explain with figure.

Question 8. What do you mean by a straight angle? Explain.

Question 9. What is the measure of a whole (complete) angle?

b. Complementary Angles :

When the sum of the measure of two angle is 90°, then the angles are called complementary angles.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Lines and Angles

Question 10. Can you pair the following angles as complementary angles? How many pairs are
possible?

Figure 5

Note: If two angles are complementary, each angle is said to be the complement of other angle and
vice versa.

Did you know?

The word angle comes from the Latin word
angulus, meaning “corner”

Question 11. Can two obtuse angles be complement of each other? Explain why?

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Lines and Angles

Question 12. The measure of two complementary angles are given as 2x + 10° and 3x - 20. Find the
measure of each angle.

c. Supplementary Angles:

Pair of angles whose sum is equal to 180° are known as supplementary angles.

Question 13. What will be the measure of the supplement of each of the following:
(i) 58°
(ii) 112°
(iii) 145°

Question 14. Pair of supplementary angles are given as 4x + 45° and 6x + 35°. Find the measure of
each of the angles.

Note: If the two angles are supplementary, their sum should be equal to 180°.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Lines and Angles

d. Adjacent Angles

Two angles are said to be adjacent if:

(i) They have a common vertex.

(ii) They have a common arm.
(iii) The non- common arm are on either side of the common arm.

Question 15. State whether angles marked in the figure are adjacent or not. Why?

Figure 6

Question 16. Can two right angles be adjacent angles?

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Lines and Angles

Did you know?

Great Mathematician Eudemus first
used the concept of an angle, who
regarded an angle as a deviation
from a straight line.

e. Linear Pair

Linear pair of angles is a pair of adjacent angles which are supplementary.

Question 17. Find which of the following is a linear pair and explain why?

Figure 2

f. Vertically Opposite Angles

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Lines and Angles

Question 18. Take two pencils and tie them with the help of a rubber band in the middle. Can you
name vertically opposite angles if AB and CD are written on the end of the pencil?

Note: When two lines intersect, the vertically opposite angles are equal.

Question 19. In the given figure, find the value of x.

Figure 8

g. Intersecting Lines

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Lines and Angles

Question 20. Can you list out what do all have common in the following:
(i) Y
(ii) X
(iii) H

Question 21. Name all the intersecting lines present in the given figure.

Figure 9

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Lines and Angles

Question 22. Find the measure of the angles made by intersecting lines (sides) at the vertices of an
equilateral triangle.

3. Parallel Lines and a Transversal

a. Transversal Lines

You might have seen railway tracks crossing two or more railway tracks. These can give an idea
about transversal.

A line that intersects two or more lines at distinct points is called a „transversal‟.

Question 23. How many transversals can you draw for the given two lines p and q?

Figure 10

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Lines and Angles

b. Angles Made by a Transversal

Question 24. Name the pair of angles in the given figure:

Figure 11

Note: Corresponding angles includ ,(i) different vertices (ii) are on the same side of transversal

Question 25. Explain the condition required for two angles to be alternate interior angles.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Lines and Angles

Question 26. Name the pair of angles in each figure.

Figure 12

c. Transversal of Parallel Lines

Question 27. Define parallel lines and explain with an example.

 If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, each pair of corresponding angles are equal in
measure.
 If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, each pair of alternate angles are equal.
 If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then each pair of interior angles on the same side
of the transversal are supplementary.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Lines and Angles

Question 28. In the following figure, is parallel to ?

Figure 3

4. Basic Properties of Triangle

Theorem 1: Sum of the angles of a triangle is 180°

Consider a triangle PQR, draw a line XY through P such that XY∥QR

Figure 4: Triangle PQR

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Lines and Angles

Proof: XPY is a straight line.

So, ∠4+∠1+∠5 = __________. ------- (1)

But XY∥QR; PQ, PR are transversals.

∠4 = ∠2. Similarly, ∠5 = ________. (Why?) (By ___________________)

Substituting the values in (1)

We get, ___+∠1+ _____ = 180

Question 29. If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 4, determine all the angles of
triangle.

Question 30.What is an exterior angle of a triangle?

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Lines and Angles

Theorem 2: An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the corresponding two interior
opposite angles. Consider a triangle PQR, extend QR to S. ∠PRS is an exterior angle.

Figure 5: Exterior angle

Proof:∠3 +∠4 = 180 --------(1)(Since they are __________________)

Also ∠1+∠2+∠3 = ________ -----------(2)(By __________________________)

From (1) and (2),

∠4= ∠1+∠2

Question 31.In the given figure, sides BA and CB of ΔABC are produced to point D and E
respectively. If ∠DAC = 135 and ∠ABE = 110 . Find ∠ACB.

Figure 6: Triangle ABC

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Lines And Angles

Instructions: Solve these problems after watching the videos.

Questions from 1 to 5 are MCQ’s

1. Which of the following is a pair of complementary angles?
a. 45°, 65° c. 55°, 35°
b. 125°, 55° d. 90°, 90°
2. Which of the following is a pair of supplementary angles?
a. 45°, 65° c. 45°, 45°
b. 125, 55° d. None of these
3. Two angles can be supplementary if both of them are:
a. Acute angles c. Right angles
b. Obtuse angles d. None of these
4. Which of following is a pair of vertically opposite angles?

a. 1 and 2 c. 2 and 3
b. 1 and 4 d. 1 and 5
5. Which of the following is a pair of linear angles?

a. 1 and 3
b. 3 and 4
c. 1 and 5
d. 2 and 4

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Lines And Angles

Questions from 6 to 20 are subjective questions.

6. Find the value of ∠1, ∠2 and ∠3.

7. Find the value of x.

8. Find the value of x.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Lines And Angles

9. Find the value of x°.

10. Find the complement of of of a right angle.

11. In the given figure, ∠1 and ∠2 are supplementary angles. If ∠1 is decreased, what changes should
take place in ∠2 so that both the angles still remain supplementary.

12. In the adjoining figure, name the following pairs of angles.

(i) Obtuse vertically opposite angles
(ii) Adjacent complementary angles
(iii) Adjacent angles that do not form a linear pair

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Lines And Angles

13. In the adjoining figure, p is parallel to q. Find the unknown angles.

14. Find the value of x in the figure if is parallel to

15. Find the value of x and y in the given figure.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Lines And Angles

16. Find the value of x if and are parallel.

17. Find the value of x if and are parallel.

18. Find the measure of all angles of ∆ABC.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Lines And Angles

19. Find the value of all angles in the given triangle.

20. Find the value of x in the given figure.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Triangles and its Properties

Instructions: This booklet can be used while watching videos. Keep filling the sheet as the videos
proceed.

1. Introduction to Triangles

Question 1. Find the total number of triangles in the given figure.

Figure 7: Triangle

Question 2. How many angles are there in a triangle?

Question 3. Can we classify triangles based on sides?

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Triangles and its Properties

Question 4. Classify triangles based on angles.

Question 5. Given below is ∆ABC, answer the following questions regarding ∆ABC.

Figure 8: Triangle ABC

(i) Side opposite to ∠

(ii) Angle opposite to side BC = ___________________

a. Medians of a Triangle

Median of a triangle is a line segment joining a vertex to the mid-point of its opposite side.

Question 6. How many medians can a triangle have?

Note: In case of isosceles triangle and equilateral triangle, a median bisects any angle at a vertex
whose adjacent sides are equal in length.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Triangles and its Properties

b. Altitude of a Triangle

Question 7. Draw some lines which connect the vertex A and side BC of ∆ABC.

Figure 9:Triangle ABC

An altitude of a triangle is a line through a vertex and perpendicular to a line containing the base.

Figure 10: Triangle ABC

Hence, AD is the altitude of ∆ABC

Question 8. How many altitudes a triangle can have?

Question 9. Can altitude and median be same for a triangle?

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Triangles and its Properties

c. Angle sum property

Have you ever thought, what would be the sum of all angles of a triangle?

The sum of measure of the interior angles of a triangle is _______.

Figure 11: Triangle

∠A + ∠B + ∠C = _______.

Question 10. Find the measure of the third angle ∠C, if ∠A = 75° and ∠B = 45°.

Question 11. Prove that the measure of each angle of an equilateral triangle is 60 .

Helping Hand: Apply angle sum property of the triangle

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Triangles and its Properties

d. Exterior Angle property- EAP

Question 12. What is an exterior angle of a triangle?

EAP- Measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the measures of the two
non- adjacent interior angle.

Question 13. Find the value of ∠X in the given figure.

Figure 12: Triangle ABC

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Triangles and its Properties

2. Sum of the lengths of two sides of triangle

Question 14.Can you construct a triangle taking side length as 3 cm, 3cm and 7 cm?

Were you able to construct one?

That means there are some conditions to form a triangle.

Question 15. Try constructing a triangle with sides 3 cm, 5 cm and 7 cm.

You know that, if two sides of a triangle are equal then the angles opposite to them are also equal and
conversely. What if the two sides of a triangle are unequal? Which side is larger?

Property 1. The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.

Property 2. In any triangle, the side opposite to the larger angle is longer.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Triangles and its Properties

Question 16. In a triangle PQR, if ∠P and ∠Q , find the shortest and largest sides of the
triangle.

Property 3. If two sides of a triangle are unequal, the angle opposite to the longer side is larger.

Question 17. In the figure, D is the point on side BC of ∆ABC such that AD = AC. Show that

AB ˃ AD.

Figure 13

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Triangles and its Properties

Question 18.AB and CD are respectively the smallest and longest sides of a quadrilateral ABCD.
Show that ∠A ˃ ∠C and ∠B ˃ ∠D.

Figure 14

3. Special Triangles

Question 19. What is an equilateral triangle?

Question 20. What is an isosceles triangle?

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Triangles and its Properties

a. Right angled triangle and Pythagoras property

Question 21. Draw a right angled triangle and name the sides of it.

Pythagoras Property: In a right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of
the squares of the other two sides.

i.e., In a right ΔABC right angled at B, AC2 = AB2 + BC2

Did you know?

Pythagoras theorem was earlier given by an
Indian mathematician Baudhayan as “The diagonal
of a rectangle produces by itself the same areas
produced separately by its both sides.”

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Triangles and its Properties

Figure 15:Visualisation of the above 'Did you know?'

Question 22. Determine whether the triangle with sides of lengths 6 cm, 8 cm and 10cm is right
angled triangle.

Question 23. is right angled at C. If AC = 5 cm and BC = 12 cm find the length of AB.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Triangles and its Properties

4. Congruence of Triangles

Let‟s do one activity in order to understand the concept of congruency:

Take two bangles of same set and try to place one on another. Write down your observation in the
given box.

Question 24. Define congruent figures.

Two triangles are congruent, if they have exactly the same shape and same size. In other words, if on
placing one over the other, they coincide.

In case of triangles, we have six parameters which are to be compared. i.e. we compare three sides
and three angles of one triangle with the other. Two triangles are said to be congruent only when all
these parameters are equal.

Figure 16:Triangle PQR and Triangle ABC

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Triangles and its Properties

When ∆PQR is congruent to ∆ABC, symbolically we write ∆PQR ≅ ∆ABC.

Notice that when ∆PQR ≅ ∆ABC, then sides of ∆PQR fall on corresponding equal sides of

∆ABC and so is the case for the angles.

i.e. PQ coincide with AB, QR coincide with BC and RP coincide with CA; ∠P coincide with ∠A,

∠Q coincide with ∠B and ∠R coincide with ∠C.

From the definition it is clear that in congruent triangles, all sides and angels of one triangle are equal
to all sides and angels of another triangle. But it is not necessary to check all the sides and angles to
decide whether triangles are congruent or not. It is sufficient to check any 3 components of the
triangles to decide. Thus we have conditions for the congruency such as SAS, ASA, SSS, RHS and
AAS.

a. Criteria for Congruence of triangles:

(i) SAS congruence rule:

In the triangles ABC and PQR given below,

Side AB = side _____, side_____ = side PR and ∠BAC = ∠_______.

⇒ ABC ≅ _________ .

Figure 17: Triangle ABC Figure 18: Triangle PQR

Two triangles are congruent if two sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to the two
sides and the included angle of the other triangle.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Triangles and its Properties

Question 25. In the given figure, AB = CF, EF = BD and ∠ ∠ Prove that AFE ≅ CBD.

Figure 19

(i) ASA congruence rule:

In ∆ABC and ∆PQR given below,
∠B = ∠____, ∠______ = ∠R and side ________ = side QR.
⇒ _______≅ PQR.

Figure 20:Triangle ABC Figure 21:Triangle PQR

‘Two triangles are congruent if two angles and the included side of one triangle are
equal to the corresponding two angles and the included side of the other triangle.’

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Triangles and its Properties

Question 26. Given ∠P = ∠R and PQ = RQ. Prove that ∆PQT ≅ ∆RQS

Figure 22

(i) SSS congruence rule:

In ∆ABC and ∆PQR given below,
Side AB = side ____, side _____ = side QR and side _______ = side PR.
⇒ _______ ≅ PQR.

Figure 23: Triangle ABC Figure 24:Triangle PQR

‘Two triangles are congruent if three sides of one triangle are equal to the
corresponding three sides of the other triangle’.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Triangles and its Properties

Question 27.Given: AB = 4 cm, DC = 4 cm, and AD = BC. Prove that ∆ABC ≅ ∆ADC.

Figure 25: Rectangle ABCD

(i) RHS congruence rule:

In right angled triangles ABC and PQR,

Hypotenuse AC = ____________, side AB = side _______.

⇒ ABC ≅ ________ .

Figure 26: Triangle ABC Figure 27: Triangle PQR

‘Two right angled triangles are congruent if the hypotenuse and a side of one triangle
are equal to the hypotenuse and the corresponding side of the other triangle.‟

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Triangles and its Properties

Question 28.P is any point in interior of the angle ABC such that the perpendiculars drawn from P on
AB and BC are equal. Prove that BP bisects ∠

Figure 28

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Triangles and its Properties

Instructions: Solve these problems after watching the videos.

Questions from 1 to 5 are MCQ’s

1. An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to 155° and two interior opposite angles are equal. Each of
these angles is equal to:
a. 75.2°
b. 67.5°
c. 77.5°
d. 90°
2. Two sides of a triangle measure 3 and 7.Which of the following could be the measure of third
side?
a. 11
b. 16
c. 8
d. 19
3. The figure given below shows a right triangle with representation for two angles. What is the
value of x?

Figure 29: Triangle ABC

a. 35°
b. 20°
c. 25°
d. None of these
4. In triangle ABC, ∠A is obtuse. Which statement is true about the sum of the measures of ∠B
and ∠C?
a. ∠B + ∠C = 90
b. ∠B + ∠C > 90
c. ∠B + ∠C < 90
d. ∠B + ∠C = 180

5. What is y in terms of x?

Figure 30:Triangle

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Triangles and its Properties

a. x
b. x
c. X

d. x

Questions from 6 to 15 are subjective questions

6. One angle of a triangle is 60°.The other two angles are in the ratio of 5: 7. Find the two angles.
7. Calculate the angles of a triangle, if they are in the ratio 4 : 5: 6.
8. If one base angle of an isosceles triangle is double of the vertical angle, find all its angles.
9. In the given figure, prove that :

Figure 31

i. ∆AOD is congruent to ∆BOC

ii. AD = BC
10. ABC is an equilateral triangle, AD and BE are perpendicular to BC and AC respectively. Prove
that:

Figure 32
i. AD = BE
ii. BD = CE

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Triangles and its Properties

11. In the given figure, prove that:

Figure 33

i. PQ = RS
ii. PS = QR
12. In the given figure, prove that :

Figure 34

i. ∆ACB≅ ∆ECD
ii. AB = ED
13. Find the value of x in the given figure:

Figure 35

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Triangles and its Properties

14. Find the value of x in the given figure:

Figure 36

15. In the given figure, prove that:

Figure 37

i. ∆XYZ ≅ ∆XPZ
ii. YZ = PZ

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Comparing Quantities

Instructions: This booklet can be used while watching videos. Keep filling the sheet as the videos
proceed.

1. Introduction to Fractions and Ratios

a. Fractions and ratios

Imagine you are going to buy a new phone. How will you choose the best phone from a list of
many?
You will start comparing their screen size, camera quality, internal memory, price etc. right?

Question 1.What is the difference between a fraction and ratio.

Fraction Ratio

Question 2. A cake is cut into 8 equal pieces and you get 3 pieces from that. Represent your share in a
fraction.

Question 3. Price of Samsung phone and iPhone is Rs. 15000 and Rs. 25000 respectively. What is the
ratio of their prices?

Question 4. Ratio of heights of Anirudh and Swati is . What is the height of Swati if Anirudh‟s
height is 180 cm?

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Comparing Quantities

Question 5. Sumit and Priya went for jogging. They covered a distance of 2 km and 1500 m
respectively. Find the ratio between the distances covered by them.

Helping hand: To compare two quantities, the units must be the same.

b. Equivalent ratios

Question 6. Which is greater among and ?

Question 7. Following is the performance of a football team and the matches it played in two months.

Month Wins Losses

January 8 4
February 6 2

In which month was the performance better? Why?

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Comparing Quantities

Question 8. In a computer lab, there are 6 computers for every 9 students. How many computers will
be needed for 36 students?

2. Percentages and Use of Percentages

Did you know?

Per cent is derived from the Latin word „per centum‟
which means „per hundred‟.

a. Meaning of percentage

(i) Percentage when total is hundred

Question 9. Find the percentage of children of different weights for the following data.

Weight Number of students In fraction In percentage

48 18

50 30

52 26

54 12

56 14

Total 100

(ii) Percentage when total is not hundred

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Comparing Quantities

Question 10. Following table shows 4 players contribution in a cricket match. Complete the table by
writing the percentage of runs made by each player.

Player
Runs In fraction In percentage

Arjun 20

Pratik 30

Ajit 40

Rashid 30

Total

Hint: We need to convert the fraction to an equivalent fraction with denominator 100

Question 11. There are 50 bulbs, 32 of them are damaged. What per cent of bulbs are not damaged?

Number of bulbs which are not damaged = _____ - _____

b. Conversion of decimals to percentages

Question 12. Convert the following decimals into percentages.

(a) 0.99
(b) 0.7
(c) 0.002

Helping hand: To convert decimal to percentage, multiply the decimal with 100.

c. Conversion of percentages to decimals

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Comparing Quantities

Question 13. Complete the following table.

Per cent Fraction Decimal

200% 2.0

150%

75%

40%

8%

Question 14. and represents parts of the circle in fractions.

(a)

(b) What if and are represented in per cent?

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Comparing Quantities

(c) Find the value of from the following figure.

d. Conversion of percentage to “How many”

1% of 100 is ______

99% of 100 is ______

20% of 50 is ________

Question 15. In a classroom 60% are boys. What is the number of boys and girls if the total strength
is 150?

Number of boys =

Number of girls = ______ - ______

e. Ratios to percentages

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Comparing Quantities

Question 16. Number of goals scored by 3 players in a football match is in the ratio 2: 3: 5. Find the
percentage of their contributions.

3. Increase or Decrease in Percentages

Question 17. Price of a shirt increased by 25% from Rs. 80. What is its new price?

Amount of change = ______

New price = 80 + _____ =

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Comparing Quantities

4. Prices Related to Buying and Selling

a. Cost price and selling price

Question 18. Write the definition of the following terms.

Cost Price (C.P)

Selling Price (S.P)

Question 19. If Shruti buys a bicycle from Pranav for Rs. 1000 and sells it to Diya for Rs. 1500, then

Rs. 1000 is _____________with respect to Pranav (Selling Price/Cost Price)

Rs. 1000 is _____________ with respect to Shruti (Selling Price/Cost Price)

Rs. 1500 is _____________ with respect to Shruti (Selling Price/Cost Price)

Rs. 1500 is _____________with respect to Diya (Selling Price/Cost Price)

b. Profit and loss

 If S.P of an article is more than its C.P., there is a profit.
 If S.P of an article is less than its C.P., there is a loss.

Question 20. Write the formula for each of the following in terms of S.P and C.P.

Profit = _____________

Profit% = _____________

Loss = ______________

Loss% = _____________

Helping hand: Profit % and Loss % are always calculated on the C.P and not on S.P.

(i) Find the profit% or loss% when C.P and S.P is given

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Comparing Quantities

Question 21. A notebook is bought for Rs. 40 and is sold for Rs. 50. What is the profit percentage?

Question 22. A notebook is bought for Rs. 50 and it is sold for Rs. 40. What is the loss percentage?

5. Finding discounts

Question 23. What is the marked price of an item?

Did you know?

Marked price (list price) by the manufacturer
includes cost of the article and his desired
profit.

 Discount is applied on marked price.

 Selling Price (S.P) = Marked Price (M.P) – Discount

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Comparing Quantities

Question 24.Marked price of an item is Rs. 900, at what price is the item sold if the percentage of
discount is 12%?

6. Simple Interest and Compound Interest

Question 29. What do you mean by interest?

Note: Interest is expressed in rupees and rate of interest is expressed in percentage or decimals.

a. Simple interest (S.I)

(i) Interest for one year

Question 30. Rahul borrowed Rs. 1200 from a bank at 10% simple interest. What is amount he has to
pay back after one year?

(i) Interest for multiple years

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Comparing Quantities

Question31. Write the formula to find interest for multiple years. In Question29, what if Rahul pays
back the loan after 2 years? Find the amount he pays back.

Question32. What sum of money will amount to Rs 992 at 4% in 6 years?

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Comparing Quantities

Question33. How long will it take Rs 1,500 to become Rs 2,040 at 8% per annum simple interest?

Question34. Find the rate percent, if the S.I. on Rs 275 in 2 years is Rs 22.

a. Compound interest (C.I)

Compound interest is the interest added to the principal of a deposit or loan so that the
added interest also earns interest from then on.

Note: Addition of interest to the principal is called compounding.

Did you know?

Commercial banks use compound interest.

Compound interest can be found using the formula, , where P is principal which
changes for each period.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Comparing Quantities

Question 35. Find the amount and compound interest on Rs. 10000 at 10% per annum for 2 years.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Comparing Quantities

Instructions: Solve these problems after watching the videos.

Questions from 1 to 5 are MCQ’s.

1. Nivetha needs A4 sheets for her project work. She went into a shop and asked for A4 sheets, but
instead she bought A2 sheets as A4 sheets were not available in the shop. She folded A2 sheet in
such a way that it became A4 sheet. Can you tell me the ratio of length to width of A4 sheet that
she got from A2 sheet?
a. √
b. √
c. 1 : 1
d. 1 : 2
2. Ram sold a flower vase at 10% loss. The cost of the vase is Rs. 120. Then what is the selling price
of the flower vase?
a. Rs. 108
b. Rs. 110
c. Rs. 100
d. Rs. 105
3. Monica was very fond of cooking. One day she was watching a cookery show in which they were
showing the ingredients of baking a cake for 3 people. They put 3 bowls of flour, 2 bowls of
sugar. If she wants to bake cake for 6 people, how many bowls of flour & sugar she needs?
a. 6 bowls of flour & 4 bowls of sugar
b. 3 bowls of flour & 3 bowls of sugar
c. 4 bowls of flour & 6 bowls of sugar
d. 5 bowls of flour & 4 bowls of sugar
4. Chandler borrowed Rs.7000 for 3 years at 6% p.a. simple interest. He lent this money to
Joey at 8%for 3 years. Find the gain in the transaction by the end of second year.
a. Rs. 280
b. Rs. 420
c. Rs. 140
d. Rs. 180
5. Arjun sold his bike and the ratio of CP to the SP of the bike is 5:8. Then calculate the
profit or loss% on the deal.
a. 30% profit
b. 30% loss
c. 37.5% profit
d. 60% profit

Questions from 6 to 16 are subjective questions.

6. Two numbers are respectively 20% and 50% more than a third number. Find the ratio of the two
numbers.
7. A sum of money is to be distributed among A, B, C, D in the ratio of 5:2:4: 3. If C gets Rs. 1000
more than D, what is B‟s share?Find the ratio of 1 dozen oranges to 28 oranges.
8. In a small town, the population increased from 25,000 people in 1990 to 32,000 people in 2000.
What is the percent increase in population?
9. The sum of three numbers is 98. If the ratio of the first to second is 2: 3 and that of the second to
the third is 5: 8, then find the second number.
10. If the ratio of cost price and selling price is 4:3, find the profit or loss percentage.
11. The marked price of a mobile phone is Rs. 17600. If the sales tax is chargeable at the rate of 8%.
Find the sales tax and the amount that has to be paid by the customer to buy it.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Comparing Quantities

12. The marked price of a T.V is Rs. 30000 and the shopkeeper gives a discount of 15% on the
marked price. On the remaining amount he charges 10% as sales tax. Find the final price a
customer has to pay to buy the T.V.
13. A man buys a table for Rs. 1500 and then sells it for Rs. 1600. Find his profit percentage.
14. What is the selling price of an article of marked price Rs. 600 if the following successive
discounts are allowed?
a. 25%, 10%
b. 30%, 20%, 10%
15. A scooter was bought at Rs 32,000. Its value depreciated at the rate of 8% per annum. Find its
value after one year.
16. A farmer was in debt, so he decided to sell his bullock cart, which he purchased for Rs.3600. He
sold the cart at the loss of 10% & bullock at the profit of 20%. If total amount he received was Rs.
4200. Find the CP of cart?

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Practical Geometry

Instructions: This booklet can be used while watching videos. Keep filling the sheet as the videos
proceed.

1. Basics of Practical Geometry

Question1. What is the difference between a line and a line segment?

Line Line Segment

Question2. Following are the tools in a geometry box for construction. Write their names.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Practical Geometry

Did you know?

A straightedge is a geometric tool used to construct straight lines.
It contains no marks. A ruler can be used as a straightedge by simply
ignoring the measuring marks on it.

Question 3. Draw a line segment AB of length 10 cm.

(a) Draw perpendicular bisector of AB.

(b) Why do we take the length of arc more than half of the length of AB while drawing
perpendicular bisector?

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Practical Geometry

Did you know?

It is believed the Greek mathematician, Euclid, from 300 BC,
made use of a type of compass, and the Italian mathematician,
Galileo, in the late 1500s or early 1600s, designed a compass,
and sold them with an accompanying book.

2. Lines that don’t Meet

Question4. Number of line/s that can be drawn which is parallel to a line is _________.

Question5. Number of line/s that can be drawn through a point O (not on line ) which are parallel to
a line is _______.

Question6. Draw a line parallel to PQ through using ruler and compasses only. Which property or
properties of parallel lines can help you here to say that both the lines are parallel?

3. Let’s Build Triangles

Important properties concerning triangles:

Sum of all the angles in a ∠ ∠ ∠

triangle is _______

∠ ∠

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Practical Geometry

In any right-angled triangle, the

square of the length of
hypotenuse is equal to the sum
of the squares of the lengths of
the other twosides.

a. Constructing a triangle when the length of its three sides are given (SSS criterion)

Example: Construct a triangle PQR, given that PQ = 6 cm, QR = 7 cm and PR = 8 cm.

Step 1: Draw a rough sketch with given measurements.

Figure 38

Step 2: Draw a line segment QR of length 7 cm.

Step 3: From Q, point P is at a distance of 6 cm. So, with Q as centre, draw an arc of
radius 6 cm.
Step 4: From R, point P is at a distance of 8 cm. So, with R as centre, draw an arc of
radius 8 cm.
Step 5: P is the point of intersection of arcs.
Mark the point of intersection of arcs as P. Join PQ and PR. ΔPQR is now ready.

Figure 39

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Practical Geometry

Question 7. Draw ΔPQR with PQ = 5 cm, QR = 4.5 cm and PR = 4 cm. What type of triangle is this?

a. Constructing a triangle when the lengths of two sides and the measure of the angle
between them are given (SAS criterion)
Example: Construct a triangle ABC, given that AB = 4 cm, BC = 5.5 cm and ∠ABC = 60°.

Step 1: Draw a rough sketch with given measurements.

Figure 40

Step2: Draw a line segment BC of length 5.5 cm.

Step 3: At B, draw a ray BX making 60° with BC.
Step 4: With B as centre, draw an arc of radius 4 cm. It cuts BX at the point A.
Step 5: Join AC. ΔABC is the required triangle.

Figure 41

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Practical Geometry

Question 8. Construct an isosceles triangle in which the lengths of equal sides are 7 cm and the angle
between them is 100°.

c. Constructing a triangle when the measures of two of its angles and the length of the
side included between them is given (ASA criterion)

Example: Construct ΔABC if it is given that AB = 6 cm, ∠CAB = 30° and ∠ABC = 100°.
Step 1: Draw a rough sketch with measurements marked on it.

Figure 42

Step 2. Draw AB of length 6 cm.

Step 3. At A, draw a ray AX making an angle of 30° with AB.
Step 4. At B, draw a ray BY making an angle of 100° with BA.
Step 5. The point of intersection of the two rays is C. ΔABC is the required triangle.

Figure 43

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Practical Geometry

Question 9. Construct ΔPQR if PQ = 6 cm, ∠PQR = 100° and ∠QRP = 40°.

Hint: Recall angle-sum property of a triangle.

d. Constructing a right-angled triangle when the length of one leg and its hypotenuse
are given (RHS criterion)

Example: Construct ΔLMN, right-angled at M, given that LN = 5 cm and MN = 3 cm.

Step 1: Draw a rough sketch and mark the measurements.

Figure 44

Step 2: Draw MN of length 3 cm.

Step 3: At M, draw MX ⊥ MN.
Step 4: With N as centre, draw an arc of radius 5 cm which intersects MX at L.ΔLMN is now
obtained.

Figure 45

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Practical Geometry

Question 10. Construct a right-angled triangle whose hypotenuse is 6 cm long and one of the legs is 4
cm long.

4. Curious geometry

Non-Euclidean geometries: Any forms of geometry that contain a postulate (axiom) which
is equivalent to the negation of the Euclidean parallel postulate.

Examples:

 In curved space, the sum of the angles of any triangle is always greater than 180°.
On a sphere, there are no straight lines. As soon as you start to draw a straight line, it
curves on the sphere.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Practical Geometry

Instructions: Solve these problems after watching the videos.

Questions from 1 to 7 are MCQ’s.

1. Which of the following can be the sides of a triangle?
a. 4 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm
b. 4 cm, 4 cm, 8 cm
c. 6 cm, 12 cm, 7 cm
d. 5 cm, 3 cm, 9 cm
2. Two sides of a triangle are 10 cm and 7 cm. Which of the following lengths can be the length of
the third side?
a. 17 cm
b. 16.9 cm
c. 17.2 cm
d. 17.1 cm
3. The angles of the triangles are 35 , 60 , and x . What is the value of x?
a. 75
b. 85
c. 95
d. 90
4. An exterior angle of a triangle is 120 . One of the opposite interior angle is 50 . What is the sum
of other two angles?
a. 135
b. 120
c. 130
d. 110
5. FD and AE are parallel to each other and ∠ABC = 49 . Then ∠ABC + ∠DCB is equal to:

a. 180
b. 100
c. 98
d. 99
6. The minimum number of triangles that can always be drawn if two sides and one angle has been
given is
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 0
7. ΔABC is right angled at B. AB = 3 cm and BC = 4 cm. Then, length of AC will be
a. 25 cm
b. 7 cm
c. 5 cm
d. 6 cm

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Practical Geometry

Questions from 8 to 20 are subjective questions.

8. Draw a line, say PQ, take a point R outside it. Through R, draw a line parallel to PQ using ruler
and compasses only.
9. Draw a line l. Draw a perpendicular to l at any point on l. On this perpendicular choose a point P,
4 cm away from l. Through P, draw a line m parallel to l.
10. Let l be a line and P be a point not on l. Through P, draw a line m parallel to l. Now join P to any
point Q on l. Choose any other point R on m. Through R, draw a line parallel to PQ. Let this
meet l at S. What shape do the two sets of parallel lines enclose?
11. Construct ΔXYZ in which XY = 4.5 cm, YZ = 5 cm and ZX = 6 cm.
12. Construct an equilateral triangle of side 5.8 cm.
13. Draw ΔDEF with DE = 5 cm, EF = 3.5 cm and DF = 5 cm. What type of triangle is this?
14. Construct ΔDEF such that DE = 5 cm, DF = 3 cm and ∠EDF = 90°.
15. Construct an isosceles triangle in which the lengths of each of its equal sides are 7.5 cm and the
angle between them is 110°.
16. Construct ΔXYZ if XY = 5 cm, ∠XYZ = 100° and ∠YZX = 40°.
17. Examine whether you can construct ΔABC such that BC = 7.5 cm, ∠B = 115° and ∠C = 80°. Justify
your answer.
18. Construct a right-angled triangle whose hypotenuse is 8 cm long and one of the legs is 5 cm long.
19. Construct an isosceles right-angled triangle PQR, where, ∠PRQ = 90° and PR = 8 cm.
20. Construct the right angled ΔPQR, where ∠Q = 90°, QR = 12 cm and PR = 13 cm.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Perimeter and Area of Plane Figures

Instructions: This booklet can be used while watching videos. Keep filling the sheet as the videos
proceed.

1. Introduction
In this chapter, we will explore some basic geometrical figures which are used in our daily
life.
Try to solve one activity given below as it will allow you to begin working with shapes and
calculation associated with it.

Activity 1: Rohit walked 25 m towards south. Then he turned to his left and walked 20 m. He then
turned to his left and walked 25 m. He again turned to his left and walked 20 m. Find the total
distance travelled by him and try to identify the geometrical figure.

2. Perimeter

Did you know?

The word Perimeter was taken from Greek word
„peri‟ means around and „meter‟ means
measure.

Question 1. Define perimeter of a closed plane figures.

Note: Perimeter of a regular polygon = Number of sides × length of one side

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Perimeter and Area of Plane Figures

a. Perimeter of some special figures.

Question 2. Fill in the blanks given below:

Perimeter of a square = _______ × _______

Perimeter of a rectangle = _____________

Question 3. Find the perimeter of an equilateral triangle with length of one of the side as 5 cm.

Question 4. Find the perimeter of the quadrilateral ABCD, where AB = 4 cm, BC = 6.4 cm, CD = 7.6
cm and DA = 8 cm.

Hint: Perimeter of a quadrilateral is the sum of the lengths of is sides.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Perimeter and Area of Plane Figures

Question 5. Find the perimeter of a rectangle whose length is 4 cm and breadth is 2.5 cm.

Question 6. Find the perimeter of a square whose one of the side is 4.5 cm.

Question 7. Arjun runs around a rectangle field of length 30 m and breadth 22 m. Krishna covers a
square field of side 25 m. Who covers a greater distance?

Note: If the sides are in centimeter (cm), the unit of perimeter is also in centimeter. Similarly, if the
sides are in meters(m), the unit of perimeter is also in meter.

Did you know?

Square is a special kind of rectangle, in
which length and breadth are equal.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Perimeter and Area of Plane Figures

Question 8. Find the cost of fencing a square field of side 35 m at the rate of Rs. 40 per meter.

3. Area

The size of the portion of a plane enclosed by a plane figure is the of the figure.

a. Area of Rectangle and Square.

Denoting the area of rectangle by , the length by and breadth by ,

Area of rectangle ( ) = _____________

Square of side length ,

Area of square = _______________

b. Measurement of area

If the sides are in centimeter (cm), the unit of area is square centimeter (cm2). Similarly if the
sides are in meters(m), the unit of perimeter is square meter(m2)

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Perimeter and Area of Plane Figures

Question 9. Find the area of rectangle of length 5 cm and breadth 4 cm.

Question 10. Find the area of square whose side is of 4.5 cm.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Perimeter and Area of Plane Figures

Question 11. If the area of a square is 2500 mm2, find the length of its side.

Question 12. The perimeter of a rectangle is 250 cm and its breadth is 50 cm. Find its area.

Note: A rectangle of length 20 m and breadth 10 m is also said to be 20 m by 10 m rectangle or 20 m

× 10 m rectangle.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Perimeter and Area of Plane Figures

Question 13. A square piece of cloth of size 25 m2 is cut into rectangle strips 50 cm wide. Find the
number of strips and their total length in metres.

Question 14. Two plots of lands have same perimeter. One is a square of side 50 m, while the other is
a rectangle of breadth 30 m. Which plot is larger and by how much?

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Perimeter and Area of Plane Figures

Question 15. Two roads each 3 m wide, run at right angles through the middle of a rectangular park,
such that each is parallel to one of the sides of a park. If the park is 70 m by 45 m, find the area of the
portion of the park minus the path.

Question 16. Find the area and perimeter of the given figure:

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Perimeter and Area of Plane Figures

4. Area of parallelogram

Figure 1: Parallelogram

Area of parallelogram = Area of ∆ABL + Area of rectangle ALCM + Area of ∆CDM

= × x × h + ____________ + _________

= ____________________

= ____________________ ( y + x = base of parallelogram)

Question 17. Find the area of parallelogram whose base is 3 m and height is 4 m.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Perimeter and Area of Plane Figures

Question 18. Find the area of parallelogram given below:

5. Area of triangle

Activity: Take a rectangle of sides 6 cm and 4 cm. Cut the rectangle along its diagonal to get two
triangles. Superpose one triangle on the other. Are they exactly the same in size? Can you say that
both the triangles are equal in area?

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Perimeter and Area of Plane Figures

You will find that sum of areas of two triangles is same as area of rectangle.

Let ABCD be a rectangle

Figure 2: Rectangle

We know that Area of rectangle ABCD = b × h

Area of rectangle = 2(Area of ∆ABC)

= Area of ∆ABC

Area of ∆ABC = × base × height

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Perimeter and Area of Plane Figures

Question 19. Find the length of the base of triangle whose area is 12.6 m2 and height is 2.1 m.

Question 20. The length of the base of a triangle is 12 cm and its area is 108 cm2, find the height of
the triangle. If the height of this triangle is halved and the length of the base is double, then find its
area.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Perimeter and Area of Plane Figures

Question 21. Find the area of shaded part in the given figure.

6. Life of pie

The number π is a mathematical constant, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter,
commonly approximated as 3.14159. It has been represented by the Greek letter "π" since the
mid-18th century, though it is also sometimes spelled out as "pi"

7. Why is Pi so irrational

a. What is an irrational number?

In mathematics, an irrational number is a real number that cannot be expressed as the ratio of
integers. Therefore, irrational numbers, when written as decimal numbers, do not terminate,
nor do they repeat.

The ancient Greek mathematician Pythagoras believed that all numbers were rational, but
one of his students Hippasus proved that you could not write the square root of 2 as a
fraction, and so it was irrational.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Perimeter and Area of Plane Figures

b. Pi as an irrational number

Pi, which begins with 3.14, is one of the most common irrational numbers. Pi has been
calculated to over a quadrillion decimal places, but no pattern has ever been found; therefore
it is an irrational number.

Did you know?

Followers of Pythagoras could not accept the existence
of irrational numbers, and it is said that Hippasus was drowned
at sea as a punishment from the gods!

8. Visualizing Area of a Circle

A circle is a simple closed shape. It is the set of all points in a plane that are at a given
distance from a given point, the centre. equivalently it is the curve traced out by a point that
moves so that its distance from a given point is constant. The distance between any of the
points and the centre is called the radius.

The distance around a circular region is known as its .

Activity: Take a bottle cap, a bangle or any circular thing and try to find out its
circumference.

Circumference of a circle = _____________

Did you know?

In strict technical usage, the circle is only the
boundary and the whole figure is called a disk.

Question 22. Find the circumference of a circle whose diameter is 14 cm

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Perimeter and Area of Plane Figures

Question 23. Find the diameter of a circle whose circumference is 62. 8 cm.

Area of circle = ____________

Did you know?

In 1700 BC, Rhind papyrus gives a method to find
the area of circular field.

Question 24. Find the area of circle whose diameter is 14 cm.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Perimeter and Area of Plane Figures

Question 25. A circle of radius 2 cm is cut out from a square piece of an aluminum sheet of side 6 cm.
What is the area of the left over aluminum sheet?

Question 26. A circular flower bed is surrounded by a path 4 m wide. The diameter of the flower bed
is 66 m. What is the area of this path?

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Perimeter and Area of Plane Figures

9. Conversion of units

Conversion of units is the conversion between different units of measurement for the
same quantity, typically through multiplicative conversion factors.

Note: The process of conversion depends on the specific situation and the intended purpose

Question 27. Fill up the blanks

1 cm = ____ mm
1m = _______ mm
1 cm2 = _______mm2
1 km = ______ m
1 km2 = ______ mm
1 hectare = _______ m2

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Perimeter and Area of Plane Figures

Instructions: Solve these problems after watching the videos.

Questions from 1 to 5 are MCQ’s

1. Find the area of a square whose side is 6 cm.
a. 24 cm2
b. 36 cm2
c. 16 cm2
d. None of these
2. Find the area of a rectangular field whose length is 4 cm and breadth is 3 cm.
a. 18 cm2
b. 24 cm2
c. 12 cm2
d. 22 cm2
3. A wire is in the shape of a square of side 10 cm. if the wire is re-bent into a rectangle of length 12
cm, find its breadth.
a. 6 cm
b. 8 cm
c. 12 cm
d. 14 cm
4. One of the sides and the corresponding height of a parallelogram are 4 cm and 3 cm respectively.
Find the area of parallelogram.
a. 6 cm2
b. 12 cm2
c. 24 cm2
d. None of these
5. What is the circumference of a circular disc of radius 14 cm?
a. 44 cm
b. 66 cm
c. 88 cm
d. 124 cm

Questions from 6 to 20 are subjective questions

6. The radius if circular box is 10 cm. What length of a tape is required to wrap once around the
pipe?
7. Find the perimeter of the given shape:

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Perimeter and Area of Plane Figures

8. A farmer dug a flower bed of radius 7 m at the centre of a field. He needs to purchase fertilizer. If
1 kg of fertilizer is required for 1 square meter of area, how much fertilizer he should purchase.
9. Find the area of the shaded region if the radius of larger circle is 14 cm and smaller one is 7 cm.

10. A rectangular park is 25 m long and 15 m wide. A path 3 m is constructed outside the park. Find
the area of the path.
11. A rectangular park is 30 m long and 16 m wide. A path 2 m is constructed outside the park. Find
the area of the path. Find the cost of cementing it at rate Rs. 200 per 10 m2.
12. Find the area of the shaded region:

13. Find the area of parallelogram in the given below:

14. A window of dimension 3 m × 2 m is fixed on the wall 20 m × 20 m. Find the total labor charges
for painting the wall if the labor charges for painting 1 m2 of the wall is Rs. 1.50.
15. If the length of a rectangle is twice of its breadth. If the area of rectangle is 240 cm2. Find the
perimeter of the rectangle.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Perimeter and Area of Plane Figures

16. The area of a square and a rectangle are equal. If the side of the square is 40 cm and the breadth of
the rectangle is 25 cm, find the length of the rectangle. Also, find the perimeter of the rectangle.
17. If the area of triangle is 36 m2. If the height of the triangle is 4 m. find the base of the triangle.
18. DL and BM are the heights on sides AB and AD respectively of parallelogram ABCD. If the area
of the parallelogram is 1470 cm2, AB = 35 cm and AD = 49 cm, find the length of BM and DL.

19. What will be the cost of polishing a circular table-top of radius 2 m at the rate of Rs.10 per square
metre?
20. Find the cost of polishing a circular table-top of diameter 1.6 m, if the rate of polishing is
Rs.15/m2.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Symmetry

Instructions: This booklet can be used while watching videos. Keep filling the sheet as the videos
proceed.

1. Basics of Symmetry

Symmetry in everyday language refers to a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion and
balance. In mathematics, "symmetry" has a more precise definition, that an object is invariant
to a transformation, such as reflection but including other transforms too. Although these two
meanings of "symmetry" can sometimes be told apart, they are related, so they are here
discussed together. It is said that symmetry is the essence of beauty. Symmetry means an
exact match in the shape and size between parts of a body.
When this match occurs between two halves of a body or across a line drawn through the
middle of the body, we use the term linear symmetry.

Question 1. Write down some objects which are symmetrical in nature.

A geometrical figure is said to be symmetric about a line in it, if on holding the figure about
this line, the two parts of the figure exactly coincide.

2. Lines of Symmetry for Regular Polygon.

A figure is said to behave a line of symmetry if there exists a line „l‟ which divides the figure into
two halves that coincide with each other completely when folded along „l‟. The line is called the
line of symmetry.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Symmetry

Question 2. Define regular polygon.

Question 3. What is the minimum number of line segments required to construct a polygon?

Question 4. Find the lines of symmetry for:

(i) Equilateral Triangle
(ii) Square
(iii) Rectangle

Note: A shape has line of symmetry when one half of it is the mirror image of the other half.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Symmetry

Question 5. Find the axes of symmetry for the following figures:

Question 6. Take any one diagonal as a line of symmetry and shade a few more squares to make the
figure symmetric about a diagonal. Is there more than one way to do that? Will the figure be
symmetric about both the diagonals?

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Symmetry

Question 7. Give four examples of shapes with no line of symmetry.

Did you know?

Human body is an perfect example of
object having one line of symmetry.

Question 8. On the occasion of Diwali, a rangoli was made by Ranjitha which was symmetrical in
nature. According to Ranjitha, that rangoli has 4 line of symmetry. State whether she is true or not?

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Symmetry

Question 9. What other name can you give to the line of symmetry of

(i) An isosceles triangle

(ii) A circle

Did you know?

Whenever you will fold your right hand in front
of mirror, it will look like you are folding your
left hand.

Note: A figure which does not change upon undergoing a reflection has reflectional symmetry. In 2D
there is a line/axis of symmetry, in 3D a plane of symmetry. An object or figure which is
indistinguishable from its transformed image is called mirror symmetric.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Symmetry

3. Rotational Symmetry

What can you say about the rotation of blades of a ceiling fan?
Do they rotate clockwise or anticlockwise?
Or do they rotate both ways?

a. Centre of rotation:

When an object rotates, its shape and size does not change. The rotation turns an object
about a fixed point. This fixed point is the centre of rotation.

Question 10. Give three examples each for (i) a clockwise rotation (ii) anti – clockwise rotation.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Symmetry

Question 10. Define angle of rotation.

A half turn means rotation by _______.

A quarter turn means rotation by ______.

Activity: Consider a square with Q as one of its corner. Try to perform quarter turn about the centre
of the square marked O. Count the number of turns required to get that square in its original position.

So, after performing the activity, you can say that a square has rotational symmetry of order 4 about
its centre

Question 11. Can you tell the order of rotational symmetry for an equilateral triangle?

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Symmetry

Question 12. How many positions are there at which the triangle looks exactly the same, when rotated
about its centre by 60°.

Question 13. Give the order of rotational symmetry for the given figure:

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Symmetry

b. Line symmetry and Rotational Symmetry

You have been observing many shapes and their symmetry so far. By now, you have
understood that some shapes have both line of symmetry and rotational symmetry.

Question 14. Consider a square of dimension 4 cm × 4cm. How many lines of symmetry does it have?
Does it have any rotational symmetry?

Did you know?

Circle is the most perfect symmetrical figure, because
it can be rotated around its centre through any angle and
at the same time it has unlimited number of lines
of symmetry.

Question 15. Name any two figure that have both line of symmetry and rotational symmetry.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Symmetry

Question 16. Fill in the blanks:

Shape Centre of Rotation Order of Rotation Angle of Rotation

Square

Rectangle

Rhombus

Equilateral triangle

Circle

Semi- Circle

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Symmetry

Instructions: Solve these problems after watching the videos.

Questions from 1 to 5 are MCQ’s

1. Identify the number of lines of symmetry possible for this figure:

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
2. The number of lines of symmetry possible for Equilateral triangle is
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
3. The number of lines of symmetry possible for a regular hexagon is
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6
4. Find the order of rotational symmetry of a square about its center
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
5. Which of the following has no line of symmetry but has rotational symmetry.
a. H
b. O
c. E
d. Z

Questions from 6 to 20 are subjective questions

6. Name two figures that have both lines of symmetry as well as rotational symmetry.
7. Find centre of rotation, order of rotation and angle of rotation for rhombus.
8. Find the number of line of symmetry for regular pentagon.
9. Find order of rotation and angle of rotation for semi-circle.
10. Find the number of lines of symmetry of a circle.
11. How many axes of symmetry does Kite have?
12. Name three letters of English alphabet which are symmetrical about (i) a vertical axis (ii) a
horizontal axis

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Symmetry

13. Find the number of line of symmetry for the following:

14. Find the line of symmetry for the given figure:

15. Can you tell the order of rotational symmetry for an equilateral triangle.
16. Write down objects which exhibits rotational symmetry.
17. Give the order of rotational symmetry for the given figure about the point marked x.

18. Give the oder of rotational symmetry for given figure:

19. Write the coordinate of the reflection of (4, -2) in the x –axis.
20. Write the coordinate of the reflection of (-7, -2) in the y – axis.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Visualization of Solid Shapes

Instructions: This booklet can be used while watching videos. Keep filling the sheet as the videos
proceed.

1. Introduction

You must have seen the movie Kung fu panda in theatres. How it was different from the
normal movies you watch in theatres? Basically, it was a 3 – D movie.

What you mean by 3 – D here?

a. Point
A point has ______ dimensions.
Thus, a point has no length, width or height.

b. Line
A line is comprised of _____________________.
A line has ________ dimensions.

c. Plane
Many lines combined side by side gives a _______.
Plane figures have length and breadth. Therefore, A plane has _______ dimensions.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Visualization of Solid Shapes

Question1. Write down the names of the following plane figures.

Plane figure Name

d. Solid Figures
Give some examples for solid figure.

Question 2. Why solid figures are called three dimensional shapes?

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Visualization of Solid Shapes

Question 3. Write the names of the following solid figures.

Figure Name

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Visualization of Solid Shapes

2. How Solids are Formed
Formation of cuboid from a rectangle is shown below. Placing the rectangles one above the
other results into a cuboid.

Consider the figure given below,

It shows how ____________ is formed from many _______.

Question 4. Similar to the above examples, explain how

(i) Cone is formed from right angle

(ii) Sphere is formed from circle

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Visualization of Solid Shapes

a. Faces, Edges and Vertices
(i) Faces

How many faces are there for the following solid? Mark them.

(ii) Edges

Mark the edges of the following solid.

(iii) Vertices

Identify the vertices of the following solid and mark.

Vertices are points, edges are _______ and faces are ___________.

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Visualization of Solid Shapes

Question 5. Complete the following table.

Solid Figure Faces (F) Edges (E) Vertices (V)

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Visualization of Solid Shapes

b. Polyhedron
A polyhedron is a solid object whose surface is made up of a number of flat faces which
themselves are bordered by straight lines.

Euler’s formula

For any polyhedron,

Question 6. What will be the number of edges if there are 12 vertices and 20 faces?

Given,

V=
F=

By Euler‟s formula,

E=

c. Nets for Building 3 – D Shapes

Write names of the solids correspond to the given net.

___________________ __________________
_____________________

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Visualization of Solid Shapes

________________ __________________ ______________

Question 7. Identify the nets which can be used to make cubes and shade them.

Note: Dice are cubes with dots on each face. Opposite faces of a die always have a
total of seven dots on them.

Question 8. Two dice are placed side by side with faces 2 and 1, what is the total on the face opposite
to the given numbers?

Number on the opposite of 2 is ________

Number on the opposite of 1 is __________

Therefore, required sum = ______________

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Visualization of Solid Shapes

Question 9. Following is a net for a die. Fill in the blank squares with appropriate number.

d. Drawing Solids on a Flat Surface

Oblique sketches have same exactly same measurements as the solid. (True/False)

Question 10. Write down the difference between oblique sketch and isometric sketch.

Oblique sketch Isometric sketch

Question 11. Draw an oblique sketch of a cube of dimension .

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Visualization of Solid Shapes

Question 12. Draw an isometric sketch of a cuboid of dimension .

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Visualization of Solid Shapes

Question 13. Draw isometric sketch of the following sketch.

3. Perspectives of 3D Shapes

Question 14. When 3 cubes of side length 3 are joined side by side, then:

(i) Shape of the new solid is ________

(ii) Dimension of the new solid is ___________

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Visualization of Solid Shapes

a. Different Sections of Solid

Question 15. Complete the following table.

Solid Vertical cut Horizontal cut

Snooker Ball

Brick

Rubik‟s Cube

Wooden Rod

Ice-cream Cone

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Visualization of Solid Shapes

b. Shadows of Solids

Question 16. A bulb is kept burning at the roof of a room. What are the shadows obtained when the
following solids kept exactly below the bulb?

Solids Shape of shadow (Rough

sketch)

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Visualization of Solid Shapes

c. Solids from Different Angles

Complete the following table by drawing front view, top view and side view of the solid.

Front view

Top view Side view

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Visualization of Solid Shapes

Instructions: Solve these problems after watching the videos.

Questions from 1 to 8 are MCQ’s.

1. Two cubes of dimensions 2 cm x 2 cm x 2 cm are placed side by side, the length of resulting
Cuboid is
a. 2 cm
b. 6 cm
c. 7 cm
d. 4 cm
2. The number of faces of a triangular pyramid or tetrahedron is _______.
a. 5
b. 4
c. 6
d. 10
3. What will be the number of faces if there are 6 vertices and 12 edges?
a. 12
b. 14
c. 16
d. None of these
4. Two dice are placed side by side with 3 + 2, what is the total on the face opposite to the given
numbers
a. 4
b. 6
c. 9
d. 5
5. The base of a prism is a hexagon. How many edges will the prism have?
a. 15
b. 12
c. 18
d. None of these
6. The number of rectangular faces of a rectangular pyramid is _______.
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
7. What cross-sections do you get when you give a vertical cut to the round apple?
a. Rectangle
b. Square
c. Triangle
d. Circle
8. Name of the solid whose net diagram is given below:

a. Cone
b. Cylinder
c. Cube
d. Prism

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Visualization of Solid Shapes

Questions from 9 to are 20 subjective questions.

9. What are three-dimensional shapes?
10. If we add the dimension „height‟ to a rectangle (with certain length & breadth), we obtain a
cuboid. (True/False)
11. Identify the given views of the block.

12. Can a polyhedron have 12 faces, 15 edges and 20 vertices? Explain.

13. Write number of faces, number of vertices and number of edges of a cuboid.
14. What will be the number of faces of a polyhedron if number of vertices are 6 and number of edges
are 12?
15. What are polyhedrons? Give two e.g.
16. Identify the top view, front view and side view for the given solid.

17. State and verify the Euler‟s Formula for a rectangular prism.
18. Find the number of edges, vertices and faces in a cylinder.
19. State and verify the Euler‟s Formula for a cube.
20. Following figure represents net of die numbered from 1 to 6. The sum of numbers on opposite
faces in a die is 7. What is the value of ( ) ( )

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VII CBSE Mathematics – Visualization of Solid Shapes

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