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30 ST Mary Axe - Abbas Riazibeidokhti PDF

The document provides details about 30 St Mary Axe, also known as the Gherkin, a landmark office tower in London. It discusses the building's history and previous use of the site. The design process utilized parametric modeling to simulate wind patterns and explore various shapes. A conical shape was chosen to reduce wind turbulence. The building features a central core and radial floor plates that rotate slightly between floors to improve airflow and light penetration. A trussed tube structural system transfers loads to an exterior diagrid structure.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
503 views18 pages

30 ST Mary Axe - Abbas Riazibeidokhti PDF

The document provides details about 30 St Mary Axe, also known as the Gherkin, a landmark office tower in London. It discusses the building's history and previous use of the site. The design process utilized parametric modeling to simulate wind patterns and explore various shapes. A conical shape was chosen to reduce wind turbulence. The building features a central core and radial floor plates that rotate slightly between floors to improve airflow and light penetration. A trussed tube structural system transfers loads to an exterior diagrid structure.

Uploaded by

puppyarav2726
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3 6

MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY


DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE / BUILDING SCIENCE PROGRAM

BS 536

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STUDIES ON TALL BUILDINGS: DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Fall 2011-2012

Case Study: 30 St Mary Axe

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by
Abbas Riazibeidokhti

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Submitted to: Assoc.Prof.Dr. Mehmet Halis Günel

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Assoc.Prof.Dr. Ali Murat Tanyer
Arch. H.Emre Ilgın (MSc.)

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Case Study: 30 St Mary Axe by Abbas Riazibeidokhti
Submitted to: Günel, Tanyer, Ilgın – Fall 2011

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30 ST. MARY AXE

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A SUSTAINABLE LANDMARK IN LONDON
‐ Official Name: 30 St. Mary Axe 1

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‐ Alternative Names: Swiss Re Tower, The Gherkin 1
‐ Location: London, United Kingdom 1

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‐ Usage: Office 1
‐ Height (Architectural): 179.80m 1

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‐ Number of Stories: 41 Above, 1 Below Ground 1
‐ Construction: 2000‐2004 1

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‐ Design Architect: Foster + Partners 1
‐ Structural Engineer: Ove Arup & Partners 1

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‐ Main Contractor: Skanska AS 1
‐ Structural System: Trussed Tube 3

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‐ Structural Material: Steel 1
‐ Elevators: 24 1
‐ Roof System: Dome 2
Photo: Foster+Partners

1) CTBUH, 2) Emporis, 3) Yuksek Binalar
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• HISTORY OF THE SITE

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The site was previously occupied by the Baltic Exchange, Which severely 

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damaged by a bombing in 1992.

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There was a tendency to restore the old building, but as the damage was sever, 
it was decided for a new commercial building.4

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The Baltic Exchange building before and after the bombing 
Left Photo: www.habitables.co.uk ‐ Right Photo: www.not4attribution.blogspot.com 
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• THE DESIGN PROCESS

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The Foster + Partners Specialist Modeling Group’s (SMG) job is to help the 

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architects to make virtual models of the projects by the use of CAD (computer 
aided design) tools.

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They have used parametric design in order to have a variety geometry features 

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and enable them to explore a huge range of design options in a very short 
period of time. 5

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Some Virtual parametric Models of the architects’ ideas done by the SMG

Photo: courtesy Brady Peters
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• THE DESIGN PROCESS

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The digital simulation model has shown that the conical shape responds 

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better to air currents than a square one. 5

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Moreover, conical shape decreases the wind turbulence , and creates wind 
pressure to assist the natural ventilation. 4

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It also creates a small footprint to maximize the public use. 6

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M E The wind effect on square shape, or cylindrical shape tower
Photo: www.architectureweek.com   
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• THE DESIGN PROCESS

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By use of the computer model and simulation of wind currents around the tower, 

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architects have tried to reach to the exact shape.

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The advantage of using parametric modeling, has helped them to decide about 
shape of building, as it provides a large variety of shapes to be considered.

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TU
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The computer simulation of wind 
blow effect on the tower
Trying different shapes by use of 
parametric model
Photos: www.architectureweek.com
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• THE DESIGN PROCESS

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Experience of creating the parametric model 

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of the tower; 
some alternatives (by Abbas Riazibeidokhti)

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Parametric Model Created By Abbas Riazibeidokhti
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• THE DESIGN PROCESS

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A radial floor plan with six fingers spreading out from a central core has used in 

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the building. This core contains elevators and other services.7 The core to 
perimeter lengths differ in different floors from 6.4m to 13.1m.8

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A Floor Plan
of the Building

Drawn By Abbas Riazibeidokhti
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• THE DESIGN PROCESS

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The floors’ fingers create lightwells for light penetration and natural 

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ventilation.4 Each floor rotates 5 degrees from the one below it.8 This rotation 
simplifies the air movement and let the light  to come deep into the building.

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The Arrangement of Building’s Floors

Left Photo:  Yuming Shen , Green Design & the City Buildings – Right Photo: www.aviewoncities.com  


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• THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

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The 30 St. Mary Axe tower is an example of Trussed Tube 

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structural system.3

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In other words, the main weight is carried by the outer 
diagrid (diagonal grid) structure.

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The Trussed Tube structural system  of the Building

Left Photo: Foster+Partners – Right Photo: Dominic Munro, MA MIStructE, Ove Arup and Partners, London


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• THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

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Diagrid is a structural system made of triangular structures and horizontal rings, 

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which is a suitable system for high rise buildings. 9

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The Diagrid System Used in the Gherkin Tower, and its Joints
Drawn By Abbas Riazibeidokhti
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• THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

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The diagrid structural system has been widely used for recent tall buildings due 

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to its structural efficiency and aesthetic potentials. 10

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The Diagrid Pattern of the 
Building

Left Photo: Ian McCain, DiaGrid: Structural Efficiency & Increasing Popularity Drawn By Abbas Riazibeidokhti


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• THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

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More than the outer diagrid structure, there also exist a set of columns which 

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mainly carry the weight of central service core, containing elevators and other 
services. 11

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The Columns Which Carry 
Weight of the Service Core

Drawn By Abbas Riazibeidokhti
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• THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

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Each floor is circular and contains an inner ring attached to the columns, and an

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outer ring attached to the trussed tube structure.

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These rings are attached to each other by use of radial beams.

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The Radial Beams Attaching the Columns to the Diagrid Structure

Drawn By Abbas Riazibeidokhti
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• THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

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The radial beams support steel decking based composite floor slabs. The size of 

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the core is constant, but the outer floors vary in diameter at each level.

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The Radial Beams Support the Floor Slabs
Drawn By Abbas Riazibeidokhti

Right Photo: Bill Fedun, 30 St. Mary Axe by Foster and Partners, 2005 
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S 5
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TU
ME Drawn By
Abbas Riazibeidokhti
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At the top part of the tower, under the dome of 

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building, there exists a restaurant which provides a 

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360 degrees view of London.

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Drawn By Abbas Riazibeidokhti Photos: Bill Fedun, 30 St. Mary Axe by Foster and Partners, 2005 
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• REFERENCES:

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‰ 1‐ www.CTBUH.org, CTBUH Tall Buildings Database

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‰ 2‐ www.emporis.com
‰

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3‐ Yuksek Binalar, M. Halis Gunel & H. Emre Ilgin, 2010
‰ 4‐ Swiss Re Building, Case study by Chris Stevens, 2009

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‰ 5‐ Marianne Freiberger , Perfect buildings: the maths of modern architecture, 2007, 
Millennium Mathematics Project, University of Cambridge
‰ 6‐ Swiss Re HQ, 30 St. Mary Axe. Foster and Partners. 4 October 2009. 

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www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/1004/Default.aspx
‰ 7‐ Spring, Martin. “30 St Mary Axe: A gherkin to suit all tastes”. 

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Building.co.uk. 2008 Issue 16. 6 October 2009. 
www.building.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=3111783

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‰ 8‐ Yuming Shen, Green Design and the City Buildings: The Gherkin, London October 15, 
2009

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‰ 9‐ Ian McCain, DiaGrid: Structural Efficiency & Increasing Popularity
‰ 10‐ K. Moon, Design and Construction of Steel Diagrid Structures, School of 
Architecture, Yale University, New Haven, USA, 2009
‰ 11‐ MCRMA (The Metal Cladding & Roofing Manufacturers Association LTD), “30 St 
Mary Axe London”, Case Study 001

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