 A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source.

Paraphrased material
is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of
the source and condensing it slightly. Summarizing involves putting the main
idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s)

Paraphrasing and summarizing are very similar. Both involve taking ideas, words or
phrases from a source and crafting them into new sentences within your writing. In
addition, summarizing includes condensing the source material into just a few lines.
Whether paraphrasing or summarizing, credit is always given to the author.
Below is a passage taken from Raymond S. Nickerson's "How We Know-and Sometimes
Misjudge-What Others Know: Imputing One's Own Knowledge to Others." Psychological
Bulletin 125.6 (1999): p737.
In order to communicate effectively with other people, one must have a reasonably
accurate idea of what they do and do not know that is pertinent to the communication.
Treating people as though they have knowledge that they do not have can result in
miscommunication and perhaps embarrassment. On the other hand, a fundamental rule
of conversation, at least according to a Gricean view, is that one generally does not
convey to others information that one can assume they already have.
Here is an example of what would be considered plagiarism of this passage:
For effective communication, it is necessary to have a fairly accurate idea of what our
listerners know or do not know that is pertinent to the communication. If we assume that
people know something they do not, then miscommunication and perhaps
embarrassment may result (Nickerson, 1999).
The writer in this example has used too many of Nickerson's original words and phrases
such as "effective communication," "accurate idea," "know or do not know," "pertinent,"
"miscommunication," and "embarrassment." Also note that the passage doesn't have an
opening tag to indicate where use of the Nickerson's material begins. A citation at the end
of a paragraph is not sufficent to indicate what is being credited to Nickerson.
Here is an example, in APA style, that is considered acceptable paraphrasing of this
passage:
Nickerson (1999) suggests that effective communication depends on a generally accurate
knowledge of what the audience knows. If a speaker assumes too much knowledge about
the subject, the audience will either misunderstand or be bewildered; however, assuming
too little knowledge among those in the audience may cause them to feel patronized
(p.737).
Here the writer re-words Nickerson's idea about what determines effective
communication. The writer re-phrases "generally accurate knowledge" into "reasonably
accurate idea." In the second sentence, the writer re-words Nickerson's ideas about
miscommunication and embarrassment using instead the words "misunderstand,"
"bewildered," and "patronized." Nickerson is given credit from the beginning as the
originator of the ideas. This is an example of a successful paraphrase because the writer
understands the ideas espoused by Nickerson, and is able to put them into her own words
while being careful to give him credit.
Here is an example, in APA style, that would be considered acceptable summarizing of
this passage:
Nickerson (1999) argues that clear communication hinges upon what an audience does
and does not know. It is crucial to assume the audience has neither too much nor too
little knowledge of the subject, or the communication may be inhibited by either
confusion or offense (p. 737).
Notice that the writer both paraphrases Nickerson's ideas about effective communication
and compresses them into two sentences. Like paraphrasing, summarizing passages is a
tricky endeavor and takes lots of practice. If you're ever in doubt about whether your
summary or paraphrase might be accidental plagiarism, ask your teacher.

Paraphrasing is when you put the ideas of another author into your own words. To avoid
plagiarism when paraphrasing, it is essential that you do not include too many words
from the original text.

Summarizing is when you use your own words to draw out the key points or main
arguments of the original text, significantly reducing its length.
Paraphrasing and summarizing are important skills in academic writing. They enable you
to:

 demonstrate you have read widely on the topic,

 show that you understand the literature,
 synthesise, compare and contrast viewpoints and findings from other authors,
 use examples from a range of sources which support or counter your argument.

Examples of Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing involves taking a set of facts or opinions and rewording them. When
paraphrasing, it is important to keep the original meaning and to present it in a new form.
Basically, you are simply writing something in your own words that expresses the original
idea.

Paraphrasing Blocks of Text

Paraphrasing can be done with individual sentences or entire paragraphs. There are
several examples of paraphrasing listed below for both long and short blocks of text.
Paraphrasing Sentences
Here are some sentences that have been paraphrased:
 Original: Her life spanned years of incredible change for women.
 Paraphrase: Mary lived through an era of liberating reform for women.

 Original: Giraffes like Acacia leaves and hay and they can consume 75 pounds of food
a day.
 Paraphrase: A giraffe can eat up to 75 pounds of Acacia leaves and hay everyday.

 Original: Any trip to Italy should include a visit to Tuscany to sample their exquisite
wines.
 Paraphrase: Be sure to include a Tuscan wine-tasting experience when visiting Italy.

Paraphrasing Paragraphs
Here is an example of paraphrasing of a longer passage taken from the Duke website.
Original Passage:
In The Sopranos, the mob is besieged as much by inner infidelity as it is by the federal
government. Early in the series, the greatest threat to Tony's Family is his own biological
family. One of his closest associates turns witness for the FBI, his mother colludes with
his uncle to contract a hit on Tony, and his kids click through Web sites that track the
federal crackdown in Tony's gangland.
Paraphrased Passage:
In the first season of The Sopranos, Tony Soprano’s mobster activities are more
threatened by members of his biological family than by agents of the federal government.
This familial betrayal is multi-pronged. Tony’s closest friend and associate is an FBI
informant, his mother and uncle are conspiring to have him killed, and his children are
surfing the Web for information about his activities.
The main point of this passage is that problems within the family are as bad as or even
worse than problems caused by the federal government. Details about this betrayal
include one family member turning informant, a hit being put out on Tony by family
members, and Tony’s kids tracking his activities.
Here is a summary of some of the changes made during the paraphrasing process:
 Early in the series = first season
 More threatened = greatest threat
 Closest friend and associate = one family member
 His mother colludes with his uncle = his mother and uncle are conspiring
 His kids click through Web sites = his children are surfing the Web

Avoiding Plagiarism
There is a fine line between plagiarism and paraphrasing. If the wording of the paraphrase
is too close to the wording of the original content, then it is plagiarism. The main ideas
need to come through, but the wording has to be your own.
To use another person’s writing in your own can be accomplished with quotes and
citations. A quote will need to be the exact wording and the author and source will need
to be identified.
Paraphrasing usually makes the passage shorter than the original. Another option is to
use a summary that is much shorter than the original and is an overview of the main
points.

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-
paraphrasing.html#Pb2sgLScezDv7JpE.99

http://www.businessballs.com/erik_erikson_psychosocial_theory.htm

https://www.slideshare.net/simplytrue005/reading-as-a-psychosocial-process1

http://www.studymode.com/essays/Reading-Process-929313.html

How is reading considered a psychosocial process?

Well a quick google of "psychosocial" gives you a definition of the concept that I feel
answers your question almost completely.

Psychosocial: "of or relating to the interrelation of social factors and individual thought
and behavior."

If you are reading something... someone wrote it. Those words came from another
persons mind. Even if the content they are writing about wasn't invented by them, the
way they choose to convey it is their own. You are seeing a piece of the world through
their mind by reading their worlds and by default relating to their thoughts and
behaviors.

Maybe this is just me but I feel like you can tell a lot about someone by the way they write
if you get a large enough sample of their writing.

Psychosocial
The psychosocial approach looks at individuals in the context of the combined influence
that psychological factors and the surrounding social environment have on their physical
and mental wellness and their ability to function. This approach is used in a broad range
of helping professions in health and social care settings as well as by medical and social
science researchers.[1]
People may not be fully aware of the relationship between their mental and emotional
wellbeing and the environment. It was first commonly used by psychologist Erik
Erikson in his description of the stages of psychosocial development. Mary Richmond,
pioneer of American social work regarded there to be a linear relationship between cause
and effect in a diagnostic process. In 1941 Gordon Hamilton renamed the 1917 concept
of "social diagnosis" as "psychosocial study". Psychosocial study was further developed
by Hollis in 1964 with emphasis in treatment model. It is contrasted with diverse social
psychology, which attempts to explain social patterns within the individual. Problems
that occur in one's psychosocial functioning can be referred to as "psychosocial
dysfunction" or "psychosocial morbidity." This refers to the lack of development or
diverse atrophy of the psychosocial self, often occurring alongside other dysfunctions
that may be physical, emotional, or cognitive in nature.
Scholarly societies in this field brings together researchers, academics and practitioners
who are interested in contributing to the development of this inter/trans-disciplinary
field of study. There are organisation's such as Transcultural Psychosocial Organization
(United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), Association for Psychosocial Studies,
etc.

Psychosocial assessment and intervention[edit]

Psychosocial assessment considers several key areas related to psychological and social
functioning and the availability of supports. It is a systematic inquiry that rise up from
the introduction of dynamic interaction, with this diagnosis is constituted as an ongoing
process that continues throughout a treatment, and is characterized by the circularity of
cause-effect/effect-cause. In assessment the clinician/health care professional identifies
the problem with the client, takes stock of the resources that are available for dealing
with it, and consider the ways in which it might be solved from an educated hypothesis
formed by data collection. This hypothesis is tentative in nature and goes through a
process of elimination, refinement, or reconstruction in the light of newly obtained data.[2]
There are five internal steps in assessment:

1. Data collection (relevant and current) of the problem presented.

2. Integrating collected facts with relevant theories.
3. Formulating hypothesis (case theory) that gives the presented problem more
clarity.
4. Hypothesis substantiation through exploration of the problem like life history of
the client, etiology, personality, environment, stigmas, etc.
5. Further integration of newer facts identified in the treatment period and preparing
psychosocial report for psychosocial intervention.
Assessment include psychiatric, psychological and social functioning, risks posed to the
individual and others, problems required to address from any co-morbidity, personal
circumstances including family or other carers. Other factors are the person's housing,
financial and occupational status and physical needs.[3] Assessments when categorized, it
particularly includes Life history of the client that include data collection of living
situation and finances, social history and supports, family history, coping skills,
religious/cultural factors, trauma from systemic issues or abuse and medico-legal factors
(Assess' client’s awareness of legal documents, surrogate decision-making, power of
attorney and consent). Components that include in resource assessment of the client
include psycho-spiritual strengths; substance abuse; coping mechanisms, styles and
patterns (Individual, family level, workplace, and use of social support systems); sleeping
 pattern; needs and impacts of the problem etc. Advanced clinician's incorporate
individual scales, batteries and testing instruments in their assessments. In the late 1980s
by Hans Eysenck through an issue of Psychological Inquiry raised controversies on then
assessment methods and it gave way to comprehensive Bio-Psycho-Social assessment,
this theoretical model states behavior as a function of biological factors, psychological
issues and the social context. Qualified healthcare professionals conduct physiological
part of these assessments. This thrust on biology expands the field of approach for the
client with the client through the interaction of these disciplines and in a domain that
mental illnesses are also physical, just as physical conditions have mental components.
Likewise, the emotional is both psychological and physical.
The clinician’s comprehension and set of judgments about the client situation,
assessment, through a theory of each case, predicts the intervention. Hence a good
psychosocial assessment leads to a good psychosocial intervention that aims to reduce
complaints and improve functioning related to mental disorders and/or social problems
(e.g., problems with personal relationships, work, or school) by addressing the different
psychological and social factors influencing the individual. For example, a psychosocial
intervention for an older adult client with a mental disorder might
include psychotherapy and a referral to a psychiatrist while also addressing the
caregiver's needs in an effort to reduce stress for the entire family system as a method
of improving the client's quality of life.[4] Treatment for psychosocial disorders in a
medical model usually only involve using drugs and talk therapy. [5]

Psychosocial adaptation and support[edit]

Psychosocial adaptation is a process, a person experiences in order to achieve good
fitness in person-environment congruence known as adjustment, a state of wisdom
oriented activities and psychosocial equilibrium.[6] Psychosocial support is the provision
of psychological and social resources to a person by a supporter intended for the benefit
of the receiver's ability to cope with problems faced.[6] The allocentric principle that social
relationships promote health and well-being moves individual's to aid victims of terminal
illness, disaster, war, catastrophe or violence to foster resilience of communities and
individuals. It aims at easing resumption of normal life, facilitating affected people's
participation to their convalescence and preventing pathological consequences of
potentially traumatic situations. This might extend in forms of informational and
instrumental support.[citation needed]

psy·cho·so·cial
adjective
1. relating to the interrelation of social factors and individual thought and behavior.

Why reading a psychosocial process?

- Well thats because reading is a miner skill to every human being to learn
and it is also adventurous to many people.
What is psychosocial process?
- Psychosocial processes are when social events lead to negative thinking. For
instance, losing a job causing you to have low self esteem.

What will you get out of the reading process?

- an understanding of the meaning of the text.

Why reading is a active process it is a thinking process?

- reading is considerd as an active process because through reading our
emotion and psychological thinking will react..

Why is reading is a psychological process?

- it is a psychological process because it connects to your brain

Characteristics of reading process?

- The reading process involves successfully decoding the words (mapping the
letters in a word to their correct sounds). Then you must must put these words together
to comprehend the meaning of the text. Additionally, reading is influenced by fluency
(the rate and accuracy of one's reading) and vocabulary

What is the Definition for the reading process?

- Reading is the process of constructing means from written texts which is
useful to create an essay and also make through the dynamic interaction
among the topics. Reader must be able to translate their word to written
essay into meaningful language. Constructing to essay writing from essay
writing reviews is the best way for students.

psychosocial
Definition of psychosocial
1: involving both psychological and social aspects psychosocial adjustment in marriage
2: relating social conditions to mental health psychosocial medicine
psychosocially