Effects of dyes on different types of fabrics

Abstract
Some fabrics just don't absorb dye as well as others, which makes me wonder: how exactly does
dye work? Do different colors of dye have more impact on a fabric? Do different fabrics react and
absorb dyes with varying outcomes?This experiment attempts to answer these questions by testing
a given dye's effectiveness on a wide range of fabric

Materials and Procedure

For the experiment, It was chosen four natural fibers (cotton, silk, linen, and wool), three synthetic
fibers (polyester, rayon, and spandex), and one control fabric (cotton) and submitted them to the
same dying process.
In order to get the most accurate results, we repeated the dye process six times with different sets of
fabric samples.

Results
It was hypothesized that there would be significant variation across the different fabrics in terms of
absorption of the dye, that the natural fabrics would absorb the dye more effectively than the
synthetic fibers, and that the cotton would bond the best with the dye overall.
According to both my data and further research, this assumption was correct.

Discussion
The purpose of this experiment was to test a given dyes effectiveness on a wide range of different
types of fabrics. I wanted to see just what would happen so that when I ever tie-dye in the future, I
might know just what to expect after the dying process is completed.
At the start, I hypothesized that there would be significant variation across the different fabrics in
terms of absorption of the dye, and that the natural fabrics would absorb the dye more effectively
than the synthetic fibers, and that the cotton would bond the best with the dye overall.
All of the different components of this hypothesis were supported by the data I collected. This is
because cotton ended up being the fabric with the best scores, meaning closest to 100% saturation
and 50% luminance, with an average of 100% saturation and 40% luminance.
Because cotton is a natural fiber, the data I collected also supported that segment of my hypothesis.
There was also a great deal of variation between each fabric, which supported the first segment of
my hypothesis.
This project attempts to explain how and why the chemicals in dye react differently with different
types of fabric.
Environmental Pollution
Abstract
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes
instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living
organisms. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise,
heat, or light. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or
naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they are considered contaminants when they
exceed natural levels. Modern Awareness
Pollution became a popular issue after World War II, due to radioactive fallout from atomic warfare
and testing. Then a non-nuclear event, The Great Smog of 1952 in London, killed at least 4000
people. This prompted some of the first major modern environmental legislation, The Clean Air Act
of 1956. Pollution began to draw major public attention in the United States between the mid-1950s
and early 1970s, when Congress passed the Noise Control Act, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water
Act and the National Environmental Policy Act.
Bad bouts of local pollution helped increase consciousness. PCB (Polychlorinated biphenyl)
Dumping in the Hudson River resulted in a ban by the EPA on consumption of its fish in 1974. Long-
term dioxin contamination at Love Canal starting in 1947 became a national news story in 1978 and
led to the Superfund legislation of 1980. Legal proceedings in the 1990s helped bring to light
Chromium-6 releases in California--the champions of whose victims became famous.
The pollution of industrial land gave rise to the name Brownfield, a term now common in city
planning. DDT was banned in most of the developed world after the publication of Rachel Carson's
Silent Spring.
The development of nuclear science introduced radioactive contamination, which can remain lethally
radioactive for hundreds of thousands of years. Lake Karachay, named by the World watch Institute
as the "most polluted spot" on earth, served as a disposal site for the Soviet Union throughout the
1950s and 1960s. Second place may go to the area of Chelyabinsk U.S.S.R. as the "Most polluted
place on the planet".
Nuclear weapons continued to be tested in the Cold War, sometimes near inhabited areas,
especially in the earlier stages of their development. The toll on the worst affected populations and
the growth since then in understanding about the critical threat to human health posed by
radioactivity has also been a prohibitive complication associated with nuclear power. Though
extreme care is practiced in that industry, the potential for disaster suggested by incidents such as
those at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl pose a lingering specter of public mistrust. One legacy of
nuclear testing before most forms were banned has been significantly raised levels of background
radiation.
International catastrophes such as the wreck of the Amoco Cadiz oil tanker off the coast of Brittany
in 1978 and the Bhopal disaster in 1984 have demonstrated the universality of such events and the
scale on which efforts to address them needed to engage. The borderless nature of atmosphere and
oceans inevitably resulted in the implication of pollution on a planetary level with the issue of global
warming. Most recently the term persistent organic pollutant (POP) has come to describe a group of
chemicals such as PBDEs and PFCs among others. Though their effects remain somewhat less well
understood owing to a lack of experimental data, they have been detected in various ecological
habitats far removed from industrial activity such as the Arctic, demonstrating diffusion and
bioaccumulation after only a relatively brief period of widespread use.
Growing evidence of local and global pollution and an increasingly informed public over time have
given rise to environmentalism and the environmental movement, which generally seek to limit
human impact on the environment.

Forms of Pollution
The major forms of pollution are listed below along with the particular pollutants relevant to each of
them:
Air pollution, the release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. Common gaseous
pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides
produced by industry and motor vehicles. Photochemical ozone and smog are created as nitrogen
oxides and hydrocarbons react to sunlight. Particulate matter, or fine dust is characterized by their
micrometer size PM10 to PM2.5.
Light pollution, includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomical interference.

Littering
Noise pollution, which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial noise as well as high-
intensity sonar. Soil contamination occurs when chemicals are released intentionally, by spill or
underground leakage. Among the most significant soil contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy
metals, MTBE, herbicides, pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Radioactive contamination, resulting from 20th century activities in atomic physics, such as nuclear
power generation and nuclear weapons research, manufacture and deployment. (See alpha emitters
and actinides in the environment.)
Thermal pollution, is a temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence, such
as use of water as coolant in a power plant. Visual pollution, which can refer to the presence of
overhead power lines, motorway billboards, scarred landforms (as from strip mining), open storage
of trash or municipal solid waste.
Water pollution, by the discharge of wastewater from commercial and industrial waste (intentionally
or through spills) into surface waters; discharges of untreated domestic sewage, and chemical
contaminants, such as chlorine, from treated sewage; release of waste and contaminants into
surface runoff flowing to surface waters (including urban runoff and agricultural runoff, which may
contain chemical fertilizers and pesticides); waste disposal and leaching into groundwater;
eutrophication and littering

Sources and Causes

Air pollution comes from both natural and man-made sources. Though globally man made pollutants
from combustion, construction, mining, agriculture and warfare are increasingly significant in the air
pollution equation. Motor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution. China,
United States, Russia, Mexico, and Japan are the world leaders in air pollution emissions. Principal
stationary pollution sources include chemical plants, coal-fired power plants, oil refineries,
petrochemical plants, nuclear waste disposal activity, incinerators, large livestock farms (dairy cows,
pigs, poultry, etc.), PVC factories, metals production factories, plastics factories, and other heavy
industry. Agricultural air pollution comes from contemporary practices, which include clear felling and
burning of natural vegetation as well as spraying of pesticides and herbicides.
About 400 million metric tons of hazardous wastes are generated each year. The United States
alone produces about 250 million metric tons. Americans constitute less than 5% of the world's
population, but produce roughly 25% of the world’s CO2, and generate approximately 30% of world’s
waste. In 2007, China has overtaken the United States as the world's biggest producer of CO2.
In February 2007, a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), representing
the work of 2,500 scientists, economists, and policymakers from more than 120 countries, said that
humans have been the primary cause of global warming since 1950. Humans have ways to cut
greenhouse gas emissions and avoid the consequences of global warming, a major climate report
concluded. But in order to change the climate, the transition from fossil fuels like coal and oil needs
to occur within decades, according to the final report this year from the UN's Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Some of the more common soil contaminants are chlorinated hydrocarbons (CFH), heavy metals
(such as chromium, cadmium–found in rechargeable batteries, and lead–found in lead paint, aviation
fuel and still in some countries, gasoline), MTBE, zinc, arsenic and benzene. In 2001 a series of
press reports culminating in a book called Fateful Harvest unveiled a widespread practice of
recycling industrial byproducts into fertilizer, resulting in the contamination of the soil with various
metals.
Ordinary municipal landfills are the source of many chemical substances entering the soil
environment (and often groundwater), emanating from the wide variety of refuse accepted,
especially substances illegally discarded there, or from pre-1970 landfills that may have been
subject to little control in the U.S. or EU. There have also been some unusual releases of
polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, commonly called dioxins for simplicity, such as TCDD(2,3,7,8-
Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin).
Pollution can also be the consequence of a natural disaster. For example, hurricanes often involve
water contamination from sewage, and petrochemical spills from ruptured boats or automobiles.
Larger scale and environmental damage is not uncommon when coastal oil rigs or refineries are
involved. Some sources of pollution, such as nuclear power plants or oil tankers, can produce
widespread and potentially hazardous releases when accidents occur. In the case of noise pollution
the dominant source class is the motor vehicle, producing about ninety percent of all unwanted noise
worldwide.

Conclusion
Pollution control is a term used in environmental management. It means the control of emissions and
effluents into air, water or soil. Without pollution control, the waste products from consumption,
heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and other human activities, whether they
accumulate or disperse, will degrade the environment. In the hierarchy of controls, pollution
prevention and waste minimization are more desirable than pollution control. In the field of land
development, low impact development is a similar technique for the prevention of urban runoff