Darcy�Weisbach equation

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigationJump to search
In fluid dynamics, the Darcy�Weisbach equation is a phenomenological equation,
which relates the head loss, or pressure loss, due to friction along a given length
of pipe to the average velocity of the fluid flow for an incompressible fluid. The
equation is named after Henry Darcy and Julius Weisbach.

The Darcy�Weisbach equation contains a dimensionless friction factor, known as the

Darcy friction factor. This is also variously called the Darcy�Weisbach friction
factor, friction factor, resistance coefficient, or flow coefficient.[a]

Contents
1 Pressure-loss form
2 Head-loss form
2.1 In terms of volumetric flow
3 Shear-stress form
4 Darcy friction factor
4.1 Laminar regime
4.2 Critical regime
4.3 Turbulent regime
4.3.1 Smooth-pipe regime
4.3.2 Rough-pipe regime
4.4 Calculating the friction factor from its parametrization
4.4.1 Direct calculation when friction loss S is known
4.5 Confusion with the Fanning friction factor
5 History
6 Derivation by dimensional analysis
7 Practical application
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Pressure-loss form
In a cylindrical pipe of uniform diameter D, flowing full, the pressure loss due to
viscous effects ?p is proportional to length L and can be characterized by the
Darcy�Weisbach equation:[2]

{\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta p}{L}}=f_{\mathrm {D} }\cdot {\frac {\rho }{2}}\cdot

{\frac {{\langle v\rangle }^{2}}{D}},} {\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta p}
{L}}=f_{\mathrm {D} }\cdot {\frac {\rho }{2}}\cdot {\frac {{\langle v\rangle }^{2}}
{D}},}
where the pressure loss per unit length
?p
/
L
(SI units: Pa/m) is a function of:

?, the density of the fluid (kg/m3);

D, the hydraulic diameter of the pipe (for a pipe of circular section, this equals
the internal diameter of the pipe; otherwise D � 2vA/p for a pipe of cross-
sectional area A) (m);
?v?, the mean flow velocity, experimentally measured as the volumetric flow rate Q
per unit cross-sectional wetted area (m/s);
fD, the Darcy friction factor (also called flow coefficient ?[3][4]).
For laminar flow, the friction factor is inversely proportional to the Reynolds
number alone (fD =
64
/
Re
) which itself can be expressed in terms of easily measured or published physical
quantities (see section below). Making this substitution the Darcy-Weisbach
equation is rewritten as

{\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta p}{L}}={\frac {128}{\pi }}\cdot {\frac {\mu Q}

{D^{4}}},} {\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta p}{L}}={\frac {128}{\pi }}\cdot {\frac
{\mu Q}{D^{4}}},}
where

� is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid (Pa�s = N�s/m2 = kg/(m�s));

Q is the volumetric flow rate, used here to measure flow instead of mean velocity
according to Q =
p
/
4
D2?v? (m3/s).
Note that this laminar form of Darcy�Weisbach is equivalent to the Hagen�Poiseuille
equation, which is analytically derived from the Navier�Stokes equations.

Head-loss form
The head loss ?h (or hf) expresses the pressure loss due to friction in terms of
the equivalent height of a column of the working fluid, so the pressure drop is

{\displaystyle \Delta p=\rho g\,\Delta h,} {\displaystyle \Delta p=\rho g\,\Delta

h,}
where

?h is the head loss due to pipe friction over the given length of pipe (SI units:
m);[b]
g is the local acceleration due to gravity (m/s2).
It is useful to present head loss per length of pipe (dimensionless):

{\displaystyle S={\frac {\Delta h}{L}}={\frac {1}{\rho g}}\cdot {\frac {\Delta p}

{L}},} {\displaystyle S={\frac {\Delta h}{L}}={\frac {1}{\rho g}}\cdot {\frac
{\Delta p}{L}},}
where L is the pipe length (m).

Therefore, the Darcy�Weisbach equation can also be written in terms of head loss:
[5]

{\displaystyle S=f_{\text{D}}\cdot {\frac {1}{2g}}\cdot {\frac {{\langle v\rangle }

^{2}}{D}}.} {\displaystyle S=f_{\text{D}}\cdot {\frac {1}{2g}}\cdot {\frac
{{\langle v\rangle }^{2}}{D}}.}
In terms of volumetric flow
The relationship between mean flow velocity ?v? and volumetric flow rate Q is

{\displaystyle Q=A\cdot \langle v\rangle ,} {\displaystyle Q=A\cdot \langle

v\rangle ,}
where:

Q is the volumetric flow (m3/s),

A is the cross-sectional wetted area (m2).
In a full-flowing pipe of diameter D,

{\displaystyle Q={\frac {\pi }{4}}D^{2}\langle v\rangle .} {\displaystyle Q={\frac

{\pi }{4}}D^{2}\langle v\rangle .}
Then the Darcy�Weisbach equation in terms of Q is
{\displaystyle S=f_{\text{D}}\cdot {\frac {8}{\pi ^{2}g}}\cdot {\frac {Q^{2}}
{D^{5}}}.} {\displaystyle S=f_{\text{D}}\cdot {\frac {8}{\pi ^{2}g}}\cdot {\frac
{Q^{2}}{D^{5}}}.}
Shear-stress form
The mean wall shear stress t in a pipe or open channel is expressed in terms of the
Darcy�Weisbach friction factor as[6]

{\displaystyle \tau ={\frac {1}{8}}f_{\text{D}}\rho {\langle v\rangle }^{2}.}

{\displaystyle \tau ={\frac {1}{8}}f_{\text{D}}\rho {\langle v\rangle }^{2}.}
The wall shear stress has the SI unit of pascals (Pa).

Darcy friction factor

Figure 1. The Darcy friction factor versus Reynolds number for 10 < Re < 108 for
smooth pipe and a range of values of relative roughness
e
/
D
. Data are from Nikuradse (1932, 1933), Colebrook (1939), and McKeon (2004).
The friction factor fD is not a constant: it depends on such things as the
characteristics of the pipe (diameter D and roughness height e), the
characteristics of the fluid (its kinematic viscosity ? [nu]), and the velocity of
the fluid flow ?v?. It has been measured to high accuracy within certain flow
regimes and may be evaluated by the use of various empirical relations, or it may
be read from published charts. These charts are often referred to as Moody
diagrams, after L. F. Moody, and hence the factor itself is sometimes erroneously
called the Moody friction factor. It is also sometimes called the Blasius friction
factor, after the approximate formula he proposed.

Figure 1 shows the value of fD as measured by experimenters for many different

fluids, over a wide range of Reynolds numbers, and for pipes of various roughness
heights. There are three broad regimes of fluid flow encountered in these data:
laminar, critical, and turbulent.

Laminar regime
For laminar (smooth) flows, it is a consequence of Poiseuille's law (which stems
from an exact classical solution for the fluid flow) that

{\displaystyle f_{\mathrm {D} }={\frac {64}{\mathrm {Re} }},} {\displaystyle

f_{\mathrm {D} }={\frac {64}{\mathrm {Re} }},}
where Re is the Reynolds number

{\displaystyle \mathrm {Re} ={\frac {\rho }{\mu }}\langle v\rangle D={\frac

{\langle v\rangle D}{\nu }},} {\displaystyle \mathrm {Re} ={\frac {\rho }
{\mu }}\langle v\rangle D={\frac {\langle v\rangle D}{\nu }},}
and where � is the viscosity of the fluid and

{\displaystyle \nu ={\frac {\mu }{\rho }}} \nu ={\frac {\mu }{\rho }}
is known as the kinematic viscosity. In this expression for Reynolds number, the
characteristic length D is taken to be the hydraulic diameter of the pipe, which,
for a cylindrical pipe flowing full, equals the inside diameter. In Figures 1 and 2
of friction factor versus Reynolds number, the regime Re < 2000 demonstrates
laminar flow; the friction factor is well represented by the above equation.[c]

In effect, the friction loss in the laminar regime is more accurately characterized
as being proportional to flow velocity, rather than proportional to the square of
that velocity: one could regard the Darcy�Weisbach equation as not truly applicable
in the laminar flow regime.
In laminar flow, friction loss arises from the transfer of momentum from the fluid
in the center of the flow to the pipe wall via the viscosity of the fluid; no
vortices are present in the flow. Note that the friction loss is insensitive to the
pipe roughness height e: the flow velocity in the neighborhood of the pipe wall is
zero.

Critical regime
For Reynolds numbers in the range 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unsteady (varies
grossly with time) and varies from one section of the pipe to another (is not
"fully developed"). The flow involves the incipient formation of vortices; it is
not well understood.

Turbulent regime

Figure 2. The Darcy friction factor versus Reynolds number for 1000 < Re < 108 for
smooth pipe and a range of values of relative roughness
e
/
D
. Data are from Nikuradse (1932, 1933), Colebrook (1939), and McKeon (2004).
For Reynolds number greater than 4000, the flow is turbulent; the resistance to
flow follows the Darcy�Weisbach equation: it is proportional to the square of the
mean flow velocity. Over a domain of many orders of magnitude of Re (4000 < Re <
108), the friction factor varies less than one order of magnitude (0.006 < fD <
0.06). Within the turbulent flow regime, the nature of the flow can be further
divided into a regime where the pipe wall is effectively smooth, and one where its
roughness height is salient.

Smooth-pipe regime
When the pipe surface is smooth (the "smooth pipe" curve in Figure 2), the friction
factor's variation with Re can be modeled by the K�rm�n�Prandtl resistance equation
for turbulent flow in smooth pipes[3] with the parameters suitably adjusted

{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {D} }}}}=-1.930\log \left({\frac {1.90}

{\mathrm {Re} {\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {D} }}}}}\right).} {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt
{f_{\mathrm {D} }}}}=-1.930\log \left({\frac {1.90}{\mathrm {Re} {\sqrt {f_{\mathrm
{D} }}}}}\right).}
The factors 1.930 and 1.90 are phenomenological; these specific values provide a
fairly good fit to the data.[7] The product RevfD (called the "friction Reynolds
number") can be considered, like the Reynolds number, to be a (dimensionless)
parameter of the flow: at fixed values of RevfD, the friction factor is also fixed.

In the K�rm�n�Prandtl resistance equation, fD can be expressed in closed form as an

analytic function of Re through the use of the Lambert W function:

{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {D} }}}}=1.930W\left({\frac {\mathrm

{Re} }{1.930\cdot 1.90}}\right)} {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {f_{\mathrm
{D} }}}}=1.930W\left({\frac {\mathrm {Re} }{1.930\cdot 1.90}}\right)}
In this flow regime, many small vortices are responsible for the transfer of
momentum between the bulk of the fluid to the pipe wall. As the friction Reynolds
number RevfD increases, the profile of the fluid velocity approaches the wall
asymptotically, thereby transferring more momentum to the pipe wall, as modeled in
Blasius boundary layer theory.

Rough-pipe regime
When the pipe surface's roughness height e is significant (typically at high
Reynolds number), the friction factor departs from the smooth pipe curve,
ultimately approaching an asymptotic value ("rough pipe" regime). In this regime,
the resistance to flow varies according to the square of the mean flow velocity and
is insensitive to Reynolds number. Here, it is useful to employ yet another
dimensionless parameter of the flow, the roughness Reynolds number[8]

{\displaystyle R_{*}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {8}}}\left(\mathrm {Re} {\sqrt {f_{\mathrm

{D} }}}\,\right){\frac {\varepsilon }{D}}} {\displaystyle R_{*}={\frac {1}{\sqrt
{8}}}\left(\mathrm {Re} {\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {D} }}}\,\right){\frac {\varepsilon }
{D}}}
where the roughness height e is scaled to the pipe diameter D.

Roughness function B vs. friction Reynolds number R*

Figure 3. Roughness function B vs. friction Reynolds number R*. The data fall on a
single trajectory when plotted in this way. The regime R* < 1 is effectively that
of smooth pipe flow. For large R*, the roughness function B approaches a constant
value. Phenomenological functions attempting to fit these data, including the
Afzal[9] and Colebrook�White[10] are shown.
It is illustrative to plot the roughness function B:[11]

{\displaystyle B(R_{*})={\frac {1}{1.930{\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {D} }}}}}+\log

\left({\frac {1.90}{\sqrt {8}}}\cdot {\frac {\varepsilon }{D}}\right)}
{\displaystyle B(R_{*})={\frac {1}{1.930{\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {D} }}}}}+\log
\left({\frac {1.90}{\sqrt {8}}}\cdot {\frac {\varepsilon }{D}}\right)}
Figure 3 shows B versus R* for the rough pipe data of Nikuradse,[8] Shockling,[12]
and Langelandsvik.[13]

In this view, the data at different roughness ratio

e
/
D
fall together when plotted against R*, demonstrating scaling in the variable R*.
The following features are present:

When e = 0, then R* is identically zero: flow is always in the smooth pipe regime.
The data for these points lie to the left extreme of the abscissa and are not
within the frame of the graph.
When R* < 5, the data lie on the line B(R*) = R*; flow is in the smooth pipe
regime.
When R* > 100, the data asymptotically approach a horizontal line; they are
independent of Re, fD, and
e
/
D
.
The intermediate range of 5 < R* < 100 constitutes a transition from one behavior
to the other. The data depart from the line B(R*) = R* very slowly, reach a maximum
near R* = 10, then fall to a constant value.
A fit to these data in the transition from smooth pipe flow to rough pipe flow
employs an exponential expression in R* that ensures proper behavior for 1 < R* <
50 (the transition from the smooth pipe regime to the rough pipe regime):[9][14]
[15]

{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {D} }}}}=-1.930\log \left({\frac {1.90}

{\mathrm {Re} {\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {D} }}}}}\left(1+0.34R_{*}\exp {\frac {-11}
{R_{*}}}\right)\right),} {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {D} }}}}=-
1.930\log \left({\frac {1.90}{\mathrm {Re} {\sqrt {f_{\mathrm
{D} }}}}}\left(1+0.34R_{*}\exp {\frac {-11}{R_{*}}}\right)\right),}
This function shares the same values for its term in common with the K�rm�n�Prandtl
resistance equation, plus one parameter 0.34 to fit the asymptotic behavior for
R* ? 8 along with one further parameter, 11, to govern the transition from smooth
to rough flow. It is exhibited in Figure 3.

The Colebrook�White relation[10] fits the friction factor with a function of the
form

{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {D} }}}}=-2.00\log \left({\frac {2.51}

{\mathrm {Re} {\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {D} }}}}}\left(1+{\frac {R_{*}}
{3.3}}\right)\right).} {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {D} }}}}=-
2.00\log \left({\frac {2.51}{\mathrm {Re} {\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {D} }}}}}\left(1+
{\frac {R_{*}}{3.3}}\right)\right).}[d]
This relation has the correct behavior at extreme values of R*, as shown by the
labeled curve in Figure 3: when R* is small, it is consistent with smooth pipe
flow, when large, it is consistent with rough pipe flow. However its performance in
the transitional domain overestimates the friction factor by a substantial margin.
[12] Colebrook acknowledges the discrepancy with Nikuradze's data but argues that
his relation is consistent with the measurements on commercial pipes. Indeed, such
pipes are very different from those carefully prepared by Nikuradse: their surfaces
are characterized by many different roughness heights and random spatial
distribution of roughness points, while those of Nikuradse have surfaces with
uniform roughness height, with the points extremely closely packed.

Calculating the friction factor from its parametrization

See also: Darcy friction factor formulae
For turbulent flow, methods for finding the friction factor fD include using a
diagram, such as the Moody chart, or solving equations such as the Colebrook�White
equation (upon which the Moody chart is based), or the Swamee�Jain equation. While
the Colebrook�White relation is, in the general case, an iterative method, the
Swamee�Jain equation allows fD to be found directly for full flow in a circular
pipe.[5]

Direct calculation when friction loss S is known

In typical engineering applications, there will be a set of given or known
quantities. The acceleration of gravity g and the kinematic viscosity of the
fluid ? are known, as are the diameter of the pipe D and its roughness height e. If
as well the head loss per unit length S is a known quantity, then the friction
factor fD can be calculated directly from the chosen fitting function. Solving the
Darcy�Weisbach equation for vfD,

{\displaystyle {\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {D} }}}={\frac {\sqrt {2gSD}}{\langle

v\rangle }}} {\displaystyle {\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {D} }}}={\frac {\sqrt {2gSD}}
{\langle v\rangle }}}
we can now express RevfD:

{\displaystyle \mathrm {Re} {\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {D} }}}={\frac {1}{\nu }}{\sqrt

{2g}}{\sqrt {S}}{\sqrt {D^{3}}}} {\displaystyle \mathrm {Re} {\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {D}
}}}={\frac {1}{\nu }}{\sqrt {2g}}{\sqrt {S}}{\sqrt {D^{3}}}}
Expressing the roughness Reynolds number R*,

{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}R_{*}&={\frac {\varepsilon }{D}}\cdot \mathrm {Re}

{\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {D} }}}\cdot {\frac {1}{\sqrt {8}}}\\&={\frac {1}{2}}{\frac
{\sqrt {g}}{\nu }}\varepsilon {\sqrt {S}}{\sqrt {D}}\end{aligned}}} {\displaystyle
{\begin{aligned}R_{*}&={\frac {\varepsilon }{D}}\cdot \mathrm {Re} {\sqrt
{f_{\mathrm {D} }}}\cdot {\frac {1}{\sqrt {8}}}\\&={\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {\sqrt {g}}
{\nu }}\varepsilon {\sqrt {S}}{\sqrt {D}}\end{aligned}}}
we have the two parameters needed to substitute into the Colebrook�White relation,
or any other function, for the friction factor fD, the flow velocity ?v?, and the
volumetric flow rate Q.

Confusion with the Fanning friction factor

The Darcy�Weisbach friction factor fD is 4 times larger than the Fanning friction
factor f, so attention must be paid to note which one of these is meant in any
"friction factor" chart or equation being used. Of the two, the Darcy�Weisbach
factor fD is more commonly used by civil and mechanical engineers, and the Fanning
factor f by chemical engineers, but care should be taken to identify the correct
factor regardless of the source of the chart or formula.

Note that

{\displaystyle \Delta p=f_{\mathrm {D} }\cdot {\frac {L}{D}}\cdot {\frac {\rho

{\langle v\rangle }^{2}}{2}}=f\cdot {\frac {L}{D}}\cdot {2\rho {\langle v\rangle }
^{2}}} {\displaystyle \Delta p=f_{\mathrm {D} }\cdot {\frac {L}{D}}\cdot {\frac
{\rho {\langle v\rangle }^{2}}{2}}=f\cdot {\frac {L}{D}}\cdot {2\rho {\langle
v\rangle }^{2}}}
Most charts or tables indicate the type of friction factor, or at least provide the
formula for the friction factor with laminar flow. If the formula for laminar flow
is f =
16
/
Re
, it is the Fanning factor f, and if the formula for laminar flow is fD =
64
/
Re
, it is the Darcy�Weisbach factor fD.

Which friction factor is plotted in a Moody diagram may be determined by inspection

if the publisher did not include the formula described above:

Observe the value of the friction factor for laminar flow at a Reynolds number of
1000.
If the value of the friction factor is 0.064, then the Darcy friction factor is
plotted in the Moody diagram. Note that the nonzero digits in 0.064 are the
numerator in the formula for the laminar Darcy friction factor: fD =
64
/
Re
.
If the value of the friction factor is 0.016, then the Fanning friction factor is
plotted in the Moody diagram. Note that the nonzero digits in 0.016 are the
numerator in the formula for the laminar Fanning friction factor: f =
16
/
Re
.
The procedure above is similar for any available Reynolds number that is an integer
power of ten. It is not necessary to remember the value 1000 for this
procedure�only that an integer power of ten is of interest for this purpose.

History
Historically this equation arose as a variant on the Prony equation; this variant
was developed by Henry Darcy of France, and further refined into the form used
today by Julius Weisbach of Saxony in 1845. Initially, data on the variation of fD
with velocity was lacking, so the Darcy�Weisbach equation was outperformed at first
by the empirical Prony equation in many cases. In later years it was eschewed in
many special-case situations in favor of a variety of empirical equations valid
only for certain flow regimes, notably the Hazen�Williams equation or the Manning
equation, most of which were significantly easier to use in calculations. However,
since the advent of the calculator, ease of calculation is no longer a major issue,
and so the Darcy�Weisbach equation's generality has made it the preferred one.[16]

Derivation by dimensional analysis

Away from the ends of the pipe, the characteristics of the flow are independent of
the position along the pipe. The key quantities are then the pressure drop along
the pipe per unit length,
?p
/
L
, and the volumetric flow rate. The flow rate can be converted to a mean flow
velocity V by dividing by the wetted area of the flow (which equals the cross-
sectional area of the pipe if the pipe is full of fluid).

Pressure has dimensions of energy per unit volume, therefore the pressure drop
between two points must be proportional to
1
/
2
??v?2, which has the same dimensions as it resembles (see below) the expression for
the kinetic energy per unit volume. We also know that pressure must be proportional
to the length of the pipe between the two points L as the pressure drop per unit
length is a constant. To turn the relationship into a proportionality coefficient
of dimensionless quantity, we can divide by the hydraulic diameter of the pipe, D,
which is also constant along the pipe. Therefore,

{\displaystyle \Delta p\propto {\frac {L}{D}}\cdot {\frac {1}{2}}\rho {\langle

v\rangle }^{2}.} {\displaystyle \Delta p\propto {\frac {L}{D}}\cdot {\frac {1}
{2}}\rho {\langle v\rangle }^{2}.}
The proportionality coefficient is the dimensionless "Darcy friction factor" or
"flow coefficient". This dimensionless coefficient will be a combination of
geometric factors such as p, the Reynolds number and (outside the laminar regime)
the relative roughness of the pipe (the ratio of the roughness height to the
hydraulic diameter).

Note that
1
/
2
??v?2 is not the kinetic energy of the fluid per unit volume,[citation needed] for
the following reasons. Even in the case of laminar flow, where all the flow lines
are parallel to the length of the pipe, the velocity of the fluid on the inner
surface of the pipe is zero due to viscosity, and the velocity in the center of the
pipe must therefore be larger than the average velocity obtained by dividing the
volumetric flow rate by the wet area. The average kinetic energy then involves the
root mean-square velocity, which always exceeds the mean velocity. In the case of
turbulent flow, the fluid acquires random velocity components in all directions,
including perpendicular to the length of the pipe, and thus turbulence contributes
to the kinetic energy per unit volume but not to the average lengthwise velocity of
the fluid.

Practical application
In a hydraulic engineering application, it is typical for the volumetric flow Q
within a pipe (that is, its productivity) and the head loss per unit length S (the
concomitant power consumption) to be the critical important factors. The practical
consequence is that, for a fixed volumetric flow rate Q, head loss S decreases with
the inverse fifth power of the pipe diameter, D. Doubling the diameter of a pipe of
a given schedule (say, ANSI schedule 40) roughly doubles the amount of material
required per unit length and thus its installed cost. Meanwhile, the head loss is
decreased by a factor of 32 (about a 97% reduction). Thus the energy consumed in
moving a given volumetric flow of the fluid is cut down dramatically for a modest
increase in capital cost.

See also
Bernoulli's principle
Darcy friction factor formulae
Euler number
Hagen�Poiseuille equation
Water pipe
Notes
The value of the Darcy friction factor is four times that of the Fanning friction
factor, with which it should not be confused.[1]
This is related to the piezometric head along the pipe.
The data exhibit, however, a systematic departure of up to 50% from the
theoretical Hagen�Poiseuille equation in the region of Re > 500 up to the onset of
critical flow.
In its originally published form,
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {D} }}}}=-2.00\log \left(2.51{\frac {1}
{\mathrm {Re} {\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {D} }}}}}+{\frac {1}{3.7}}{\frac {\varepsilon }
{D}}\right)} {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {D} }}}}=-2.00\log
\left(2.51{\frac {1}{\mathrm {Re} {\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {D} }}}}}+{\frac {1}{3.7}}
{\frac {\varepsilon }{D}}\right)}
References
Manning, Francis S.; Thompson, Richard E. (1991). Oilfield Processing of
Petroleum. Vol. 1: Natural Gas. PennWell Books. p. 293. ISBN 0-87814-343-2.
Brown, Glenn. "The Darcy�Weisbach Equation". Oklahoma State University�Stillwater.
Rouse, H. (1946). Elementary Mechanics of Fluids. John Wiley & Sons.
Incopera, Frank P.; Dewitt, David P. (2002). Fundamentals of Heat and Mass
Transfer (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 470 paragraph 3.
Crowe, Clayton T.; Elger, Donald F.; Robertson, John A. (2005). Engineering Fluid
Mechanics (8th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 379; Eq. 10:23, 10:24, paragraph 4.
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {D} }}}}=2\log \left(\mathrm {Re}
{\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {D} }}}\right)-0.8\quad {\text{for }}\mathrm {Re} >3000.}
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {D} }}}}=2\log \left(\mathrm {Re}
{\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {D} }}}\right)-0.8\quad {\text{for }}\mathrm {Re} >3000.}
Chaudhry, M. H. (2013). Applied Hydraulic Transients (3rd ed.). Springer. p. 45.
ISBN 978-1-4614-8538-4.
McKeon, B. J.; Zagarola, M. V; Smits, A. J. (2005). "A new friction factor
relationship for fully developed pipe flow" (PDF). Journal of Fluid Mechanics.
Cambridge University Press. 538: 429�443. Bibcode:2004JFM...511...41M.
doi:10.1017/S0022112005005501. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
Nikuradse, J. (1933). "Str�mungsgesetze in rauen Rohren" (PDF). V. D. I.
Forschungsheft. Berlin. 361: 1�22. In translation, NACA TM 1292. The data are
available in digital form.
Afzal, Noor (2007). "Friction Factor Directly From Transitional Roughness in a
Turbulent Pipe Flow". Journal of Fluids Engineering. ASME. 129 (10): 1255�1267.
doi:10.1115/1.2776961.
Colebrook, C. F. (February 1939). "Turbulent flow in pipes, with particular
reference to the transition region between smooth and rough pipe laws". Journal of
the Institution of Civil Engineers. London. doi:10.1680/ijoti.1939.14509.
Schlichting, H. (1955). Boundary Layer Theory. McGraw-Hill.
Shockling, M. A.; Allen, J. J.; Smits, A. J. (2006). "Roughness effects in
turbulent pipe flow". Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 564: 267�285.
Bibcode:2006JFM...564..267S. doi:10.1017/S0022112006001467.
Langelandsvik, L. I.; Kunkel, G. J.; Smits, A. J. (2008). "Flow in a commercial
steel pipe" (PDF). Journal of Fluid Mechanics. Cambridge University Press. 595:
323�339. Bibcode:2008JFM...595..323L. doi:10.1017/S0022112007009305. Retrieved 25
June 2016.
Afzal, Noor (2011). "Erratum: Friction factor directly from transitional roughness
in a turbulent pipe flow". Journal of Fluids Engineering. ASME. 133 (10): 107001.
doi:10.1115/1.4004961.
Afzal, Noor; Seena, Abu; Bushra, A. (2013). "Turbulent flow in a machine honed
rough pipe for large Reynolds numbers: General roughness scaling laws". Journal of
Hydro-environment Research. Elsevier. 7 (1): 81�90. doi:10.1016/j.jher.2011.08.002.
Brown, G. O. (2003). "The History of the Darcy-Weisbach Equation for Pipe Flow
Resistance". In Rogers, J. R.; Fredrich, A. J. Environmental and Water Resources
History. American Society of Civil Engineers. pp. 34�43. ISBN 978-0-7844-0650-2.
Further reading
De Nevers (1970). Fluid Mechanics. Addison�Wesley. ISBN 0-201-01497-1.
Shah, R. K.; London, A. L. (1978). "Laminar Flow Forced Convection in Ducts".
Supplement 1 to Advances in Heat Transfer. New York: Academic.
Rohsenhow, W. M.; Hartnett, J. P.; Ganic, E. N. (1985). Handbook of Heat Transfer
Fundamentals (2nd ed.). McGraw�Hill Book Company. ISBN 0-07-053554-X.
External links
The History of the Darcy�Weisbach Equation
Darcy�Weisbach equation calculator
Pipe pressure drop calculator for single phase flows.
Pipe pressure drop calculator for two phase flows.
Open source pipe pressure drop calculator.
Web application with pressure drop calculations for pipes and ducts
Categories: Dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanicsEquations of fluid
dynamicsPiping
Navigation menu
Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView
historySearch

Search Wikipedia
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
Deutsch
Espa�ol
Fran�ais
???
Bahasa Indonesia
???
Portugu�s
???????
??
13 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 21 May 2018, at 11:24 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and
Privacy Policy. Wikipedia� is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersCookie
statementMobile view