Syllabus

Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics

Syllabus code 9702
For examination in June and November 2011

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Note for Exams Officers: Before making Final Entries, please check availability of the codes for the
components and options in the E3 booklet (titled “Procedures for the Submission of Entries”) relevant to the
exam session. Please note that component and option codes are subject to change.

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Contents

Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics

Syllabus code 9702

1. Introduction ..................................................................................... 2
1.1 Why choose Cambridge?
1.2 Why choose Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics?
1.3 How can I find out more?

2. Assessment at a glance .................................................................. 4

3. Syllabus aims and assessment objectives ...................................... 6

3.1 Aims
3.2 Assessment objectives
3.3 Weighting of assessment objectives

4. Syllabus content ............................................................................ 10

4.1 Structure of the syllabus
4.2 Subject content
4.3 Practical assessment

5. Appendix ....................................................................................... 54
5.1 Safety in the laboratory
5.2 Mathematical requirements
5.3 Glossary of terms
5.4 Summary of key quantities, symbols and units
5.5 Data and formulae
5.6 Resource list
5.7 IT usage in A Level Physics

Alterations to the 2011 syllabus content are indicated by black vertical lines on both sides of the text.

Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2011.
© UCLES 2008

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1. Introduction

1.1 Why choose Cambridge?

University of Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) is the world’s largest provider of international
qualifications. Around 1.5 million students from 150 countries enter Cambridge examinations every year.
What makes educators around the world choose Cambridge?

Recognition
A Cambridge International A or AS Level is recognised around the world by schools, universities and
employers. The qualifications are accepted as proof of academic ability for entry to universities worldwide.
Cambridge International A Levels typically take two years to complete and offer a flexible course of study
that gives students the freedom to select subjects that are right for them. Cambridge International
AS Levels often represent the first half of an A Level course but may also be taken as a freestanding
qualification. They are accepted in all UK universities and carry half the weighting of an A Level. University
course credit and advanced standing is often available for Cambridge International A/AS Levels in countries
such as the USA and Canada. Learn more at www.cie.org.uk/recognition.

Support
CIE provides a world-class support service for teachers and exams officers. We offer a wide range of
teacher materials to Centres, plus teacher training (online and face-to-face) and student support materials.
Exams officers can trust in reliable, efficient administration of exams entry and excellent, personal support
from CIE Customer Services. Learn more at www.cie.org.uk/teachers.

Excellence in education
Cambridge qualifications develop successful students. They not only build understanding and knowledge
required for progression, but also learning and thinking skills that help students become independent
learners and equip them for life.

Not-for-profit, part of the University of Cambridge

CIE is part of Cambridge Assessment, a not-for-profit organisation and part of the University of Cambridge.
The needs of teachers and learners are at the core of what we do. CIE invests constantly in improving its
qualifications and services. We draw upon educational research in developing our qualifications.
.

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1. Introduction

1.2 Why choose Cambridge International

A & AS Level Physics?
Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics qualifications are accepted by universities and employers as
proof of essential knowledge and ability.

This syllabus is designed:

• to give a thorough introduction to the study of Physics and scientific methods
• to develop skills and abilities that are relevant to the safe practice of science and to everyday life:
concern for accuracy and precision, objectivity, integrity, the skills of enquiry, initiative and inventiveness
• to emphasise the understanding and application of scientific concepts and principles, rather than the
recall of factual material
• to enable candidates to become confident citizens in a technological world and to take an informed
interest in matters of scientific importance
• to promote the use of IT as an aid to experiments and as a tool for the interpretation of experimental and
theoretical results.

Physics is one of a number of science syllabuses that CIE offers – for details of other syllabuses at IGCSE,
O Level and A & AS Level visit the CIE website at www.cie.org.uk.

1.3 How can I find out more?

If you are already a Cambridge Centre
You can make entries for this qualification through your usual channels, e.g. CIE Direct.
If you have any queries, please contact us at [email protected].

If you are not a Cambridge Centre

You can find out how your organisation can become a Cambridge Centre.
Email us at [email protected].
Learn more about the benefits of becoming a Cambridge Centre at www.cie.org.uk.

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2. Assessment at a glance

Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics

Syllabus code 9702
• Candidates for Advanced Subsidiary (AS) certification will take Papers 1, 2 and either 31 or 32 in a single
examination session.
• Candidates who, having received AS certification, wish to continue their studies to the full Advanced
Level qualification may carry their AS marks forward and take just Papers 4 and 5 in the examination
session in which they require certification.
• Candidates taking the complete Advanced Level qualification at the end of the course take all five papers
in a single examination session.

Candidates may not enter for single papers either on the first occasion or for re-sit purposes.
Candidates may only enter for the papers in the combinations indicated above.

Paper Type of Paper Duration Marks Weighting

AS Level A Level

1 Multiple choice 1 hour 40 31% 15%

2 AS Structured Questions 1 hour 60 46% 23%

31/32 Advanced Practical Skills 2 hours 40 23% 12%

4 A2 Structured Questions 2 hours 100 38%

5 Planning, Analysis and 1 hour 15 min 30 12%

Evaluation

Paper 1
The paper will consist of 40 questions, all of the direct choice type with four options. All questions will be
based on the AS syllabus. Candidates will answer all questions.

Paper 2
This paper will consist of a variable number of structured questions of variable mark value. All questions will
be based on the AS syllabus. Candidates will answer all questions. Candidates will answer on the question
paper.

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2. Assessment at a glance

Paper 31/Paper 32
Paper 31 and Paper 32 will be equivalent and each candidate will be required to take only one of them. This
is to allow large Centres to split candidates into two groups: one group will take Paper 31; the other group
will take Paper 32. Each of these papers will be timetabled on a different day.

Each paper will consist of two experiments drawn from different areas of Physics. Candidates will be
allowed to use the apparatus for each experiment for a maximum of 1 hour. The examiners will not be
restricted by the subject content. Candidates will answer all questions. Candidates will answer on the
question paper.

See the Practical Assessment section of the syllabus for full details.

Paper 4
This paper will consist of two sections.

Section A (70 marks) will consist of questions based on the A2 core, but may include material first
encountered in the AS syllabus.

Section B (30 marks) will consist of questions based on Applications of Physics, but may include material
first encountered in the core (AS and A2) syllabus.

Both sections will consist of a variable number of structured questions of variable mark value. Candidates
will answer all questions. Candidates will answer on the question paper.

Paper 5
This paper will consist of two questions of equal mark value based on the practical skills of planning, analysis
and evaluation. The examiners will not be restricted by the subject content. Candidates will answer all
questions. Candidates will answer on the question paper.

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3. Syllabus aims and assessment

3.1 Aims
These are not listed in order of priority. The aims of a course based on this syllabus should be to:
1. provide, through well-designed studies of experimental and practical science, a worthwhile educational
experience for all students, whether or not they go on to study science beyond this level and, in
particular, to enable them to acquire sufficient understanding and knowledge to
1.1 become confident citizens in a technological world and be able to take or develop an informed
interest in scientific matters
1.2 recognise the usefulness, and limitations, of scientific method and to appreciate its applicability in
other disciplines and in everyday life
1.3 be suitably prepared for studies beyond A Level in Physics, in Engineering or in Physics-dependent
vocational courses.
2. develop abilities and skills that
2.1 are relevant to the study and practice of science
2.2 are useful in everyday life
2.3 encourage efficient and safe practice
2.4 encourage effective communication.
3. develop attitudes relevant to science such as
3.1 concern for accuracy and precision
3.2 objectivity
3.3 integrity
3.4 the skills of enquiry
3.5 initiative
3.6 inventiveness.
4. stimulate interest in, and care for, the environment in relation to the environmental impact of Physics
and its applications.
5. promote an awareness
5.1 that the study and practice of Physics are co-operative and cumulative activities, and are subject to
social, economic, technological, ethical and cultural influences and limitations
5.2 that the implications of Physics may be both beneficial and detrimental to the individual, the
community and the environment
5.3 of the importance of the use of IT for communication, as an aid to experiments and as a tool for the
interpretation of experimental and theoretical results.
6. stimulate students and create a sustained interest in Physics so that the study of the subject is enjoyable
and satisfying.

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3. Syllabus aims and assessment

3.2 Assessment objectives

The assessment objectives listed below reflect those parts of the Aims that will be assessed in the
examination.

A Knowledge with understanding

Candidates should be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of:
1. scientific phenomena, facts, laws, definitions, concepts and theories
2. scientific vocabulary, terminology and conventions (including symbols, quantities and units)
3. scientific instruments and apparatus, including techniques of operation and aspects of safety
4. scientific quantities and their determination
5. scientific and technological applications with their social, economic and environmental implications.

The syllabus content defines the factual knowledge that candidates may be required to recall and explain.
Questions testing these objectives will often begin with one of the following words: define, state, describe,
or explain (see Glossary of terms).

B Handling, applying and evaluating information

Candidates should be able (in words or by using symbolic, graphical and numerical forms of presentation) to:
1. locate, select, organise and present information from a variety of sources
2. translate information from one form to another
3. manipulate numerical and other data
4. use information to identify patterns, report trends, draw inferences and report conclusions
5. present reasoned explanations for phenomena, patterns and relationships
6. make predictions and put forward hypotheses
7. apply knowledge, including principles, to new situations
8. evaluate information and hypotheses
9. demonstrate an awareness of the limitations of physical theories and models.

These assessment objectives cannot be precisely specified in the syllabus content because questions
testing such skills may be based on information that is unfamiliar to the candidate. In answering such
questions, candidates are required to use principles and concepts that are within the syllabus and apply
them in a logical, reasoned or deductive manner to a new situation. Questions testing these objectives will
often begin with one of the following words: predict, suggest, deduce, calculate or determine (see Glossary
of terms).

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3. Syllabus aims and assessment

C Experimental skills and investigations

Candidates should be able to:
1. follow a detailed set or sequence of instructions and use techniques, apparatus and materials safely and
effectively
2. make observations and measurements with due regard for precision and accuracy
3. interpret and evaluate observations and experimental data
4. identify a problem; design and plan investigations; evaluate methods and techniques; suggest possible
improvement
5. record observations, measurements, methods and techniques with due regard for precision, accuracy
and units.

3.3 Weighting of assessment objectives

The table below gives a general idea of the allocation of marks to the assessment objectives, though the
balance on each paper may vary slightly.

Assessment objective Weighting Assessment components

(%)

A: Knowledge with understanding 37 Papers 1, 2 and 4

B: Handling information and solving problems 40 Papers 1, 2 and 4

C: Experimental skills and investigations 23 Papers 31/32 and 5

Teachers should note that there is a greater weighting of 63% for skills (including handling information,
solving problems, practical, experimental and investigative skills) compared to the 37% for knowledge
and understanding. Teachers’ schemes of work and the sequence of learning activities should reflect this
balance so that the aims of the syllabus are met and the candidates prepared for the assessment.

Mathematical requirements
The mathematical requirements are given in Section 5.2.
Those in bold type are not required for the AS qualification.

Data and formulae

Data and formulae, as printed in Section 5.5, will appear as pages 2 and 3 in Papers 1, 2 and 4.
Those in bold type are not required for the AS qualification.

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3. Syllabus aims and assessment

Symbols, signs and abbreviations

Symbols, signs and abbreviations used in exam papers will follow the recommendations made in the ASE
publication Signs, Symbols and Systematics (2000).

The units kW h, atmosphere, eV and unified atomic mass unit (u) may be used in exam papers without
further explanation.

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4. Syllabus content

4.1 Structure of the syllabus

The subject content of the syllabus is divided into:
• AS and A2 Core (sections I–VI)
• Applications of Physics (section VII).
The table below shows which parts of the syllabus contain AS material and/or A2 material.
Section AS A2
I General Physics 1. Physical quantities and units 9 9

2. Measurement techniques 9 9
II Newtonian mechanics 3. Kinematics 9

4. Dynamics 9

5. Forces 9

6. Work, energy, power 9

7. Motion in a circle 9
8. Gravitational field 9
III Matter 9. Phases of matter 9
10. Deformation of solids 9
11. Ideal gases 9
12. Temperature 9
13. Thermal properties of materials 9
IV Oscillations and waves 14. Oscillations 9
15. Waves 9
16. Superposition 9
V Electricity and magnetism 17. Electric fields 9 9
18. Capacitance 9
19. Current of electricity 9
20. D.C. circuits 9
21. Magnetic fields 9
22. Electromagnetism 9
23. Electromagnetic induction 9
24. Alternating currents 9
VI Modern Physics 25. Charged particles 9
26. Quantum physics 9
27. Nuclear physics 9 9
VII Gathering and communicating 28. Direct sensing 9
information
29. Remote sensing 9
30. Communicating information 9

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4. Syllabus content

4.2 Subject content

Teachers should incorporate the social, environmental, economic and technological aspects of Physics,
wherever possible, throughout the syllabus (see Aims 4 and 5). Some examples are included in the
syllabus and candidates should be encouraged to apply the principles of these examples to other situations
introduced in the course. Further examples have not been included in the syllabus, as this would merely
increase the amount of factual recall required.

The A2 parts of the syllabus, which will be examined only in the full Advanced Level qualification, are
indicated in bold type throughout the subject content.

The Applications of Physics section occupies about 12% of the full Advanced Level course. A separate
booklet covering this section is available from CIE Publications.

Aim 5.3 emphasises the importance of Information technology (IT) in this Physics course. Candidates
should make full use of IT techniques in their practical work. Teachers may also use IT in demonstrations
and simulations. Advice on the use of IT in A Level Physics is printed at the back of the syllabus.

The table of subject content is neither intended to be used as a teaching syllabus, nor to represent a
teaching order.

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4. Syllabus content

4.2.1 AS and A2 Core: Sections I–VI inclusive

Section I: General physics

Recommended prior knowledge

Candidates should be aware of the nature of a physical measurement, in terms of a magnitude and a unit.
They should have experience of making and recording such measurements in the laboratory.

1. Physical quantities and units

Content Learning outcomes
1.1 Physical quantities Candidates should be able to:
1.2 SI Units (a) show an understanding that all physical quantities consist of a numerical
1.3 The Avogadro constant magnitude and a unit
1.4 Scalars and vectors (b) recall the following SI base quantities and their units: mass (kg),
length (m), time (s), current (A), temperature (K), amount of
substance (mol)
(c) express derived units as products or quotients of the base units and use
the named units listed in this syllabus as appropriate
(d) use base units to check the homogeneity of physical equations
(e) show an understanding of and use the conventions for labelling graph
axes and table columns as set out in the ASE publication Signs, Symbols
and Systematics (The ASE Companion to 16–19 Science, 2000)
(f) use the following prefixes and their symbols to indicate decimal sub-
multiples or multiples of both base and derived units: pico (p), nano (n),
micro (µ), milli (m), centi (c), deci (d), kilo (k), mega (M), giga (G), tera (T)
(g) make reasonable estimates of physical quantities included within the
syllabus
(h) show an understanding of the significance of the Avogadro
constant as the number of atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12
(i) use molar quantities where one mole of any substance is the
amount containing a number of particles equal to the Avogadro
constant
(j) distinguish between scalar and vector quantities and give examples of
each
(k) add and subtract coplanar vectors
(l) represent a vector as two perpendicular components.

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4. Syllabus content

2. Measurement techniques

Content Learning outcomes

2.1 Measurements Candidates should be able to:
2.2 Errors and uncertainties (a) use techniques for the measurement of length, volume, angle, mass,
time, temperature and electrical quantities appropriate to the ranges
of magnitude implied by the relevant parts of the syllabus.
In particular, candidates should be able to:
• measure lengths using a ruler, vernier scale and micrometer
• measure weight and hence mass using spring and lever balances
• measure an angle using a protractor
• measure time intervals using clocks, stopwatches and the
calibrated time-base of a cathode-ray oscilloscope (c.r.o.)
• measure temperature using a thermometer as a sensor
• use ammeters and voltmeters with appropriate scales
• use a galvanometer in null methods
• use a cathode-ray oscilloscope (c.r.o.)
• use a calibrated Hall probe
(b) use both analogue scales and digital displays
(c) use calibration curves
(d) show an understanding of the distinction between systematic errors
(including zero errors) and random errors
(e) show an understanding of the distinction between precision and
accuracy
(f) assess the uncertainty in a derived quantity by simple addition of
actual, fractional or percentage uncertainties (a rigorous statistical
treatment is not required).

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4. Syllabus content

Section II: Newtonian mechanics

Recommended prior knowledge

Candidates should be able to describe the action of a force on a body.
They should be able to describe the motion of a body and recognise acceleration and constant speed.
They should be able to use the relationship average speed = distance / time.

3. Kinematics
Content Learning outcomes
3.1 Linear motion Candidates should be able to:
3.2 Non-linear motion (a) define displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration
(b) use graphical methods to represent displacement, speed, velocity and
acceleration
(c) find displacement from the area under a velocity-time graph
(d) use the slope of a displacement-time graph to find the velocity
(e) use the slope of a velocity-time graph to find the acceleration
(f) derive, from the definitions of velocity and acceleration, equations that
represent uniformly accelerated motion in a straight line
(g) solve problems using equations that represent uniformly accelerated
motion in a straight line, including the motion of bodies falling in a
uniform gravitational field without air resistance
(h) recall that the weight of a body is equal to the product of its mass and
the acceleration of free fall
(i) describe an experiment to determine the acceleration of free fall using
a falling body
(j) describe qualitatively the motion of bodies falling in a uniform
gravitational field with air resistance
(k) describe and explain motion due to a uniform velocity in one direction
and a uniform acceleration in a perpendicular direction.

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4. Syllabus content

4. Dynamics
Content Learning outcomes
4.1 Newton’s laws of motion Candidates should be able to:
4.2 Linear momentum and (a) state each of Newton’s laws of motion
its conservation
(b) show an understanding that mass is the property of a body that
resists change in motion
(c) describe and use the concept of weight as the effect of a gravitational
field on a mass
(d) define linear momentum as the product of mass and velocity
(e) define force as rate of change of momentum
(f) recall and solve problems using the relationship F = ma, appreciating
that acceleration and force are always in the same direction
(g) state the principle of conservation of momentum
(h) apply the principle of conservation of momentum to solve simple
problems including elastic and inelastic interactions between two
bodies in one dimension (knowledge of the concept of coefficient of
restitution is not required)
(i) recognise that, for a perfectly elastic collision, the relative speed of
approach is equal to the relative speed of separation
(j) show an understanding that, while momentum of a system is always
conserved in interactions between bodies, some change in kinetic
energy usually takes place.

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5. Forces
Content Learning outcomes
5.1 Types of force Candidates should be able to:
5.2 Equilibrium of forces (a) describe the forces on mass and charge in uniform gravitational and
5.3 Centre of gravity electric fields, as appropriate
5.4 Turning effects of forces (b) show an understanding of the origin of the upthrust acting on a body
in a fluid
(c) show a qualitative understanding of frictional forces and viscous
forces including air resistance (no treatment of the coefficients of
friction and viscosity is required)
(d) use a vector triangle to represent forces in equilibrium
(e) show an understanding that the weight of a body may be taken as
acting at a single point known as its centre of gravity
(f) show an understanding that a couple is a pair of forces that tends to
produce rotation only
(g) define and apply the moment of a force and the torque of a couple
(h) show an understanding that, when there is no resultant force and no
resultant torque, a system is in equilibrium
(i) apply the principle of moments.

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6. Work, energy, power

Content Learning outcomes
6.1 Energy conversion and Candidates should be able to:
conservation (a) give examples of energy in different forms, its conversion and
6.2 Work conservation, and apply the principle of energy conservation to simple
6.3 Potential energy, kinetic examples
energy and internal (b) show an understanding of the concept of work in terms of the product
energy of a force and displacement in the direction of the force
6.4 Power (c) calculate the work done in a number of situations including the work
done by a gas that is expanding against a constant external pressure:
W = p ∆V
(d) derive, from the equations of motion, the formula Ek = 21mv 2
(e) recall and apply the formula Ek = 21mv 2
(f) distinguish between gravitational potential energy, electric potential
energy and elastic potential energy
(g) show an understanding and use the relationship between force and
potential energy in a uniform field to solve problems
(h) derive, from the defining equation W = Fs, the formula Ep = mgh for
potential energy changes near the Earth’s surface
(i) recall and use the formula Ep = mgh for potential energy changes near
the Earth’s surface
(j) show an understanding of the concept of internal energy
(k) show an appreciation for the implications of energy losses in practical
devices and use the concept of efficiency to solve problems
(l) define power as work done per unit time and derive power as the
product of force and velocity
(m) solve problems using the relationships P = W and P = Fv.
t

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4. Syllabus content

7. Motion in a circle
Content Learning outcomes
7.1 Kinematics of uniform Candidates should be able to:
circular motion (a) express angular displacement in radians
7.2 Centripetal acceleration (b) understand and use the concept of angular velocity to solve
7.3 Centripetal force problems
(c) recall and use v = rω to solve problems
(d) describe qualitatively motion in a curved path due to
a perpendicular force, and understand the centripetal
acceleration in the case of uniform motion in a circle
v2
(e) recall and use centripetal acceleration a = rω 2, a =
r
2
mv
(f) recall and use centripetal force F = mrω 2, F =
r

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8. Gravitational field
Content Learning outcomes
8.1 Gravitational field Candidates should be able to:
8.2 Force between point (a) show an understanding of the concept of a gravitational field
masses as an example of field of force and define gravitational field
8.3 Field of a point mass strength as force per unit mass
8.4 Field near to the surface of (b) recall and use Newton’s law of gravitation in the form
Gm1m2
the Earth F=
r2
8.5 Gravitational potential (c) derive, from Newton’s law of gravitation and the definition
GM
of gravitational field strength, the equation g = 2 for the
r
gravitational field strength of a point mass
GM
(d) recall and solve problems using the equation g = 2 for the
r
gravitational field strength of a point mass
(e) show an appreciation that on the surface of the Earth g is
approximately constant and is called the acceleration of free
fall
(f) define potential at a point as the work done in bringing unit
mass from infinity to the point
(g) solve problems using the equation φ = – G M for the potential
r
in the field of a point mass
(h) recognise the analogy between certain qualitative and
quantitative aspects of gravitational field and electric field
(i) analyse circular orbits in inverse square law fields by relating
the gravitational force to the centripetal acceleration it
causes
(j) show an understanding of geostationary orbits and their
application.

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Section III: Matter

Recommended prior knowledge

Candidates should be able to describe matter in terms of particles, with a qualitative understanding of
their behaviour.

9. Phases of matter
Content Learning outcomes
9.1 Density Candidates should be able to:
9.2 Solids, liquids, gases (a) define the term density
9.3 Pressure in fluids (b) relate the difference in the structures and densities of solids, liquids
9.4 Change of phase and gases to simple ideas of the spacing, ordering and motion of
molecules
(c) describe a simple kinetic model for solids, liquids and gases
(d) describe an experiment that demonstrates Brownian motion and
appreciate the evidence for the movement of molecules provided by
such an experiment
(e) distinguish between the structure of crystalline and non-crystalline
solids with particular reference to metals, polymers and amorphous
materials
(f) define the term pressure and use the kinetic model to explain the
pressure exerted by gases
(g) derive, from the definitions of pressure and density, the equation
p = ρgh
(h) use the equation p = ρgh
(i) distinguish between the processes of melting, boiling and
evaporation.

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10. Deformation of solids

Content Learning outcomes
10.1 Stress, strain Candidates should be able to:
10.2 Elastic and plastic (a) appreciate that deformation is caused by a force and that, in one dimension,
behaviour the deformation can be tensile or compressive
(b) describe the behaviour of springs in terms of load, extension, elastic limit,
Hooke’s law and the spring constant (i.e. force per unit extension)
(c) define and use the terms stress, strain and the Young modulus
(d) describe an experiment to determine the Young modulus of a metal in the
form of a wire
(e) distinguish between elastic and plastic deformation of a material
(f) deduce the strain energy in a deformed material from the area under the
force-extension graph
(g) demonstrate knowledge of the force-extension graphs for typical ductile,
brittle and polymeric materials, including an understanding of ultimate
tensile stress.

11. Ideal gases

Content Learning outcomes
11.1 Equation of state Candidates should be able to:
11.2 Kinetic theory of (a) recall and solve problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas
gases expressed as pV = nRT (n = number of moles)
11.3 Pressure of a gas (b) infer from a Brownian motion experiment the evidence for the
11.4 Kinetic energy of movement of molecules
a molecule (c) state the basic assumptions of the kinetic theory of gases
(d) explain how molecular movement causes the pressure exerted by a
1 Nm
gas and hence deduce the relationship p = < c2 >
3 V
(N = number of molecules)
[a rigorous derivation is not required]

(e) compare pV = 1 Nm < c 2 > with pV = NkT and hence deduce that the
3
average translational kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to T.

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12. Temperature
Content Learning outcomes
12.1 Thermal equilibrium Candidates should be able to:
12.2 Temperature scales (a) show an appreciation that thermal energy is transferred from a
12.3 Practical region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature
thermometers (b) show an understanding that regions of equal temperature are in
thermal equilibrium
(c) show an understanding that a physical property that varies with
temperature may be used for the measurement of temperature
and state examples of such properties
(d) compare the relative advantages and disadvantages of resistance
and thermocouple thermometers as previously calibrated
instruments
(e) show an understanding that there is an absolute scale of
temperature that does not depend on the property of any
particular substance (i.e. the thermodynamic scale and the
concept of absolute zero)
(f) convert temperatures measured in kelvin to degrees Celsius:
T / K = T / °C + 273.15

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13. Thermal properties of materials

Content Learning outcomes
13.1 Specific heat capacity Candidates should be able to:
13.2 Specific latent heat (a) explain using a simple kinetic model for matter why
13.3 Internal energy • melting and boiling take place without a change in
13.4 First law of temperature
thermodynamics • the specific latent heat of vaporisation is higher than specific
latent heat of fusion for the same substance
• a cooling effect accompanies evaporation
(b) define and use the concept of specific heat capacity, and identify
the main principles of its determination by electrical methods
(c) define and use the concept of specific latent heat, and identify
the main principles of its determination by electrical methods
(d) relate a rise in temperature of a body to an increase in its internal
energy
(e) show an understanding that internal energy is determined by the
state of the system and that it can be expressed as the sum of a
random distribution of kinetic and potential energies associated
with the molecules of a system
(f) recall and use the first law of thermodynamics expressed in terms
of the increase in internal energy, the heating of the system and
the work done on the system.

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Section IV: Oscillations and waves

Recommended prior knowledge

Candidates should be able to describe basic wave behaviour, gained through a study of optics. They
should be aware of the basic ideas of reflection and refraction in light.

14. Oscillations
Content Learning outcomes
14.1 Simple harmonic Candidates should be able to:
motion (a) describe simple examples of free oscillations
14.2 Energy in simple (b) investigate the motion of an oscillator using experimental and
harmonic motion graphical methods
14.3 Damped and (c) understand and use the terms amplitude, period, frequency, angular
forced oscillations: frequency and phase difference and express the period in terms of
resonance both frequency and angular frequency
(d) recognise and use the equation a = –ω 2x as the defining equation of
simple harmonic motion
(e) recall and use x = x0sinωt as a solution to the equation a = –ω 2x
(f) recognise and use
2
v = v0cos ωt, v = ± ω ( x 0 − x2)
(g) describe, with graphical illustrations, the changes in displacement,
velocity and acceleration during simple harmonic motion
(h) describe the interchange between kinetic and potential energy
during simple harmonic motion
(i) describe practical examples of damped oscillations with particular
reference to the effects of the degree of damping and the importance
of critical damping in cases such as a car suspension system
(j) describe practical examples of forced oscillations and resonance
(k) describe graphically how the amplitude of a forced oscillation
changes with frequency near to the natural frequency of the
system, and understand qualitatively the factors that determine the
frequency response and sharpness of the resonance
(l) show an appreciation that there are some circumstances in which
resonance is useful and other circumstances in which resonance
should be avoided.

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15. Waves
Content Learning outcomes
15.1 Progressive waves Candidates should be able to:
15.2 Transverse and (a) describe what is meant by wave motion as illustrated by vibration in
longitudinal waves ropes, springs and ripple tanks
15.3 Polarisation (b) show an understanding of and use the terms displacement, amplitude,
15.4 Determination of phase difference, period, frequency, wavelength and speed
speed, frequency (c) deduce, from the definitions of speed, frequency and wavelength, the
and wavelength equation v = fλ
15.5 Electromagnetic (d) recall and use the equation v = fλ
spectrum (e) show an understanding that energy is transferred due to a progressive
wave
(f) recall and use the relationship intensity ∝ (amplitude)2
(g) compare transverse and longitudinal waves
(h) analyse and interpret graphical representations of transverse and
longitudinal waves
(i) show an understanding that polarisation is a phenomenon associated
with transverse waves
(j) determine the frequency of sound using a calibrated c.r.o.
(k) determine the wavelength of sound using stationary waves
(l) state that all electromagnetic waves travel with the same speed in free
space and recall the orders of magnitude of the wavelengths of the
principal radiations from radio waves to γ-rays.

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16. Superposition

Content Learning outcomes

16.1 Stationary waves Candidates should be able to:
16.2 Diffraction (a) explain and use the principle of superposition in simple applications
16.3 Interference (b) show an understanding of experiments that demonstrate stationary
16.4 Two-source interference waves using microwaves, stretched strings and air columns
patterns (c) explain the formation of a stationary wave using a graphical method,
16.5 Diffraction grating and identify nodes and antinodes
(d) explain the meaning of the term diffraction
(e) show an understanding of experiments that demonstrate diffraction
including the diffraction of water waves in a ripple tank with both a
wide gap and a narrow gap
(f) show an understanding of the terms interference and coherence
(g) show an understanding of experiments that demonstrate two-source
interference using water, light and microwaves
(h) show an understanding of the conditions required if two-source
interference fringes are to be observed
ax
(i) recall and solve problems using the equation λ = for double-slit
D
interference using light
(j) recall and solve problems using the formula d sinθ = nλ and describe
the use of a diffraction grating to determine the wavelength of light
(the structure and use of the spectrometer are not included).

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Section V: Electricity and magnetism

Recommended prior knowledge

Candidates should be aware of the two types of charge, charging by friction and by induction. They
should be able to distinguish between conductors and insulators using a simple electron model.

17. Electric fields

Content Learning outcomes
17.1 Concept of an electric Candidates should be able to:
field (a) show an understanding of the concept of an electric field as an
17.2 Uniform electric fields example of a field of force and define electric field strength as force
17.3 Force between point per unit positive charge acting on a stationary point charge
charges (b) represent an electric field by means of field lines
17.4 Electric field of a point V
(c) recall and use E = to calculate the field strength of the uniform field
charge d
between charged parallel plates in terms of potential difference and
17.5 Electric potential
separation
(d) calculate the forces on charges in uniform electric fields
(e) describe the effect of a uniform electric field on the motion of charged
particles
QQ
(f) recall and use Coulomb’s law in the form F = 1 22 for the force
4πε0r
between two point charges in free space or air
(g) recall and use E = Q 2 for the field strength of a point charge in
4πε0r
free space or air
(h) define potential at a point in terms of the work done in bringing
unit positive charge from infinity to the point
(i) state that the field strength of the field at a point is numerically
equal to the potential gradient at that point
Q
(j) use the equation V = for the potential in the field of a point
4πε0r
charge
(k) recognise the analogy between certain qualitative and
quantitative aspects of electric fields and gravitational fields.

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18. Capacitance
Content Learning outcomes
18.1 Capacitors and Candidates should be able to:
capacitance (a) show an understanding of the function of capacitors in simple
18.2 Energy stored in a circuits
capacitor (b) define capacitance and the farad
Q
(c) recall and solve problems using C =
V
Q
(d) derive, using the formula C = , conservation of charge and the
V
addition of p.d.s, formulae for capacitors in series and in parallel
(e) solve problems using formulae for capacitors in series and in
parallel
(f) deduce, from the area under a potential-charge graph, the
1 1 2
equation W = Q V and hence W = C V .
2 2

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19. Current of electricity

Content Learning outcomes
19.1 Electric current Candidates should be able to:
19.2 Potential difference (a) show an understanding that electric current is the rate of flow of
19.3 Resistance and charged particles
resistivity (b) define charge and the coulomb
19.4 Sources of (c) recall and solve problems using the equation Q = It
electromotive force (d) define potential difference and the volt
W
(e) recall and solve problems using V =
Q
(f) recall and solve problems using P = VI, P = I 2R
(g) define resistance and the ohm
(h) recall and solve problems using V = IR
(i) sketch and explain the I-V characteristics of a metallic conductor at
constant temperature, a semiconductor diode and a filament lamp
(j) sketch the temperature characteristic of a thermistor (thermistors will
be assumed to be of the negative temperature coefficient type)
(k) state Ohm’s law
ρL
(l) recall and solve problems using R =
A
(m) define e.m.f. in terms of the energy transferred by a source in driving
unit charge round a complete circuit
(n) distinguish between e.m.f. and p.d. in terms of energy considerations
(o) show an understanding of the effects of the internal resistance of a
source of e.m.f. on the terminal potential difference and output power.

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20. D.C. circuits

Content Learning outcomes
20.1 Practical circuits Candidates should be able to:
20.2 Conservation of charge (a) recall and use appropriate circuit symbols as set out in the ASE
and energy publication Signs, Symbols and Systematics
20.3 Balanced potentials (b) draw and interpret circuit diagrams containing sources, switches,
resistors, ammeters, voltmeters, and/or any other type of component
referred to in the syllabus
(c) recall Kirchhoff’s first law and appreciate the link to conservation of
charge
(d) recall Kirchhoff’s second law and appreciate the link to conservation of
energy
(e) derive, using Kirchhoff’s laws, a formula for the combined resistance
of two or more resistors in series
(f) solve problems using the formula for the combined resistance of two
or more resistors in series
(g) derive, using Kirchhoff’s laws, a formula for the combined resistance
of two or more resistors in parallel
(h) solve problems using the formula for the combined resistance of two
or more resistors in parallel
(i) apply Kirchhoff’s laws to solve simple circuit problems
(j) show an understanding of the use of a potential divider circuit as a
source of variable p.d.
(k) explain the use of thermistors and light-dependent resistors in
potential dividers to provide a potential difference that is dependent on
temperature and illumination respectively
(l) recall and solve problems using the principle of the potentiometer as a
means of comparing potential differences.

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21. Magnetic fields

Content Learning outcomes
21.1 Concept of Candidates should be able to:
magnetic field (a) show an understanding that a magnetic field is an example of a
field of force produced either by current-carrying conductors or by
permanent magnets
(b) represent a magnetic field by field lines.

22. Electromagnetism
Content Learning outcomes
22.1 Force on a current- Candidates should be able to:
carrying conductor (a) show an appreciation that a force might act on a current-carrying
22.2 Force on a moving conductor placed in a magnetic field
charge (b) recall and solve problems using the equation F = BIl sinθ, with
22.3 Magnetic fields due directions as interpreted by Fleming’s left-hand rule
to currents (c) define magnetic flux density and the tesla
22.4 Force between (d) show an understanding of how the force on a current-carrying
current-carrying conductor can be used to measure the flux density of a magnetic
conductors field using a current balance
(e) predict the direction of the force on a charge moving in a
magnetic field
(f) recall and solve problems using F = BQv sinθ
(g) sketch flux patterns due to a long straight wire, a flat circular coil
and a long solenoid
(h) show an understanding that the field due to a solenoid may be
influenced by the presence of a ferrous core
(i) explain the forces between current-carrying conductors and
predict the direction of the forces
(j) describe and compare the forces on mass, charge and current in
gravitational, electric and magnetic fields, as appropriate.

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23. Electromagnetic induction

Content Learning outcomes
23.1 Laws of Candidates should be able to:
electromagnetic (a) define magnetic flux and the weber
induction (b) recall and solve problems using Φ = BA
(c) define magnetic flux linkage
(d) infer from appropriate experiments on electromagnetic induction:
• that a changing magnetic flux can induce an e.m.f. in a circuit
• that the direction of the induced e.m.f. opposes the change
producing it
• the factors affecting the magnitude of the induced e.m.f.
(e) recall and solve problems using Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction and Lenz’s law
(f) explain simple applications of electromagnetic induction.

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24. Alternating currents

Content Learning outcomes
24.1 Characteristics of Candidates should be able to:
alternating currents (a) show an understanding of and use the terms period, frequency,
24.2 The transformer peak value and root-mean-square value as applied to an
24.3 Transmission of alternating current or voltage
electrical energy (b) deduce that the mean power in a resistive load is half the
24.4 Rectification maximum power for a sinusoidal alternating current
(c) represent a sinusoidally alternating current or voltage by an
equation of the form x = x0sinωt
(d) distinguish between r.m.s. and peak values and recall and solve
I
problems using the relationship I rms = 0 for the sinusoidal case
2
(e) show an understanding of the principle of operation of a simple
iron-cored transformer and recall and solve problems using
Ns Vs Ip
= = for an ideal transformer
Np Vp Is
(f) show an appreciation of the scientific and economic advantages
of alternating current and of high voltages for the transmission of
electrical energy
(g) distinguish graphically between half-wave and full-wave
rectification
(h) explain the use of a single diode for the half-wave rectification of
an alternating current
(i) explain the use of four diodes (bridge rectifier) for the full-wave
rectification of an alternating current
(j) analyse the effect of a single capacitor in smoothing, including
the effect of the value of capacitance in relation to the load
resistance.

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Section VI: Modern physics

Recommended prior knowledge

Candidates should be able to describe matter in terms of atoms, with electrons orbiting a positively
charged nucleus. Candidates should have studied some of the material in Section IV.

25. Charged particles

Content Learning outcomes
25.1 Electrons Candidates should be able to:
25.2 Beams of charged (a) show an understanding of the main principles of determination of
particles e by Millikan’s experiment
(b) summarise and interpret the experimental evidence for
quantisation of charge
(c) describe and analyse qualitatively the deflection of beams of
charged particles by uniform electric and uniform magnetic fields
(d) explain how electric and magnetic fields can be used in velocity
selection
(e) explain the main principles of one method for the determination of
v and e for electrons.
me

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26. Quantum physics

Content Learning outcomes
26.1 Energy of a photon Candidates should be able to:
26.2 Photoelectric (a) show an appreciation of the particulate nature of electromagnetic
emission of electrons radiation
26.3 Wave-particle duality (b) recall and use E = hf
26.4 Energy levels in (c) show an understanding that the photoelectric effect provides
atoms evidence for a particulate nature of electromagnetic radiation
26.5 Line spectra while phenomena such as interference and diffraction provide
evidence for a wave nature
(d) recall the significance of threshold frequency
(e) explain photoelectric phenomena in terms of photon energy and
work function energy
(f) explain why the maximum photoelectric energy is independent
of intensity, whereas the photoelectric current is proportional to
intensity
(g) recall, use and explain the significance of hf = Φ + 1 mvma
2
x
2
(h) describe and interpret qualitatively the evidence provided by
electron diffraction for the wave nature of particles
h
(i) recall and use the relation for the de Broglie wavelength λ =
p
(j) show an understanding of the existence of discrete electron
energy levels in isolated atoms (e.g. atomic hydrogen) and
deduce how this leads to spectral lines
(k) distinguish between emission and absorption line spectra
(l) recall and solve problems using the relation hf = E1 – E2.

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27. Nuclear physics

Content Learning outcomes
27.1 The nucleus Candidates should be able to:
27.2 Isotopes (a) infer from the results of the α-particle scattering experiment the existence
27.3 Nuclear processes and small size of the nucleus
27.4 Mass excess and (b) describe a simple model for the nuclear atom to include protons, neutrons
nuclear binding and orbital electrons
energy (c) distinguish between nucleon number (mass number) and proton number
27.5 Radioactive decay (atomic number)
(d) show an understanding that an element can exist in various isotopic forms,
each with a different number of neutrons
(e) use the usual notation for the representation of nuclides
(f) appreciate that nucleon number, proton number, and mass-energy are all
conserved in nuclear processes
(g) represent simple nuclear reactions by nuclear equations of the form
N + 2 He→ 8 O + 1 H
14 4 17 1
7

(h) show an appreciation of the spontaneous and random nature of nuclear

decay
(i) show an understanding of the nature and properties of α-, β- and γ-
radiations (β+ is not included: β- radiation will be taken to refer to β–)
(j) infer the random nature of radioactive decay from the fluctuations in count
rate
(k) show an appreciation of the association between energy and mass
as represented by E = mc 2 and recall and solve problems using this
relationship
(l) sketch the variation of binding energy per nucleon with nucleon
number
(m) explain the relevance of binding energy per nucleon to nuclear fusion
and to nuclear fission
(n) define the terms activity and decay constant and recall and solve
problems using A = λN
(o) infer and sketch the exponential nature of radioactive decay and solve
problems using the relationship x = x0exp(–λt), where x could represent
activity, number of undecayed particles or received count rate
(p) define half-life
(q) solve problems using the relation λ = 0. 693 .
t1
2

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4.2.2 Applications of Physics: Section VII

Section VII: Gathering and communicating information

28. Direct sensing

Content Learning outcomes
28.1 Sensing Candidates should be able to:
devices (a) show an understanding that an electronic sensor consists of a sensing
28.2 The ideal device and a circuit that provides an output voltage
operational (b) show an understanding of the change in resistance with light intensity of
amplifier a light-dependent resistor (LDR)
28.3 Operational (c) sketch the temperature characteristic of a negative temperature coefficient
amplifier thermistor
circuits (d) show an understanding of the action of a piezo-electric transducer and its
28.4 Output devices application in a simple microphone
(e) describe the structure of a metal-wire strain gauge
(f) relate extension of a strain gauge to change in resistance of the gauge
(g) show an understanding that the output from sensing devices can be
registered as a voltage
(h) recall the main properties of the ideal operational amplifier (op-amp)
(i) deduce, from the properties of an ideal operational amplifier, the use of an
operational amplifier as a comparator
(j) show an understanding of the effects of negative feedback on the gain of
an operational amplifier
(k) recall the circuit diagrams for both the inverting and the non-inverting
amplifier for single signal input
(l) show an understanding of the virtual earth approximation and derive an
expression for the gain of inverting amplifiers
(m) recall and use expressions for the voltage gain of inverting and of
non-inverting amplifiers
(n) show an understanding of the use of relays in electronic circuits
(o) show an understanding of the use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as
devices to indicate the state of the output of electronic circuits
(p) show an understanding of the need for calibration where digital or
analogue meters are used as output devices.

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29. Remote sensing

Content Learning outcomes
29.1 Production and use Candidates should be able to:
of X-rays (a) explain in simple terms the need for remote sensing (non-invasive
29.2 Production and use techniques of diagnosis) in medicine
of ultrasound (b) explain the principles of the production of X-rays by electron
29.3 Use of magnetic bombardment of a metal target
resonance as an (c) describe the main features of a modern X-ray tube, including
imaging technique control of the intensity and hardness of the X-ray beam
(d) show an understanding of the use of X-rays in imaging internal
body structures, including a simple analysis of the causes of
sharpness and contrast in X-ray imaging
(e) show an understanding of the purpose of computed tomography
or CT scanning
(f) show an understanding of the principles of CT scanning
(g) show an understanding of how the image of an 8-voxel cube can
be developed using CT scanning
(h) explain the principles of the generation and detection of ultrasonic
waves using piezo-electric transducers
(i) explain the main principles behind the use of ultrasound to obtain
diagnostic information about internal structures
(j) show an understanding of the meaning of acoustic impedance and
its importance to the intensity reflection coefficient at a boundary
(k) recall and solve problems by using the equation I = I0e–µx for the
attenuation of X-rays and of ultrasound in matter
(l) explain the main principles behind the use of magnetic resonance
to obtain diagnostic information about internal structures
(m) show an understanding of the function of the non-uniform
magnetic field, superimposed on the large constant magnetic field,
in diagnosis using magnetic resonance.

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30. Communicating information

Content Learning outcomes

30.1 Principles of Candidates should be able to:
modulation
(a) understand the term modulation and be able to distinguish
30.2 Sidebands and between amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation
bandwidth (FM)
30.3 Transmission of (b) recall that a carrier wave, amplitude modulated by a single audio
information by digital frequency, is equivalent to the carrier wave frequency together
means with two sideband frequencies
30.4 Different channels of (c) understand the term bandwidth
communication
(d) demonstrate an awareness of the relative advantages of AM and
30.5 The mobile-phone FM transmissions
network
(e) recall the advantages of the transmission of data in digital form
(f) understand that the digital transmission of speech or music
involves analogue-to-digital conversion (ADC) on transmission
and digital-to-analogue conversion (DAC) on reception
(g) show an understanding of the effect of the sampling rate and the
number of bits in each sample on the reproduction of an input
signal
(h) appreciate that information may be carried by a number of
different channels, including wire-pairs, coaxial cables, radio and
microwave links and optic fibres
(i) discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of channels
of communication in terms of available bandwidth, noise, cross-
linking, security, signal attenuation, repeaters and regeneration,
cost and convenience
(j) describe the use of satellites in communication
(k) recall the relative merits of both geostationary and polar orbiting
satellites for communicating information
(l) recall the frequencies and wavelengths used in different channels
of communication
(m) understand and use signal attenuation expressed in dB and
dB per unit length

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(n) recall and use the expression number of dB = 10 lg

two powers
( PP ) for the ratio of
1

(o) understand that, in a mobile-phone system, the public switched

telephone network (PSTN) is linked to base stations via a cellular
exchange
(p) understand the need for an area to be divided into a number of cells,
each cell served by a base station
(q) understand the role of the base station and the cellular exchange
during the making of a call from a mobile phone handset
(r) recall a simplified block diagram of a mobile phone handset and
understand the function of each block.

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4.3 Practical assessment

4.3.1 Introduction
Teachers should ensure that candidates practice experimental skills throughout the whole period of their
course of study. As a guide, candidates should spend at least 20% of their time doing practical work
individually or in small groups. This 20% does not include time spent observing teacher demonstrations of
experiments.

The practical work that candidates do during their course should aim to:

• provide learning opportunities so that candidates develop the skills they need to carry out experimental
and investigative work
• reinforce the learning of the theoretical subject content of the syllabus
• instil an understanding of the interplay of experiment and theory in scientific method
• prove enjoyable, contributing to the motivation of candidates

Candidates’ experimental skills will be assessed in Paper 31/32 and Paper 5. In each of these papers, the
examiners will not be strictly bound by the subject content of the syllabus in setting questions. Where
appropriate, candidates will be told exactly what to do and how to do it: only knowledge of theory and
experimental skills within the syllabus will be expected.

4.3.2 Paper 31/32

Paper 31 and Paper 32 will contain different questions, but will be equivalent in the skills assessed and in the
level of demand. Each candidate should take one of these papers.

Some schools may wish to divide their candidates so that some are entered for Paper 31 and the others are
entered for Paper 32; other schools may wish to enter all of their candidates for the same paper.

Paper 31/32 will be a timetabled, laboratory-based practical paper, focusing on the following experimental
skills:
• manipulation, measurement and observation
• presentation of data and observations
• analysis, conclusions and evaluation

Each paper will consist of two questions, each of 1 hour and each of 20 marks.

The first question will be an experiment requiring candidates to collect data, to plot a graph and to draw
simple conclusions.

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The second question will not require the plotting of a graph. In the second question, the experimental
method to be followed will be inaccurate, and candidates will be required to evaluate the method and
suggest improvements.

The two questions will be set in different areas of Physics. No prior knowledge of the theory will be
required. The areas of Physics will not be confined to the AS subject content, and may relate to A2 topics.

4.3.3 Mark scheme for Paper 31/32

Paper 31/32 will be marked using the generic mark scheme below. The expectations for each mark category
are listed in the sections that follow.

Question 1
Skill Breakdown of marks
Manipulation, measurement and 9 marks Successful collection of data 7 marks
observation Range and distribution of values 1 mark
Quality of data 1 mark
Presentation of data and 7 marks Table of results: layout 1 mark
observations Table of results: raw data 1 mark
Table of results: calculated quantities 2 marks
Graph: layout 1 mark
Graph: plotting of points 1 mark
Graph: trend line 1 mark
Analysis, conclusions and 4 marks Interpretation of graph 2 marks
evaluation Drawing conclusions 2 marks

Question 2
Skill Breakdown of marks
Manipulation, measurement and 7 marks Successful collection of data 6 marks
observation Quality of data 1 mark
Presentation of data and 3 marks Display of calculation and reasoning 3 marks
observations
Analysis, conclusions and 10 marks Drawing conclusions 1 mark
evaluation Estimating uncertainties 1 mark
Identifying limitations 4 marks
Suggesting improvements 4 marks

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4.3.4 Expectations for each mark category (Papers 31/32)

Manipulation, measurement and observation
Successful collection of data
Candidates should be able to:
• set up apparatus correctly without assistance from the Supervisor
• follow instructions given in the form of written instructions, diagrams or circuit diagrams
• use their apparatus to collect an appropriate quantity of data
• repeat readings where appropriate
• make measurements using common laboratory apparatus, such as millimetre scales, protractors,
stopwatches, top-pan balances, newton-meters, analogue or digital electrical meters, measuring
cylinders, vernier calipers, micrometer screw gauges and thermometers
• use both analogue scales and digital displays.
Some candidates will be unable to set up their apparatus without help and may ask for assistance
from the Supervisor. Supervisors will be given clear instructions on what assistance may be given to
candidates, but this assistance should never go beyond the minimum necessary to enable candidates to
take some readings: under no circumstances should help be given with the presentation of data, analysis
or evaluation sections. All assistance must be reported to the examiners, and candidates who require
assistance will not be able to score full marks for the successful collection of data.
Range and distribution of values
Candidates should be able to:
• make measurements that span the largest possible range of values within the limits either of the
equipment provided or of the instructions given
• make measurements whose values are appropriately distributed within this range.
In most experiments, including those involving straight-line graphs, a regularly-spaced set of
measurements will be appropriate. For other experiments, such as those requiring the peak value of a
curved graph to be determined, it may be appropriate for the measurements to be concentrated in one
part of the range investigated. Candidates will be expected to be able to identify the most appropriate
distribution of values.
Quality of data
Candidates should be able to:
• make and record accurate measurements.
Marks will be awarded for measured data in which the values obtained are reasonable. In some cases,
the award of the mark will be based on the scatter of points on a graph; in other cases, the candidate’s
data may be compared with information supplied by the supervisor or known to the examiners. The
examiners will only consider the extent to which the candidate has affected the quality of the data:
allowances will be made where the quality of data is limited by the experimental method required or by
the apparatus used.

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Presentation of data and observations

Table of results: layout

Candidates should be able to:
• present numerical data and values in a single table of results
• draw up the table in advance of taking readings so that they do not have to copy up their results
• include in the table of results columns for raw data and for values calculated from them
• use column headings that include both the quantity and the unit and that conform to accepted
scientific conventions.
As an example of accepted practice in column headings, if the quantity being measured is current in
milliamperes, then ‘I / mA’ would be the usual way to write the column heading, but ‘I in mA’ or ‘I (mA)’
would be allowed. Headings such as ‘I mA’ or just ‘mA’ are not acceptable. The quantity or the unit or
both may be written in words rather than symbols. Conventional symbols or abbreviations (such as p.d.)
may be used without explanation.

Table of results: raw data

Candidates should be able to:
• record raw readings of a quantity to the same degree of precision.
For example, if one measurement of length in a column of raw data is given to the nearest millimetre,
then all the lengths in that column should be given to the nearest millimetre. The degree of precision
used should be compatible with the measuring instrument used: it would be inappropriate to record a
distance measured on a millimetre scale as ‘2 cm’.

Table of results: calculated quantities

Candidates should be able to:
• calculate other quantities from their raw data
• use the correct number of significant figures for these calculated quantities.
Except where they are produced by addition or subtraction, calculated quantities should be given to the
same number of significant figures (or one more than) the measured quantity of least accuracy. For
example, if values of a potential difference and of a current are measured to 2 and 4 significant figures
respectively, then the corresponding resistance should be given to 2 or 3 significant figures, but not 1
or 4. The number of significant figures may, if necessary, vary down a column of values for a calculated
quantity.

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Graph: layout
Candidates should be able to:
• plot the independent variable on the x-axis and the dependent variable on the y-axis, except where
the variables are conventionally plotted the other way around
• clearly label graph axes with both the quantity and the unit, following accepted scientific conventions
• choose scales for graph axes such that the data points occupy at least half of the graph grid in both
x- and y-directions
• use a false origin where appropriate
• choose scales for the graph axes that allow the graph to be read easily, such as 1, 2 or 5 units to a
2 cm square
• place regularly-spaced numerical labels along the whole of each axis.
The accepted scientific conventions for labelling the axes of a graph are the same as for the column
headings in a table of results.

Graph: plotting of points

Candidates should be able to:
• plot all their data points on their graph grid to an accuracy of better than 1 mm.
Points should be finely drawn with a sharp pencil, but must still be visible. A fine cross or an encircled
dot is suitable; a thick pencil blob is not.

Graph: trend line

Candidates should be able to:
• identify when the trend of a graph is linear or curved
• draw straight lines of best fit or curves to show the trend of a graph
• draw tangents to curved trend lines.
The trend line should show an even distribution of points on either side of the line along its whole length.
Lines should be finely drawn and should not contain kinks or breaks.

Display of calculation and reasoning

Candidates should be able to:
• show their working in calculations, and the key steps in their reasoning
• justify the number of significant figures in a calculated quantity.

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Analysis, conclusions and evaluation

Interpretation of graph
Candidates should be able to:
• relate straight-line graphs to equations of the form y = mx + c, and hence to derive expressions that
equate to the gradient or the y-intercept of their graphs
• read the co-ordinates of points on the trend line of a graph
• determine the gradient of a straight-line graph or of a tangent to a curve
• determine the y-intercept of a straight-line graph or of a tangent to a curve, including where these are
on graphs with a false origin.
When a gradient is to be determined, the points on the line chosen for the calculation should be
separated by at least half of the length of the line drawn.
In cases where the y-intercept cannot be read directly from the y-axis, it is expected that the co-ordinates
of a point on the line and the gradient will be substituted into y = mx + c.

Drawing conclusions
Candidates should be able to:
• draw conclusions from an experiment, including determining the values of constants, considering
whether experimental data supports a given hypothesis, and making predictions.

Estimating uncertainties
Candidates should be able to:
• estimate, quantitatively, the uncertainty in their measurements
• express the uncertainty in a measurement as an actual, fractional or percentage uncertainty, and
translate between these forms.

Identifying limitations
Candidates should be able to:
• identify and describe the limitations in an experimental procedure
• identify the most significant sources of uncertainty in an experiment
• show an understanding of the distinction between systematic errors (including zero errors) and
random errors.

Suggesting improvements
Candidates should be able to:
• suggest modifications to an experimental arrangement that will improve the accuracy of the
experiment or to extend the investigation to answer a new question
• describe these modifications clearly in words or diagrams.
Candidates’ suggestions should be realistic, so that in principle they are achievable in practice. The
suggestions may relate either to the apparatus used or to the experimental procedure followed.
Candidates may include improvements that they have actually made while carrying out the experiment.
The suggested modifications may relate to sources of uncertainty identified by the candidate.

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4.3.5 Administration of the practical test

Detailed regulations on the administration of CIE practical examinations are contained in the Handbook for
Centres.

A document called the Confidential Instructions will be despatched to Centres, usually about six weeks
before the date of the examination. The Confidential Instructions will detail the apparatus that will be
required and how it should be laid out for candidates. They will also contain sufficient details to allow testing
of the apparatus. Centres should contact the Despatch Department at CIE if they believe the Confidential
Instructions have not been received.

Access to the question paper itself is not permitted in advance of the examination.

It is essential that absolute confidentiality be maintained in advance of the examination date: the contents of
the Confidential Instructions must not be revealed either directly or indirectly to candidates.

The Confidential Instructions contain a Supervisor’s Report Form. Centres must complete this form and
enclose a copy in each envelope of scripts. A sample set of results may also be helpful to the examiners,
especially if there was any local difficulty with apparatus. A missing report can delay the marking process.

If there is any doubt about the interpretation of Confidential Instructions document or the suitability of the
apparatus available, enquiries should be sent to the Product Manager for Physics at CIE, using either e-mail
([email protected]) or fax (+44 1223 553558) or telephone (+44 1223 553554).

4.3.6 Apparatus that is used regularly

Below is a list of the items that are regularly used in the practical test. The list is not exhaustive: other items
are usually required, to allow for variety in the questions set.
Ammeter: (digital or analogue) f.s.d. 100 mA and 1 A (digital multimeters are suitable)
Cells: 1.5 V
Lamp and holder: 6 V 60 mA; 2.5 V 0.3 A
Leads and crocodile clips
Power supply: variable up to 12 V d.c. (low resistance)
Rheostat
Switch
Voltmeter: (digital or analogue) f.s.d. 5 V, 10 V (digital multimeters are suitable)
Wire: constantan 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38 s.w.g. or metric equivalents

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Long stem thermometer: –10 °C to 110 °C × 1 °C

Means to heat water safely to boiling (e.g. an electric kettle)
Plastic or polystyrene cup 200 cm3
Stirrer

Balance to 0.1 g (this item may often be shared between sets of apparatus)
Bar magnet
Bare copper wire: 18, 26 s.w.g.
Beaker: 100 cm3, 200 cm3 or 250 cm3
Blu-Tack
Card
Expendable steel spring
G-clamp
Magnadur ceramic magnets
Mass hanger
Micrometer screw gauge (this item may often be shared between sets of apparatus)
Newton-meter (1 N, 10 N)
Pendulum bob
Plasticine
Protractor
Pulley
Rule with a millimetre scale (1 m, 0.5 m, 300 mm)
Scissors
Sellotape
Slotted masses (100 g, 50 g, 20 g, 10 g) or alternative
Spring
Stand, boss and clamp
Stopwatch (candidates may use their wristwatches), reading to 0.1 s or better
Stout pin or round nail
String/thread/twine
Vernier calipers (this item may often be shared between sets of apparatus)
Wire cutters
Wood or metal jaws

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4.3.7 Paper 5
Paper 5 will be a timetabled written paper, focusing on the following higher-order experimental skills:

• planning
• analysis, conclusions and evaluation.

This examination paper will not require laboratory facilities.

It should be stressed that candidates cannot be adequately prepared for this paper without extensive
laboratory work during their course of study.

In particular, candidates cannot be taught to plan experiments effectively unless, on a number of occasions,
they are required:

• to plan an experiment
• to perform the experiment according to their plan
• to evaluate what they have done.

This requires many hours of laboratory-based work, and requires careful supervision from teachers to ensure
that experiments are performed safely.

Paper 5 will consist of two questions each of 15 marks.

The first question will be a planning question, in which candidates will be required to design an experimental
investigation of a given problem. The question will not be highly structured: candidates will be expected to
answer with a diagram and an extended piece of writing.

The second question will be an analysis, conclusions and evaluation question, in which candidates will
be given an equation and some experimental data. From these they will be required to find the value
of a constant. This question also will not be highly structured: candidates will be expected to decide for
themselves what they need to do in order to reach an answer. They will also be required to estimate the
uncertainty in their answer.

Some questions on this paper may be set in areas of Physics that are difficult to investigate experimentally
in school laboratories, either because of the cost of equipment or because of restrictions on the availability
of materials (e.g. radioactive materials). No question will require prior knowledge of theory or equipment
that is beyond the syllabus: candidates will be given all the information that they need.

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4.3.8 Mark scheme for Paper 5

Paper 5 will be marked using the generic mark scheme below. The expectations for each mark category are
listed in the sections that follow.

Question 1

Skill Breakdown of marks

Planning 15 marks Defining the problem 3 marks
Methods of data collection 5 marks
Method of analysis 2 marks
Safety considerations 1 mark
Additional detail 4 marks

Question 2

Skill Breakdown of marks

Analysis, conclusions and 15 marks Approach to data analysis 1 mark
evaluation Table of results 2 marks
Graph 3 marks
Conclusion 4 marks
Treatment of uncertainties 5 marks

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4.3.9 The expectations for each mark category (Paper 5)

Planning

Defining the problem

Candidates should be able to:
• identify the independent variable in the experiment
• identify the dependent variable in the experiment
• identify the variables that are to be kept constant.

Methods of data collection

Candidates should be able to:
• describe the method to be used to vary the independent variable
• describe how the independent and dependent variables are to be measured
• describe how other variables are to be kept constant
• describe, with the aid of a clear labelled diagram, the arrangement of apparatus for the experiment
and the procedures to be followed.
For full marks to be scored in this section, the overall arrangement must be workable, that is, it should
be possible to collect the data required without undue difficulty if the apparatus were assembled as
described. The measuring instruments chosen should be fit for purpose, in that they should measure the
correct physical quantity to a suitable precision for the experiment.

Method of analysis
Candidates should be able to:
• describe how the data should be used in order to reach a conclusion, including details of derived
quantities to be calculated and graphs to be drawn as appropriate.

Safety considerations
Candidates should be able to:
• assess the risks of their experiment
• describe precautions that should be taken to keep risks to a minimum.

Additional detail
Up to four marks will be available for additional relevant detail. How these marks are awarded will depend
on the experiment that is to be planned, but they might, for example, include marks for describing how
additional variables are to be kept constant, or for a diagram of a circuit needed to make a particular
measurement, or for additional safety considerations.

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Analysis, conclusions and evaluation

Approach to data analysis

Candidates should be able to:
• rearrange expressions into the forms y = mx + c, y = ax n and y = aekx
• plot a graph of y against x and use the graph to find the constants m and c in an equation of the form
y = mx + c
• plot a graph of log y against log x and use the graph to find the constants a and n in an equation of the
form y = axn
• plot a graph of ln y against x and use the graph to find the constants a and k in an equation of the
form y = aekx
• decide what derived quantities to calculate from raw data in order to enable an appropriate graph to
be plotted.

Table of results
Candidates should be able to:
• complete a table of results following the conventions required for Paper 31/32
Where logarithms are required, units should be shown with the quantity whose logarithm is being taken,
e.g. ln (d / cm). The logarithm itself does not have a unit.

Graph
Candidates should be able to:
• plot a graph following the conventions required for Paper 31/32
• show error bars, in both directions where appropriate, for each point on the graph
• draw a straight line of best fit and a straight worst acceptable line through the points on the graph.
The worst acceptable line should be either the steepest possible line or the shallowest possible line that
passes through the error bars of all the data points. It should be distinguished from the line of best fit
either by being drawn as a broken line or by being clearly labelled.

Conclusion
Candidates should be able to:
• determine the gradient and y-intercept of a straight-line graph
• derive expressions that equate to the gradient or the y-intercept of their straight lines of best fit
• draw the required conclusions from these expressions.
The conclusion required will normally be the value of a constant.

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Treatment of uncertainties
Candidates should be able to:
• convert absolute uncertainty estimates into fractional or percentage uncertainty estimates and vice
versa
• show uncertainty estimates, in absolute terms, beside every value in a table of results
• calculate uncertainty estimates in derived quantities
• show uncertainty estimates as error bars on a graph
• estimate the absolute uncertainty in the gradient of a graph by recalling that
absolute uncertainty = gradient of line of best fit – gradient of worst acceptable line
• estimate the absolute uncertainty in the y-intercept of a graph by recalling that
absolute uncertainty = y-intercept of line of best fit – y-intercept of worst acceptable line
• express a quantity as a value, an uncertainty estimate and a unit.

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5. Appendix

5.1 Safety in the laboratory

Responsibility for safety matters rests with Centres.

Attention is drawn to the following UK publications:

(a) The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations, UK Parliament, 2002
(b) Safe Practices in Chemical Laboratories, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1989
(c) Safety in Science Laboratories, DES Safety Series, 2, HMSO, 1976
(d) Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory, ed. L. Bretherick, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 4th ed., 1986
(e) Safeguards in the School Laboratory, ASE, 9th edition, 1988
(f) Hazcards, as published by CLEAPSS Development Group, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB8 3PH

5.2 Mathematical requirements

Arithmetic
Candidates should be able to:
• recognise and use expressions in decimal and standard form (scientific) notation
• recognise and use binary notation
• use appropriate calculating aids (electronic calculator or tables) for addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division. Find arithmetic means, powers (including reciprocals and square roots), sines, cosines,
tangents (and the inverse functions), exponentials and logarithms (lg and ln)
• take account of accuracy in numerical work and handle calculations so that significant figures are
neither lost unnecessarily nor carried beyond what is justified
• make approximate evaluations of numerical expressions (e.g. π2 ≈ 10) and use such approximations to
check the magnitude of machine calculations.

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Algebra
Candidates should be able to:
• change the subject of an equation. Most relevant equations involve only the simpler operations but
may include positive and negative indices and square roots
• solve simple algebraic equations. Most relevant equations are linear but some may involve inverse
and inverse square relationships. Linear simultaneous equations and the use of the formula to obtain
the solutions of quadratic equations are included
• substitute physical quantities into physical equations using consistent units and check the dimensional
consistency of such equations
• formulate simple algebraic equations as mathematical models of physical situations, and identify
inadequacies of such models
• recognise and use the logarithmic forms of expressions like ab, a/b, xn, ekx and understand
the use of logarithms in relation to quantities with values that range over several orders of
magnitude
• express small changes or uncertainties as percentages and vice versa
• comprehend and use the symbols <, >, Y, [, «, », ≈, /, ∝, <x> ( = x– ), Σ , ∆x, δx, √

Geometry and trigonometry

Candidates should be able to:
• calculate areas of right-angled and isosceles triangles, circumference and area of circles, areas and
volumes of rectangular blocks, cylinders and spheres
• use Pythagoras’ theorem, similarity of triangles, the angle sum of a triangle
• use sines, cosines and tangents (especially for 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°). Use the trigonometric
relationships for triangles:
a b c
= = ; a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A
sinA sinB sinC

• use sinθ ≈ tanθ ≈ θ and cosθ ≈ 1 for small θ ; sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1

• understand the relationship between degrees and radians (defined as arc/radius), translate
from one to the other and use the appropriate system in context.

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5. Appendix

Vectors
Candidates should be able to:
• find the resultant of two coplanar vectors, recognising situations where vector addition is appropriate
• obtain expressions for components of a vector in perpendicular directions, recognising situations
where vector resolution is appropriate.

Graphs
Candidates should be able to:
• translate information between graphical, numerical, algebraic and verbal forms
• select appropriate variables and scales for graph plotting
• for linear graphs, determine the slope, intercept and intersection
• choose, by inspection, a straight line which will serve as the line of best fit through a set of data
points presented graphically
• draw a curved trend line through a set of data points presented graphically, when the arrangement of
these data points is clearly indicative of a non-linear relationship
• recall standard linear form y = mx + c and rearrange relationships into linear form where appropriate
• sketch and recognise the forms of plots of common simple expressions like 1/x, x2, 1/x2, sin x, cos x,
e–x
• use logarithmic plots to test exponential and power law variations
• understand, draw and use the slope of a tangent to a curve as a means to obtain the gradient,
and use notation in the form dy/dx for a rate of change
• understand and use the area below a curve where the area has physical significance.

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5. Appendix

5.3 Glossary of terms used in Physics papers

This glossary should prove helpful to candidates as a guide, although it is not exhaustive and it has
deliberately been kept brief. Candidates should understand that the meaning of a term must depend in part
on its context. The number of marks allocated for any part of a question is a guide to the depth required for
the answer.
1. Define (the term(s) ...) is intended literally. Only a formal statement or equivalent paraphrase, such as
the defining equation with symbols identified, is required.
2. What is meant by ... normally implies that a definition should be given, together with some relevant
comment on the significance or context of the term(s) concerned, especially where two or more terms
are included in the question. The number of marks indicated will suggest the amount of supplementary
comment required.
3. Explain may imply reasoning or some reference to theory, depending on the context.
4. State implies a concise answer with little or no supporting argument, e.g. a numerical answer that can
be obtained ‘by inspection’.
5. List requires a number of points with no elaboration. If a specific number of points is requested, this
number should not be exceeded.
6. Describe requires candidates to state in words (using diagrams where appropriate) the main points of
the topic. It is often used with reference either to particular phenomena or to particular experiments.
For particular phenomena, the term usually implies that the answer should include reference to (visual)
observations associated with the phenomena. The amount of description intended is suggested by the
indicated mark value.
7. Discuss requires candidates to give a critical account of the points involved in the topic.
8. Deduce/Predict implies that candidates are not expected to produce the required answer by recall, but
by making a logical connection between other pieces of information. Such information may be wholly
given in the question, or may depend on answers extracted in an earlier part of the question.
9. Suggest is used in two main contexts. It may either imply that there is no unique answer or that
candidates are expected to apply their general knowledge to a new situation (one that may not, formally,
be in the syllabus.)
10. Calculate is used when a numerical answer is required. In general, working should be shown.
11. Measure implies that the quantity concerned can be directly obtained from a suitable measuring
instrument, e.g. length, using a rule, or angle, using a protractor.
12. Determine often implies that the quantity concerned cannot be measured directly, but is obtained by
calculation, substituting measured or known values of other quantities into a standard formula, e.g. the
Young modulus, relative molecular mass.
13. Show is used where a candidate is expected to derive a given result. It is important that the terms being
used by candidates are stated explicitly and that all stages in the derivation are stated clearly.

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14. Estimate implies a reasoned order of magnitude statement or calculation of the quantity concerned.
Candidates should make any necessary simplifying assumptions about points of principle and about the
values of quantities not otherwise included in the question.
15. Sketch (applied to graph work) implies that the shape and/or position of the curve need only be
qualitatively correct. However, candidates should be aware that, depending on the context, some
quantitative aspects may be looked for, e.g. passing through the origin, having an intercept, asymptote
or discontinuity at a particular value. On a sketch graph it is essential that candidates clearly indicate
what is being plotted on each axis.
16. Sketch (applied to diagrams) implies that a simple, freehand drawing is acceptable, though care should
be taken over proportions and the clear exposition of important details.
17. Compare requires candidates to provide both similarities and differences between things or concepts.

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5. Appendix

5.4 Summary of key quantities, symbols and units

The following list illustrates the symbols and units which will be used in question papers.
This list is for both AS and full A Level qualifications.

Quantity Usual symbols Usual unit

Base Quantities
mass m kg
length l m
time t s
electric current I A
thermodynamic temperature T K
amount of substance n mol

Other Quantities
distance d m
displacement s, x m
area A m2
volume V, v m3
density ρ kg m–3
speed u, v, w, c m s–1
velocity u, v, w, c m s–1
acceleration a m s–2
acceleration of free fall g m s–2
force F N
weight W N
momentum p Ns
work w, W J
energy E, U, W J
potential energy Ep J
kinetic energy Ek J
heating q, Q J
change of internal energy ∆U J

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5. Appendix

power P W
pressure p Pa
torque T Nm
gravitational constant G N kg–2 m2
gravitational field strength g N kg–1
gravitational potential φ J kg–1
angle θ °, rad
angular displacement θ °, rad
angular speed ω rad s–1
angular velocity ω rad s–1
period T s
frequency f Hz
angular frequency ω rad s–1
wavelength λ m
speed of electromagnetic waves c m s–1
electric charge q, Q C
elementary charge e C
electric potential V V
electric potential difference V V
electromotive force E V
resistance R Ω
resistivity ρ Ωm
electric field strength E N C–1 , V m–1
permittivity of free space εο F m–1
capacitance C F
time constant τ s
magnetic flux Φ Wb
magnetic flux density B T
permeability of free space µο H m–1
stress σ Pa
strain ε
spring constant k N m–1

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5. Appendix

Young modulus E Pa
Celsius temperature θ °C
specific heat capacity c J kg–1 K–1
molar heat capacity Cm J mol–1 K–1
specific latent heat L J kg–1
molar gas constant R J mol–1 K–1
Boltzmann constant k J K–1
Avogadro constant NA mol–1
number N, n, m
number density (number per unit volume) n m–3
Planck constant h Js
work function energy Φ J
activity of radioactive source A Bq
decay constant λ s–1
half-life t1 s
2

relative atomic mass Ar

relative molecular mass Mr
atomic mass ma kg, u
electron mass me kg, u
neutron mass mn kg, u
proton mass mp kg, u
molar mass M kg
proton number Z
nucleon number A
neutron number N

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5. Appendix

5.5 Data and formulae

Data
speed of light in free space c = 3.00 × 108 m s–1
permeability of free space µ0 = 4π × 10–7 H m–1
permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.85 × 10–12 F m–1
elementary charge e = 1.60 × 10–19 C
the Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s
unified atomic mass constant u = 1.66 × 10–27 kg
rest mass of electron me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg
rest mass of proton mp = 1.67 × 10–27 kg
molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1
the Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1
the Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 10–23 J K–1
gravitational constant G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2
acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s–2

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5. Appendix

Formulae

uniformly accelerated motion s = ut + 1 at 2

2
2 2
v = u + 2as
work done on/by a gas W = p ∆V

gravitational potential φ = – Gm
r
hydrostatic pressure p = ρgh

p = 1 Nm < c 2 >
pressure of an ideal gas 3 V

simple harmonic motion a = −ω 2x

velocity of particle in s.h.m. v = v0 cos ω t

2
v = ±ω (x0 − x2)
electric potential Q
V =
4πε0r

capacitors in series 1/C = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + ...

capacitors in parallel C = C1 + C2 + ....

energy of charged capacitor 1 QV

W = 2

resistors in series R = R1 + R2 + ....

resistors in parallel 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ....

alternating current/voltage x = x0 sin ω t

radioactive decay x = x0 exp (−λt)

decay constant λ 0. 693

=
t1
2

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5. Appendix

5.6 Resource list

Teachers may find reference to the following books helpful. The list is by no means comprehensive but is
intended to indicate some appropriate texts.

Texts should be chosen that will be of interest to students as well as supporting the teacher’s own style of
presentation.

Endorsed textbooks: AS and A2 Core

The following book has been endorsed by CIE for use with this syllabus. It has been through an
independent quality assurance process and matches the syllabus content closely.
International A/AS Level Physics, C. Mee, M. Crundell, B. Arnold and W. Brown, ISBN 978-0340945643

Recommended textbooks: AS and A2 Core

The books listed below offer very comprehensive coverage of the Physics course. They contain some
material that is not required for this syllabus or that is treated in more depth.
Advanced Physics, T. Duncan, Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN 978-0719576690
Advanced Physics, S. Adams and J. Allday, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199146802
Bath Advanced Science: Physics 2nd Edition, R. Hutchings, Nelson Thornes, ISBN 978-0174387312
New Understanding Physics for Advanced Level (Fourth Edition), J. Breithaupt, Nelson Thornes,
ISBN 978-0748743148

The following books are smaller in scope than those listed above. They have been written to comply with
particular A Level/AS syllabuses available in the UK. They contain less unnecessary material than the books
listed above, but there are some differences between the UK and the CIE syllabuses, particularly in the way
that the subject matter is divided into AS and A2 sections.
Physics 1, D. Sang, K. Gibbs and R. Hutchings, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521787185
Physics 2, D. Sang, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521797153

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5. Appendix

Recommended textbooks: Applications of Physics

Each of the following books covers parts of the subject material of this section, but also much material that
is not required.
Health Physics, A. McCormick and A. Elliott, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521787262
Medical Physics (Second Edition), M. Hollins, Nelson Thornes, ISBN 978-0174482536
Telecommunications, J. Allen, Nelson Thornes, ISBN 978-0174482161
Telecommunications, S. Kennedy, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521797474

Teachers’ Resources: AS and A2 Core

The following books may be useful to teachers or students.
AS/A-Level Physics Essential Word Dictionary, M. Crundell, Philip Allen Updates, ISBN 978-0860033776
The Complete A-Z Physics Handbook, M. Chapple, Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN 978-0340688045
Advanced Level Practical Work for Physics, M. Crundell and C. Mee, Hodder & Stoughton,
ISBN 978-0340782453
Practice in Physics (Third Edition), T. Akrill and C. Millar, Hodder Murray, ISBN 978-0340758137
AS/A-Level Physics Question and Answer Guide, M. Crundell, Philip Allen Updates, ISBN 978-0860037750

Teachers’ Resources: Applications of Physics

The following book has been written to cover the subject material of the Applications of Physics section in
this particular syllabus, and is strongly recommended. It is available from the CIE Publications Office using
the appropriate order form.
Applications of Physics: Gathering and Communicating Information, CIE publication

Multimedia: CD-ROM
The CD-ROM listed below contains simulations of A Level Physics experiments and is likely to appeal to
many candidates. It may be helpful as a means of consolidating theory taught in class, but should not be
used to replace first-hand laboratory work.
Virtual Physics Laboratory, available from www.vplab.co.uk

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5. Appendix

5.7 IT usage in A Level Physics

Information Technology (IT) is a term used to cover a number of processes which have become an
indispensable part of modern life. These processes are almost all based on the ability of the microprocessor
chip to handle and manipulate large volumes of binary data in a short time. The use of IT is now an
important factor in Physics education, and all A Level candidates should have the opportunity to experience
each of the following five processes:

1. Data Capture (Hardware)

Sensors and Data Loggers can be used in any experiment to measure and store a number of physical
quantities which vary with time. The sensor usually converts the quantity (e.g. temperature, light/sound
intensity, position, count rate, magnetic flux density) into a voltage and the data logger samples this
voltage at regular intervals, from a few microseconds to a few hours depending on the duration of the
‘experiment’. Each sample is converted into a binary/digital number and then stored in memory. The
number of samples which are taken and stored depends on the particular data logger in use, but it is
usually several hundred. This large number has the effect that, when the stored data is subsequently
plotted graphically, the data points are so close together that the physical quantity appears to vary
continuously over the timescale of the experiment.
Sensors and Data Loggers are invaluable where the timescale of the experiment is either very long (e.g.
the variation of temperature over several days) or very short (e.g. the microphone signal of a handclap).
Although most suppliers of Sensors and Data Loggers will indicate the type of experiment in which they
may be used, the following are some examples of their use in standard A Level Physics experiments:
• the variation of voltage in capacitor charge/discharge circuits
• the variation of temperature in a latent heat demonstration
• the variation of induced e.m.f. in a coil as a magnet falls through it
• the variation of count rate in radioactive half-life measurement
• the variation of the position of an oscillator in simple harmonic motion.

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5. Appendix

2. Data Analysis (Software)

The most important type of program which allows the analysis of data is the SPREADSHEET into which
data may be added manually (via the keyboard) or automatically (via the data logger). These programs
have a number of different functions.
One of the most important uses of the spreadsheet is that it allows its data to be analysed graphically.
Two or more sets of corresponding data can be plotted as histograms or as pie charts or as simple line
graphs or as X~Y scattergraphs (with or without a line of best fit).
Once a spreadsheet has some starting point, it can calculate further data by applying a formula to the
existing information. For example, if the spreadsheet started with a column of voltages and another
column of corresponding currents it could then calculate a third column of the product of the voltage and
current (i.e. the power) and a fourth column of the quotient of voltage and current (i.e. the resistance).
A spreadsheet allows alphanumeric and mathematical analysis of its data. For example, one column of
a spreadsheet could contain the names of students in a class while neighbouring columns could contain
their raw scores for the various skills in a number of assessed practicals. The program could sort the
names into alphabetical order or it could calculate mean or total values or apply some scaling factor to the
different scores.
A spreadsheet may also be used to build mathematical models of physical situations by calculating and
plotting the necessary data. For example, the dynamic model of the two dimensional flight of a ball
subject to air resistance may be examined without resorting to the calculus of sophisticated differential
equations. Here, the positions of the ball after successive increments of time would be calculated
algebraically and added to successive cells in the spreadsheet. These positions can then be plotted to
reveal the ball’s trajectory.
There are a number of general spreadsheet programs available and there are also some dedicated to the
process of graph plotting and graphical analysis. For example:
• EXCEL is a general spreadsheet for use with MACs and PCs and commonly used in education
• LOTUS 123 is a general spreadsheet for use with PCs and commonly used in business.

3. Teaching Aids and Resources (Software)

There are now many software packages available which have been designed to assist the teaching of
almost every topic in A Level Physics. Some of these can be used as self-learning programs for an
individual student to work through at their own pace while others can be used as computer generated
images for classroom demonstrations and simulations. For example, ‘Moving Molecules’ illustrates basic
kinetic theory by allowing students to visualise what is happening to the molecules in gases, liquids and
solids as temperature and pressure are changed.
Although there are at present very few CD-ROMs of direct relevance to A Level Physics, this is a potential
growth area and it is likely that in the near future much more use will be made of this resource.
The videocassette and the laser disc are two further sources of sometimes excellent demonstrations of
various topics in Physics.

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5. Appendix

4. World Wide Web (WWW)

The WWW is a huge resource for teachers and students as it provides a huge database of information/
resources. Websites that have been carefully reviewed for their content and suitability may be
incorporated in the teaching of physics or given as reference materials for students. The WWW offers
pictures, video clips and databases on science, slides of lecture material, lesson plans, concept maps and
test questions that could be used as additional teaching aids. Perhaps one of the greatest advantages
of the WWW is its abundance of JAVA applets which could be used to illustrate effectively a specific
scientific concept.
One desirable feature of the Internet is its capability to facilitate communication and dissemination of
information electronically. Students may post questions on a topic of interest to a forum page. They may
consult experts and communicate with others on the topic of study through e-mail.

5. Open Tools
Students should be encouraged to communicate scientific concepts using effective and appropriate Open
Tools when making presentation. Word-processor, graphic organiser and spreadsheet may be utilised to
organise and present text, tables, charts or graphical information.

Learning Outcomes
Finally, students must develop an awareness of the many possible applications and limitations of IT. They
should be able to judge when to use IT to collect, handle and analyse scientific investigation. Students must
be aware of the need to be critical of information produced using IT and that the results may be affected by
the use of inaccurate data or careless entry. Most importantly, students will, in the process, learn to adopt a
critical and creative approach to problem solving that would enable them to meet the challenges of the new
knowledge-based economy.

A brief commentary follows on some parts of the syllabus where IT can be applied. In some cases,
software is available commercially; in others, teachers may be able to develop their own.

Syllabus section IT application

2. Measurement Learning outcomes in this section introduce candidates to the presentation of data in
techniques analogue and digital forms. Data-capture techniques may be used in the measurement
of magnetic flux density. The treatment of uncertainties may be illustrated using IT
simulation methods.
3. Kinematics Teaching of this section offers an opportunity to use computer programs to simulate
particle motion, and to demonstrate how quantities such as displacement, velocity and
acceleration are related. Data-capture techniques may also be used in practical work on
kinematics.

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5. Appendix

4. Dynamics Examples of the application of Newton’s second law may be presented through
computer simulations. Likewise, collision problems may be presented very effectively
using IT simulations. Experimental investigations of collisions lend themselves to data-
capture techniques.
6. Work, energy, power The concepts of force, energy and power may be demonstrated using simulation
methods.
7. Motion in a circle Computer simulation techniques may be used effectively in the analysis of circular orbits.
8. Gravitational field Theoretical predictions from Newton’s law of gravitation and the concept of gravitational
potential may be presented through computer simulations. Information on the orbits of
planets in the Solar System could be stored on a spreadsheet.
12. Temperature Data-capture methods may be used with certain types of thermometer.
14. Oscillations The relations between acceleration, velocity and displacement in simple harmonic motion
and in damped and forced oscillation may be demonstrated using computer simulations.
15. Waves The graphical representation of transverse and longitudinal waves may be illustrated
using computer simulations. Data capture may be applied in the measurement of the
frequency and wavelength of sound.
16. Superposition Computer simulations may be used to help students to model the concept of
superposition and to investigate stationary waves.
17. Electric fields Theoretical predictions from Coulomb’s law and the concept of electric potential may be
presented through computer simulations.
19. Current of electricity The current-voltage characteristics of a number of devices may be presented through
computer simulations and data-capture.
20. D.C. circuits The characteristics of thermistors and light-dependent resistors may be presented using
computer simulation techniques and data-capture.
23. Electro- magnetic Computer simulations may be used to illustrate the phenomena of electromagnetic
induction induction.
24. Alternating currents Computer simulations, or demonstrations using a cathode-ray oscilloscope, are powerful
methods of demonstrating alternating currents.
25. Charged particles The classic experiments on the determination of e and e/me may be presented through
computer simulations. Theoretical predictions of the motion of charged particles in
electric and magnetic fields may also be presented in this way.
26. Quantum physics Important concepts of the quantum theory may be presented using simulation
techniques, and theoretical predictions may be demonstrated. The relation of spectral
lines to systems of discrete electron energy levels may also be presented in this way.
27. Nuclear physics Computer simulations of an α-particle scattering experiment may be very effective.
Simple models of the nuclear atom may be presented using computer simulations.
Data-capture methods may be used in experiments on radioactive decay.

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