Za ee, LANE AND SOLID GEOMETRY 4. Plane Ares Regular Polygons/Quadrilatrals(Circles 2. Volume of Some Common Solids ylinders/Cone/Pyramid/Prsm/Prismatoid 3. Spherical Lune 4. Spherical Wedge 5. Similar Solids FORMS 2 RINCIPLE |. Definition ‘Geometry is a branch of mathematics which deals with the properties of shapes ard spaces. The term "geometry" was derived from the Greek words “geo” ‘meaning earth and "metria’ meaning measurement. 4. Polygons ‘A polygon is a closed plane figure bounded by straight line segments as sides. ‘A regular polygon is a polygen having all sides equal ‘and all angles equal ‘A convex polygon is a polygon having each interior ‘angle ess than 180° while a concave polygon is 8 polygon having an interior ange greater than 180°, Reentrant angle isthe inwardpointing angle ofthe concave polygon while the other angles are called salient angles. itionalRIS — Pe gn Sold ‘Some Common Regular Convex Polygon! {sides | name | sien Name [3 | teanate 15 | Pentadecagon [a | oasis | 16 [ teradeagon | js | enagon | 7 Hetaeenn [6 | wenagon | 18 | octadcagon 1 | epagon Nonadecagon Fs | octagon Icosigon [9 | womagon Fao | pecagon | 11 | undecagon | 20000. | — Myriagon Megagon _| 12_|oodecaon | 100000 | 13_| ridecagon_| 10-400 | _Googolgon Tetradecagon |_| Ii, Properties of Regular Polygons, ‘Sum of Interior Angles Sy = 10, =(01-2)180" Measureof One Interior Anges 9, -Su 20-2180 “on 2 Nuner f Diag p-2n-m nooen ‘Sum of Exterior Angles Se = 3600" ssureof One Exterior Anges 300" M Note In all cases, n= numberof sides PERCHC — Beyond TraditionalMATHEMATICS —_—— IV. Area and Perimeter of Regular Polygons ‘+ Given Apotnem and Perimeter Where A= Area perimeter = apothem ‘radius of inscribed circle 4 hy 2h ‘Apothem and Number of Sides = Giver Length and Number of Sides Where: xclength ofthe side sno. of sides perimeter Where Reradius of circumscribing rele in=no. of sides perimeter4__RNS~ Plane and Solid Geometry V. Quadrilateral ‘A quadrilateral is a polygon with four sides. A {uadilateral is also known as quadrangle or tetragon Different types of Quadritaterals 1. Square — a regular quadrilateral, Allis sides are equal ‘and all angles are equal to right angle. A square is a rectangle with all sides equal 2. Rectangle ~ a right-angled parallelogram 3, Rhombus ~ all sides are equal but no angle is equal to right angle. 4, Parallelogram - both pairs of opposite sides are parallel. Another term for parallelogram is ehomboid 5. Trapezoid — only two sides are parallel {6 Trapezium if no two sides are paralle! 7. Kite — convex quadrilateral whose adjacent sides are equal in pai. 8. Deltoid — concave quadrilateral whose adjacent sides are equal in pair. 9, Cyclic quadrilateral ~ a quadriateral whose vertices lie on a circle. VI Formulas for Area and Perimeter of Quadrilaterals, Rectangle CI Paaard)A= (e—ay(s—b\(s—es—d) —abed cos* 8 's = semi-perimeter atbtetd6 _RNS— Plane und Solid Gevmetny SHEE Ptolemy's Theorem LeabretVac saad +) ut Where 8 = semi-perimeter ebeerd 2 0a ofthe quadilateral 4; and d;= ciagonals, Note: Opposite angles ofa cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary EE Where: yodtbterd 2 PERGBG Beyond TraditionalZao ———S Vi. Circles. ree ‘An inscribed angle is measured by one-half its intercapted ‘ar© or one-half the measure ofthe central angle fr the ‘same intercepted ar. \ Jol -veentra ange ‘Angles inscribed in the same or congruent arcs are equal ‘An inscribed angle intercepting a semi-circle is 90°, ‘An angle formed by two secants intersecting outside @ Cirle measured by one-half the difference of the intercopted arcs = P = Macao) PAXPB=PCxPD PERGOC _seyond Traditional8__ RNS — Pune and Solid Geometry [Circumference and Area of Circles} Cwaw |[ Anat? =x wat ia Cy Where length of intercepted arc ‘central angle Beyond, Traditional4 Zend Sa VIL Cube ‘A cube isa polyhedron whose six faces are all squares Where: Vevolume a Vill, Rectangular Parallelepiped ‘A ectangular parallelepiped is a polyhedron whose six faces are rectangles ‘Razah ede +e) ws Where ‘a,band care the edges 1% Priem |A prism is polyhedron having two identical ‘and parallel faces (usually referred to as the ends" of bases") and whose sides are parallelogram. Ko = fi -ke Wher Selatora area ‘eslaoral edge i=perimeter or ight section rea of ight section Bearea ofthe base itionV = (Base\h, a eee A Me gt oc ) ie Xi, Cone ‘A.cone is a three dimensional shape formed by ‘straight line when ono end is moved around 3 simple closed curve, wre the other end ofthe fine is kept ata fixed point which is notin the plane of the curve of bas teslant neight Bearea of base healtitudell, Pyramid ‘A pyramid is a polyhedron having any polygon. ‘as one face (base) with all ther faces (sides) boeing triangles meeting at a common vertex SEN i vedo Where Arrarea of faces 22), 5 [s- B28 Ss perimeter of upper base perimeter of ower base Feslant height \Vevolume12_ RNS _ Pane and Sad Gomer XIV. Prismatold A prismatold is « polyhedron having fr bass ‘wo polygons in paral planes, and for lator faces tangles oF trapezoids with one sc Iying in-one base, and the opposite vertex Wing tho other base of the polyhedron jearea of mid-section ‘perpendicular distance batweon tho two bases XV. Similar Solids + Relationship between Area and Altitude: + Relationship between Volume and Altitude Re A rea ele) wr thy and hg = height or altitude ofthe smaller and bigger soli, respectively ‘Ac and A: = area ofthe smaler and bigger ‘ol, respectively ‘Vand V2 = volume of the smaller and bigger sold, respectively PERCDC = Beyond TraditioMATHEMATICS ——S XVI. Sphere [A sphere is a solid bounded by a closed surface every point of which is equidistant from a fixed point called the center AeaR Where ‘Assurface area Regreat circle radius ‘Azone is that portion ofthe surface of a sphere included between two parallel planes. Spherical Segment Aspherical segment s a solid bounded by a Zone and the planes of the zone's bases v= Shoe? +36 t +n) Tom Beyond Tradition14 _ RNS — Plane and Solid Geometry eS ee XVII. Spherical Polygon ‘A spherical polygon is a closed geometric figure on the surface of a sphere formed by the arcs of great circles. nRE A 180° Where pherical excess = (n= 2)180" XVIIL Spherical Pyramid TRE A 180 nRE v 540" XIX, Spherical Lune XX, Spherical Wedge nRe 270 were ‘angle of wedge in degrees mre A=" 00 Where: ‘G=angle of lune in degrees 6 — PERCoc = Beyond Tradition