G00311517

2017 Planning Guide for Data and Analytics

Published: 13 October 2016

Analyst(s): John Hagerty

In 2017, analytics will go viral within and outside the enterprise. Technical
professionals will need to holistically manage their data and analytics
architecture from end to end and leverage cloud wherever appropriate to
meet the requirement for "analytics everywhere."

Key Findings
■ Data and analytics must drive modern business operations, not just reflect them. Technical
professionals must holistically manage an end-to-end data and analytics architecture to acquire,
organize, analyze and deliver insights to support that goal.
■ Analytics are now infused in places where they never existed before. Demand for delivery of
data and analytics at the optimal point of impact will drive innovative machine learning and
predictive and prescriptive analytics integration from the core to the edge of the enterprise.
■ Data gravity is rapidly shifting to the cloud, with IoT, data providers and cloud-native
applications leading the way. It is no longer a question of "if" for using cloud for data and
analytics; it's "how."
■ Executives will seek strategies to better manage and monetize data for internal and external
business ecosystems. This presents data and analytics professionals with the opportunity to
assume new roles and enhance skillsets to make these executive dreams a reality.

Recommendations
■ Fuse data, analysis and action into a cohesive plan of attack. Design and build a flexible,
componentized end-to-end data and analytics architecture to scale to meet needs of a
competitive, growing digital business.
■ Shift your focus from getting data in and hoping someone uses it to determining how best to
get information out to the people and processes that will gain value from it.
■ Enable analytics to truly go viral, within and outside the enterprise. Empower more business
users to perform analytics by fostering a pragmatic approach to self-service and by embedding
analytic capabilities at the point of data ingestion within interactions and processes.
 ■ Incorporate the cloud as a core element of current and future data and analytics architecture.
Develop a cloud-first strategy for data and analytics, but be prepared to mix and match multiple
services and to blend cloud and on-premises elements in a "hybrid" approach.
■ Embrace new roles driven by rising business demand for analytics. Develop both technical and
professional effectiveness skills to support the end-to-end architecture vision.

Table of Contents

Data and Analytics Trends...................................................................................................................... 3

Distributed Data and Analytics Will Demand a Comprehensive End-to-End Architecture...................5
Planning Considerations............................................................................................................. 6
Analytics Will Go Viral, Within and Outside the Enterprise............................................................... 12
Planning Considerations........................................................................................................... 13
The Cloud Will Be an Indispensable Platform for Data and Analytics Workloads..............................17
Planning Considerations........................................................................................................... 19
Executive Demands to Share Data Across Business Ecosystems Will Drive New Roles and Skills for
Technical Professionals...................................................................................................................21
Planning Considerations........................................................................................................... 22
Setting Priorities................................................................................................................................... 24
Gartner Recommended Reading.......................................................................................................... 25

List of Tables

Table 1. Seven Criteria for Determining a Cloud Analytics Architecture..................................................21

List of Figures

Figure 1. Data and Analytics Enable Everything in the Enterprise............................................................ 3

Figure 2. The Revitalized Data and Analytics Continuum.........................................................................5
Figure 3. A Comprehensive, End-to-End Data and Analytics Architecture............................................... 7
Figure 4. The Four Analytic Capabilities................................................................................................ 10
Figure 5. Tiered Business Analytics Environment.................................................................................. 14
Figure 6. The Seven Building Blocks of EIM.......................................................................................... 15
Figure 7. The Basics of Machine-Learning Technology..........................................................................16
Figure 8. Top Skill Gaps Identified by Technical Professionals................................................................18
Figure 9. AWS Databases and Data Flows........................................................................................... 20

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 Data and Analytics Trends
Many organizations claim that their business decisions are data-driven. But they often use the term
"data-driven" to mean reporting key performance metrics based on historical data — and using
analysis of these metrics to support and justify business decisions that will, hopefully, lead to
desired business outcomes. While this a good start, it is no longer enough.

Data is the raw material for any decision, and that data comes from both within and outside the
enterprise. It exists everywhere: at rest, in motion, on-premises and in the cloud. Data volume,
variety and velocity is ever-increasing. To capitalize on opportunities that can be identified, data and
analytics are taking on a more active and dynamic role in powering the activities of the entire
organization, not just reflecting where it's been (see Figure 1).

Figure 1. Data and Analytics Enable Everything in the Enterprise

Source: Gartner (October 2016)

Beyond data and analytics' traditional role in supporting decision making, they are increasingly
being infused in places they haven't existed before. Today, data and analytics are:

■ Shaping and molding external and internal customer experiences, based on predicted
preferences for how each individual and group wants to interact with the organization.

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 ■ Driving business processes, not only by recommending the next best action but also by
triggering those actions automatically.

In short, data and analytics are the brain of the enterprise — becoming proactive as well as reactive,
and coordinating a host of decisions, interactions and processes in support of business and IT
outcomes.

Data and analytics are at the center of every competitive

business.

To enable their organizations to achieve those optimal outcomes, technical professionals must
manage the end-to-end data and analytics process holistically. In Gartner's "2016 Planning Guide
for Data Management and Analytics," we recommended that organizations deploy a logical data
warehouse (LDW) to dynamically connect relevant data across heterogeneous platforms, rather than
collecting all data in a monolithic warehouse. We also stressed the business benefits that could be
achieved by applying advanced analytics to these vast sources of data — and by providing
business users with more self-service data access and analysis capabilities. In 2017, we expect
these trends to progress to the next level:

■ Distributed data and analytics will demand a comprehensive end-to-end architecture.

■ Analytics will go viral, both within and outside the enterprise.

In addition, we expect two other trends in 2017 to fundamentally change the IT architectures
supporting data and analytics — and to impact the skillsets and roles of the technical professionals
who support these architectures:

■ The cloud will be an indispensable platform for data and analytics workloads.
■ Executive demands to share data across business ecosystems will drive new roles and skills for
technical professionals.

In 2015, technical professionals focused on understanding the data management and analytics
options available to them, and defining what their new world could look like. In 2016, for many of
these professionals, the focus shifted toward making it all become real. A Gartner survey of nearly
950 IT professionals conducted in early 2016 indicated that 45% of data and analytics projects were
already in the "design" and "select" phases — far surpassing the amount that were still in the "plan"
1
and "assess" phases. Now that technical professionals understand the "what" and the "why," it is
time to address the "how."

In 2017, forward-thinking IT organizations will realize that rigid data architectures will not scale to
meet the needs of a competitive, growing digital business. Technical professionals must utilize the
lower-cost, flexible, componentized data management and analytics platforms that are emerging to
enable their enterprises to be successful into the digital business era.

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 Distributed Data and Analytics Will Demand a Comprehensive End-to-End
Architecture
In today's world, the volume, variety and velocity of data is overwhelming. Inexpensive computing
at the edge of the enterprise enables a huge amount of information to be captured. Be it video from
closed circuit cameras, temperature data from an Internet of Things (IoT) solution or RFID packets
indicating product locations in a warehouse, the variety of data is mind-boggling. When you add in
the diverse sources of external, often cloud-based data now being used to enrich customer,
prospect and partner understanding, a tipping point is quickly reached where the gravity of data
skews toward external, rather than internal, data.

These changes will force IT to envision a revitalized data and analytics continuum that incorporates
diverse data and can deliver "analytics everywhere" (see Figure 2). While some enterprises are
doggedly capturing all data in hopes of uncovering some new insights and spurring possible
actions, others are starting with the end goals in mind to streamline the process and holistically
manage an end-to-end architecture to support those desired outcomes. Regardless of approach,
data, insight and action can no longer represent separate disciplines; they must be fused into one
architecture that encompasses:

■ Data acquisition, regardless of where the information is generated

■ Organization of that data, using a LDW at the core to connect to data as needed, rather than
collect it all in a single source
■ Analysis of data when and where it makes most sense — including reporting and data
visualization, machine learning and everything in between
■ Delivery of insights and data at the optimal point of impact, whether to support human
activities with just-in-time insights, embed analysis into business processes, or feed algorithms
that analyze data as it streams into the enterprise and automatically take action on the results
Figure 2. The Revitalized Data and Analytics Continuum

Source: Gartner (October 2016)

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 This doesn't mean that organizations should immediately discard their traditional data and analytics
techniques and approaches and replace them with new ones. The shift will be gradual and
incremental — but also inevitable. The key is that data and analytics must drive modern business
operations, not just reflect them.

Planning Considerations
In 2017, technical professionals must build a data management and analytics architecture that can
support changing and varied data and analysis needs — one that can accommodate not only
traditional data analysis, but also newer, advanced analytics techniques. This architecture should be
modular by design, to accommodate mix-and-match configuration options as they arise. Figure 3
shows Gartner's four-stage model for an end-to-end data and analytics architecture.

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 Figure 3. A Comprehensive, End-to-End Data and Analytics Architecture

LOB = line of business; RDBMS = relational database management system; RT = real time

Source: Gartner (October 2016)

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 Extend the Data Architecture to Acquire Streaming and Cloud-Born External Data

The "Acquire" stage (see Figure 3) embraces all data, regardless of volume, source, speed and type,
providing the raw materials needed to enable downstream business processes and analytic
activities. For example, the emergence of IoT requires data and analytics professionals to
proactively manage, integrate and analyze real-time data. Internal log data often must be inspected
in real time to protect against unauthorized intrusion, or to ensure the health of the technology
backbone. Strategic IT involvement in sensor and log data management on the technology edge of
the organization will bring many benefits, including increased value as such data is used to enhance
analytics and improve operations.

In doing so, organizations must shift their traditional focus from getting the data in and hoping
someone uses it to determining how best to get information out to the people and processes that
will gain value from it. The sheer volume of data can clog data repositories if technical professionals
subscribe to a "store everything" philosophy. For example, machine-learning algorithms can assess
incoming streaming data at the edge and decide whether to store, summarize or discard it. When
deciding whether and when data will be stored, holistic thinking about how the data will be used is
another key aspect of the "end-to-end" thinking required.

Above and beyond streaming data, there is so much value-added content available from third
parties that organizations are often challenged to find, select and leverage it. Syndicated data
comes in a variety of forms, from a variety of sources. Examples include:

■ Consumer data from marketing and credit agencies

■ Geolocation data for population and traffic information
■ Weather data to enhance predictive algorithms that drive diverse use cases from public safety
to retail shopping patterns
■ Risk management data for insurance

Tapping into this data already enhances analytic and operational activities. Businesses have been
leveraging this type of data for decades, often getting a fee-based periodic feed directly from the
data provider. Increasingly, vast quantities of this data are available through cloud services — some
fee-based, and some free — to be accessed whenever and wherever it's needed. Enabling the data
and analytics architecture to embrace these new forms of data in a more dynamic manner is
essential to provide contextual information needed to better support data-driven, digital businesses.
For more information on the types of data available, see "Understand the Data Brokerage Market
Before Choosing a Provider."

Develop a Virtualized Data Organization Layer to Connect to Data, Not Collect It

The different uses, varieties, velocities and volumes of data demand that IT employ multiple data
stores across cloud and on-premises environments. But IT cannot allow these multiple data stores
to prevent the business from obtaining actionable intelligence. When using an LDW approach, there
is no need to create a specialized infrastructure for unique use cases, such as big data. The LDW
provides the flexibility to accommodate an infinite number of use cases using a variety of data

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 stores. "Big data" is the new normal. It is no longer a separate, siloed, tactical use case; it is simply
one of many use cases that can be accommodated in the architecture to enable the digital
enterprise.

The core of the "Organize" stage of the end-to-end architecture is the LDW. It is the data platform
for analytics, as defined in Gartner's "Adopt Logical Data Warehouse Architectural Patterns to
Mature Your Data Warehouse." Every data warehouse is an LDW initiative waiting to materialize. An
LDW:

■ Provides modern, scalable data management architecture that is well-positioned to support the
data and analytics needs of the digital enterprise
■ Supports an incremental development approach that leverages existing enterprise data
warehouse architecture and techniques in the organization
■ Establishes a shared data access layer that logically relates data, regardless of source

Building the LDW and the end-to-end analytics architecture will require that technical professionals
combine technologies and components to provide a complete solution. It requires a significant
amount of data integration and an understanding of data inputs and existing data stores. In
addition, the numerous technical choices available for building the LDW can be overwhelming. The
key is to choose and integrate the technical combination that is most appropriate for the
organization's needs. This work needs to be done by technical professionals who specialize in data
integration. Hence, 2017 will see the continued rise of the data architect role. (See "Solution Path for
Planning and Implementing the Next-Generation Data Warehouse.")

Many clients still directly access various data sources using point-to-point integration. In such
cases, any changes in data sources can have a disruptive impact. Although it's often infeasible to
completely stop direct access to data, shared data access can minimize the proliferation of one-off
direct access methods. This is especially true for use cases that require data from multiple data
sources.

To increase the value of shared data access, organizations should:

■ Define a business glossary, and enable traceability from data sources to the delivery/
presentation layer.
■ Employ various levels of certification for data integration logic, thus creating a healthy
ecosystem that enables self-service data integration and analytics.
■ Incrementally build this ecosystem as needed to avoid the failures of past "big bang"
approaches.

Although technical professionals can custom-code the shared data access layer, commercial data
virtualization tools provide many advantages over a custom approach, including the provision of
comprehensive connectors, advanced performance techniques and improved sustainability. Gartner
recommends that clients deploy these virtualization tools to create the data virtualization layer on

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 top of the LDW. Cisco Data Virtualization, Denodo, IBM, Informatica, Information Builders, Oracle
and Red Hat are examples of stand-alone data virtualization middleware tools.

As well, your organization might already have something that can be leveraged; business analytics
(BA) tools typically offer embedded functions for data virtualization. However, these are unsuitable
as long-term, comprehensive, strategic solutions for providing a data access layer for analytics.
They tend to couple the data access layer with specific analytical tools in a way that prevents the
integration logic or assets from being leveraged by other tools in the organization.

Develop a Comprehensive Analytics Environment That Spans From Traditional Reporting to

Prescriptive Analytics

Comprehensive BA requires more than simply providing tools that support analytics capabilities
alone. Multiple components are needed to build out an end-to-end data architecture that
encompasses the delivery and presentation of analyses, data ingestion and transformation, data
stores, and collaboration on results.

The "Analyze" phase of the end-to-end architecture can be simple for some, but can become
increasingly multifaceted as demand for predictions and real-time reactions grows. The range of
analytics capabilities available go well beyond traditional data reporting and analysis (see Figure 4).
Although Gartner estimates that a vast majority of organizations' analytics efforts (and budgets) are
spent on descriptive and diagnostic analytics, a significant chunk of that work is now handled by
business users doing their own analysis. This often occurs outside the realm of the sanctioned IT
data and analytics architecture. Predictive and prescriptive capabilities, on the other hand, have
usually been focused within individual business units and have not been widely leveraged across
the organization. That mix must change.

Figure 4. The Four Analytic Capabilities

Source: Gartner (October 2016)

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 Organizations will need to provide more business and IT institutional support for advanced analytics
capabilities. But in the digital business, activities will be interactively guided by data, and processes
will be automatically driven by analytics and algorithms. IT organizations must invest in machine
learning, data science, artificial intelligence and cognitive computing to automate their business.
This will represent a growing percentage of future investment and innovation. But keep in mind that
it's not throwing out the old and focusing solely on the new; a fully mature analytic capability set
includes a balance of all four types of analytics.

Data and analytics professionals must embrace these advanced capabilities and be prepared to
enable and integrate them for maximum impact. Programmatic use of advanced analytics (as
opposed to a sandbox approach) is also on the rise, and it must be managed as part of an end-to-
end architecture.

Deliver Data and Analytics at the Optimal Point of Impact

The "Deliver" phase of the end-to-end data and analytics architecture (see Figure 3) is often
forgotten. For years, this activity has been equated with producing a report, interacting with a
visualization or exploring a dataset. But those actions only involve human-to-data interfaces and are
managed by BA products and services. Analytics' future will increasingly be partly human-
interaction-based, and partly machine-driven. Gartner refers to this mixing of machine-based and
human-based capabilities as "augmented intelligence."

Increasingly, key considerations in the delivery of analyzed information will include devices and
gateways, applications, processes, or data stores:

■ Devices and gateways: Users can subscribe to content for delivery to the mobile device of
their choice, such as a tablet or a smartphone. Having access to the right information, in the
optimal form factor, increases adoption and value. For example, retail district managers may
need to access information about store performance and customer demographics while they
are in the field, without having to open a laptop, connect to a network and retrieve analysis.
■ Applications: In-context analytics can be embedded within an application to enrich users'
experiences with just-in-time information to support their activities. This could enable a service
technician, for example, to view a snapshot of a customer's past service engagements and
repairs while diagnosing the cause of a problem. Applications can also be automated using
predictions generated by analytics processes running behind the scenes. For example, medical
equipment diagnostics can be assessed using IoT in near-real time to determine whether
maintenance should be performed on a given machine before it fails.
■ Processes: The output of an analytic activity — be it in real time or in aggregate — can
recommend the next step to take. That result, coupled with rules as to what to do when specific
conditions are met, can automate an operational process. For example, if a sensor in a
refrigerated storage area of a warehouse indicates that temperature is on the rise, analytics can
determine if this is cause for concern, and then dispatch a repairman to the site for immediate
inspection and possible repair.

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 ■ Data stores: Analytics is often used to generate even more data for use in other analytic
activities. The output of one activity is input to another. This becomes more critical if the
organization wants to monetize its data to external audiences. Insights generated by acquire-
organize-analyze activities are output to another data store for eventual access by third parties
who need that data to support their decisions and actions. The emergence of connected
business ecosystems will drive even more of these changes.

The range of analytic options must now be integrated into the fabric of how you work. We more fully
address the "how" of this planning in the next section.

Analytics Will Go Viral, Within and Outside the Enterprise

In many organizations, there is an emerging mandate: Everything must be data-driven. Decisions
should no longer be left to gut instinct. Instead, decisions and actions should be based in facts, and
those facts also fuel algorithms that predict optimal outcomes. Although it's taken a while to take
root, leading enterprises are finally embracing this perspective.

In short, analytics are going viral. More people want to engage with data, and more interactions and
processes need analytics to automate and scale. Use cases are exploding in the core of the
business, on the edges of the enterprise and beyond. And this trend goes beyond traditional
analytics, such as data visualization and reports. Analytics services and algorithms will be activated
whenever and wherever they are needed. Whether in support of the next big strategic move or to
optimize millions of transactions and interactions a bit at a time, analytics and the data that powers
them are showing up in places where they rarely existed before. This is adding a whole new
dimension to the concept of "analytics everywhere."

Not long ago, IT systems' main purpose was to automate processes. Data was stored, then
analyzed, often as an afterthought, to assess what had already happened. That passive approach
has given way to a more proactive, engaged model, where systems are architected and built around
analytics, which are rapidly becoming part of every IT system. Today, analytics are:

■ Embedded within applications (IoT, mobile and web) to assess data dynamically and/or enrich
the application experience
■ Just-in-time, personalizing the user experience in the context of what's occurring in the moment
■ Running silently behind the scenes and orchestrating processes for efficiency and profitability

Massive quantities of data at rest have fueled innovative use cases for analytics. Add in data in
motion —including sensor data streaming within IoT solutions — and you expand scenarios for
employing machine learning and artificial intelligence, in real time, to assess, scrub and collect the
most useful and meaningful information and insights.

That doesn't mean that traditional analytics activities should be de-emphasized. Business demand
for self-service data preparation and analytics continues to accelerate, and IT should enable these
capabilities. As data and analytics expand to incorporate ecosystem partners, this demand will also
increase from outside the organization.

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 Planning Considerations
In 2017, technical professionals can expect even more emphasis on analytics as they catch fire
throughout the enterprise. The expansion from human-centered interaction to machine-driven
automation will have a profound impact on how analytics will be deployed.

Build a Managed Self-Service Environment to Prevent Chaos

Self-service analytics and data preparation enables business users to be self-sufficient, and it gives
them the flexibility to iteratively develop their own analytics in a timely fashion. Many businesses
organizations have decided that they cannot wait for IT to deliver the data and intelligence they
need. They have forged ahead with their own initiatives instead — a situation that has led to
"shadow analytics" stacks and to a certain degree of anarchy. To avoid this, technical professionals
have a critical role to play. They must establish the infrastructure and environment to drive as much
analytical capability as possible into the business, and facilitate a self-service data and analytics
approach.

Although most diagnostic and some descriptive analytics are self-service-based, we are still a long
way from self-service prediction and prescription. With these increased capabilities comes
increased responsibility for users. For these users, technical professionals should establish an
environment and processes that facilitate a self-service approach. Gartner recommends building a
three-tiered architecture (see Figure 5) to accommodate the four analytical capabilities —
descriptive, diagnostic, predictive and prescriptive.

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 Figure 5. Tiered Business Analytics Environment

DW = data warehouse; IT/OT = information technology/operational technology

Source: Gartner (October 2016)

The three tiers in this model are:

■ The information portal, an environment similar to a traditional business intelligence (BI)

environment. It includes trusted, structured sources for repeatable, relatively slow and
expensive descriptive reporting processes.
■ The analytics workbench, which provides an agile, flexible analytics environment. This
environment is easy to use in an exploratory, autonomous way to generate the quick insights
required of a diagnostic approach.
■ The data science laboratory, which caters to advanced analytics (predictive and prescriptive), for
heuristic analyses that are often detailed, complex and unique. The process can be somewhat
slow and laborious, but can ultimately result in high-impact results.

Incorporate EIM and Governance for Internal and External Use Cases

Gartner defines enterprise information management (EIM) as an integrative discipline for structuring,
describing and governing information assets — regardless of organizational and technological
boundaries — to improve operational efficiency, promote transparency and enable business insight.
As more and more data sources for analytics reside outside of the analytics group's or the

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 organization's control, it becomes even more important to assert just enough governance over all
sources of analytic data to enable new and existing use cases.

An EIM program based on sound information governance principles is an effective tool for
managing and controlling the ever-increasing volume, velocity and variety of enterprise data to
improve business outcomes. In the digital economy, EIM is a necessity, but it remains a struggle to
design and implement enterprisewide EIM and information governance programs that yield tangible
results. In 2017, a key question for many technical professionals and their business counterparts will
be, "How do we successfully set up EIM and information governance?"

Most successful EIM programs start with one or more initial areas of focus, such as master data
management (MDM), data quality, data integration or metadata management initiatives. All EIM
efforts need to include the same, proven seven components for effective program management
depicted in Figure 6. See "EIM 1.0: Setting Up Enterprise Information Management and
Governance" for complete guidance on this topic.

Figure 6. The Seven Building Blocks of EIM

Source: Gartner (October 2016)

Prepare for the Machine-Learning Onslaught

For most data and analytics technical professionals today, advanced analytics and machine-
learning techniques are a mystery. But demands from business — fueled by the immense volume,
variety and velocity of data now available — mean that machine learning and algorithms must soon
become part of the knowledge base of these professionals.

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 The machine-learning concept is simple: Algorithms learn from data without being explicitly
programmed. Machine-learning techniques are based on statistics and mathematics, which are
rarely part of traditional data analysis. Any type of data is input, learning occurs and results are
output. In supervised learning, known sample outcomes are used for training to achieve desired
results. Unsupervised learning relies on machine-learning algorithms to determine the answers (see
Figure 7).

Figure 7. The Basics of Machine-Learning Technology

Source: Gartner (October 2016)

To prepare for this exciting and inevitable future, data and analytics technical professionals should
start with the machine-learning basics, and learn by doing:

■ Define a business challenge to solve. This can be exploratory (for example, determining what
factors contribute to a consumer's default on a bank loan) or predictive (for example, predicting
when the next natural gas leak will occur and what factors will drive the next failure). Start small,
and build in stages. Don't "boil the ocean" on your initial attempts. Evolve your approach over
time.
■ Partner with the data science team. Work with this team to deliver a data and processing
environment for the data needed to address the defined business challenge. Enable a platform
that will scale to execute the required models and algorithms. This environment might be cloud-
based.
■ Get trained now. Before you act, you must learn. Several online courses offer good basic
knowledge on the mechanics of machine learning. Two examples worth reviewing are
"Coursera: Machine Learning" and "Udacity: Intro to Machine Learning." Leading consultants
such as Deloitte, IBM Global Business Services and Accenture can work with your teams to get
these activities off to a strong start.

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 Enhance Application Integration Skills to Embed Analytics Everywhere

Data and analytics systems are often architected and developed in parallel with systems that
capture and process data, and while these systems are logically connected, they are physically
separated. In order for data and analytics to be delivered at the optimal point of impact, monolithic
analytics systems must be architected and decomposed into callable services so they can be
integrated wherever they are needed.

In a mix-and-match world, components must be architected in a more modular way, using features
such as:

■ Standard data model and transport protocols to locate and retrieve the right data, be it on-
premises or in the cloud
■ Machine-learning algorithms that can be developed in the "R" environment then executed
within a Python program or another analytics tool
■ Visualization widgets (for example, components offered by d3.js) that deliver information in the
optimal format based on the calling device (web or mobile)
■ Data services to deliver raw data to analytic processes via a RESTful APIs

Whether you integrate using a commercial BI and analytics platform or an open-source option, pay
particular attention to the provider's API granularity. The finer-grained the services are, the more
flexibility you will have.

The Cloud Will Be an Indispensable Platform for Data and Analytics Workloads
Over the past three years, Gartner has seen a steady increase in the adoption of, and inquiries
about, cloud computing for data storage — both for operational and analytic data. Much of this
interest and adoption can be attributed to cloud-native applications such as salesforce and
Workday, emerging IoT platforms, and externally generated data born in the cloud. However, an
increasing number of organizations are making a strategic push to incorporate the cloud into all
aspects of their IT compute and storage infrastructure.

The scale and capacity of the public cloud — coupled with increasing business demand to gather
as much data as possible, from as many different sources as possible — is forcing the cloud into
the middle of many data and analytics architectures. The data "center of gravity" is rapidly shifting
toward the cloud — and as more data moves to the cloud, analytics is sure to follow. Reflecting this
trend, both the cloud and analytics are front and center in the minds of architects and technology
professionals. In a recent Gartner survey of nearly 950 IT professionals (see Note 1), respondents
identified the cloud, followed by data and analytics, as the biggest talent gaps they need to fill (see
Figure 8).

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 Figure 8. Top Skill Gaps Identified by Technical Professionals

Bars of the same value may vary in length due to rounding.

Survey question: What are the three biggest talent gaps related to information, technology or digital business that your organization is
trying to fill at the moment?
n = 949 Gartner for Technical Professionals seatholders

Source: Gartner (October 2016)

Cloud is already fundamentally impacting the end-to-end architecture for data and analytics (see
Figure 3). Technology related to each stage of the data and analytics continuum — acquire,
organize, analyze and deliver — can be deployed in the cloud or on-premises. Data and analytics
can also be deployed using "hybrid" combinations of both cloud and on-premises technologies and
data stores.

In fact, Gartner expects such hybrid IT approaches and deployments to be a reality of most IT
environments in 2017 and beyond. Even with rapid adoption of cloud databases, integration
services and analytics tools, enterprises will have to maintain traditional, on-premises databases.
The key to success will be to manage all of the integrations and interdependencies, while adopting
cloud databases to deliver new capabilities for the business. While this makes for a potentially

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 complex architecture in the near term, we expect to see data and analytics continue their inexorable
march into the cloud.

Planning Considerations
As part of incorporating cloud into every aspect of data and analytics, technical professionals need
to focus on long-term objectives, coupled with near-term actions to flesh out the right approach for
their organization.

Start Developing a Cloud-First Strategy for Data, Followed by Analytics

Public cloud services, such as Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure and IBM Cloud, are
innovation juggernauts that offer highly operating-cost-competitive alternatives to traditional, on-
premises hosting environments. Cloud databases are now essential for emerging digital business
use cases, next-generation applications and initiatives such as IoT. Gartner recommends that
enterprises make cloud databases the preferred deployment model for all new business processes,
workloads and applications. As such, architects and tech professionals should start building a
cloud-first data strategy now, if they haven't done so already.

This team should also develop a strategy for how the cloud will be used in analytics deployments.
Data gravity, latency and governance are the major determinants that will influence when to
consider deploying analytics to the cloud, and analytic database services for cloud are numerous.
For example, if streaming data is processed in the cloud, it makes sense to deploy analytic
capabilities there as well. If application data is resident in the cloud, you should strongly consider
deploying BI and analytics as close to the data as possible. Additionally, cloud-born data sources
from outside the enterprise will take on an increasingly important role in any data and analytics
architecture.

Determine the Right Database Service — or Services — for Your Needs

Depending on which cloud service provider you choose, many database options may be available
to you. For example, AWS introduced its analytic database service Amazon Redshift in 2014, and
Microsoft released Azure SQL Data Warehouse in July 2016. Determining which database service or
services to use is a key priority. It is important to understand the ideal usage patterns — as well
anti-patterns (i.e., scenarios that aren't recommended) — of each possible option. Matching the
right technology to a specific use case is critical to success when using these products. This may
lead you to choose different database services for unique workloads.

For example, AWS offers several standard services that are broadly characterized as operational or
analytic for structured or unstructured data, as shown in Figure 9. (For more information, see
"Evaluating the Cloud Databases from Amazon Web Services.") You may use one service for
transaction processing and another for analytics. One service does not have to fit all use cases.

This same model holds true for other cloud providers. For example, Microsoft offers Azure SQL
Database for operational needs and Azure SQL Data Warehouse for analytics, among other

Gartner, Inc. | G00311517 Page 19 of 27

 offerings. In addition, a database service from an independent vendor can be run in the cloud —
either licensed through a marketplace or by bringing your own license.

Figure 9. AWS Databases and Data Flows

RDS = Relational Database Service

Source: Adapted from AWS

Adopt a Use-Case-Driven Approach to Cloud Business Analytics

As mentioned above, data gravity, latency and governance are important factors in determining
when and how to deploy BI and analytics in the cloud. But another factor also weighs heavily — the
reuse of existing functionality. In fact, this is the No. 1 concern raised in Gartner client inquiries
about business analytics.

Historically, many data and analytics technical professionals have been conditioned to "standardize"
on as few business analytics tools as possible. Thus, their first inclination is to replicate what's been
done on-premises in the cloud. They often seek to "lift and shift" from one computing environment
to another, leveraging knowledge and skills in the process.

However, Gartner believes that this is not the right approach for many organizations. Rather, they
should take a use-case-driven planning approach to the incremental adoption of cloud analytics —
not try to create a singular platform for all BI and analytics out of the gate. This is not an all-or-none
approach. Instead, the goal is to gradually transition over time, based on what each organization
needs to accomplish. Gartner has identified seven criteria that should be evaluated to help
determine whether analytic use cases should be deployed to the cloud (see Table 1).

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 Table 1. Seven Criteria for Determining a Cloud Analytics Architecture

Criteria Essential Questions

Data Gravity Where is the current center of gravity for data?

Data Latency How fresh does the data need to be?

Governance How much governance is required based on domains and use cases?

Skills What skills (tools and platforms) are available in your organization?

Agility How quickly must new requirements/components be added/updated?

Functionality Are certain functions only available in the cloud or on-premises?

Reuse How much existing investment do you want to carry forward from your
on-premises analytics platform?

Source: Gartner (October 2016)

Model Cloud Data and Analytics Costs Carefully Based on Anticipated Workloads

The cost model for cloud data and analytics is completely different from on-premises chargeback
models. Pricing constructs vary considerably among vendors, with several analytics vendors
offering cloud services directly as well as through major marketplaces. Factors such as data
volumes, transfer rates, processing power and service uptime will all impact monthly charges. Use-
case evaluations should include a goal of avoiding unexpected costs into the future. For more
information, see "How to Budget, Track and Reduce Public Cloud Spending."

Executive Demands to Share Data Across Business Ecosystems Will Drive New
Roles and Skills for Technical Professionals
Most companies want to wring as much business value as possible from their data. Some
organizations have even created roles specifically to fulfill that goal, including:

■ The chief data officer (CDO), who can have up to three primary objectives:
■ To manage the organization's information assets
■ To deliver insights to the business to improve decision making
■ 2
To generate incremental business value.
■ The chief analytics officer (CAO), who is charged with crafting a business analytics strategy for
3
the enterprise.

Increasingly, these mandates encompass external as well as internal constituencies.

Gartner, Inc. | G00311517 Page 21 of 27

 As part of generating incremental business value, CDOs are looking at ways to monetize data —
turning internal data assets into external data and analytics products that offer value to partners and
suppliers in a connected business ecosystem. For example, an automotive ecosystem might
encompass the brand manufacturer, its myriad parts suppliers (and the suppliers' suppliers),
financial services partners to provide vehicle financing and insurance companies to tap into driver
performance data for variable insurance pricing. The combinations are abundant. These business
ecosystems connect virtually all sectors of the global economy — and they are all connected by
data and analytics. With CDO and CAO roles leading the data and analytics agenda, architects and
technical professionals must work closely with these roles to turn executive vision into a reality that
is repeatable, sustainable and effective.

Planning Considerations
In 2017, the development of technical and professional effectiveness skills will be important
priorities for technical professionals as they partner with CDOs and CAOs to connect the data and
analytics architecture to external and internal product platforms.

Focus on New and Emerging Architecture, Technical and Product Management Roles

New opportunities will open up for technical professionals to play new roles — roles that will help
their enterprises exploit data and analytics technologies to improve and transform their businesses.
Some may already exist in your organization, such as data architects and analytics architects. These
roles will have significant input in designing and developing the end-to-end architecture discussed
earlier (see Figure 3), and will become more prominent in 2017.

Data engineers — a role often linked with data science — design, build and integrate data stores
from diverse sources to smooth the path for ever-more complex analysis. It is a natural progression
from data integration specialist, and will become an essential part of any data science effort that
furthers predictive, prescriptive and machine-learning analytics efforts.

We also expect new teams to appear, most likely in the form of transformation teams or centers of
excellence. These teams will emphasize refinement, efficiency and ongoing improvement as data
and analytics activities work their way into the fabric of the organization's processes and
capabilities.

In addition, as more data and analytics services become outward-facing to connect ecosystems
and monetize data to external constituents, architects or other technical professional functions may
also take on the role of "product manager" — a role that sits at the intersection of business,
technology and user experience. Although this is a long-established role in the software vendor and
OEM marketplaces, product managers are starting to appear with greater frequency in many other
firms. This position occupies a unique role in an organization, with responsibilities that include:

■ Researching market needs and customer preferences

■ Setting the vision for the product, and selling that vision to the rest of the organization
■ Defining and prioritizing the business outcomes required to attain the vision

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 ■ Obtaining the resources necessary to build and sustain the product
■ Working with development teams to translate the business outcomes into features
■ Working across the organization — with stakeholders, users, development teams and
operations — to ensure product success
■ Working with sales, marketing, ecosystem partners and customers on products aimed at
external customers

This last point — working with ecosystem partners and customers — is a key reason why any data
products created for external consumption should have a product manager. This role is needed to
ensure that the organization delivers the right products to the right markets at the right time. This
role is not limited to external data products; the product management discipline is also a great
addition for internally facing data and analytics products. See "Moving From Project to Products
Requires a Product Manager" for more information.

Existing roles, such as the project manager or scrum product

owner, are neither appropriate nor sufficient for managing a
4
significant product that requires many teams to build.

Dedicate Time to Enhance Technical and Professional Effectiveness Skills

To capitalize on emerging opportunities, it is important to develop a broad range of technical and

professional effectiveness skills. Although technical skills are a minimum requirement, effectiveness
skills can make or break your success in any project or program you work on. Gartner has long
advocated that technical professionals supplement their technical capabilities with additional "soft
skills," such as the ability to:

■ Better understand business goals and scenarios

■ Critically think through problem resolution
■ Articulate points of view in the language of the business audience

With the emergence of new, increasingly business-related and customer-facing roles in IT,
communication skills and business acumen are even more important than ever.

When Gartner asked nearly 950 technical professionals where they saw skill gaps today, three of the
top 10 responses were related to professional effectiveness skills (critical thinking/problem solving,
1
business acumen/knowledge, and communication skills; see Figure 8).

Effectiveness skills without requisite technical prowess are only half a story. The trends outlined in
this Planning Guide will require technical professionals to enhance their technical expertise in cloud
technology, advanced analytics and machine learning, data virtualization and LDW, streaming
ingestion, and integration capabilities to incorporate data and analytics everywhere.

Gartner, Inc. | G00311517 Page 23 of 27

 Technical professionals should take the following steps to improve their skillsets:

■ Identify the skills you need to improve. It's useful to ask others you work with for their opinions.
■ Research whether employee development and technical training programs are in place in your
organization. HR often has relevant courses and programs in position. If available, enroll in
these courses.
■ If no programs are available internally, look to external resources. For communications training,
turn to vendors such as Toastmasters International. Explore course work at local universities or
online courseware (e.g., Coursera). Depending on cost, determine if your organization will assist
you in these efforts.
■ Spend time putting what you learn into practice. Participating in training without follow-up
reinforcement is not always worth the time, effort and cost. Make this new knowledge part of
your new standard operating procedure.
■ Take personal responsibility for this improvement. It will not only benefit your company; it will
benefit you in any future endeavor.

Setting Priorities
Data and analytics technical professionals must focus on four key areas as they plan and prioritize
their activities in 2017:

1. Design and build a comprehensive end-to-end architecture.

2. Enable analytics to truly go viral, within and outside the enterprise.
3. Incorporate the cloud as a core element of both current and future data and analytics
architecture.
4. Expand roles and skillsets to deliver data services products for internal and external business
ecosystems.

Technical professionals must begin by taking inventory of their existing environments. All of the
planning considerations discussed in this report should be approached as part of an evolution to a
strategic end state, not as a rip-and-replace strategy. Some actions will move faster than others.

■ IT and business must work jointly to design an end-to-end architecture for data and analytics.
Technical professionals must start with the business goals in mind and holistically manage an
architecture to support those outcomes. The phases — acquire, organize, analyze and deliver
— must be planned together, with each feeding off the others. Data, analysis and action can no
longer represent separate disciplines; they must be fused into a cohesive plan of attack.
■ With more people wanting to engage with data — and more interactions and processes needing
analytics to automate and scale — demand for analytics will continue to expand. Use cases are
exploding in the core of the business, on the edges of the enterprise and beyond. It's critical to
be prepared for more business user enablement by fostering a pragmatic approach to better

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 self-service coupled with processes to prioritize, facilitate and manage the onslaught. Machine
learning is rising quickly, and technical professionals need to understand the concepts,
experiment with the technologies and integrate analytics wherever they are needed for optimal
impact.
■ The cloud needs to become part — or even the centerpiece — of the organization's data and
analytics architecture. Developing a cloud-first strategy for data, followed by analytics, is an
essential first step. Choosing the right cloud service providers and technologies should follow.
With many possible services available, technical professionals may select a mix-and-match
approach for data and analytics as they gradually migrate data storage and computing
capabilities to the cloud. As well, technical professionals should exploit as much data and
analytics services in the cloud as are available through data marketplaces.
■ With CDOs striving to increase business value, data and analytics products are being evaluated
and designed for internal and external business ecosystem consumption. As internal projects
turn into external products, new roles for technical professionals will emerge. Because solid
technical and professional effectiveness skills are important components of these architect,
engineer and product manager roles, it's important to devote time and effort to improving these
capabilities.

Finally, it's critical that data and analytics technical professionals keep the end goal in mind. It is
easy to become enamored of new technology choices, but business value must be front and center
in every decision. It is important to maintain open channels of communication with constituents —
both internal and external — and to explain any technical actions or concepts in terms they can
understand, support and champion. This is an exciting time for data and analytics professionals, in
which they can play an increasingly critical role in helping the organization achieve business
success.

Gartner Recommended Reading

Some documents may not be available as part of your current Gartner subscription.

"Solution Path for Evolving Your Business Analytics Program"

"Solution Path for Planning and Implementing the Next-Generation Data Warehouse"

"Solution Path: Implementing Big Data for Analytics"

"Adopt Logical Data Warehouse Architectural Patterns to Mature Your Data Warehouse"

"Doing 'Just Enough' Master Data Management for Business Analytics"

"Top Skills for IT's Future: Cloud, Analytics, Mobility and Security"

"EIM 1.0: Setting Up Enterprise Information Management and Governance"

"Three Architecture Styles for a Useful Data Lake"

Gartner, Inc. | G00311517 Page 25 of 27

 "Comparing Four iPaaS-Based Architectures for Data and App Integration in Public Cloud"

"Comparing Four Hadoop Integration Architectures"

"Comparing Three Self-Service Integration Architectures"

"Evaluating the Cloud Databases From Amazon Web Services"

"Understand the Data Brokerage Market Before Choosing a Provider"

Evidence
1 "Top Skills for IT's Future: Cloud, Analytics, Mobility and Security"

2 "Staffing the Office of the CDO"

3 "The Chief Analytics Officer's Vision Sets the Narrative for the Business Analytics Strategy"

4 "Moving From Project to Products Requires a Product Manager"

Note 1 2016 Gartner Technical Professionals Survey

Results presented are based on a Gartner study conducted to provide an overview of how technical
professionals are dealing with changes related to digital business. The research was conducted
online from 7 to 29 January 2016 among 949 respondents in every region of the world. Gartner for
Technical Professionals seatholders were invited to participate.

Respondents were required to be a member of their organization's IT staff or department (or serve in
an IT function). They could not serve as a member of the board, president, or in an executive-level
or IT leadership position. The survey was developed collaboratively by a team of Gartner analysts
who follow technical professionals and was reviewed, tested and administered by Gartner's
Research Data Analytics team. For more information on the survey demographics and methodology,
see "Top Skills for IT's Future: Cloud, Analytics, Mobility and Security."

More on This Topic

This is part of an in-depth collection of research. See the collection:

■ 2017 Planning Guide Overview: Architecting a Digital Business With Sensing, Adapting and
Scaling

Page 26 of 27 Gartner, Inc. | G00311517

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