UNIT – VI COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS

1. Draw the basic block diagram of communication system?

2. What are the types of communication system?

3.What is meant by fibre optic communication?

Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending
light pulses through an optical fiber.

4.What are the advantages of fiber optic communication

 Fiber optic cables are made of glass or plastic, and they are thinner than copper cables so light weight.
 Its light so easy to install.
 Small size
 Less interference
 Less affected by environmental Conditions
 Less signal degradation
 Safer and easier to install and maintain
 More secure than copper counterparts
 Longer life and low cost
 Low power loss, which enables signals, can be transmitted to a longer distance than copper cables.

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 5. What are the disadvantages Of Fiber Optic Communication?
 optical fiber cables are made of glass, they are easily broken type than electrical wires
 affected by various chemicals including hydrogen gas
 Light Signals distorted if the distance is too high.
 Higher initial cost (Optic cable cost is high than copper wires)
 Specialized tools and training is required

6.What are the applications of fiber optic communication

 Used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, Internet communication,
and cable television signals.
 The fiber optical system widely used in defense services because high privacy is maintained.
 Used in medical field ,lasers for surgeries
 Biomedical applications

7.What is meant by satellite communication?

Satellite communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another with the
help of satellite.In this process, the signal in the form – beam of modulated microwaves is sent towards
the satellite.

8. What are the advantages of Satellite Communication

 Communication is possible at even remote places ,each and every corner of the earth
 It’s used for very long distance communication
 Signal quality is high
 High bandwidth
 Many simultaneous calls can take place
 video & audio msgs can be transmitted in real time
 Cost of communication is not depends on distance(But in wired communication, if distance is high wire
cost is high)(whether message is sent 10 km or 6000 km, cost is same)

9. What are the Disadvantages of using Satellites?

 Expensive to set up and maintain
 Affected by weather conditions/interference
 Distance from Earth is high, so communication delay is possible
 If many satellites installed, congestion(overcrowding)in space

10. What are the Applications of satellite communication?

 In Radio broadcasting.
 In TV broadcasting such as DTH.
 In Internet applications such as providing Internet connection for data transfer, GPS applications,
Internet surfing, etc.
 For voice communications.
 For research and development sector, in many areas.
 In military applications and navigations.

11. What is meant by microwave communication?

 The objective of communication is to transfer the message from the source to the destination.

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 Microwave communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another in the
form microwaves
 Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies that range from approximately 1 GHz to 300
GHz.

12. What are the advantages of microwave communication

 High operating frequencies, so it can carry large quantities of information.
 Require small antennas.
 Minimum delays are introduced.
 Minimal crosstalks exist between voice channels.
 Increased reliability and less maintenance
 Capital cost is low
 Installation is quick and cost effective

13. What are the disadvantages of microwave communication

 Microwave frequencies propagate in a straight line. Hence it is used only for line of-sight applications.
 There should not be any obstacles in their path
 Disturbed towards rain, snow and electromagnetic interference
 It is more difficult to analyze and design circuits at microwave frequencies.
 It is difficult to implement conventional circuit components at microwave frequencies.
 It is often necessary to use specialized components for microwave frequencies.

14. What are the applications of microwave communication

 Microwaves are suitable for wireless transmission
 Microwaves are used in spacecraft communication
 Microwave technology is used in radio for broadcasting and telecommunication
 Microwaves are generally used in telephone for long distance communication.
 Microwaves are also employed in microwave ovens and in radar technology

15.What is meant by circuit switching

Circuit switching was designed for voice communication.
Communication via circuit switching needs a dedicated communication path between two stations.

Communication via circuit switching involves three phases:

 Circuit establishment - an end-to-end (station-to-station) circuit must be established before any signals
can be transmitted.
 Data transfer - Data can be transmitted through the network between these two stations. The
transmission may be analog or digital, depending on the nature of the network.
 Circuit disconnect - After some period of data transfer, the connection is terminated

16.what is meant by packet switching

1. Packet switching was designed for data communication
2. Data are transmitted in small packets
3. Each packet contains user data and control information
 data may be part of a larger message
 control information includes address information

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 17.What are the Types of packet switching

DATAGRAM APPROACH
 In the datagram approach, each packet is treated independently
 The packets can take any path to reach the destination
 The destination will reassemble the packets .

VIRTUAL CIRCUIT APPROACH

In the virtual circuit approach, a preplanned route is established before any packets are sent.
Once the route is established, all the packets between a pair of communicating parties follow this same
route

18. What are the different types of Network models

A network consists of two or more computers that are linked to share resources.
It’s to share printers, exchange files, or allow electronic communications.
Network models:
1. LAN (Local Area Network)
2. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
3. WAN (Wide Area Network)
4. PAN(Personal Area Network)

19.What is meant by LAN

 Local Area Network)
 A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and associated devices that share a common
communications line
 A Local Area Network (LAN) is restricted to smaller physical areas e.g. a local office, school, or house to
share files, folders, printers, applications and other devices.
Example: A computer lab in a school.

20.What is meant by MAN

 Metropolitan Area Network
 A metropolitan area network (MAN) connects nodes located in the same metro area to provide a high
data connection
 MAN connects a number of LAN's to form larger network, so that resources can be shared.
 Example: Organization with different branches located in the city.

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 21. What is meant by WAN ?
 Wide Area Network
 Wide Area Network is a computer network that covers relatively larger geographical area such as a state,
region or country.
 Contains multiple LAN's and MAN's.
 Uses satellites and microwave relays.

22. What is meant by PAN ?

Personal Area Network

• PAN is a network is used for communicating among computers and computer devices (including
telephones) of around a few meters within a room
• USB,Bluetooth or IrDA (Infrared Data Association)

23. What is meant by ISDN?

• Integrated Services Digital Network is a set of digital transmission protocols
• It’s a set of communication standards for digital telephone connection and the transmission of voice and
data over a digital line.
• It do simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data over the ordinary telephone copper wires,
resulting in better voice quality than an analog phone.
Use of ISDN
 Electronic library Inter connection,Electronic resources accessing,Images, sound and video
retrieval,Video conferencing,Call center,Internet Access

24.State the advantages of circuit switching.

 Once the connection is established between two parties, it will be available till end of the conversation.
 Highly reliable for its purpose, i.e. voice communication,
 Once the circuit is set up, the communication is fast

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 error free communication
 No cross talks

UNIT 5
1. Write demorgons theorem.
The compliment of the product of two variables is equal to the sum of the compliment of each variable.

The compliment of the sum of two variables is equal to the product of the compliment of each
variable.

2. Write the distributive laws?

A( B+C) = AB + AC

3. Design an OR gate using universal gates NAND.

4. What is the basic function of D and T flip flop

D flip flop
The outputs will be same as input when clock is high
T flip flop
When clock pulse given to the flip flop, output begins to toggle.

Clk D Q C ONDITION
1 0 0 SAME AS
1 1 1 INPUT

T flipflop
Clk T Q C ONDITION
1 0 1 INPUT WILL
1 1 0 TOGGLE

5. Draw the symbol of NAND gate and writ its truth table. INPUT INPUT OUTPUT
x y Z
0 0 1
0 1 1
X Y Z
1 0 1
6. What is a flip flop. 1 1 0
 Flop flops are the basic building blocks of sequential circuits
 One flip flop can store one bit of information
 Flipflops belong to sequential circuit elements , whose output depends not only on the current inputs ,but
also on previous inputs and outputs.

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7. What is a shift register?
 A register that is capable of shifting data one bit at a time is called a shift register.
 The configuration of a shift register consists of a chain of flip-flops connected in cascade, with the output
of one flip flop being connected to the input of its neighbor.

8. Name the universal gates.

The NAND and NOR gates are called as the universal gates. These gates will perform any type of logic
application.

9. Differentiate combinational and sequential circuits

Sl Combinational Circuits Sequential Circuits
No
1 Output depends on present Output depends on present input and
input only also past output only

2 Memory unit is not required Memory unit is required

3 Parallel adder is a Serial adder is a sequential circuit

Combinational Circuit

10. State associative laws of Boolean algebra.

A + (B+C) = (A+B) + C
A(BC) = (AB)C

11. Differentiate half adder and full adder.

Half adder Full adder

Addition of two variables OR two Addition of three variables or three
inputs inputs
SUM= SUM=
CARRY= CARRY=

12. Draw the truth table of AND gate

13. Define sequential circuit.

In sequential circuits the output variables dependent not only on the present input variables but they
also depend up on the past history of these input variables
What are the classification of sequential circuits?
The sequential circuits are classified on the basis of timing of their signals into two types. They are(i)
Synchronous sequential circuit (ii) Asynchronous sequential circuit.

14. What is counter application?

 Frequency counter
 Digital clock
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  Frequency division
 Analog to digital conversion

15. Draw the Diagram of D flip flop

Clk D Q C
ONDITION
1 0 0 SAME AS
1 1 1 INPUT

16. Describe the operation of RS and JK f.f

C Qn Qn+1
J K Condition
P (Previous) (new)

1 0 0 x x No change
1 0 1 x 0 Reset
1 1 0 x 1 Set
1 1 1 Toggle Toggle

C Qn Qn+1
s R Condition
P (Previous) (new)

1 0 0 x x No change
1 0 1 x 0 Reset
1 1 0 x 1 Set
Forbidden
1 1 1 -
state

17.Race around condition?

IN J-K FF , The clock time is higher than the output toggling time then for J=1 & K=1 , the output will be
changed irrelavent of input. This condition is known as "RACE AROUND CONDITION".

18. Define Sequential Circuit.

In sequential circuits, the output variables dependent not only on the present input variables but also
depend upon the past history of the these input variables.

19. What is an adder?

Adder is a combinational logic circuit , which performs the arithmetic addition of binary digits. Any
adder produce two outputs sum and carry.

20. What are the types of adder circuit?

Classified into two types depending on the number of bits in the input variable
i. Half adder: It is a logic circuit, it is used to perform two bit binary addition.

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 INPUT – A,B
OUTPUT – Sum, Carry
ii. Full Adder: It is used to perform the arithmatic addition of three input bits.

21. What is subtractor?

Subtractor is a combinational logic circuit, it performs the subtraction operation. The subtractor will
produce a difference and borrow.
22. What are the types of subtractor circuit?
Subtractor is classified based on the number of bits perfomed
a. Half subtractor:
A half subtractor is a combinational logic circuit that subtracts two bits and
produce their difference and borrow. It needs two inputs minuend and subtrahend and output
differences and borrow.

b. Full Subtractor:
A full subtractor is a combinational logic circuit that performs subtraction
involving 3 bits namely minuend , subtrahend and a borrow from previous stage.

15.Define counters.

Counters are a sequential digital circuit that counts the incoming clock pulses in the determined binary
sequence in order. The basic building block of counter is flip-flop.

16. What are the types of counters?

There are two types of counters Synchronous counter:

 In synchronous counter , the common clock input is connected to the flip flop and all the flip flop are
clocked simultaneously.

 Asynchronous Counter: In asynchronous counter (called ripple counter), the first flip flop is clocked by
the external clock pulse and each successive flip flops are clocked from the previous flip flop outputs.

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 UNIT 4
ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

1. What is meant by doping?

 Doping: The process of adding Small amount of impurity to pure Silicon and Germanium materials to
improve the electrical conductivity.

2. What are the types of semiconductor?

 Intrinsic semiconductors: pure form of semiconductors. But an intrinsic semiconductor is not suitable
for making any electronic device.
 Extrinsic semiconductor: The newly formed semiconductor (known as doped semiconductor) is called
an extrinsic semiconductor.

3.What is meant by diode?

 When P type and N type semiconductor materials joined together, PN diode is formed.
 The meeting point of P and N layer is called junction.
 It’s a two layer(P,N),two terminal(A,K) and single junction device.

4. What is meant by Forward Bias?

In diode, (+ve) terminal is connected to the P-type material and (-ve) terminal is connected to the N-type

5. What is meant by Forward Bias?

 (-ve) terminal is connected to the P-type material and (+ve) terminal is connected to the N-type
material.

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6. Draw the V-I characteristics of PN diode?

7.State the Applications of diode

• Rectifiers in dc power supplies

• Switch in digital logic circuits used in computers
• As clamper in TV receivers
• Clipping circuit in radar, computers, TV receivers etc.,

8. What is meant by Rectifier?

Rectifier is a circuit which converts AC quantity into DC quantity

Types of rectifier
 Halfwave rectifier
 Full wave rectifier

9. What is meant by ripple?

The pulsating output voltage of a rectifier consists of a dc components. The unwanted ac components of
rectified voltage constitute the ripple voltage.

10. Define Ripple factor?

The output voltage of a rectifier consists of two components namely dc and ac components, denoted by It is
defined as

Effective value of ac component /avg value of dc component

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 11. What is the ripple factor of full wave and half wave rectifier?

For half wave rectifier the ripple factor : 1.21

For full wave rectifier the ripple factor : 0.48

11. Define rectifier efficiency?

It is defind as the ratio of dc power delivered to the load to the ac input power is called rectifier efficiency.
o/p dc power / i/p ac power
Efficiency for half wave rectifier: 40.6 %
Efficiency for full wave rectifier: 81.2 %

12. Define peak inverse voltage?

PIV is max voltage the rectifier has to withstand during non conduction period or reverse biasing.

PIV for half wave rectifier : Vm

PIV for full wave rectifier :2 Vm.

13. Define Transformer utilisation factor(TUF).

14. What are the advantage and disadvantages of Half wave Rectifier?

Advantage:
 It is very simple and loe cost circuit
Disadvantages:
 Low rectification efficiency (40.6%)
 Ripple factor is high (1.21)
 Low TUF, it means transformer is not fully utilised.
 Poor regulation

15. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Fullwave rectifier?

Advantages:
 Output voltage and transformer efficiency is high
 Low Ripple factor
 High TUF and better voltage regulation
Disadvantages:
 PIV of diode is high
 Usage of additional diodes and bulky transformer
 Increase in cost

16. What is Filter?

It is defined as the circuit which removes( or minimises) the unwanted AC components of the rectifier
output and allows only DC components to the load.

17. What are the types of filters?

A filter circuit consists of passive circuit elements such as inductor, capacitor and their combinations. Some
types of filters are
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  Inductor filter
 Capacitor filter
 LC filter (Inductor-capacitor)
 CLC or π section filter
 Multiple LC filter
 RC filter

18. What is an Amplifier?

An amplifier is a circuit which can be used to increase the magnitude of the input signal (ie current or
voltage) at the output by means of energy drawn from an external source . Transistors and FET are
commonly used as amplifiers.

19. What are the types of amplifier?

Based on transistor configuration, it is classified as
 Common Base amplifier
 Common emitter amplifier
 Common collector

20. What is transistor?

Transistor derived from the words TRANSfer and resISTOR . Transfer of input signal from a low resistance
circuit to a high resistance circuit.
OR
The transistor is a solid state device that amplifies the signal by controlling the flow current carries through
its semiconductor material.

21. Draw the symbol and structure of transistor.

E-Emitter B-Base C-Collector
(3 terminals) and classified as PNP and NPN transistors.

22. What are the characteristics of common emitter amplifier?

I. High current gain
II. High voltage gain
III. High power gain
IV. Phase shift is 180°
23. What are the characteristics of common collector amplifier?
I. High current gain

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 II. Power gain is unity
III. No phase shift

24. Define Oscillator.

Oscilllators or Waveform generators. It is basically an amplifier circuit with positive feedback.
Oscillator is a device, which produces an output signal, without any signal of any desired frequency.

25.What are the types of oscillator?

1) Sinusoidal oscillator or Harmonic oscillator: The oscillator which provide an output having a
sine waveform.
2) Relaxation oscillator or Non sinusoidal oscillator :The oscillator which provide an output
having a square, rectangular waveform.

26. What is Barhausen criterion or condition for oscillation?

There are two condition for oscillation
I. The total phase shift of the circuit must be 0° or 360°
II. The feedback factor (β) must be unity
|Aβ|=1

27. Define Transducer.

Transducer is a device which converts one form of energy to another form. This energy
may be electrical, mechanical or thermal.

28.What are the configurations of transistor?

o Common Base Configuration
o Common Emitter Configuration
o Common Collector Configuration

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