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This document discusses PHP data types, operators, functions, and control structures. It covers variables and constants, declaring and initializing variables, displaying variable values, defining constants, and working with different data types like numbers, Booleans, arrays, and objects. It also discusses expressions and arithmetic operators, building expressions, and accessing and modifying array elements. The key topics are variables, data types, arrays, expressions, and operators in PHP.

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Niko Nazaroff
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© © All Rights Reserved
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66 views

2 - PHP 1 PDF

This document discusses PHP data types, operators, functions, and control structures. It covers variables and constants, declaring and initializing variables, displaying variable values, defining constants, and working with different data types like numbers, Booleans, arrays, and objects. It also discusses expressions and arithmetic operators, building expressions, and accessing and modifying array elements. The key topics are variables, data types, arrays, expressions, and operators in PHP.

Uploaded by

Niko Nazaroff
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Web Application Development :

PHP Data Types, Operators,


Functions and Control Structures
Week 2
Content of this Lecture
 Variables and constants
 Data types
 Expressions and operator precedence
 Functions and variable scope
 Control structures

2
Using Variables and Constants
 The values stored in computer memory are called variables
 The values, or data, contained in variables are classified into
categories known as data types
 The name you assign to a variable is called an identifier and it
 must begin with a dollar sign ($)
 can include letters (A to Z, a to z) and numbers (0 to 9) or an underscore
(_) … but cannot start with a number
 cannot include spaces
 is case sensitive (are $firstName and $FirstName referring to the same
variable?)
 should follow a consistent variable naming style (either $votingAge or
$voting_age or …)

3
Declaring, Initialising and Modifying Variables
 Specifying and creating a variable name is called
declaring the variable
 Assigning a first value to a variable is called initialising
the variable
 In PHP, you must declare and initialise a variable in the
same statement:
$variable_name = value;

 You can change the variable’s value at any point


$variable_name = new_value;

4
Displaying the Values of Variables
 To print the value of a variable, pass the variable name to the echo
statement without enclosing it in quotation marks:
echo $votingAge;
 To print both text strings and variables, send them to the echo
statement as individual arguments, separated by commas:
echo "<p>The legal voting age is ",
$votingAge, ".</p>";
 Alternatively, by double/single quotation marks
echo "<p>The legal voting age is
$votingAge.</p>";
 Note, single quotation marks behave differently
echo '<p>The legal voting age is
$votingAge.</p>';
Text ‘$votingAge’ itself will be printed out.
5
An example
<!DOCTYPE html> Hello world!
<html>
<body>
5
10.5
<?php
$txt = "Hello world!";
$x = 5;
$y = 10.5;

echo $txt;
echo "<br />";
echo $x;
echo "<br />";
echo $y;
?>

</body>
6
</html>
Defining Constants
 A constant contains information that does not change during the
course of program execution
 Constant names use all uppercase letters
 You should follow a consistent constant naming style
 PASSING_MARK or PASSINGMARK

 Constant names do not begin with a dollar sign ($)


 e.g., MAX_ELEMENTS not $MAX_ELEMENTS

 Use the define() function to create a constant


 define("CONSTANT_NAME", value);
 The value you pass to the define() function can be a text string,
number, or Boolean value
 PHP includes numerous predefined constants that you can use in
your scripts 7
Defining Constants
Default: case-sensitive
e.g.
define("GREETING", "Welcome to WAD");
echo GREETING;
--------------------
define(name, value, case-insensitive);
e.g.
define("GREETING", "Welcome to WAD, true);
echo greeting;

8
Working with Data Types
 A data type is the specific category of information that a variable
contains
 Data types that can be assigned only a single value are called
primitive types

Primitive PHP data types

9
Working with Data Types (continued)
 Strongly typed programming languages require you
to declare the data types of variables
 Static or strong typing refers to data types that do not
change after they have been declared
 C is a strongly typed programming language

 Loosely typed programming languages do not require


you to declare the data types of variables
 Dynamic or loose typing refers to data types that can
change after they have been declared
 PHP is a loosely typed programming language

10
Numeric Data Types
PHP supports two numeric data types:
 An integer is a positive or negative number with no
decimal places (-250, 2, 100, 10,000)
 A floating-point number is a number that contains
decimal places or that is written in exponential notation
(-6.16, 3.17, 2.7541)
 Exponential notation, or scientific notation, is short for
writing very large numbers or numbers with many decimal
places (2.0e11)

11
Boolean Values
 A Boolean value is a value of true or false
 It decides which part of a program should execute and which
part should compare data
 In PHP programming, you can only use true or false
 In other programming languages, you can use integers such as
1 = true, 0 = false

12
Working with Data Types (continued)
 The data type of a variable (identifiers) or constant
depends on the data type of the value assigned to it
 $unitName = “Web Programming”;
 $lectureHours = 2; Hint: Give meaningful names
 $creditPoints = 12.5; Did you notice any naming pattern?
 $isCoreUnit = TRUE;

 Are the following correct?


 $unitCode = HIT3323; Note: HIT3323 may be a constant
 $creditPoints = 12.5cp;

13
Working with Data Types (continued)
The PHP language supports:
 A resource data type – a special variable that holds a reference to
an external resource such as
a database or XML file
 Reference or composite data types, which contain multiple values
or complex types of information
 Two reference data types: arrays and objects

14
Arrays
 An array contains a set of data represented by a single variable name

Conceptual example of an array

 Indexed arrays & associative arrays (to be introduced next week)


 An element refers to each piece of data that is stored within an array
 An index is an element’s numeric position within the array (starts from 0
by default)
 An element is referenced by enclosing its index in brackets at the end of
the array name, e.g., $provinces[1] // for the second element
15
Creating an Array
 The array() construct syntax is:
$array_name = array(values);
$provinces = array("Newfoundland and Labrador",
"Prince Edward Island", "Nova Scotia",
"New Brunswick", "Quebec", "Ontario", "Manitoba",
"Saskatchewan", "Alberta", "British Columbia");

 Array name and brackets syntax is:


$array_name[ ]
$provinces[] = "Newfoundland and Labrador";
$provinces[] = "Prince Edward Island";
$provinces[] = "Nova Scotia"; $provinces[] = "New Brunswick";
$provinces[] = "Quebec"; $provinces[] = "Ontario";
$provinces[] = "Manitoba"; $provinces[] = "Saskatchewan";
$provinces[] = "Alberta"; $provinces[] = "British Columbia";

Note: In PHP, array elements can be of different data types

16
Accessing/Modifying Element Information
 Accessing an element
echo "Canada's largest province is
$provinces[4].</p>";
 Use the count() function to find the total number
of elements in an array
echo "<p>Canada has ",
count($provinces), " provinces.</p>";
 Modifying an element
$provinces[9] = "BC";

17
print_r() Function
 Use to print or return information about variables
 Most useful with arrays because they print the index and
value of each element

Output of the $provinces array with the print_r() function

18
Building Expressions
 An expression is a combination of operands and
operators that are interpreted according to the
particular rules of precedence and can be evaluated
by the PHP scripting engine to produce a result
 Operands are literals, constants, variables, and
functions
 A literal is a value such as a literal string or a number
 Operators are symbols (e.g. +, *) that are used in
expressions to manipulate operands

19
Building Expressions (continued)
PHP Operator Types

 A binary operator requires an operand before and after the


operator
 A unary operator requires a single operand either
before or after the operator
20
Arithmetic Operators
 Arithmetic operators are used in PHP to perform
mathematical calculations
PHP arithmetic binary operators

e.g., the result of 15 / 6 is 2.5,


and the result of 15 % 6 is 3
21
Arithmetic Unary Operators
 The increment (++) and decrement (--) unary operators
can be used as prefix or postfix operators
 A prefix operator is placed before a variable
 A postfix operator is placed after a variable
PHP arithmetic unary operators

22
Prefix Operator vs. Postfix Operator
 Prefix increment operator
$ticketNum = 100;
$nextTicketNum = ++$ticketNum; // assigns 101
$nextTicketNum = ++$ticketNum; // assigns 102

 Postfix increment operator


$ticketNum = 100;
$curTicketNum = $ticketNum++; // assigns 100
$curTicketNum = $ticketNum++; // assigns 101

23
Assignment Operators
 Assignment operators are used for assigning a value to a
variable:
$myFavoriteSuperHero = "Superman";
$myFavoriteSuperHero = "Batman";
 Compound assignment operators perform mathematical
calculations on variables and literal values in an expression, and
then assign a new value to the left operand
$x += $y; same as $x = $x + $y;
$x *= $y; same as $x = $x * $y;

24
Assignment Operators (continued)
PHP assignment operators

25
Comparison Operators
 Comparison operators are used to compare two
operands and determine how one operand compares to
another
 A Boolean value of true or false is returned after two
operands are compared
 The comparison operator compares values, whereas the
assignment operator assigns values
 Comparison operators are used with conditional
statements and looping statements

26
Comparison Operators (continued)
PHP comparison operators

27
Comparison Operators (continued)

$x = 100;
$y = "100";

$x == $y returns true because values are equal.

$x === $y returns false because types are not equal

28
Conditional Operators
 The conditional operator executes one of two expressions,
based on the results of a conditional expression
 The syntax for the conditional operator is:
conditional expression
? expression1 : expression2;

 If the conditional expression evaluates to true, expression1


executes; otherwise, expression2 executes
$blackjackPlayer1 = 20;
($blackjackPlayer1 <= 21)
? $result = "Player 1 is still in the game."
: $result = "Player 1 is out of the action.";
/* $result will be assigned "Player 1 is still in the game."

29
Logical Operators
 Logical operators are used for comparing two Boolean
operands for equality
 A Boolean value of true or false is returned after two
operands are compared
PHP logical operators

30
Special Operators
PHP special operators

Note: These Special Operators are introduced throughout this unit


as necessary 31
Type Casting
 Casting or type casting copies the value contained in a variable of
one data type into a variable of another data type
 The PHP syntax for casting variables is:
$newVariable = (new_type) $oldVariable;

 (new_type) refers to the type-casting operator representing the


type to which you want to cast the variable
$speedLimitMiles = “55 mph”;
$speedLimitKilometers = (int) $speedLimitMiles * 1.6;
echo “$speedLimitMiles is equal to
$speedLimitKilometers kph”;

32
gettype() function
Returns one of the following strings, depending on the data type
– no guessing needed:
 Boolean
 Integer e.g.
 Double $num = 1;
 String echo gettype($num);
 Array
Would echo out the type:
 Object
integer
 Resource
 NULL
 Unknown type

33
The var_dump() function
Returns the data type and value
e.g.
$num = 1;
var_dump($num);

Output:
int(1)

34
Defining Functions
 Functions are groups of statements that you can execute as a
single unit
 Function definitions are the lines of code that make up a function
<?php
function name_of_function(parameters) {
statements;
}
?>
 A parameter is a variable that is used within a function
 Parameters are placed within the parentheses that follow the
function name. Functions do not have to contain parameters
 The set of curly braces (called function braces) contain the
function statements, which do the actual work of the function
35
Defining and Calling Functions
 simplephp example in Week 1
function concatenate1($str1, $str2) {
echo $str1." : ".$str2;
}
concatenate1($name, $pwd);

 Use return statement that returns a value to the


statement that called the function
function concatenate2($str1, $str2) {
return $str1." : ".$str2;
}
echo concatenate2($name, $pwd);

36
Understanding Variable Scope
 Variable scope is ‘where in your program’ a declared
variable can be used
 A variable’s scope can be either global or local
 A global variable is one that is declared outside a
function and is available to all parts of your program
 A local variable is declared inside a function and is only
available within the function in which it is declared

37
Understanding Variable Scope (Cont.)
<?php
// all functions usually grouped together
// in one location
function testScope() {
$localVariable = "<p>Local variable</p>";
echo "<p>$localVariable</p>";
// prints successfully
}
$globalVariable = "Global variable";
testScope();
echo "<p>$globalVariable</p>";
echo "<p>$localVariable</p>"; // error message
?>
38
The global Keyword
 With many programming languages, global variables are
automatically available to all parts of your program including
functions.
 In PHP however, we need to use the global keyword to
declare a global variable in a function where you would like to
use it.
<?php
function testScope() {
global $globalVariable;
echo "<p>$globalVariable</p>";
}
$globalVariable = "Global variable";
testScope();
?>
 If no “global” above, an error message will be printed out. 39
Using Autoglobals
 PHP includes various predefined global arrays, called
autoglobals or superglobals
 Autoglobals contain client, server, and environment
information that you can use in your scripts
 Autoglobals are associative arrays – arrays whose
elements are referred to with an alphanumeric key
instead of an index number

See Predefined Variables, Superglobals and examples:


http://php.net/manual/en/reserved.variables.php
40
PHP Autoglobals

Array Description
$GLOBALS An array of references to all variables that are defined with global scope
$_GET An array of values from the submitted form with the GET method
$_POST An array of values from the submitted form with the POST method
$_COOKIE An array of values passed to HTTP cookies
$_SESSION An array of session variables that are available to the current script
$_SERVER An array of information about this script's web server
$_FILES An array of information about uploaded files
$_ENV An array of environment information
$_REQUEST An array of all the elements found in the $_COOKIE, $_GET, and $_POST array

41
Using Autoglobals (continued)
 Use the global keyword to declare a global variable within the
scope of a function
 Use the $GLOBALS autoglobal to refer to the global version of
a variable from inside a function
 $_GET is the default method for submitting a form
 $_GET and $_POST allow you to access the values of forms
that are submitted to a PHP script
 $_GET appends form data as one long string to the URL
specified by the action attribute
 $_POST sends form data as a transmission separate from the
URL specified by the action attribute

42
Using Autoglobals (continued)
echo "This script was executed with the following
server software: ", $_SERVER["SERVER_SOFTWARE"],
"<br />";
echo "This script was executed with the following
server protocol: ", $_SERVER["SERVER_PROTOCOL"],
"<br />";
echo $_GET["name"];
echo $_GET["address"];
echo $_POST["name"];
echo $_POST["address"];

43
Making Decisions
 Decision making or flow control is the process of
determining the order in which statements execute in a
program
 The special types of PHP statements used for making
decisions are called decision-making statements or
decision-making structures
 There are three types of decision-making statements
 if statement
 if...else statement
 switch statement

44
if Statement
 Used to execute specific programming code if the
evaluation of a conditional expression returns a value of
true
if (conditional expression)
statement; // or {statements}

 example
$exampleVar = 5;
if ($exampleVar == 5) { // Condition evaluates to'TRUE'
echo "<p>The condition evaluates to true.</p>";
echo '<p>$exampleVar is equal to ',
"$exampleVar.</p>";
echo "<p>Each of these lines will be printed.</p>";
}
echo "<p>This statement always executes after if.</p>";

45
if...else Statement
 An if statement that includes an else clause. The else
clause executes when the condition in an if...else
statement evaluates to false
if (conditional expression)
statement; // or {statements}
else
statement; // or {statements}

 Example
$today = "Tuesday";
if ($today == "Monday")
echo "<p>Today is Monday</p>";
else
echo "<p>Today is not Monday</p>";

 Multiple if ...else statements can be used together:


if...elseif...else 46
Nested if and if...else Statements
 When one decision-making statement is contained within another
decision-making statement, they are referred to as nested
decision-making structures
 Properly nest!

if ($_GET["SalesTotal"] > 50)


if ($_GET["SalesTotal"] < 100)
echo "<p>The sales total is between 50 and 100.</p>";
else
echo "<p>The sales total is no less than 100.</p>";
else
echo "<p>The sales total is no more than 50.</p>";

47
switch Statement
 Controls program flow by executing a specific set of statements
depending on the value of an expression
 Compares the value of an expression to a value contained within a
special statement called a case label
 A case label is a specific value that contains one or more statements
that execute if the value of the case label matches the value of the
switch statement’s expression
switch (expression) {
case label:
statement(s);
break;
case label:
statement(s);
break;
...
default:
statement(s);
}
48
switch Statement (continued)
 A case label consists of:
 The keyword case
 A literal value or variable name (e.g. “Boston”, 75, $Var)
 A colon
 A case label can be followed by a single statement or multiple
statements
 Multiple statements for a case label do not need to be enclosed
within a command block
 The default label contains statements that execute when the
value returned by the switch statement expression does not
match a case label

49
Example – What Should I Do Today?

50
Your Agenda is …

51
Implement the Interface?
<HTML XMLns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xHTML">
<head> <title>An example of using "Switch"</title></head>
<body>
<H1>An example of using "Switch" in PHP</H1>
<form> Please select a weekday:
<select name="weekday" >
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select> <br/><br/>
Select your role:
<input type="radio" name="role" value="teacher">teacher &nbsp;
<input type="radio" name="role" value="student">student
<br/><br/>
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
<p> Your agenda is shown as below.</p>
</body> 52
Deliver the Agenda
<?php
if(isset($_GET['weekday']) && isset($_GET['role'])){
$weekday = $_GET['weekday']; $role =$_GET['role'];
echo "As a $role, on $weekday, your agenda is: &nbsp;";
if($role == 'student'){ // a student's agenda
switch($weekday) {
case 'Monday': echo 'HIT3324 Lecture & Lab'; break;
case 'Wednesday': echo 'HIT3324 Lab'; break;
default: echo 'Study harder';
} // end of switch
}
else { // a teacher's agenda
switch($weekday) {
case 'Monday': echo 'HIT3324 Lecture & Lab'; break;
case 'Wednesday': echo 'HIT3324 Lab'; break;
case 'Tuesday':
case 'Thursday':
case 'Friday': echo 'Research'; break;
default: echo 'Have a rest';
} // end of switch
} // end of inner if
} // end of outer if
?> 53
</HTML>
Repeating Code
 A loop statement is a control structure that repeatedly
executes a statement or a series of statements while a
specific condition is true or until a specific condition
becomes true
 There are four types of loop statements:
 while statements
 do...while statements
 for statements
 foreach statements

54
while Statement
 Repeats a statement or a series of statements as long as a given
conditional expression evaluates to true
while (conditional expression) {
statement(s);
}

 Each repetition of a looping statement is called


an iteration
 A while statement keeps repeating until its conditional
expression evaluates to false
 A counter is a variable that increments or decrements with each
iteration of a loop statement

55
Counter in while Statement
 Using an increment operator
$count = 1;
while ($count <= 5) {
echo "$count<br />";
$count++;
} // print 1,2,3,4,5 in 5 lines
 Using a decrement operator
$count = 10;
while ($count > 0) {
echo "$count<br />";
$count--;
} // print 10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1 in 10 lines
 Using the assignment operator *=
$count = 1;
while ($count <= 100) {
echo "$count<br />";
$count *= 2;
} // print 1,2,4,8,16,32,64 in 7 lines

56
Be Careful with Infinite Loop
 In an infinite loop, a loop statement never ends because its
conditional expression is never false
$count = 1;
while ($count <= 10) {
echo "The number is $count";
}

 Properly use continue and break statements


$count = 1;
while (true) {
echo "The number is $count";
if ($count > 10) break;
$count++;
if ($count <= 5) echo “print the number again $count";
else continue;
}
57
continue and break
break ends a loop completely, continue just
shortcuts the current iteration and moves on to next
iteration.

$i=9; Will output:


While (--i) {
if ($i==7) 8
continue; 6
if ($i==3) 5
break; 4
echo $i . “<br>”;
}
58
do...while Statement
 Executes a statement or statements once, then repeats the
execution as long as a given conditional expression evaluates to
true
do {
statement(s);
} while (conditional expression);

 example
$daysOfWeek = array("Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday",
"Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday", "Sunday");
$count = 0;
do {
echo $daysOfWeek[$count], "<br />";
$count++;
} while ($count < 7); // print “Monday” to “Sunday” in 7 lines

59
for Statement
 Used for repeating a statement or a series of statements as long
as a given conditional expression evaluates to true
 Can also include code that initialises a counter and changes its
value with each iteration
for (counter declaration and initialisation;
condition; update statement) {
statement(s);
}
 Example
$fastFoods = array("pizza", "burgers", "french fries",
"tacos", "fried chicken");
for ($count = 0; $count < 5; $count++) {
echo $fastFoods[$count], "<br />";
} // print “pizza” to “fried chicken” in 5 lines
60
foreach Statement
 Used to iterate or loop through the elements in an array
 Does not require a counter; instead, you specify an array
expression within the pair of parentheses following the
foreach keyword
foreach ($array_name as $variable_name) {
statements;
}

 example
$daysOfWeek = array("Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday",
"Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday", "Sunday");
foreach ($daysOfWeek as $day) {
echo "<p>$day</p>";
}
61
Example – Factorial and Fibonacci

62
Factorial

63
Fibonacci

64
Working on Factorial
function factorial($number)
{
if($number > 170)
return 0; // this function can only calculate
// the factorial of a number below 171
$i = 1;
$result =1;
while ($i <= $number){
$result = $result * $i;
$i++;
}
return $result;
}

65
Working on Fibonacci
function fibonacci($number)
{
$first = 0; $second = 1;
if($number >= 2) {
echo "The first $number fibonacci number are: <br/>";
echo $first.'<br/>';
echo $second.'<br/>';
for($i=1; $i<=$number-2; $i++){
$temp = $first + $second;
$first = $second;
$second = $temp;
echo $temp.'<br/>';
}
}
elseif ($number==1)
echo "The first fibonacci number is 0: <br/>";
else
echo 'Wrong input number';
}

66

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