Frequently asked interview questions.

BASIC ORACLE INTERVIEW QTS:

Locking a User from performing DML Operation

Which command is used for locking a user from performing DML Operation?

Latest Answer: LOCK TABLE tablename IN EXCLUSIVE MODE;EX:LOCK TABLE emp IN EXCLUSIVE MODE;
...

System_context
Why is sys_context used for providing privileges in Oracle?
Latest Answer: The sys_context function can be used to retrieve information about the Oracle
environment.The syntax for the sys_context function is:sys_context( namespace, parameter, [ length ]
)namespace is an Oracle namespace that has already been created. If the ...

Using which language oracle is developed?

Latest Answer: "C" language ...

Is there any syntactical diff bet Oracle 9i & 10g

Is there any syntactical diff between Oracle 9i & 10g or any change in which the Queries are used....It
uses SQL isn't it?
Latest Answer: In 9i we does not have the facility to bring the table that is been dropped, but in 10g we
have something like flashback and also in 10g they have added one extra regular expression ...

Catch The Error

SQL>DECLARE 2 dayofweek VARCHAR2(200); 3 BEGIN 4 SELECT TO_CHAR(sysdate,'Day') INTO
dayofweek FROM DUAL ; 5 6 IF dayofweek = 'Tuesday' 7 THEN 8
Latest Answer: TO_CHAR(sysdate,'Day') is always return day name with some blank space, So its better
to use TRIM function to exact match.Like TRIM(TO_CHAR(sysdate,'Day'))Or You can match initial 3
character in the by using substr function. ...

Oracle Dbms Pipe Commands

give the dbms_pipe commands in oracle of there execution,which are used to send & recieve messages
what is the max size can sent at one go
Latest Answer: ------Funtions------DBMS_PIPE.CREATE_PIPE:- for creating a
pipeDBMS_PIPE.SEND_MESSAGE:- For sending messageDBMS_PIPE.REMOVE_PIPE:- for removing
messageDBMS_PIPE.RECEIVE_MESSAGE:- For receiving message------Procedures------
DBMS_PIPE.PACK_MESSAGE:- for ...

Odd return value from Oracle forms 6i calendar widget

This is odd and I fear I may be missing something basic. I am using the Oracle forms supplied pop up
calendar widget. When I click on the calendar to select a date it returns a strange value. The year

Oracle 9i Tools and Utilities

What is the difference between the tools and utilities in Oracle 9i?
Latest Answer: Utility is something which comes along with software where it is intended to help us to
solve a particular purpose but tool is something which enable us to develop more delebrately we can
say as helpful for innovative development. ...

What steps server process has to take to execute an update statement.

Latest Answer: When a user issues a update statement the server process checks for weather the same
type of command is executed recently or not if that command is executed very recently then it directly
proceed to the dictionary cache to fecth the metadata presented ...

Create a report for the HR department that displays employee last names, department numbers, and all
Create a report for the HR department that displays employee last names, department numbers, and all
the employees who work in the same department as a given employee. Give each column an
appropriate label.

What is the different between Stand Alone Procedure and Package?

Latest Answer: 1. Procedure Overloading and Function Overloading Possible in Package. ThisÂ
Overloading Concept Not Possible in Procedure.2. Variables in Package we Can use as a Global
Variables. it's Not Possible in Procedure. ...

What is the difference between cold backup and hot backup

Latest Answer: Cold Backup is possible only when the database is down means it is not available to users
to access. Disadvantage is we effort downtime. Here we need to take backup of datafiles, control files,
redo files. Here we get consistent backup image.Hot backup ...
Read Answers (4) | Asked by : Sridhar

What is the Life of an SQL Statement?

Latest Answer: Dear All,LIFE OF SQL STATEMENTStep 1: Oracle Create a CursorFor every SQL, first a
cursor is created (cursor creation can occur implicitly, or explicitly by declaring a cursor). Step 2: Oracle
Parse SQL StatementA SQL statement is parsed only if an identical ...

What is the difference between Instance and a Database?

Latest Answer: Instance is the memory structures and background processes used to interact with
Database.Instance = SGA + Background ProcessDatabase is the physical files used to store information.
the 3 types of physical files are: Datafiles, Control File and ...

Why do we need to use 'WHERE CURRENT OF' clause

Latest Answer: Where current of is used for updating the data referenced by cursor which was created
as "SELECT FOR UPDATE".DECLARECURSROR MY_CURR IS SELECT COL1, COL2, COL3,...,COLN ...

Through Shell script in Unix, How can you run the Oracle procedure?
Latest Answer: To execute sqlplus via Unix shell scripts the following parameters need to be
initialized.(1.) ORACLE_HOME export ORACLE_HOME=Path to (2.) ORACLE_SIDexport
ORACLE_SID=Actual ORACLE_SIDAfter these initializations have been done use sqlplus ...

What are the differences between rownum and level pseudo columns?
Latest Answer: The only difference between rownum and level pseudocolumn isRownum is used to
order the datas according to their ranks and it is used in inline views..Level pseudocolumn is used in
hierarchial retrival ofdatabase..... ...

How many bites does varchar2(30) needs ?

Latest Answer: The varchar2(30) will take 30 bites. Because the size is specified as 30. if you entered a
data of only 20 chars the remaining 10 will be transformed to the other field or row. By this the wastage
of the disk space can be minimised. ...

What is data structure

Latest Answer: The way the data maintained in the collection of tables can be explained by the data
structure. The structure of database will show on which conditions the database will be maintained with
out inconsistancy. ...

What is one time procedure

Latest Answer: One time procedure, Its actually not a procedure but its called as one time procedure,
Why because this used to initialize variable, calling function or procedure once the scope ofpackage for
user session.This can be defined like this..Package Body Aa ...

Create a query that will display the total no.of employees and, of that total, the no.of employees hired

Create a query that will display the total no.of employees and, of that total, the no.of employees hired
in 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998. create appropriate column headings.

Create a matrix query to display the job, the salary for that job based on department number and the
Create a matrix query to display the job, the salary for that job based on department number and the
total salary for that job, for departments 20,50,80, and 90,giving each column and appropriate heading.

Create a query that will display the total no.of employees and, of that total, the no.of employees hired
Create a query that will display the total no.of employees and, of that total, the no.of employees hired
in 1995,1996,1997, and 1998. create appropriate column headings.

Write a query that displays the difference between the highest and lowest salaries. Label the column
Write a query that displays the difference between the highest and lowest salaries. Label the column
DIFFERENCE.

Write a query to display the no.of people with the same job
Latest Answer: SELECT job, count(*) AS no.ofemployee FROM emp GROUP BY job; ...

Create a query that display the last name,hire date and the day of the week on which the employee
started.
Create a query that display the last name,hire date and the day of the week on which the employee
started. Label the column DAY. Order the results by the day of the week starting with
Monday.LAST_NAME HIRE_DATE DAYGrant 24-MAY-99 MONDAYErnst 21-MAY-99 TUESDAYMourgos
16-NOV-99 TUESDAY------- ----- SUNDAY

I want to try create the database from my script which i made.can help me how to run a script. can
explain
I want to try create the database from my script which i made.can help me how to run a script. can
explain me step by step because i am a starter.thank's
What is synapshot?
Latest Answer: Database snapshot is a read-only view of a database. It is taken from the source
database and resides on the same server as the database. A snapshot uses a sparse file to store original
pages from the source database. A sparse file is empty when a snapshot ...

What is the difference between rownum,rowid

Latest Answer: rownum is the temp num assigned for the return rows per statement queryIt will change
as per the query statement. It can be used with "=1" or "< 10" id number .Where as rowid is the id
assigned by the Oracle while creating record in database. It ...

What is variable size when showing SGA?

Variable portionThe variable portion is called variable because its size (measured in bytes) can be
changed. The variable portion consists of: • large pool (optional)Provides working space for rman
Latest Answer: In SGA, variable size is combination of shared pool, Java pool and Large PoolSQL> show
sga;Total System Global Area 612368384 bytesFixed Size ...

Can we create sequence to a View??

Latest Answer: Sequence is used to generate numbers which can be stored in tables. View does not have
data of its own and is generally used to query data. So sequence can not be created to a view. ...

Is Oracle is a Multidimensional database? If yes How?

Latest Answer: Oracle is not truly a multidimensional database as Hyperion does.. ...

What is the Difference between Replace and Translate

Latest Answer: replace function replaces a sequence of characters in a string with another set of
characters.ex. Â select replace('123data',123,'X') from dual;REPLA-----Xdatahere 123 replaces by
Xtranslate function replaces a sequence of characters in a string with ...

What is the maximum number of columns in a table in Oracle?What is the maximum number of
canvases in
What is the maximum number of columns in a table in Oracle?What is the maximum number of
canvases in a form in forms 6i an forms 9i?

Hello, I have problem with this RecordSet. Do not open with "select distinct". Why?Without
Hello, I have problem with this RecordSet. Do not open with "select distinct". Why?Without "distinct"
recorset is opened without problems.Private Sub Command1_Click()Dim Cnn As New
ADODB.ConnectionDim rs As New ADODB.RecordsetDim CadOracle As StringDim CadSql As
StringCadOracle = "DSN=Oracle;UID=RECAUDA;PWD=xxxx;DBQ=orcl"Cnn.Open CadOracleCadSql =
"select distinct NOMBRE_MUNI_SUJ from paddgc53"rs.Open CadSql, Cnn, adOpenKeyset,
adLockOptimistic, adCmdTextWhile

What is difference between varchar and varchar2

Latest Answer: In case of varchar it store upto 2000 bytes and in case of varchar2 it stores 4000 bytes
that is the basic difference between varchar and varchar2. ...

I hav oracle 9i installed on my server, and I am fireing a query as followsSelect distinct divisioncode
I hav oracle 9i installed on my server, and I am fireing a query as followsSelect distinct divisioncode from
Mdivision Order By DivisionCodeWhen I fire this query in sql plus, it runs and give me results.but when I
fire it thru asp script as follows rsDiv.Open sql,conn,3,1 while traversing thru the recordset on line if not
rsDiv.EOF thenit is giving me following errorADODB.Recordset (0x800A0E78)Operation is not allowed
when the object is closed.Pl. help me a.s.a.p.

LGWR have to wait because checkpoint not complete so remove this error increase DBWn.Explain how
DBWn
LGWR have to wait because checkpoint not complete so remove this error increase DBWn.Explain how
DBWn related to LGWR?

How we can add signature to the character mode report ?

Latest Answer: We can add a signature to a database by using LONG datatype.and can use in the
report as required. ...

Difference between oracle8i and oracle9i

Latest Answer: SGA: System Global Area. Its a chuck of memory used on oracle processes. ...

What is difference between COM & DCOM?

Latest Answer: What's the Difference between COM and DCOM?Obviously, the difference is that DCOM
is distributed but COM is not. To be more precise, there are three main elements added to COM: The
way for creating a remote object. The way for accessing a remote object. ...
What is Pro*C? What is OCI?
Latest Answer: Pro *C is a Oracle database pre-compiler. It acts as a database connectivity. We can also
embed the SQL statement within C or C++ programming code which will execute successfully. ...

What is the difference between "NULL in C" and "NULL in Oracle?"

Latest Answer: null in c is some garbage value which cannot be predicted . If you are not intialising any
value to the variable then null value is present in auto variables.null in oracle is used in sql queries for
getting values whose values are null such as manger ...

In Oracle varchar2 takes dynamic space for storage then why char is still in oracle?
Latest Answer: Of course Varchar2 is there to maintain variable length of columns. It keeps an internal
pointer to maintain Variable length that means it wastes two bytes to keep first and last index where
column starts and Calculates for each DML operation against ...

What is the diffrence between and constraints and triggers?

Latest Answer: Constraints are the conditions it can set while creating the table. To eliminate duplicates,
not null values and also check the conditions..Triggers are used when the event occurs. ...

What is normalization? what is the advantage of normalization (briefly)

Latest Answer: The answer for this normalization is good. If u don't mine can u give me one more
example for normalization. ...

How the logs are escalated

Latest Answer: Logs increase rapidly when large amount of data are inserted/deleted/updated. when
Commit/Rollback is issued. ...

What is stucture of Database

Latest Answer: ther is Physical structure & Logical structurePhysical structure Consits of 3 files
one or more data files two ...

What is the difference between primary key, unique key, surrogate key?
Latest Answer: Primary Key & Unique Key1.))) P_key - A column in a table whose values uniquely identify
the rows/tuple/entry of the table. A primary key value cannot be NULL. U_key - A column in a table
whose values uniquely identify the rows/tuple/entry of the ...
SQL INTERVIEW QTS:

Pluks and Zinks

There is a table with pluks and zinks. Each pluk only resides on a single zink and each zink may contain
multiple pluks. How do you find how many pluks are on each and every zink?

Produce a List of 5 Highest Revenue Transactions

You need to produce a list of the five highest revenue transactions from the Orders table in the Sales
database. The Orders table is defined as follows:CREATE TABLE Orders ( OrderID Int IDENTITY
Latest Answer: SELECT salespersonid, orderamount FROM orders WHERE orderamount IN (SELECT
orderamount FROM orders ORDERBY orderamount DESC) WHERE rownum

Intent Shared Lock

Which one of the following is descriptive of the effect of an Intent Shared Lock on other transactions?
CHOICE1: A Read Lock that prevents writes CHOICE2: A Read Lock that prevents other reads

View - Base Tables

Does View occupy memory? If we delete the base table of existing view, What happens?
Latest Answer: Actually view is a stored select statement and its code is stored in data dictionary. It
doesn't occupy space in the memory. whenever view is called, the stored select statement executes and
fetches the data from thebase table.If base table is deleted, ...

HAVING vs WHERE Clause

Where clause restricts rows, what does having clause restricts ?1. only group results.2. rows results.3.
both rows and groups result.
Latest Answer: Having is used for agregate results while where is used for unagregated results. ...

How many columns can be in the group by clause

Latest Answer: The column names listed in select clause other than agrt function list in that select clause
is must.Other column names in that table is optional (If req you can add). ...

Write a query to update third column such that

There is a table having the following columns :-student id marks1 marks2 maxmarks1 10 20 202 25 30
303 30 10
Latest Answer: SQL> select * from test; ID M1 M2 MAXV---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
...

Data Conversion
Have 2 table Emp1 (Column Name: Ename), 2nd table Emp2 (Column Name: First and Column Name:
LastTable Name :Emp1ENameHunt, MichaelGraham, SmithNelson, Ryan Table Name: Emp2First
LastMichael HuntSmith GrahamRyan NelsonNeed
Latest Answer: CREATE TABLE emp2 as SELECT (SUBSTR(ename,instr(ename,',')+2) ||' '
|| SUBSTR(ename,0,instr(ename,',')-1)) ename FROM testSujit ...

Difference between nested query,sub query and nested query?

what is difference between nested query,sub query and nested query? explain clearly with an example?
Latest Answer: query inside the query is nested query. it is also called as sub query. Correlated subquery
runs once for each row selected by the outer query. It contains a reference to a value from the row
selected by the outer query. Nested subquery runs only ...

Select from table without using column name

How can I select column values from a table without knowing the column name ?Suppose , select
employee_id from employees , now I don't know the column name and I want to select the
column.Please let
Latest Answer: If you do not know the column name you want to select from the table, I would simply
suggest you that, follow this command: SELECT * FROM table_name here * let you choose all the
column name from the respective table. ...

Can we insert a record in dual?

Latest Answer: You can perform any DML operations in dual table provided that you have been given
the privilege to do so.However never try to perform any DML operations (delete/insert/update) in dual
table because dual is basically used to work with scalar query. If ...

Analytical Function
WE using Last_value()analytical function but the result do not match according to me?
Latest Answer: Analytical function are the builtin function in Oracle, so during execution it will be faster
then other simple function. These function are basically used for reporting and most of the time to
improve performance of your query. Oracle have lot of analytical ...
Replace and Translate
How and in what way REPLACE is different from TRANSLATE?
Latest Answer: Translate does character by character substitution,where replace can substitute a singele
character with a word ...

Column Level Constraint

What are Column Level Constraint and Table Level Constraint? How do they differ from one another?
Latest Answer: the NOT NULL constraint can be define only at column level,It enforces that a value must
be define for this column such tht the column may not be NULL for any row in any circumstance. ...

How we can eliminate duplicates without using distinct command?

Latest Answer: Not only DISTINCT command and we can also use UNIQUE keyword. ...

How to add new column in the existing table at our desired location?
Latest Answer: Syntax:--------Alter table add after ;Example:-----------Alter table employee add age int
after emp_name; ...

Find manager for employee

ID employee department manager----------------------------------------------1 Suresh c++ NULL 2 Suresh c++
NUll3 Suresh c++
Latest Answer: SELECT e.ename as Manager, m.ename as Employee FROM emp e, emp m WHERE
e.MGR = m.EMPNO ...

SET Operator
What is a SET operator? What are the types what is the difference between SET operators and JOINS?
Latest Answer: SET operators are used to combine similar type of data from two or more tables. The no
of columns and their data type must be same in all the queries. The column names from the first query
will appear in the result.UNION ...

Establishing many to many relationship in SQL

How will you establish many to many relationship in SQL?Ramco Systems dt. 02 Feb' 2008
Latest Answer: Cartesian product is an example for many to many reolationship in SQL.For
exampleselect a.ename, a.job, a.sal, b.dname from emp a, dept bresults inmany to many relationship. ...
What is a deadlock?
There is a table with Pluks('plk') and Zinks ('zin'). Each Pluk onlyresides on a single Zink and each Zink
may contain multiple Pluks. Howdo you find how many Pluks are on each and
Latest Answer: Dead lock is a unique situation in multiuser system that causes two or more users to wait
indefinately for a locked resource. First user needs a resource locked by the second user and second
user needs the resource locked by the first user.To avoid ...

What is SQL Tuning?

What is SQL Tuning? How does it work? Thanks

Latest Answer: SQL tuning is the process of ensuring that the SQL statements that an application will
issue will run in the fastest possible time ...

Oracle long datatype

I'm using oracle9i to create a table which stores lyrics in long datatype. But if i store a long string of text
and display it from the table, it displays only 80 chars. So someone help me how to
Latest Answer: Variable length character values up to 2 gigabytes. Only one LONG column is allowed per
table. You cannot use LONG datatype in functions, WHERE clause of SELECT, in indexing and subqueries.
...

How to get the row values as comma separated by a query

Latest Answer: What I understood from your question is that you want to comma seperate the values
of a particular column for its different rows. If this the question then query will beDECLARE @SQL AS
VARCHAR(500)SELECT @SQL = ISNULL(@SQL,' ')+',' ...
Read Answers (4) | Asked by : Santosh Bhor

Answer Question Subscribe

Question is been asked in the interview., I have table Department with details likeDeptId Dname
Question is been asked in the interview., I have table Department with details likeDeptId Dname
Dlocation10 Finance Del20 Sales Mum30 Marketing BloreThe output should be in this format 10 20
30Finance Sales Marketing Del Mum BloreThe query I need in SQL not using any transformation.Can
anyone help me out in this ?

Oracle Insert statement execution

Explain the internal process and steps how SQL statement is executed in Database ?
Latest Answer: In Order to execute any SQL statement first we need to start an oracle instance. for that
we need to connect to any tool(SQL* Plus) and that will start a user process. This user Process will
contact the server on which oracle is installed and stats system ...

Why order by clause maintains column number values instead of column names ?
Latest Answer: The column numbers are used so that you can do the order by without keying in all the
column names in the order by clause. For eg.select empno, ename from emp order by empno; -- qry
1could be replaced byselect empno, ename from emp order ...

Oracle : Table Level and Column Level constraints

We have two type of constraints - Table Level and Column Level. Which is better and why..?
Latest Answer: Constrains are the key word along with create table command. Different type of table
constraints are primary key not null unique etc. ...

Explain about SUPPORTING TIME-CONSTRINED SQL queries in ORACLE?

Can you use a reference cursor as an input parameter in a procedure with out declaring it explicitly?
Can you use a reference cursor as an input parameter in a procedure without declaring it explicitly?

Redundancy of data is many times benificial, Justify the statement.

Latest Answer: A table is said to be redundant (that is data is repeated) if it is in a denormalized format.
For ex, we have a table, which displays item, item no, item cost etc. which is denormalized. To avoid
redundancy, we normalize it and add some more fields like ...

How centralized DBMS differs from distributed DBMS .

Latest Answer: A centralized database has all its data at one place so there may occur problems of data
avalability, and a system crash may lead to whole dataloss. In a distributeddatabase, database is stored
on several computers and they communicates using networks. ...

What is the Hirerachy of SQL?

Latest Answer: The hierarchy of SQL is: Parse à Execute à Bind à Fetch ...

Display the emploee records who joins the department before their manager?
Latest Answer: This means that the employee does not have any manager.Select e.empno,e.ename
From emp e,emp m where m.empno(+)=e.mgrid;orSelect e.empno,e.ename From emp e left outer join
on emp m where m.empno=e.mgrid; ...

Dispaly employee records who gets more salary than the average salary in their department?
Latest Answer: select * from employe where salary > ( select avg(salary) from dept,employe where
dept.deptno = employe.deptno); ...

Write a query to display alternate records from the employee table?

Latest Answer: To Display even row numbers---------------------------select * from emp where (rowid,0) in
(select rowid,mod(rownum,2) from emp ) To Display odd row numbers---------------------------select * from
emp where (rowid,1) in (select rowid,mod(rownum,2) ...

Write a query to display employee records having same salary?

Latest Answer: SQL> select distinct e.name,e.salary from employe e, employe a 2 where e.salary =
a.salary and e.name != a.name;NAME SALARY---------- ----------MANI ...

In a table a column is having value like 'Steven Kovy'. without using concat() function and
In a table a column is having value like 'Steven Kovy'. without using concat() function and concatenate
operator "||" how to display like 'Kovy Steven'

How do you view the last record added to a table?

Latest Answer: select * from(select * from employees order by rownum desc)where rownum < 2; ...

Why is insert faster than delete?Which indexing technique works best for Oracle based database?
Latest Answer: though theyare different things but still actualy what happens if we are deleting any
records oracle have to search the values which we are deleting from the tablespaces,indexes etc. but
while we are inserting any record oracle just place ...

Is it possible to index a table through stored procedure? If Yes, How?

Latest Answer: Yes.. Using execute immediate which executes dynamic sql and pl/sql ...

How to give select privilege on all the objects owned by an user(say user1) to another user say(user2)

How to give select privilege on all the objects owned by an user(say user1) to another user say(user2)
using a single sql statement?
What is the difference between SQL standard joins and Oracle propreitary joins
Latest Answer: The Oracle9i database offers join syntax that is SQL: 1999 Compliant. Prior to release 9i,
the join syntax was different from the ANSI standards. The new SQL: 1999 Compliant join syntax does
not offer any performance benefits over the Oracle proprietary ...

Explain the differences between cost-based optimizer and Rule-based optimizer ? Why DB2, Sybase is
cost
Explain the differences between cost-based optimizer and Rule-based optimizer ? Why DB2, Sybase is
cost based and SQL, Oracle are Rule Based Optimisers ?

List all the employees who have atleast one person reporting to themList the employee details if and
List all the employees who have atleast one person reporting to themList the employee details if and
only if more than 10 employees are presently in department 10

What is the data type of the column of Dual table?

Latest Answer: The DUAL table is owned by the user SYS and can be accessed by all users. It contains
one column, DUMMY, and one row with the value X. The DUAL table is useful when you want to return a
value once only: for instance, the value of a constant, pseudocolumn, ...

What is a reverse key index and it's real time usage

Latest Answer: Reverse -key index is index that reverse the data of the being indexed column. For
example if the column value contains LOVELY, the reverse-key index will be YLEVOL.This index very
much useful where users issues the select command with where clause such ...

What are the privileges that view does not have as compared to normal table?
Latest Answer: We can't select next value and current value from views. ...

How to see the existing constraints in a table?

Latest Answer: desc table_name ...

How do you generate prime numbers in sql not in plsql

Latest Answer: here CNT is a column name SELECT CNT FROM table_nameWHERE MOD(CNT,CNT) =
0AND MOD(CNT,2) != 0AND MOD(CNT,3) != 0AND MOD(CNT,5) != 0AND MOD(CNT,7) != 0AND
MOD(SQRT(CNT),ROUND(SQRT(CNT))) != 0ORDER BY CNT ...
What is Local Index and Global Index in Partition Table?What is Prefix Index and Nonprefix Index in
What is Local Index and Global Index in Partition Table?What is Prefix Index and Nonprefix Index in
table?

Update statement in SET clause subquery is allowed or not?

Latest Answer: subquery allowed that depends on no of values returned by sub queryyes :-) ...

What is output of this SQL where current value of sequence is 3?Select

seq.curval,seq.Nextval,seq.Nextval
What is output of this SQL where current value of sequence is 3?Select
seq.curval,seq.Nextval,seq.Nextval from dual ? Give reason?

What is difference between Cartesian Join & Cross Join?

Latest Answer: There is no difference. Cartesian Products and Cross Joins are the same. ...

How to compare the total salary of all employee with a individual employee salary for a particular
department.
How to compare the total salary of all employees with an individual employee salary for a particular
department.

How to select the recently UPDATED records from the table?

Latest Answer: There is no native methods to fetch recently updated records as the prime functionality
for an RDBMS is to store records in best way that makes prefeching faster, so storage is not based on
update order but other attributes that makes DBMS fast If ...

How find to find column value without knowing table name

Latest Answer: you can use view "user_tab_columns". in this view you will get. In this you will get
table_name, column_name, datatype and all things..select * from user_tab_columns; ...

How to add positive and negative numbers in a single column and output them to two different columns
How to add positive and negative numbers in a single column and output them to two different columns

There is a table Table_A contains 4 feilds col1, col2, col3, col4 having values a, b, c, d as values
There is a table Table_A contains 4 feilds col1, col2, col3, col4 having values a, b, c, d as values
respectively. What will be the code if someone wants to update a with b, b with c, c with d and d with a?
There are 10 rows in Table A and 0 Rows in table B. Select * from A,BHow many rows will be retrieved.
There are 10 rows in Table A and 0 Rows in table B. Select * from A,BHow many rows will be retrieved.
10 rows

What is the Difference between stored procedures and external procedures?

Latest Answer: An external procedure is simply a program unit that is not written in Oracle’s SQL or
PL/SQL and resides outside of the database. External procedures must be stored as shared libraries at
the operating system level. In a Windows NT environment, ...

You have EMP and dept table .how do you get the entire department and corresponding employee
details

You have EMP and dept table .how do you get the entire department and corresponding employee
details and the department which are not alloted it?what is referential integrity constraint?wat is
triggers,stored procedures,stored functions explain with examples

I have a table with a column city. The values are “delhi” and “hyderabad”.
I have a table with a column city. The values are “delhi” and “hyderabad”. I need to update Hyderabad
with delhi and delhi with Hyderabad. Define a query for that

How do you create our own schema? which privileges are required?
Latest Answer: Hi All,A Schema in oracle is a logical representation of all the Oracle objects owned by a
user.To make my explanation simpe , let me give an example.Let's say you own a bike, a computer,
mobile. Now all these articles owned by you collectively is called ...

What is Cartesian product in the SQL?

Latest Answer: when a join condition is omited when getting result from two tables then that kind of
query gives us Cartesian product, in which all combination of rows displayed. All rows in the firsttable is
joined to all rows of second table...... ...

Is it possible to update Views? If yes, How, If Not, Why?

Latest Answer: A join view is defined as a view that has more than one table or view in its FROM clause
(a join) and that does not use any of these clauses: DISTINCT,AGGREGATION, GROUP BY, START WITH,
CONNECT BY, ROWNUM, and set operations (UNION ALL, INTERSECT, and ...
How does an index work? I know it uses rowid but want to know the exact process.
Latest Answer: This is how the index works in simple terms. When you add a row to a table, the rowid of
that row plus a few other info is store in a separate area which is dedicated to keep it. Lets say you
define a unique index. When you insert a valid row, the ...

How to find number of user in the database.

Latest Answer: select count(*) from all_users; ...

What is difference between sub query and correlated sub query, Give the example for this.
Latest Answer: subquery : returns value to main query. it wont get values from main query. Example:
SELECT id "Emp #" First_name "Name" salary "Salary" ROWNUM rank FROM (SELECT id first_name
salary FROM employee ORDER BY salary); corelated ...

How do i get Greatest salaray of dept group from emp and dept?we have to tables EMP and DEPT. for
exp:
How do i get Greatest salaray of dept group from emp and dept?we have to tables EMP and DEPT. for
exp: dept 10 have 10000,dept 20 have 5000 and dept 30 have 15000 salaries, i need dept 30 group
salary(means sum of that group is 15000).

When i write the following program, i am getting error like: DECLARE vInHandle UTL_FILE.file_type;
When i write the following program, i am getting error like: DECLARE vInHandle UTL_FILE.file_type;
vNewLine VARCHAR2(250); BEGIN vInHandle := UTL_FILE.Fopen ('D:', 'new.txt', 'R'); LOOP BEGIN
UTL_FILE.get_line(vInHandle, vNewLine); dbms_output.put_line(vNewLine); END; END LOOP;
UTL_FILE.fclose(vInHandle); END; Error:-DECLARE*ERROR at line 1:ORA-29280: invalid directory path
ORA-06512: at "SYS.UTL_FILE", line 18 ORA-06512:

Can anybody provide me some common and normal scenario based questions during interveiw.

Latest Answer: what is cursor ?how many type?what is the diffrence ?what is exception?diffrence
between function & procedurelike wise you can prepare your own questions. ...

How to choose between a procedure and a function?

Latest Answer: i think you are wrong.we can write dml in both function and procedure. ...

How to find Nth largest or Nth smallest data from oracle table, for ex..5th highest salary from employees
How to find Nth largest or Nth smallest data from oracle table, for ex..5th highest salary from employees

Create a query that displays the employees' last names and commision amounts.If an employee does
Create a query that displays the employees' last names and commision amounts.If an employee does
not earn commmission, put "No Commission." Label the column COMM.

What is Complex View?Where we can use?

Latest Answer: we go for complex views when we want to display from two or more tables, using group
cluase, or grouping, aggregate functions ...

What is difference between Varchar2 and Nvarchar2?

Latest Answer: In simpleVarchar2 works with 8 bit characters where as Nvarchar2 works ith 16 bit
characters.If you have to store data other than english prefer Nvarchar2 or viceversa. ...

What is the internal structure of database and how sql is related with it?
Latest Answer: Very Simple question! But should be explained a lot.Databse data is stored in data_file's
of the databse. For every table's data some space from the data_files would be allocated. This space is
known as data segment. Say, you have a table named EMP. There could ...

Write query for the following questions1. sql query for selecting alternate rows in a table2. sql query
Write query for the following questions1. sql query for selecting alternate rows in a table2. sql query for
deleting alternate rows in a table

1) how many number of tables we can join in join concepts?is there any limitation?i think its not...2)
1) how many number of tables we can join in join concepts?is there any limitation?i think its not...2)
since joins and subqueries are used for same purpose , why we have two things.is there any need

On index why u need indexing ? where that is stroed and what u mean by schema object?for what
purpose
On index why u need indexing ? where that is stroed and what u mean by schema object?for what
purpose we are using view

What is the difference between oracle,sql and sql server

Latest Answer: hii am shailendraits my opinionoracle is based on RDBMS. its follow the 10-11 rules in Dr.
E.F.Codd but SQL Server is based on RDBMS. its follow the only 7-9 rules in Dr. E.F.Codd. ...
How to retrieving the data from 11th column to n th column in a table.
Latest Answer: declare @a varchar(1000),@tblname varchar(100),@b nvarchar(1000)declare @startcol
int,@i int, @endcol intselect @startcol = 11, @endcol =13, @a='', @tblname = ''select @a = sc.name + ','
+ @a from ...

Difference between decode and case.in which case we are using case and in which case we are using
decode?with
Difference between decode and case.in which case we are using case and in which case we are using
decode?with an example.

What is the result ofselect * from table1, table2there is a common column between them but no where
What is the result ofselect * from table1, table2there is a common column between them but no where
caluse has been specified

What is rep cursor?

Latest Answer: Ref cursor is used for dynamic cursor based on different where clause ,and it is used for
fast processing The scope of cursor is limited to a block/ programme. here block/ programme means
upto a end of procedure/function and only one fixed query can ...

How do we restrict the insert/ updates on the foreign column in a table if that table is in different
How do we restrict the insert/ updates on the foreign column in a table if that table is in different
instance that the table with Primary Key. Say for Example Emp and Dept Table. We have deptno in both
tables and Deptno in Emp table is the Primary Key and other is foreign Key. How do we control what
values we insert in Dept table if both the tables are not in the same instance.

In the real world, where do we use Savepoint command.

Latest Answer: nice reply sir ...

SQL Queries- Say for Eg.Two Tables - EMP and DeptEMP Tables consist of Empno, Deptno, Mgrid,
Empname,
SQL Queries- Say for Eg.Two Tables - EMP and DeptEMP Tables consist of Empno, Deptno, Mgrid,
Empname, LocationDept Table Consist of Deptno, Deptname.1. Write a query to select Department
name for which there is more that 20 employees in a specific Department. List the deptname and no of
employees.Deptno in Emp table is the primary key for deptno column in Dept Table.2. Write a query to
select Manager name for each employee. MGRID column in the emp table is the empid of the Manager.
There should
What are the advantages and disadvantages of View?
Latest Answer: View based on multiple tables are up-datable using INSTEAD OF triggers. ...

Can one use dynamic SQL statements from PL/SQL?How can I use a variable for the columns/tables in
the
Can one use dynamic SQL statements from PL/SQL?How can I use a variable for the columns/tables in
the select statements?
OLAP INTERVIEW QTS

Multidimensional Cube

Explain What is Multidimensional Cube?

OLTP Hanging Application

All the users are complaining that their application is hanging. How you will resolve this situation in
OLTP?

How do you implement cube security?

What is the difference between OLAP and DSS?

Latest Answer: OLAP is an element of DSS. Decision Support System is, as the name says, a SYSTEM
within a business department. It is a generic term. OLAP is a process or element of DSS which helps the
analysts in DSS to arrive at a decision. ...

How to create a report with different objects can be seen at different countries not all the objects
How to create a report with different objects can be seen at different countries not all the objects can
be seen by all the countries people?

How to create a report with objects that can seen by one country and some objects can be seen by
another
How to create a report with objects that can seen by one country and some objects can be seen by
another country people using business object ?

What is difference between dc and adc?

Latest Answer: DC: Domain ControllerADC: Active Directory Integrated Domain ControllerIn DC the zone
database is stored in .dns text file where as in ADC the zone database is stored in active directory itself
not in .dns file. ...

What is the difference between ETL tool and OLAP tool? What are various ETL in the market? What are
What is the difference between ETL tool and OLAP tool? What are various ETL in the market? What are
various OLAP tools? what is the future for both for next five years?
How to enable security in cognos connection in cognos report net?
Latest Answer: You can imlement security via your Windows NT system accounts, LDAP accounts for
Cognos connection. To do this configure the desired Security section in the Cognos Configuration. ...

Compare Data Warehouse database and OLTP database?

The data warehouse and the OLTP data base are both relational databases. However, the objectives of
both these databases are different. The OLTP database records transactions in real time and aims to
automate
Latest Answer: In simple words, An OLTP system is used to get data into the system.A datawarehouse
system is used to get data out of the system.-Ritu ...

What is the difference between Data Warehouse and online Analytical Processing?

Ralph Kimball the co-founder of the data warehousing concept has defined the data warehouse as a “"a
copy of transaction data specifically structured for query and analysis”. Both definitions

Latest Answer: OLAP--- Using the online entered data is used for analytical processing.Data warehouse is
the place where the data will pulled and kept in one place which will not change frequently and is also
used for analytical processsing. ...

Online Analytical Processing?

Online Analytical Processing A tool to evaluate and analyze the data in the data warehouse using
analytical queries. A tool which helps organize data in the data warehouse using multidimensional
models
Latest Answer: OLAP is a concept of analyzing the data present in datawarehouse. i.e. the data should
be in denormalized form,integrated,non-volatile,time varient. Then we can make use OLAP better.for
better decision making process and to increase the ...

OLAP database objects

The following are the OLAP database objects:

Cubes: Data in cubes are persisted in a summarized version that helps to analyze data quickly.
The data is persisted, through which reporting can be done easily..................
Cubes

A data cube stores data in a summarized version which helps in a faster analysis of data. The
data is stored in such a way that it allows reporting easily................

Data Sources

Data source is where the data comes from in data warehousing. The data collected from
various sources and is cleaned..............

Fact Tables

Data in a warehouse comes from the transactions. Fact table in a data warehouse consists of
facts and/or measures. The nature of data in a fact table is usually numerical. e.g. If I want to
know the number..............

Database roles

Database level roles are used to manage the security of the database. The role can be either
fixed or flexible...............

Explain the concepts and capabilities of OLAP.

Online analytical processing performs analysis of business data and provides the ability to
perform complex calculations on usually low volumes of data. OLAP helps the user gain an
insight on the data..............

Explain the functionality of OLAP.

Multidimensional analysis:- OLAP helps the user gain an insight on the data coming from
different sources. OLAP helps faster execution of complex analytical and ad-hoc
queries...............
What are MOLAP and ROLAP?

Multidimensional Online Analytical Processing and Relational Online Analytical Processing are
tools used in analysis of data which is multidimensional..................

Explain the role of bitmap indexes to solve aggregation problems.

Bitmap indexes are useful in connecting smaller databases to larger databases. Bit map indexes
can be very useful in performing repetitive indexes..............

Explain the encoding technique used in bitmaps indexes.

For each distinct value, one bitmap is used. The number of bitmaps can be reduced using log(C)
bitmaps with to represent the values in each bin................

What is Binning?

Binning can be used to hold multiple values in one bin. Bitmaps are then used to represent the
values in.............

What is candidate check?

Binning process when creates the binned indexes, answers only some queries. The base data is
not checked. The process of checking the base data is called as a candidate check. Candidate
check at times.............

What is Hybrid OLAP?

In a Hybrid OLAP, the database gets divided into relational and specialized storage. Specialized
data storage is for data with fewer details while relational storage can be used for large amount
of data..............

Explain the shared features of OLAP.

OLAP product by default is read only. If multiple access rights are required, admin needs to
make necessary changes..................
Compare Data Warehouse database and OLTP database.

Data Warehouse is used for business measures cannot be used to cater real time business
needs of the organization and is optimized for lot of data, unpredictable queries. On the other
hand, OLTP database is for.................

What is the difference between ETL tool and OLAP tool?

ETL is the process of Extracting, loading and transforming data into meaningful form. This data
can be used by the OLAP tool for to visualize data in different forms. ETL tools also perform
some cleaning of data..................

What is the difference between OLAP and DSS?

Data driven Decision support system is used to access and manipulate data. Data Driven DSS in
conjunction with On line Analytical Processing............
DATA WAREHOUSING QTS

What is Data warehousing?

Answer - A data warehouse can be considered as a storage area where interest specific or relevant
data........

What are fact tables and dimension tables?

Answer - As mentioned, data in a warehouse comes from the transactions. Fact table in a data warehouse
consists........

What is ETL process in data warehousing?

Answer - ETL is Extract Transform Load. It is a process of fetching.........

Explain the difference between data mining and data warehousing.

Answer - Data warehousing is merely extracting data from different sources, cleaning the........

What is an OLTP system and OLAP system?

Answer - OLTP: Online Transaction and Processing helps and manages applications based........

What are cubes?

Answer - A data cube stores data in a summarized version which helps in a faster analysis of data..........

What is snow flake scheme design in database?

Answer - A snowflake Schema in its simplest form is an arrangement of fact tables.........

What is analysis service?

Answer - Analysis service provides a combined view of the data used in OLAP.........

Explain sequence clustering algorithm.

Answer - Sequence clustering algorithm collects similar or related paths, sequences of data.........

Explain discrete and continuous data in data mining.

Answer - Discreet data can be considered as defined or finite data..........

Explain time series algorithm in data mining.

Answer - Time series algorithm can be used to predict continuous values of data.......

What is XMLA?

Answer - XMLA is XML for Analysis which can be considered as a standard for accessing data in OLAP.......

Explain the difference between Data warehousing and Business Intelligence.

Answer - Data Warehousing helps you store the data while business intelligence.....

What is Dimensional Modeling?

Answer - Dimensional modeling is often used in Data warehousing.......

What is surrogate key? Explain it with an example.

Answer - Data warehouses commonly use a surrogate key.......

What is the purpose of Factless Fact Table?

Answer - Fact less tables are so called because they simply contain........

What is a level of Granularity of a fact table?

Answer - A fact table is usually designed at a low level of Granularity...........

Explain the difference between star and snowflake schemas.

Answer - A snow flake schema design is usually more complex than a start schema.....

What is the difference between view and materialized view?

Answer - A view is created by combining data from different tables........

What is a Cube and Linked Cube with reference to data warehouse?

Answer - A data cube stores data in a summarized version which helps in a faster analysis............

What is junk dimension?

Answer - In scenarios where certain data may not be appropriate to store in....
What are fundamental stages of Data Warehousing?

Answer - Stages of a data warehouse helps to find and understand.......

What is Virtual Data Warehousing?

Answer - The aggregate view of complete data inventory is provided by Virtual

Warehousing........

What is active data warehousing?

The transactional data captured and reposited in the Active Data Warehouse......

List down differences between dependent data warehouse and independent data warehouse.

Dependent data ware house are build........

What is data modeling and data mining? What is this used for?

Designing a model for data or database is called data modelling........

Difference between ER Modeling and Dimensional Modeling.

Dimensional modelling is very flexible for the user perspective........

What is snapshot with reference to data warehouse?

A snapshot of data warehouse is a persisted report from the catalogue.........

What is degenerate dimension table?

The dimensions that are persisted in the fact table is called dimension table.........

What is Data Mart?

Data Mart is a data repository which is served to a community of people.......

What is the difference between metadata and data dictionary?

Metadata describes about data. It is ‘data about data’. It has information about how and
when......
Describe the various methods of loading Dimension tables.

The following are the methods of loading dimension tables.......

What is the difference between OLAP and data warehouse?

The following are the differences between OLAP and data warehousing......

Describe the foreign key columns in fact table and dimension table.

The primary keys of entity tables are the foreign keys of dimension tables.......

What is cube grouping?

A transformer built set of similar cubes is known as cube grouping. A single level in one
dimension......

Define the term slowly changing dimensions (SCD).

Slowly changing dimension target operator is one of the SQL warehousing operators......

What is a Star Schema?

The simplest data warehousing schema is star schema.......

Differences between star and snowflake schema.

Star Schema: A de-normalized technique in which one fact table is associated with several
dimension tables.......

Explain the use of lookup tables and Aggregate tables.

At the time of updating the data warehouse, a lookup table is used.......

What is real time data-warehousing?

The combination of real-time activity and data warehousing is called real time warehousing.......

What is conformed fact? What is conformed dimensions use for?

Allowing having same names in different tables is allowed by Conformed facts.......

Define non-additive facts.

The facts that can not be summed up for the dimensions present in the fact table are called
non-additive facts.......

Define BUS Schema.

A BUS schema is to identify the common dimensions across business processes......

List out difference between SAS tool and other tools.

The differences between SAS and other tools are......

Why is SAS so popular?

Statistical Analysis System is an integration of various software products which allows the
developers to perform.......

What is data cleaning? How can we do that?

Data cleaning is also known as data scrubbing. Data cleaning is a process which ensures the set
of data is correct and accurate......

Explain in brief about critical column.

A column (usually granular) is called as critical column which changes the values over a period
of time.......

What is data cube technology used for?

Data cube is a multi-dimensional structure. Data cube is a data abstraction to view aggregated
data from a number of perspectives........

What is Data Scheme?

Data Scheme is a diagrammatic representation that illustrates data structures and data
relationships to each other in the relational database within the data warehouse................

What is Bit Mapped Index?

Bitmap indexes make use of bit arrays (bitmaps) to answer queries by performing bitwise
logical operations..................
What is Bi-directional Extract?

In hierarchical, networked or relational databases, the data can be extracted, cleansed and
transferred in two directions. The ability of a system to do this is refered to as bidirectional
extracts................

What is Data Collection Frequency?

Data collection frequency is the rate at which data is collected. However, the data is not just
collected and stored. it goes through various stages of processing like extracting from various
sources, cleansing, transforming and then storing in useful patterns................

What is Data Cardinality?

Cardinality is the term used in database relations to denote the occurrences of data on either
side of the relation................

What is Chained Data Replication?

In Chain Data Replication, the non-official data set distributed among many disks provides for
load balancing among the servers within the data warehouse...............

What are Critical Success Factors?

Key areas of activity in which favorable results are necessary for a company to reach its goal.
There are four basic types of CSFs which are: ...............

What is Data Warehousing?

A data warehouse can be considered as a storage area where interest specific or relevant data
is stored irrespective of the source. What actually is required to create a data warehouse can
be............
What is Virtual Data Warehousing?

A virtual data warehouse provides a collective view of the completed data. A virtual data
warehouse has...........

Explain in brief various fundamental stages of Data Warehousing.

Stages of a data warehouse helps to find and understand how the data in the warehouse
changes. At an initial stage of data warehousing data of the transactions is merely copied to
another server. Here, even if the copied data is processed for reporting, the source data’s
performance won’t be affected..............

What is active data warehousing?

An active data warehouse represents a single state of the business. Active data warehousing
considers the analytic perspectives of customers................

What is data modeling and data mining? What is this used for?

Data Modeling is a technique used to define and analyze the requirements of data that
supports organization’s business process. In simple terms, it is used for the analysis of data
objects in order to...........

Difference between ER Modeling and Dimensional Modeling

The entity-relationship model is a method used to represent the logical flow of entities/objects
graphically that in turn create a database. It has both logical and physical model. And it is good
for reporting and point queries..............

What is the difference between data warehousing and business intelligence?

Data warehousing relates to all aspects of data management starting from the development,
implementation and operation of the data sets. It is a back up of all data relevant to business
context i.e. a way of storing data.............
Describe dimensional Modeling.

Dimensional model is a method in which the data is stored in two types of tables namely facts
table and dimension table. Fact table comprises of information to measure business successes
and the............

What is snapshot with reference to data warehouse?

Snapshot refers to a complete visualization of data at the time of extraction. It occupies less
space and can be used to back up and restore data quickly...............
Business object interview questions

Explain the concepts and capabilities of Business Object.

A business object can be used to represent entities of the business that are supported in the
design. A business object can accommodate data and the behavior of the business associated
with the entity.....................
Read answer

What is broad cast agent?

A broadcast agent allows automation of emails to be distributed. It allows reports to be sent to

different business objects. It also users to choose the report format and send via SMS, fax,
pagers etc. broadcast.............
Read answer

Explain the functional differences between BO and COGNOs.

Business objects in business intelligence are entities of the business. COGNOS makes BI and
performance planning software...............
Read answer

What is a universe? Explain the types of universes in business objects.

A universe connects the client to the data warehouse. It is a file defining relationships amongst
the tables in the warehouse, classes and objects, database connection details...............
Read answer

What is security domain in Business Objects?

Security domain in business objects is a domain containing all security information like login
credentials etc. It checks for users and their privileges..................
Read answer

What is batch processing in Business Objects?

Batch processing can be used to schedule reports. Objects can be also be used for batch
processing. Batch processing can be used to also select the objects to be processed.................
Read answer

What are the functional & architectural differences between business objects and Web Intelligence
Reports?

Functional differences - Business objects, for building or accessing reports, needs to be installed
on every pc. On the other hand, Web intelligence reports needs a browser and a URL of the
server from where Business...................
Read answer

What is slicing and dicing in business objects?

Slicing and dicing of business objects is used for a detailed analysis of the data. It allows
changing the position of data by interchanging rows and columns.............
Read answer

What is the security level used in BO?

Security level used in BO:- Row Level, Column Level...............

Read answer

What is Object qualification?

Object qualification is an attribute of an object that helps to determine how it can be used in
multidimensional analysis.............
Read answer

What is BOMain.Key?

A BOMain.key file contains all relevant information about the repository. It contains the
address of the repository security domain..................
Read answer