Watershed Characterization, Monitoring and
Measurements
Intent - highlight key approaches to watershed monitoring using the Fair
Hill Study watershed as an example
Watershed characterization and monitoring will be essentially driven by the
key question that you are trying to address -
• Understanding watershed mechanisms or solving specific environmental
problems
• Long-term
• Short-term
• Intensive and focused
• Spatially distributed
• Level of funding
Basic watershed characteristics that you need to know –
• Climate, physiographic region, ecoregion
• Size of watershed, scale, stream order and other geomorphic attributes
• Topography – elevation, aspect, slopes – use of a digital elevation
model (DEM)
• Geology – bedrock type
• Forest / Vegetation type, age, etc…
• Landuse and landcover and history
• Soil type and variability
N
0.068
0.047
Now
400 0 400 800 Meters
1877
Spatial GIS data can especially helpful in characterizing watershed features.
Data like DEMs – can help characterize additional watershed features – such
as the topographic index that can provide additional insights into hydrology,
moisture distribution and potential for biogeochemical activity in the
catchment. This information can also help you determine where you need to
place your instruments or sampling devices.
GIS maps…..
N
0.068
0.047
400 0 400 800 Meters
slope
0-4
4-8
8 - 12
12 - 15
15 - 19
19 - 23
23 - 27
27 - 31
31 - 35
No Data
% slope - from 2 m LIDAR
Aspect of selcdem
Flat (-1)
North (0-22.5,337.5-360)
Northeast (22.5-67.5)
East (67.5-112.5)
Southeast (112.5-157.5)
South (157.5-202.5)
Southwest (202.5-247.5)
West (247.5-292.5)
Northwest (292.5-337.5)
No Data
aspect
Mt. Cuba Wissahickon
formation undivided
Pelitic gneiss and pelitic schist with subordinate
amphibolite and pegmatite.
The predominant lithology is
quartz‐plagioclase‐biotite‐muscovite gneiss,
with or without sillimanite and small garnets
GgB
GaD
MaD GeA
MaB
GeC
BaA
GeB
MaC
Selstrm.shp
Hw
Soils78ha.shp
BaA Soil
BbB BbB
GaD
GeA characterization,
GeB
GeC
GgB sampling, and
BaA – Baille silt loam Hw
GaD – Gaila loam
MaB
MaC analysis done at
MaD
GeA – Glenelg loam multiple locations
Etc….
Soils SSURGO Map for the Fairhill watershed Soil pits or augers can be
used.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/geo/?cid=nrcs142p2_053627
tidwi3
2- 5
5- 7
7- 9
9 - 11
11 - 13
13 - 15
15 - 17
17 - 19
No Data
Topographic Index Map for the Fairhill catchment – Derived
from the 2m LIDAR DEM. On the left is the full 79 ha catchment
while on the right is the 12 ha catchment.
Dominant Trees - Fagus grandifolia (American beech), Liriodendron tulipifera
(yellow poplar), and Acer rubrum (red maple)
Why do we need to all these features – how does it influence watershed
hydrochemistry??
Answer - ????
Should also investigate the inter-relationships between these watershed attributes.
The wetness or moisture distribution in the catchment may have implications for soil
formation and vegetative/tree species and vice-versa!
Watershed Hydrologic Monitoring –
Weather parameters – using a climate station
• Precipitation – tipping bucket
• Snowfall amounts and melt – snow pillow
• Air temperature - thermometer
• Humidity – humidity sensor
• Wind speed - anemometer
• Wind direction – direction sensor
• Solar radiation – radiation sensor
Basic data – precipitation, daily air temps, solar
radiation.
Delaware real-time weather data for
watersheds -
http://deos.udel.edu/
Streamflow runoff is measured by –
• Flumes
• Weirs
• Natural channel with rating curves
Need to measure depth of water and/or velocity
Depth – pressure transducers
Velocity – radar sensors
Basic data – streamflow discharge
Water level stage recorder – courtesy Myron Mitchell
• Frequency of measurements dictated by the rate of which the water level
changes – dictated by the size of the watershed and the types of storm
events.
• Depth of flow is converted into discharge Q (liters/sec), m3/s, m3/day using a
calibrated equation provided by flume manufacturer
• Can also be expressed as depth = mm/hr or mm/day (by dividing volumetric
mass of water by the catchment area) this is compared against the rainfall
input to generate runoff ratio.
Soil moisture (in-situ measurements)–
• Measured using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) instruments
• The transmission of the electromagnetic wave is a function of the dielectric
properties and the moisture content of the soil.
• E.g., - the theta probe – provides volumetric moisture content once
calibrated.
• Local point readings – not hillslope or watershed scale patterns
Basic data – soil moisture and temperature
Bloom and Meerveld, 2015
Bloom and Meerveld, 2015
Bloom and Meerveld, 2015
Harvey and Gooseff, 2015
Groundwater elevations and head using
Groundwater elevations – measured using a fully screened well. Elevation can
be used to determine the subsurface flux or potential for soil
moisture/saturation.
Land Surface
Depth to water
Elevation Stickup
Screen
Groundwater heads can be determined using piezometers.
Piezometers – wells which are only screened at the point of interest – provide
the hydraulic head at that point.
Hi
Flow Path Low
Total head = elevation + hydraulic head
The total head between two piezometers can help determine the
direction of flow.
Don Siegel’s graphics
Stagnant! Or towards or away from you!
A B C A B C A B C
Peizometers at different locations
A BC ABC AB C
Peizometers at different depths
Use of 3 GW wells or peizometers can provide you an initial idea of GW flow
Water Chemistry Monitoring and Sampling
• Rainfall or throughfall – performed to get an estimate of atmospheric input or
deposition
• Rainfall or throughfall collectors.
• Recovered after rain events.
National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) sites –
Data being collected for many locations in the US for rainfall and chemistry.
Helps develop a mass input budget.
http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/
Litter fall input
Soil and Groundwater Sampling
Zero tension soil water
(30 cm)
Tension (30 psi) from
A & B horizons
Soil and Groundwater Sampling
Soil and Groundwater Sampling
Groundwater Sampling
Groundwater wells for
sampling
Sampling depth, frequency, volume, etc. will
depend on specific purpose
Water Chemistry Monitoring and Sampling
Stream water sampling and monitoring performed for
-
Baseflow (daily, weekly, monthly…) – very often
manual sample collection
Storm events - automated as well as manual
Streamflow water monitoring -
ISCO sampler
most often by ISCO samplers – that
can be programmed to collect at
specific time intervals or at
particular flow depths.
• Typically the samples are collected so that the
chemistry of the full discharge hydrograph can be
determined.
• Occasionally, samples are collected with greater
weightage to high flow conditions.
• Sampling frequency
Streamflow chemistry can also be monitored
continuously using water quality sondes – YSIs, InSitu,
Hydrolab data sodes.
Typical parameters are recorded include –
• pH
• Temperature
• Conductivity
• Turbidity (NTU)
• Flow depth
• Dissolved oxygen
• ORP
Recent advances in technology have allowed
sondes to measure – (e.g., S::CAN sensors)
http://www.s-can.at/
• Nitrate
• Dissolved organic carbon
• Fluorescence
• UV absorbance
• Etc..
Water Sample type:
Dissolved < 0.2 – 0.7 µm filter
Particulate > 0.2 – 0.7 µm
Colloids = 0.001 – 1.0 µm
common filter average pore sizes: 0.45 um, 0.7 um
Particulate matter analyses – gravimetric approaches - sample is dried in the
oven and weighed.
Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) – whole sample is filtered and
analyzed.
Total suspended solids (TSS) – an aliquot (100 mL) is analyzed.
SSC analyses is typically more accurate than TSS especially when large sediment
particles are involved.
