Error = ±[1 count + (30 MHz × 10–5)] ≈ ±301 counts

Percentage error = ±(301 × 100%/30 MHz) = ±0.001%

For f = 300 MHz:
Error = ±[1 count + (300 MHz × 10–5)] ≈ ±3001 counts
Percentage error = ±(3001 × 100%/300 MHz) = ±0.001%
—————————————————————————————
7-11 For the clock time base, Tc = 1/fc = 1/1 MHz
For fi, Ti = 1/fi = 1/30 Hz
n = Ti/Tc = fc/fi = 1 MHz/30 Hz = 33 333 µs
Percentage error = ±1 × 100%/33 333 = ±0.003%
—————————————————————————————
7-12 (a) Tc = 1/fc = 1/1 MHz = 1 µs
t = n Tc = 1560 × 1 µs = 1.56 ms
(b) Tc = 1/fc = 1/1.5 MHz = 0.667 µs
n = t/Tc = 1.5 ms/0.667 µs = 2248
—————————————————————————————
7-13 t1 = n1 × 1/f = 1000 × 1/33 kHz
f2 = n2/t1 = n2 f1/n1 = 1133 × 33 kHz/1000 = 37.389 kHz
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Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3/e David A. Bell
Chapter 8 Problems
—————————————————————————————
8-1.1 RA + Rx = E/IA = 600 V/4 A = 150 Ω
Rx = (RA + Rx) – RA = 150 Ω – 5 Ω = 145 Ω
With RV||Rx: IA = E/Rx + E/RV
= 600 V/145 Ω + 600 V/(1 kΩ/V × 1000 V)
= 4.14 A + 600 µA ≈ 4.14 A
Rx = 600 V/4.14 A = 145 Ω
—————————————————————————————
8-2.1 Rmax = Smax Pmax/Qmin = 6 kΩ × 10 kΩ/1 kΩ = 60 kΩ
Rmin = Smin Pmin/Qmax = 1 kΩ × 1 kΩ/10 kΩ = 100 Ω
—————————————————————————————
8-3.1 R/P = B/A = S/Q = 0.01 Ω/0.025 Ω = 0.4
—————————————————————————————
8-3.2 From Example 8-7: When S changes by ∆S
∆VG = [Vcd × Q/(Q + S – ∆S)] – VP
Assuming that Vcd and VP remain constant,
∆VG = [1.25 V × 0.1 Ω/(0.1 Ω + 0.15 Ω – 0.001 Ω)] – 0.5 V
= 2 mV
∆IG = ∆VG/(r + rG) = 2 mV/(6 kΩ + 2 kΩ) = 0.25 µA
For 1 mm deflection,
galvanometer sensitivity = 0.25 µA/mm
—————————————————————————————
8-5.1 Rv = E/Iv = 1200 V/0.045 µA = 2.67 × 1011 Ω
Iv + Is = 1.2 µA
Is = 1.2 µA – Iv = 1.2 µA – 0.045 µA = 1.155 µA
Rs = E/Is = 1200 V/1.155 µA = 1.04 × 1010 Ω

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Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3/e David A. Bell

—————————————————————————————
8-7.1 lx = [P/(P + Q)] × (2 l)
= [39 Ω/(39 Ω + 93 Ω)] × (2 × 6 km) = 3.5 km
—————————————————————————————
8-1 For Fig. 8-1(a), Rx = 10 V/51 mA = 196 Ω
For Fig. 8-1(b), Rx = 10 V/50 mA = 200 Ω
If (b) is correct, IRx = 50 mA and Iv = I(a) – I(b) = 1 mA
This (1 mA) would clearly be noticed on the ammeter when
the voltmeter is disconnected as in (a). Connection (b) is
the most accurate.
—————————————————————————————
8-2 Voltage accuracy = ±1% of 1000 V = ±10 V
Current accuracy = ±1% of 5 A = ±50 mA
Rx = (600 V ±10 V)/(4.14 A ±50 mA) = 140.8 Ω to 149.1 Ω
—————————————————————————————
8-3 (a) Rv = 5 V × 10 kΩ/V = 50 kΩ
Iv = V/Rv = 4 V/50 kΩ = 80 µA
Ix = I – Iv = 500 µA – 80 µA = 420 µA
Rx = V/Ix = 4 V/420 µA = 9.52 kΩ
(b) I accuracy = ±1% of 1 mA = ±10 µA
= ±10 µA × 100%/500 µA = ±2%
V accuracy = ±1% of 5 V = ±50 mV
= ±50 mV × 100%/4 V = ±1.25%
Rx accuracy = I accuracy + V accuracy = ±3.25%
Rx(max) = 9.52 kΩ + 3.25% = 9.83 kΩ
Rx(min) = 9.52 kΩ – 3.25% = 9.21 kΩ
—————————————————————————————
8-4 R = S P/Q = 119.25 × 100 Ω/150 Ω = 79.5 Ω
—————————————————————————————
8-5 r = P||R + Q||S = 5 kΩ||5 kΩ + 5 kΩ||5 kΩ = 5 kΩ
VR – Vs = Ig(r + rg) = 0.5 µA(5 kΩ + 25 Ω) = 2.5 mV
When balanced, VR = EB × R/(P + R)
= 10 V × 5 kΩ/(5 kΩ + 5 kΩ) = 5 V
When open-circuited, Vg = 2.5 mV
VR + ∆VR = 5 V + 2.5 mV = 5.0025 V
VP = E – (VR + ∆VR) = 10 V – 5.0025 V = 5 V – 2.5 mV
IP = IR = VP/P = (5 V – 2.5 mV)/5 kΩ = 999.5 µA
R + ∆R = (VR + ∆VR)/IR = (5 V + 2.5 mV)/999.5 µA
= 5.005 kΩ
∆R = 5.005 kΩ – 5 kΩ = 5 Ω
—————————————————————————————
8-6 R(max) = S(max) P(max)/Q(min) = 5 kΩ × 1 kΩ/100 Ω
= 50 kΩ
R(min) = S(min) P(min)/Q(max) = 1 kΩ × 1 kΩ/100 kΩ = 10 Ω
—————————————————————————————
8-7 r = P||R + Q||S = 1 kΩ||1 kΩ + 1 kΩ||1 kΩ = 1 kΩ
VR – VS = IG(r + rg) = 5 × 10–8 A(1 kΩ + 100 Ω) = 55 µV
When balanced, VR = EB × R/(P + R)

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Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3/e David A. Bell

= 20 V × 1 kΩ/(1 kΩ + 1 kΩ) = 10 V
When open-circuited, Vg = 55 µV
VR + ∆VR = 10 V + 55 µV
VP = E – (VR + ∆VR) = 10 V – 55 µV
IP = IR = VP/P = (10 V – 55 µV)/1 kΩ = 10 mA – 55 nA
R + ∆R = (VR + ∆VR)/IR = (10 V + 55 µV)/10 mA
= 1 kΩ + 5.5 × 10–3 Ω
∆R = 5.5 × 10–3 Ω
—————————————————————————————
8-8 R = S P/Q
= (S ± 0.05%) × (P ± 0.025%)/(Q ± 0.025%)
= (S P/Q) ± (0.05% + 0.025% + 0.025%)
Accuracy = ± (0.05% + 0.025% + 0.025%) = ±0.1%
—————————————————————————————
8-9 R = S P/Q
Maximum R error = ± (0.05% + 0.05% + 0.1%) = ±0.2%
—————————————————————————————
8-10 IS = IQ = Vcd/(S + Q) = 1.25 V/(0.15 Ω + 0.1 Ω) = 5 A
When IS is doubled, Vcd is doubled to 2.5 V, and VP = 1 V
From Ex. 8-7,
∆S = Q + S – [Vcd × Q/(VP + ∆Vg)]
= 0.1 Ω + 0.15 Ω – [2.5 V × 0.1 Ω/(1 V + 8 mV)]
= 0.002 Ω
—————————————————————————————
8-11 r ≈ P||R = 1 kΩ||1.5 kΩ = 600 Ω
∆VG = IG(min)(r + rg) = 1 µA × (600 Ω + 2 kΩ) = 2.6 mV
From Ex. 8-7,
∆S = Q + S – [Vcd × Q/(VP + ∆Vg)]
= 0.1 Ω + 0.15 Ω – [1.25 V × 0.1 Ω/(0.5 V + 2.6 mV)]
= 0.001 Ω
—————————————————————————————
8-12 S = R Q/P = Q = 0.001 Ω
IB = EB/(RB + S + Q)
= 100 V/(10 Ω + 0.001 Ω + 0.001 Ω) ≈ 10 A
IS = IB(P + R)/[ (P + R) + (Q + S)]
= 10 A × 2.4 kΩ/(2.4 kΩ + 0.002 Ω) ≈ 10 A
—————————————————————————————
8-13 Vcd = EB × (Q + S)/(RB + Q + S)
= 100 V × 0.002 Ω/(10 Ω + 0.002 Ω) = 20 mV
r = P||R + A||B = 1.2 kΩ
S + ∆S = 1.01 × 0.001 Ω = 0.00101 Ω
At balance,
VP = Vcd × P/(P + R) = 20 mV × 1.2 kΩ/(1.2 kΩ + 1.2 kΩ)
= 10 mV = VQ = VS = VR
Off balance,
VS = IS(S + ∆S) = 10 A × 0.00101 Ω = 10.1 mV
∆Voc = ∆ VS = 0.1 mV

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Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3/e David A. Bell

IG = ∆Voc/(r + rg) = 0.1 mV/(1.2 kΩ + 400 Ω) = 62.5 nA

—————————————————————————————
8-14 rv = E/Iv = 15 kV/2 µA = 7.5 × 109 Ω
rs = E/Is = 15 kV/(3.5 mA – 2 µA) = 10 × 109 Ω
—————————————————————————————
8-15 Iv = 0.56 µA, Is = 2.1 µA – 0.56 µA = 1.54 µA
rv = E/Iv = 15 kV/0.56 µA = 26.8 × 109 Ω
rs = E/Is = 15 kV/1.54 µA = 9.74 × 109 Ω
—————————————————————————————
8-16 rv||rs = S1 P/Q = 5.4 MΩ × 10 MΩ/100 kΩ
= 5.4 × 108 Ω
rv = S2 P/Q = 9.9 MΩ × 10 MΩ/100 kΩ = 9.9 × 108 Ω
rs = [(rv||rs)–1 – rv–1] –1 = [(5.4 × 108 Ω)–1 – (9.9 × 108 Ω) –1] –1
= 11.88 × 108 Ω
For rv||rs,
IP = E/(P + R) = 12 kV/[10 MΩ + (5.4 × 108 Ω)] = 21.8 µA
IQ = E/(Q + S) = 12 kV/[100 kΩ + (5.4 MΩ)] = 2.18 mA
For rv,
IP = E/(P + R) = 12 kV/[10 MΩ + (9.9 × 108 Ω)] = 12 µA
IQ = E/(Q + S) = 12 kV/[100 kΩ + (9.9 MΩ)] = 1.2 mA
—————————————————————————————
8-17 R(v&s) = 10 kV/4.3 µA = 2.32 × 109 Ω
R(v) = 10 kV/3.3 µA = 3.03 × 109 Ω
R(s) = 10 kV/(4.3 µA – 3.3 µA) = 10 × 109 Ω
—————————————————————————————
8-18 lx = P (2 l)/(P + Q)
= 4.5 Ω × (2 × 3 km)/(4.5 Ω + 10.5 Ω) = 1.8 km
—————————————————————————————
8-19 Rx + Ry = S1 Q/P = 5.95 Ω × 10.5 Ω/4.5 Ω = 13.9 Ω
Rx = Q (S1 – S2)/(P + Q)
= 10.5 Ω × (5.95 Ω – 2.38 Ω)/(4.5 + 10.5 Ω) = 2.5 Ω
lx = Rx (2 l)/(Rx + Ry) = 2.5 Ω × (2 × 5 km)/13.9 Ω = 1.8 km
—————————————————————————————
8-20 lx = P (2 l)/(P + Q)
= 23 Ω × (2 × 250 m)/(23 Ω + 62 Ω) = 135 m
—————————————————————————————
8-21 Rx + Ry = S1 Q/P = 6.2 Ω × 15 Ω/7.8 Ω = 11.9 Ω
Rx = Q (S1 – S2)/(P + Q)
= 15 Ω × (6.2 Ω – 4.7 Ω)/(7.8 + 15 Ω) = 0.99 Ω
lx = Rx (2 l)/(Rx + Ry)
= 0.99 Ω × (2 × 300 m)/11.9 Ω = 49.9 m
—————————————————————————————
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Chapter 9 Problems
—————————————————————————————
9-1.1 XS = 1/(2 π f C) = 1/(2 π × 1 kHz × 0.01 µF)
= 15.915 kΩ