EB(rms) = 1.11 (2 Vo(av)) = 1.

11 × 2 × 455 mV = 1 V
—————————————————————————————
5-18 VR3(av) = Im R3 = 500 µA × 450 Ω = 225 mV
E = VR3(rms) = 1.11 (2 VR3(av))
= 1.11 × 2 × 225 mV ≈ 500 mV
For E = 100 mV:
VR3(av) = E/(2 × 1.11) = 100 mV/2.22 = 45.05 mV
Iav = VR3(av)/R3 = 45.05 mV/450 Ω ≈ 100 µA
For E = 200 mV:
VR3(av) = E/(2 × 1.11) = 200 mV/2.22 = 90.1 mV
Iav = VR3(av)/R3 = 90.1 mV/450 Ω ≈ 200 µA
—————————————————————————————
5-19 For FSD; Vo(av) = Im (RS + Rm) = 300 µA × 1 kΩ
= 300 mV
Vo(rms) = 2 × 1.11 × Vo(av)) = 2 ×1.11 × 300 mV = 666 mV
E(rms) = VR3(rms) = Vo(rms) R3/(R2 + R3)
= 666 mV × 6.8 kΩ/(2.25 kΩ + 6.8 kΩ) = 500 mV
For 0.5 FSD;
Vo(av) = 0.5 Im (RS + Rm) = 0.5 × 300 µA × 1 kΩ = 150 mV
Vo(rms) = 2 × 1.11 × Vo(av)) = 2 ×1.11 × 150 mV = 333 mV
E(rms) = VR3(rms) = Vo(rms) R3/(R2 + R3)
= 333 mV × 6.8 kΩ/(2.25 kΩ + 6.8 kΩ) = 250 mV
—————————————————————————————
5-20 Iav = Im = 100 µA
Iav = 0.637 Ip/2
giving, Ip = 2 Iav/0.637 = 2 × 100 µA/0.637 = 314 µA
VR3(p) = Ep = E/0.707 = 500 mV/0.707 = 707 mV
R3 = VR3(p)/Ip = 707 mV/314 µA = 2.25 kΩ
Vo(p) = Ip (Rm + R3) = 314 µA (500 Ω + 2.25 kΩ) = 863 mV
—————————————————————————————
5-21 VR3 = VS = IS RS = 100 µA × 330 Ω = 33 mV
IR3 = Im = 1 mA
R3 = VR3/IR3 = 33 mV/1 mA = 33 Ω
Vo = Im (Rm + R3) = 1 mA (900 Ω + 33 Ω) = 933 mV
—————————————————————————————
Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3/e David A. Bell

Chapter 6 Problems
—————————————————————————————
6-1.1 Resolution = LSB = V(max)/2n = 10 V/24 = 625 mV
MSB = V(max)/2 = 10 V/2 = 5 V
= LSB × (2n –1) = 625 mV × 23 = 5 V
Full scale = 1111 = V(max) – LSB = 10 V – 625 mV = 9.375 V
—————————————————————————————
6-2.1 With Q1 off and Q2 on:
VR2R3 = VCE(sat) – VEE = 0.2 V – (–6 V) = 6.2 V
VC1(off) = VR2 = VR2R3 × R2/(R2 + R3)
= 6.2 V × 33 kΩ/(33 kΩ + 56 kΩ) = 2.3 V

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Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3/e David A. Bell

VR1R5 = VCC – VBE = 6 V – 0.7 V = 5.3 V

VC2(on) = VR5 = VR1R5 × R5/(R1 + R5)
= 5.3 V × 33 kΩ/(33 kΩ + 5.6 kΩ) = 4.53 V
—————————————————————————————
6-3.1 Total segments = N = (4 × 7) + 2 = 30
Total current, I = 30 × 5 µA = 150 µA
Total power dissipation,
P = I × 2 VP-to-P = 150 µA × 16 V = 2.4 mW
—————————————————————————————
6-4.1 To = T/N n = 512 ms/(10 × 12 × 16) ≈ 2.7 µs
fo = 1/To = 1/2.7 µs = 375 kHz
T1(10) = To(12) = To/10 = 512 ms/10 = 512 µs
T1(12) = To(16) = To(12)/12 = 512 ms/12 = 42.67 µs
—————————————————————————————
6-5.1 Maximum pulses counted,
P(max) = 2n – 1 = 212 – 1 = 4095
Tc = 1/fc = 1/15 kHz = 66.7 µs
t1 = P(max) × Tc = 4095 × 66.7 µs = 273 ms
Ramp rate-of-change = Vp/T = 5.5 V/300 ms = 18.3 V/s
Vi(max) = t1 × (ramp rate-of-change)
= 273 ms × 18.3 V/s = 5 V
Resolution = LSB = V(max)/2n = 5 V/212 = 1.22 mV
—————————————————————————————
6-6.1 Iref = Vref/R = 5 V/2 kΩ = 2.5 mA
Imin = I6 = Iref/2n = 2.5 mA/23 = 312.5 µA
Vo = –(I1 + I3) × RF = –(Iref/2 + Iref/4) × 2 kΩ = 3.75 V
—————————————————————————————
6-1 Resolution = LSB = V(max)/2n = 100 mV/28 = 391 µV
MSB = 2(n–1) × LSB = 2(8–1) × 391 µV = 50 mV
Vmax = 2 × MSB = 100 mV
11111110 = V(max) – (2 LSB)
= 100 mV – (2 × 0.391 mV) = 99.22 mV
—————————————————————————————
6-2 LSB = V(max)/2n = 1 V/26 = 15.6 mV
MSB = 2(n–1) × LSB = 2(6–1) × 15.6 mV = 500 mV
VFS = 111111 = V(max) – LSB = 1 V – 15.6 mV = 984.4 mV
Digital code Analog equivalent
000001 15.6 mV
100000 500 mV
111111 984.4 mV
—————————————————————————————
6-3 MSB = 2(n–1) × LSB = 2(16–1) × 1 µV = 32.77 mV
Vmax = 2 × MSB = 2 × 32.77 mV = 65.5536 mV
VFS = V(max) – LSB = 65.5536 mV – 1 µV = 65.5526 mV
—————————————————————————————
6-4 VFS = 4 V = V(max) – LSB
Vmax = 4 V = VFS + LSB
MSB = 0.5 V(max = 2(n–1) × LSB

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Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3/e David A. Bell

4 V = V(max) – LSB = (2 MSB) – LSB

= 2(2(n–1) × LSB) – LSB = LSB [(2(2(n–1) × 1) – 1]
LSB = 4 V/[(2 × 2(n–1)) – 1] = 4 V/[(2 × 29) – 1] = 3.91 mV
Vmax = VFS + LSB = 4.00391 V
MSB = 0.5 V(max = 2.00195 V
—————————————————————————————
6-5 VOH = VCC × RL/(R1 + RL)
= 9 V × 8.2 kΩ/(1.5 kΩ + 8.2 kΩ) = 7.6 V
VOL = VIL + VD = 0 + 0.2 V = 0.2 V
—————————————————————————————
6-6 IIH = ILH = VOH/RL = 3.5 V/6.8 kΩ = 515 µA
R1 = (VCC – VOH)/I1 = (5 V – 3.5 V)/515 µA ≈ 2.9 kΩ
I1L = (VCC – VD)/R1 = (5 V – 0.7 V)/2.9 kΩ = 1.48 mA
ID = I1L/4 = 1.48 mA/370 µA
—————————————————————————————
6-7 VOH = VIH – VD = 9 V – 0.2 V = 8.8 V
VOL = 0
—————————————————————————————
6-8 R1 = (VIH – VD)/(3 ID)
= (4 V – 0.2 V)/(3 × 1 mA) ≈ 1.2 kΩ
—————————————————————————————
6-9 For Q1 off:
VC(off) = VBE + VR1 = VBE + [(VCC – VBE) × R1/(R1 + RC2)]
= 0.7 V + [(9 V – 0.7 V) × 15 kΩ/(15 kΩ + 2.7 kΩ)]
≈ 7.7 V
VB(off) = VCE(sat) – VR1’
= VCE(sat) – [(VCE(sat) – VEE) × R1’/(R1’ + RC2’)]
= {0.2 V – [(0.2 V – (–9 V)] × 15 kΩ/(15 kΩ + 27 kΩ)]
≈ –3.1 V
—————————————————————————————
6-10 For Q1 off:
VC(off) = VBE + VR1 = VBE + [(VCC – VBE) × R1/(R1 + RC2)]
= 0.7 V + [(9 V – 0.7 V) × 27 kΩ/(27 kΩ + 4.7 kΩ)]
≈ 7.8 V
VB(off) = VCE(sat) – VR1’
= VCE(sat) – [(VCE(sat) – VEE) × R1’/(R1’ + R2’)]
= {0.2 V – [(0.2 V – (–9 V)] × 27 kΩ/(27 kΩ + 40 kΩ)]
≈ –3.5 V
VB(on) = VBE = 0.7 V VC(on) = VCE(sat) = 0.2 V
—————————————————————————————
6-11 Total segments = N = (4 × 7) + 2 = 30
I per segment = 450 mA/30 = 15 mA
Total current = N × (I per segment) = 30 × 350 µA = 10.5 mA
—————————————————————————————
6-12 Total segments = N = (3 × 7) + 2 = 23
Total current, I = 23 × 10 µA = 230 µA
Total power dissipation,
P = I × 2 VP-to-P = 230 µA × 10 V = 2.3 mW

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Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3/e David A. Bell

—————————————————————————————
6-13 To = 1/fo = 1/(2 MHz) = 500 ns
T16 = To × N n = 500 ns × 16 = 8 µs
T10(1) = T16 × N n = 8 µs × 10 = 80 µs
T10(2) = T10(1) × N n = 80 µs × 10 = 800 µs
—————————————————————————————
6-14 For vr = 2 V, tr = 1.333 ms
For vi = 1.2 V,
t1 = tr vi/vr = 1.333 ms × 1.2 V/2 V = 799.8 µs
For the clock: T = 1/f = 1/(1.5 MHz) = 667 ns
Pulses counted, N = t1/T = 799.8 µs/667 ns ≈ 1199

—————————————————————————————
6-15 T = 1/f = 1/(2 MHz) = 500 ns
t1 = 1000 T = 1000 × 500 ns = 500 µs
Select t1 = 1.1 × t1 = 1.1 × 500 µs = 550 µs
vr = tr vi/t1 = 550 µs × 1 V/500 µs = 1.1 V
—————————————————————————————
6-16 Pulses counted, 2n – 1 = 25 – 1 = 31
Ramp amplitude at t1 end = Vin = 5 V
t1 = time for 31 pulses = 31 × (1/fc)
= 31 × (1/200 kHz) = 155 µs
t2 ≈ 20% of t1, so t1 + t2 = 1.2 × t1 = 1.2 × 155 µs = 186 µs
Ramp amplitude at t2 end = 1.2 × 5 V = 6 V
—————————————————————————————
6-17 Total input pulses = 2(n–1) = 2(8–1) = 255
Clock T = 1/fc = 1/(1 MHz) = 1 µs
t1(max) = (n – 1) × T = 255 × 1 µs = 255 µs
t2 ≈ 0.2 t1 = 51 µs
Zero time of control wave, t3 ≈ 0.1 t2 ≈ 5 µs
Control PW = t1 + t2 – t3 ≈ 300 µs
—————————————————————————————
6-18 Vo = (Vref × Rref/R)(d1/21 + d2/22 + d3/23)
For 011:
Vo = (5 V × 5 kΩ/5 kΩ)( 0/21 + 1/22 + 1/23) = 1.875 V
For 110:
Vo = (5 V × 5 kΩ/5 kΩ)( 0/21 + 1/22 + 0) = 3.75 V
—————————————————————————————
6-19 For d3, Vo = 10 V × (1/23) = 1.25 V
For d2, Vo = 10 V × (1/22) = 2.5 V
For d1, Vo = 10 V × (1/21) = 5 V
For Vo = 7.5 V = 10 V × (1/21 + 1/22 + 0/23)
and input = 110
For Vo = 1.25 V = 10 V × (0/21 + 0/22 + 1/23)
and input = 001
—————————————————————————————
6-20
Vo = (Vref × Rref/R)(d1/21 + d2/22 + d3/23 + d4/24 + d5/25 + d6/26)

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Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3/e David A. Bell

Iref = Vref/R = 8 V/4 kΩ = 2 mA

Imin = Iref/2n = 2 mA/26 = 31.25 µA
For MSB, Vo = (Vref × Rref/R)(1/21) = 8 V × 1/2 = 4 V
—————————————————————————————
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Chapter 7 Problems
—————————————————————————————
7-1.1 N = 1999
Clock T = 1/f = 1/1 MHz = 1 µs
t1 = N × T = 1999 × 1 µs = 1.999 ms
Select t2 ≈ 0.25 t1 = 0.25 × 1.999 ms = 0.5 ms
t1 + t2 = 1.999 ms + 0.5 ms ≈ 2.5 ms
f = 1/(t1 + t2) = 1/2.5 ms = 400 Hz
—————————————————————————————
7-2.1 Digital instrument error = ±[(0.7% of 10 V) + 0.01 V]
= ±0.08 V
Measured quantity = 10 V ± 0.08 V = 9.92 V to 10.08 V
So, analog instrument error = ±0.08 V
FSD error = (±0.08 V/20 V) × 100% = ± 0.4%
—————————————————————————————
7-3.1 (a) Using 6 decade counters:
Time base frequency, f1 = 1 MHz/106 = 1 Hz
t1 = 1/1 Hz = 1 s
Cycles counted, n1 = f(in)1 × t1 = 5 kHz × 1 s = 5000
Measured frequency, f = 5.000 kHz
(b) Using 5 decade counters:
Time base frequency, f2 = 1 MHz/105 = 10 Hz
t1 = 1/10 Hz = 100 ms
Cycles counted, n2 = f(in)2 × t1 = 2.9 kHz × 100 ms = 290
Measured frequency, f = 2.9 kHz
—————————————————————————————
7-4.1 T1 = 1/500 Hz = 2 ms
Clock time period, Tc = T1/6600 = 0.303 µs
T2 = 1/330 Hz = 3.03 ms
Clock pulses counted during T2 = 3.03 ms/0.303 µs = 10000
—————————————————————————————
7-1 t1 = 1.999 ms – 5% = 1.899 ms
N = t1 × f = 1.899 ms × 1 MHz = 1.899 V
—————————————————————————————
7-2 Tc = 1/200 kHz = 5 µs
Select N1 = 999 (during t1)
t1 = 5 µs × 999 = 4.995 ms
Select t2 ≈ 25% of t1 ≈ 1.25 ms
—————————————————————————————
7-3 TR = 1/333 Hz = 3 ms
For 250 pulses counted, select Tc = 10 µs
Giving, t1 = 2500 µs and, t2 = 500 µs