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 10

Synchronous Generator Advanced Control

Strategies Simulation
Damir Sumina, Neven Bulić, Marija Mirošević and Mato Mišković
University of Zagreb/Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing,
University of Rijeka, Faculty of Engineering,
University of Dubrovnik/Department of Electrical Engineering and Computing
Croatia

1. Introduction
During the last two decades, a number of research studies on the design of the excitation
controller of synchronous generator have been successfully carried out in order to improve
the damping characteristics of a power system over a wide range of operating points and to
enhance the dynamic stability of power systems (Kundur, 1994; Noroozi et.al., 2008;
Shahgholian, 2010). When load is changing, the operation point of a power system is varied;
especially when there is a large disturbance, such as a three-phase short circuit fault
condition, there are considerable changes in the operating conditions of the power system.
Therefore, it is impossible to obtain optimal operating conditions through a fixed excitation
controller. In (Ghandra et.al., 2008; Hsu & Liu, 1987), self-tuning controllers are introduced
for improving the damping characteristics of a power system over a wide range of operating
conditions. Fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) constitute knowledge-based systems that include
fuzzy rules and fuzzy membership functions to incorporate human knowledge into their
knowledge base. Applications in the excitation controller design using the fuzzy set theory
have been proposed in (Karnavas & Papadopoulos, 2002; Hiyama et. al., 2006; Hassan et. al.,
2001). Most knowledge-based systems rely upon algorithms that are inappropriate to
implement and require extensive computational time. Artificial neural networks (ANNs)
and their combination with fuzzy logic for excitation control have also been proposed,
(Karnavas & Pantos, 2008; Salem et. al., 2000a, Salem et. al., 2000b). A simple structure with
only one neuron for voltage control is studied in (Malik et. al., 2002; Salem et. al., 2003). The
synergetic control theory (Jiang, 2009) and other nonlinear control techniques, (Akbari &
Amooshahi, 2009; Cao et.al., 2004), are also used in the excitation control.
One of the disadvantages of artificial intelligence methods and nonlinear control techniques
is the complexity of algorithms required for implementation in a digital control system. For
testing of these methods is much more convenient and easier to use software package
Matlab Simulink. So, this chapter presents and compares two methods for the excitation
control of a synchronous generator which are simulated in Matlab Simulink and compared
with conventional control structure. The first method is based on the neural network (NN)
which uses the back-propagation (BP) algorithm to update weights on-line. In addition to

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180 MATLAB – A Ubiquitous Tool for the Practical Engineer

the function of voltage control the proposed NN has the function of stabilizing generator
oscillations. The second method proposes a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for voltage control
and the stabilization of generator oscillations. The proposed control algorithms with neural
networks and a fuzzy controller are tested on a simulation model of synchronous generator
weakly connected through transmissions lines to an AC network. The simulations are
carried out by step changes in voltage reference.

2. Simulation models
Simulation models of synchronous generator and different control structures are made in
Matlab Simulink. The generator is connected over transformer and transmission lines to the
AC network (Fig. 1).

AC
network
Xe
U

SG

Synchronous generator Transmission

Transformer
lines
Fig. 1. Synchronous generator connected to AC network

2.1 Simulation model of a synchronous generator

Mathematical model of synchronous generator is represented in dq axis form. Based on that
it is necessary to perform transformation from abc coordinate system to dq coordinate
system. Assumption is that voltages are symmetrical in all phases and there is only one
harmonic of magnetic flux in air gap. Equations are represented in per-unit system and time
is absolute.
The synchronous generator under consideration is assumed to have three armature
windings, one field winding, and damper windings. One damper winding is located along
the direct axis (D) and another is located along the quadrature axis (Q). Accordingly, the

equations of the generator in the rotating dq coordinate system, where u, i, r, x and Ψ denote
basis for the mathematical model of the synchronous generator is a system of voltage

voltage, current, resistance, reactance and flux, respectively (Kundur, 1994):

1 dΨ d
−ud = r ⋅ id + ⋅ + ω ⋅ Ψq
ωs
(1)
dt

1 dΨ q
−uq = r ⋅ iq + ⋅ − ω ⋅ Ψd
ωs
(2)
dt

1 dΨ f
u f = rf ⋅ i f + ⋅
ωs dt
(3)

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Synchronous Generator Advanced Control Strategies Simulation 181

1 dΨ D
0 = rD ⋅ iD + ⋅
ωs dt
(4)

1 dΨ Q
0 = rQ ⋅ iQ + ⋅
ωs dt
(5)

The equations defining the relations between fluxes and currents are:

Ψ d = xd ⋅ id + x ad ⋅ i f + xdD ⋅ iD (6)

Ψ q = xq ⋅ iq + xqQ ⋅ iQ (7)

Ψ f = x ad ⋅ id + x f ⋅ i f + x fD ⋅ iD (8)

Ψ D = xdD ⋅ id + x fD ⋅ i f + xD ⋅ iD (9)

Ψ Q = xqQ ⋅ iq + xQ ⋅ iQ (10)

The motion equations are defined as follows:

dδ
= ( ω − 1 ) ⋅ ωs (11)
dt

dω
⋅ (Tm − Te )
1
= (12)
dt 2 H

where δ is angular position of the rotor, ω is angular velocity of the rotor, ωs is synchronous
speed, H is inertia constant, Tm is mechanical torque, and Te is electromagnetic torque.
The electromagnetic torque of the generator Te is determined by equation:

Te = Ψ q ⋅ id − Ψ d ⋅ iq (13)

Connection between the synchronous generator and AC network is determined by the

following equations:

ud = id ⋅ re + ⋅ + ω ⋅ x e ⋅ iq + usd
ωs dt
x e did
(14)

uq = iq ⋅ re + ⋅ − ω ⋅ x e ⋅ id + usq
x e diq
ωs dt
(15)

usd = U m ⋅ ( − sin δ ) (16)

usq = U m ⋅ cos δ (17)

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182 MATLAB – A Ubiquitous Tool for the Practical Engineer

transformer and transmission line resistance, xe is transformer and transmission line

reactance, and Um is AC network voltage. Synchronous generator nominal data and
simulation model parameters are given in Table 1.

Terminal voltage 400 V

Phase current 120 A
Power 83 kVA
Frequency 50 Hz
Speed 600 r/min
Power factor 0,8
Excitation voltage 100 V
Excitation current 11.8 A
d-axis synchronous reactance Xd 0.8 p.u.
q-axis synchronous reactance Xq 0.51 p.u.
Inertia constant H 1.3
d-axis transient open-circuit time 0.55 s
constant Tdo′
d-axis transient reactance Xd’ 0.35 p.u.
d-axis subtransient reactance Xd'' 0.15 p.u.
q-axis subtransient reactance Xq'' 0.15 p.u.
Short-circuit time constant Td'' 0.054 s
Short-circuit time constant Tq'' 0.054 s
Transformer and transmission 0.05 p.u.
line resistance re
Transformer and transmission 0.35 p.u.
line reactance xe

Table 1. Synchronous generator nominal data and simulation model parameters

2.2 Conventional control structure

Conventional control structure (CCS) for the voltage control of a synchronous generator is
shown in Fig. 3. The structure contains a proportional excitation current controller and,
subordinate to it, a voltage controller. Simulation model of conventional control structure is
shown in Fig. 4.

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Synchronous Generator Advanced Control Strategies Simulation 183

w 1 Ud psid
w
Uq 0.05 re
1 Tm Tel psiq
Tm re
Umd psi
delta 0.35 xe
7
Delta xe
w,Tel,delta Umq
0.8 Xd 0.35 Xd1
2 Uf Ud,Uq Xd Xd 1
Uf Goto Umd,Umq
0.51 Xq 0.15 Xd2
3 Um Xq Xd2
Um Goto1
0.35 Xd1 Xq2
Id Idk
Xd1
I 5
I Iq Iqk 0.054 Td2
0.04 Xl Td2
P 3 Xl
P ID Idv Tq2
Q 4 0.04 R
Q IQ Iqv R
100*pi ws
U 6 Ikd,Ikq,Idv,Iqv 1.3 H
Id,Iq,ID,IQ ws
U
H
If 2
If [psid]
Tf
S From7 Xfd=f(psid)
Parameters K,L,M,N,I,P Yd11,Yd12,Yd13 Yq11,Yq12
I,P,Q,S,U,If Yd21,Yd22,Yd23 Yq21,Yq22,
Yd31,Yd32,Yd33 Ad,Bd,Cd,Aq,Bq 0.55
Td01

Fig. 2. Simulation model of synchronous generator

3x400 V

Voltage Excitation current

co n tro lle r co n tro lle r
U re f Ifre f D

If
U

Co n tro l loop
G
~

ua b
Clarke ucb

A B C

Fig. 3. Conventional control structure

w
Mechanical torque
[Tm] Tm
Uref If

U
P
Compensation Ifref Ifref
[U] Ug 10 Kp Exitation current
[Q] Q U [If] If D D Uf Uf Q
0.05 K 10 Ki
Kp Chopper
10
PI voltage I
controller
P type excitation
controller
U
1 Um
AC network
voltage Delta

Synchronous
generator

Fig. 4. Simulation model of conventional control structure

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184 MATLAB – A Ubiquitous Tool for the Practical Engineer

For supplying the generator excitation current, an AC/DC converter is simulated. The
AC/DC converter includes a three-phase bridge rectifier, a DC link with a detection of DC
voltage, a braking resistor, and a DC chopper (Fig. 5).

DC link overvoltage
R V1 V4 [UDC] -1
3 x 400 V

protection
C UDC sw1

1
V5 V3 V2 G Uf
~ U=f(D)

1
<
D 0.30 AND
1
[If]
0.01s+1 >
0.05
PWM If

(a) (b)

Fig. 5. AC/DC converter for supplying generator excitation current (a) and simulation
model (b)

2.3 Neural network based control

The structure of the proposed NN is shown in Fig. 6. The NN has three inputs, six neurons
in the hidden layer and one neuron in the output layer. The inputs in this NN are the
voltage reference Uref, the terminal voltage U and the previous output from the NN y(t-1).
Bringing the previous output to the NN input is a characteristic of dynamic neural
networks. The function tansig is used as an activation function for the neurons in the hidden
layer and for the neuron in the output layer.
The graphical representation of the tansig function and its derivation is shown in Fig. 7. The
numerical representation of the tansig function and its derivation are given as follows
(Haykin, 1994):
1. layer
Inputs v11 y11 , x 21
+
w111
Ug w121 v12 y12 , x 22 w211 2. layer
w131 +
x11 w212
w112 v13 y13
+ w213
U ref v21 y = y 21
w214 +
x12 v14 y14
w162 + w215
y(t-1) w143 v15 y15
+ w216
x13 w163
v16 y16
+

b1
b2

Fig. 6. Structure of the proposed neural network

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Synchronous Generator Advanced Control Strategies Simulation 185

1
1

0.5
Output 0.8

Output
0 0.6

0.4
−0.5

0.2
−1
0
−4 −2 0 2 4 −4 −2 0 2 4
Input Input

Fig. 7. Tansig activation function and its derivation

ψ (v ) = −1
1
1 + e − cv
(18)

ψ ′(v ) = c = c ⋅ (1 − ψ 2 )
4 e −2 cv
(1 + e −2 cv )2
(19)

The NN uses a simple procedure to update weights on-line and there is no need for any off-
line training. Also, there is no need for an identifier and/or a reference model. The NN is
trained directly in an on-line mode from the inputs and outputs of the generator and there is
no need to determine the states of the system. The NN uses a sampled value of the machine
quantities to compute the error using a modified error function. This error is back-
propagated through the NN to update its weights using the algorithm shown in Fig. 8.
When the weights are adjusted, the output of the neural network is calculated.
W1,Θ1 y1

∑ φ(*)
Two layer feedforward
Neural network
∑ φ(*)
X1

v2 W2,Θ 2
∑ φ(*) y2 o1
X2
∑ φ(*)

∑ φ(*)
Xp

∑ φ(*)

∑ φ(*)

φ´(*) φ´(*)

X ∑
v
e1

X ∑

X ∑

Back
propagation
X ∑

X ∑

X ∑

δ(1) δ(2)

Fig. 8. Back-propagation algorithm

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186 MATLAB – A Ubiquitous Tool for the Practical Engineer

Training of the NN with the BP algorithm is described in (Haykin, 1994). Inputs and outputs
of one neuron in the NN can be determined as follows:

y ki = ψ ⎜ ∑ wkij ⋅ x kj + b1 ⎟
⎛ ⎞
⎝ k ⎠
(20)

The BP algorithm is an iterative gradient algorithm designed to minimize the mean square
error between the actual output and the NN desired output. This is a recursive algorithm
starting at the output neuron and working back to the hidden layer adjusting the weights
according to the following equations:

wkij (t + 1) = wkij (t ) + Δwkij (t ) (21)

Δw ji (n) = η ⋅ δ j (n) ⋅ y i (n) (22)

δ j (n) = e j (n) ⋅ φ j′( v j (n)) (23)

The error function commonly used in the BP algorithm can be expressed as:

ℑ= ( tki − y ki )
1 2
(24)
2
If the neuron is in the output layer, the error function is:

∂ℑ
= t ki − y ki
∂y ki
(25)

If the neuron is in the hidden layer, the error function is recursively calculated as (Haykin,
1994):

= ∑
∂ℑ n( k +1) ∂ℑ
⋅ψ k′+1,p ⋅ wk +1,1,i
∂y ki p =1 ∂y k + 1, p
(26)

If the NN is used for the excitation control of a synchronous generator, it is required that we
not only change the weights based only on the error between the output and the desired
output but also based on the change of the error as follows:

∂ℑ
= ( t ki − y ki ) − ki
dy
∂y ki
(27)
dt

In this way, the modified error function speeds up the BP algorithm and gives faster
convergence. Further, the algorithm becomes appropriate for the on-line learning
implementation. The error function for the NN used for voltage control is expressed as:

∂ℑ
= K (U ref − U ) − k1
dU
∂y ki
(28)
dt

In order to perform the power system stabilization, the active power deviation ΔP and the
derivation of active power dP/dt are to be imported in the modified error function. The

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Synchronous Generator Advanced Control Strategies Simulation 187

complete modified error function for the excitation control of a synchronous generator is
given as follows:

∂ℑ ⎡ dU ⎤ ⎡ dP ⎤
= K (U ref − U ) − k1 − k3 ( ΔP ) + k2
∂y ki ⎢⎣ dt ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ dt ⎥⎦
(29)

The modified error function is divided into two parts. The first part is used for voltage
control and the second part for power system stabilization. Parameters K, k1, k2 and k3 are
given in Table 2. Simulation model of NN control structure is shown in Fig. 9.

K 2.5
k1 0.3
k2 0.6
k3 0.25
Table 2. Parameters of neural network

Mechanical torque w

[Tm] Tm
If
Uref

P
U Ifref Ifref
Compensation
[U]
Ug
[Q] Q U P [If] If D D Uf Uf Q
K
0.05
Neural network Chopper
10 Kp
voltage I
[P] controller
P type excitation
controller
U
1 Um
AC network
voltage Delta

Synchronous
generator

Fig. 9. Simulation model of neural network control structure

Neural network based controller is realized as S-function in Matlab and is called in every
simulation step.

2.4 Fuzzy logic controller

The detailed structure of the proposed fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is shown in Fig. 10. The
FLC has two control loops. The first one is the voltage control loop with the function of

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188 MATLAB – A Ubiquitous Tool for the Practical Engineer

voltage control and the second one is the damping control loop with the function of a power
system stabilizer. A fuzzy polar control scheme is applied to these two control loops.

U
- F uzzy logic Um a x v + 2 p.u. I
U re f + e(k) u(k) fre f
control
e d(k) 2 p.u.
+ rules 0 p.u. + 0 p.u.
D K iv I
usta b (k) 0 p.u.
a -P
+Umaxs R
F uzzy logic
control rules ∆ω
-Umaxs R I R-res et filter

Fig. 10. Structure of the fuzzy logic stabilizing controller

The PD information of the voltage error signal e (k) is utilized to get the voltage state and to
determine the reference Ifref for the proportional excitation current controller. To eliminate
the voltage error, an integral part of the controller with parameter Kiv must be added to the
output of the controller. The damping control signal ustab is derived from the generator
active power P. The signal a is a measure of generator acceleration and the signal Δω is a
measure of generator speed deviation. The signals a and Δω are derived from the generator
active power through filters and the integrator. The damping control signal ustab is added to
the input of the voltage control loop.
The fuzzy logic control scheme is applied to the voltage and stabilization control loop
(Hiyama et. al., 1996). The generator operating point in the phase plane is given by p(k) for
the corresponding control loop (Fig. 11a):

p(k) = (X(k), As·Y(k)) (30)

where X(k) is e(k) and Y(k) is ed(k) for the voltage control loop, and X(k) is Δω(k) and Y(k) is
a(k) for the stabilization control loop. Parameter As is the adjustable scaling factor for Y(k).
Polar information, representing the generator operating point, is determined by the radius
D(k) and the phase angle Θ(k):

D(k ) = X (k )2 + (As ⋅ Y (k ))2 (31)

As ⋅ Y (k )
Θ(k ) = arctg( ) (32)
X (k )

The phase plane is divided into sectors A and B defined by using two angle membership
functions N(Θ(k)) and P(Θ(k)) (Fig. 11b).
The principles of the fuzzy control scheme and the selection of the membership functions
are described in (Hiyama et. al., 1996). By using the membership functions N(Θ(k)) and
P(Θ(k)) the output control signals u(k) and ustab(k) for each control loop are given as follows:

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Synchronous Generator Advanced Control Strategies Simulation 189

α
N (Θ ) P (Θ )

(a) (b)
Fig. 11. Phase plane (a) and angle membership functions (b)

N (Θ(k )) − P(Θ(k ))
u(k ) = ⋅ G(k ) ⋅ U max v
N (Θ(k )) + P(Θ(k ))
(33)

N (Θ(k )) − P(Θ(k ))
ustab (k ) = ⋅ G(k ) ⋅ U max s
N (Θ(k )) + P(Θ(k ))
(34)

The radius membership function G (k) is given by:

G(k) = D(k) / Dr for D(k) ≤ Dr

G(k) = 1 for D(k) > Dr(35)

Simulation models of the voltage control loop, stabilization control loop and fuzzy logic

and α for the voltage control loop and the damping control loop are given in Tables 3 and 4.
control structure are presented on the Figs. 12, 13, and 14, respectively. Parameters As, Dr

As 0.1
Dr 1
Kiv 10

α
Umaxv 2 p.u.
90°
Table 3. FLC parameters for voltage control loop

As 0.01
Dr 0.01
Umaxs 0.1 p.u.
α 90°
Table 4. FLC parameters for damping control loop

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190 MATLAB – A Ubiquitous Tool for the Practical Engineer

e [theta] N_theta
1 s
Uref ed N(theta)
s+1
2
[theta] P_theta
U
P(theta)
2
[e] u [Dv] Gv

G(D)
sqrt Dv
[ed]
2
u [ed] ed
3
Asv [e] e theta theta

[theta1] theta1

Quadrant
[ed] atan 180/pi theta1 calculation

[e]

1 [Gv]

2
1 1
2
[P_theta] 4 s Ifref
Kiv

Fig. 12. Simulation model of voltage control loop

[thetas] N_thetas 2
[dw] u
N(theta)1
sqrt Ds
[thetas] P_thetas [a]
2
u
P(theta)1 3
Ass
[Ds] Gs

G(D)1

1 a [a] atan 180/pi theta1s

a
Goto7 [dw]

2 dw
dw
Goto8
1 [Gs]
[a] a
2 1
Ustab
[dw] dw thetas thetas 0.1
[P_thetas]
[theta1s] theta1s

Quadrant
calculation

Fig. 13. Simulation model of stabilization control loop

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Synchronous Generator Advanced Control Strategies Simulation 191

Mechanical torque w

[Tm] Tm
Uref If

U
[P] P P
Ifref Ifref
0.1 Asv
Compensation
[U] 0.01 Ass
Ug
[If] If D D Uf Uf Q
[Q] Q U 10 Ki
K Fuzzy voltage
0.05 Chopper
controller 10 Kp
I
P type excitation
controller
U
1 Um
AC network
voltage Delta

Synchronous
generator

Fig. 14. Simulation model of fuzzy logic control structure

3. Simulation results
In order to verify the performance of the proposed control structures several simulations
were carried out. In these experiments, voltage reference is changed in 0.1 s from 1 p.u. to
0.9 p.u. or 1.1 p.u. and in 1 s back to 1 p.u. at a constant generator active power.
For the quality analysis of the active power oscillations two numerical criteria are used: the
integral of absolute error (IAE) and the integral of absolute error derivative (IAED). If the
response is better, the amount of criteria is smaller.
Fig. 15 presents active power responses for step changes in voltage reference from 1 p.u. to
0.9 p.u. and back to 1 p.u. at an active power of 0.5 p.u. The numerical criteria of the
responses in Fig. 15 are given in Table 5.

Fig. 15. Active power responses for step changes in voltage reference 1 p.u.-0.9 p.u.-1 p.u. at
an active power of 0.5 p.u.

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192 MATLAB – A Ubiquitous Tool for the Practical Engineer

IAE IAED
CCS 0.389 0.279
FLC 0.255 0.097
NN 0.235 0.090

Table 5. Numerical criteria for step changes in voltage reference 1 p.u.-0.9 p.u.-1 p.u. at an
active power of 0.5 p.u.
Fig. 16 shows active power responses for step changes in voltage reference from 1 p.u. to 1.1
p.u. and back to 1 p.u. at an active power of 0.5 p.u. The numerical criteria of the responses
in Fig. 16 are given in Table 6.

Fig. 16. Active power responses for step changes in voltage reference 1 p.u.-1.1 p.u.-1 p.u. at
an active power of 0.5 p.u.

IAE IAED
CCS 0.264 0.196
FLC 0.202 0.092
NN 0.192 0.091

Table 6. Numerical criteria for step changes in voltage reference 1 p.u.-1.1 p.u.-1 p.u. at an
active power of 0.5 p.u.

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Synchronous Generator Advanced Control Strategies Simulation 193

Fig. 17 presents active power responses for step changes in voltage reference from 1 p.u. to
0.9 p.u. and back to 1 p.u. at an active power of 0.8 p.u. The numerical criteria of the
responses in Fig. 17 are given in Table 7.

Fig. 17. Active power responses for step changes in voltage reference 1 p.u.-0.9 p.u.-1 p.u. at
an active power of 0.8 p.u.

IAE IAED
CCS 0.52 0.373
FLC 0.248 0.114
NN 0.219 0.106

Table 7. Numerical criteria for step changes in voltage reference 1 p.u.-0.9 p.u.-1 p.u. at an
active power of 0.8 p.u.
Fig. 18 shows active power responses for step changes in voltage reference from 1 p.u. to 1.1
p.u. and back to 1 p.u. at an active power of 0.8 p.u. The numerical criteria of the responses
in Fig. 18 are given in Table 8.

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194 MATLAB – A Ubiquitous Tool for the Practical Engineer

Fig. 18. Active power responses for step changes in voltage reference 1 p.u.-1.1 p.u.-1 p.u. at
an active power of 0.8 p.u.

IAE IAED
CCS 0.312 0.234
FLC 0.130 0.097
NN 0.119 0.090
Table 8. Numerical criteria for step changes in voltage reference 1 p.u.-1.1 p.u.-1 p.u. at an
active power of 0.8 p.u.
Based on the numerical criteria it can be concluded that the neural network-based controller
with stabilization effect in the criteria function has two to three percent better damping of
oscillations than the fuzzy logic controller.

4. Conclusion
Three different structures for the excitation control of a synchronous generator were
simulated in Matlab Simulink: the first structure is a conventional control structure which
includes a PI voltage controller, while the second structure includes a fuzzy logic controller,
and the third structure includes a neural network-based voltage controller. Performances of
the proposed algorithms were tested for step changes in voltage reference in the excitation
system of a synchronous generator, which was connected to an AC network through a
transformer and a transmission line.
For the performance analysis of the proposed control structures two numerical criteria were
used: the integral of absolute error and the integral of absolute error derivative. In the
comparison with the PI voltage controller neural network-based controller and the fuzzy
logic controller show a significant damping of oscillations. It is important to emphasize that

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Synchronous Generator Advanced Control Strategies Simulation 195

the stabilizer was not used in the conventional control structure, which would definitely
reduce the difference between the conventional and the proposed control structures.
The simulation results show justification for the use of the advanced control structure based
on neural networks and fuzzy logic in the excitation control system of a synchronous
generator. Also, using the software package Matlab Simulink allows users to easily test the
proposed algorithms.

5. References
Akbari, S., & Karim Amooshahi, M. (2009). Power System Stabilizer Design Using
Evolutionary Algorithms, International Review of Electrical Engineering, 4, 5, (October
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 MATLAB - A Ubiquitous Tool for the Practical Engineer
Edited by Prof. Clara Ionescu

ISBN 978-953-307-907-3
Hard cover, 564 pages
Publisher InTech
Published online 13, October, 2011
Published in print edition October, 2011

A well-known statement says that the PID controller is the “bread and butterâ€​ of the control engineer. This
is indeed true, from a scientific standpoint. However, nowadays, in the era of computer science, when the
paper and pencil have been replaced by the keyboard and the display of computers, one may equally say that
MATLAB is the “breadâ€​ in the above statement. MATLAB has became a de facto tool for the modern
system engineer. This book is written for both engineering students, as well as for practicing engineers. The
wide range of applications in which MATLAB is the working framework, shows that it is a powerful,
comprehensive and easy-to-use environment for performing technical computations. The book includes
various excellent applications in which MATLAB is employed: from pure algebraic computations to data
acquisition in real-life experiments, from control strategies to image processing algorithms, from graphical user
interface design for educational purposes to Simulink embedded systems.

How to reference
In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following:

Damir Sumina, Neven Bulić, Marija Mirošević and Mato Mišković (2011). Synchronous Generator Advanced
Control Strategies Simulation, MATLAB - A Ubiquitous Tool for the Practical Engineer, Prof. Clara Ionescu
(Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-907-3, InTech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/matlab-a-
ubiquitous-tool-for-the-practical-engineer/synchronous-generator-advanced-control-strategies-simulation

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