NIC-XIII school, 2014

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Stellar Structure
& Evolution
Raphael Hirschi
 Plan

PoS(NIC XIII)186
- L1: Basics of stellar structure and evolution

- L2: Physical ingredients

- L3: Massive stars

- L4: Low- and intermediate-mass stars

 Acknowledgements & Bibliography

- Slides in white background (with blue title) were taken from Achim Weiss' lecture
slides, which you can find here: http://www.mpa-garching.mpg.de/~weiss/lectures.html

PoS(NIC XIII)186
- Some graphs were taken from Onno Pols' lecture notes on stellar evolution, which
you can find here:

http://www.astro.ru.nl/~onnop/education/stev_utrecht_notes/

- Some slides (colourful ones) and content was taken from George Meynet's summer
school slides.
 Acknowledgements & Bibliography

Recommended further reading:

PoS(NIC XIII)186
- R. Kippenhahn & A. Weigert, Stellar Structure and Evolution, 1990,
Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-50211-4
- A. Maeder, Physics, Formation and Evolution of Rotating Stars, 2009,
Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-76948-4
- D. Prialnik, An Introduction to the Theory of Stellar Structure and
Evolution, 2000, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-65937-X
- C.J. Hansen, S.D. Kawaler & V. Trimble, Stellar Interiors, 2004, Springer-
Verlag, ISBN 0-387-20089-4
- M. Salaris & S. Cassisi, Evolution of Stars and Stellar Populations, 2005,
John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-470-09220-3
 L1: Basics of Stellar Structure and Evolution

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- Importance and observational constraints

- Physics governing the structure and evolution of

stars

- Equations of stellar structure

- Modelling stars and their evolution

 Importance as Stellar Objects
Luminous Blue Variables
Wolf-Rayet
Red SuperGiant

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©HST

©HST

OB stars
©B. Freytag

©ESO
©B. Mendez
 Importance as Progenitors
©NASA

Supernovae

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NASA
White
GRBs
Dwarfs
©HST

Black
Neutron Holes
Stars
©STSCi ©UCLA
 Importance for Nucleosynthesis

Proton number
©FZK.DE

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Weak s process

Fusion → iron

Neutron number
 Stars Role in Universe
© NASA - WMAP science team

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BIG
BANG
NOW

- Re-ionisation
- Kinetic feedback
- Chemical feedback observed in EMP stars
 First Stellar Generations: Importance
© NASA - WMAP science team

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BIG
BANG
NOW

- Observable?
- GRB090423 @ z=8.3
Universe age ~ 600 Myr (Tanvir et al 09: arXiv:0906.1577)
 Observational Data

- Photometry → brightness and colour

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- Spectroscopy→ Teff, g, Xi (composition), mass loss

- Astrometry → distance

- Eclipsing binaries → mass ratios, orbital info

- Occultations & interferometry → angular diameter, R

- Seismology → interior structure: c s, ρ, ...

Observational Data: HRD
Hertzsrpung-Russell (HR) Diagram:

PoS(NIC XIII)186 ©B. Mendez

 13
Stellar Luminosity
How can two stars have the same temperature, but vastly different
luminosities?

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• The luminosity of a star depends on 2 things:
• surface temperature
• surface area (radius)
• L = σ T4 4 π R2 (σ=5.67e-8 Wm-2T-4)
• The stars have different sizes!!

The largest stars are in the upper right corner of the
H-R Diagram.

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley

 14
Stellar Luminosity Classes

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Radius of largest stars is larger than 1 AU!

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley

The Most Voluminous Stars

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~43 Ro
~1.7 Mo

~2000Ro
~30 Mo
The Most Voluminous Stars

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2 4
L= 4 πR σT eff
~43 Ro
~1.7 Mo

~2000Ro
~30 Mo
Stellar Evolution in 1 Slide
© Chandra (NASA)

PoS(NIC XIII)186
KEY PARAMETER: MASS
 Stellar Evolution Theory

Goal of stellar evolution theory:

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“To understand the structure and evolution of stars, and their
observational properties, using known laws of physics”

Basic assumptions:

- Stars are self-gravitating hot plasma

- Stars emit energy in the form of photons from the surface

(+ neutrinos in advanced phases)

- Stars are (approximately) spherically symmetric

→ Can be reduced to a 1D problem, with radius as the natural

coordinate (Euler description)
 Radius and Mass

- Euler description: radius as indep. variable

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but more convenient to use mass, mr, as

independent variable (Lagrangian descr.)

Conservation of mass applied to a spherical

From SE notes, O. Pols (2009)
shell in a steady state (()/t =0) gives:

dm = ρ dV = 4πr2 ρ dr from which we can write:

dr/dm = (4πr2 ρ)-1 (1)

 Gravity and Equation of Motion

The gravitational field is given by Poisson's equation: ∇2 Φ = 4π G ρ.

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In spherical symmetry, we get:

g = dΦ/dr = Gmr/r2

Conservation of momentum applied to a small

gas element (see figure) gives:

d2r/dt2 dm= - g dm + P(r) dS – P(r+dr)dS,

which we can re-write as the eqn. of motion:

d2r/dt2 = - Gm/r2 – 1/ρ dP/dr From SE notes, O. Pols (2009)

 Hydrostatic Equilibrium
Assuming hydrostatic equilibrium, we get:

d2r/dt2 = 0 = - Gm/r2 – 1/ρ dP/dr

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Combining with Eqn (1): dr/dm = (4πr2 ρ)-1, we obtain:

dP/dm = - Gm/(4πr4) (2)

On the other hand, we can estimate the free-fall timescale, tff, by

ignoring the pressure term in the eqn. of motion. We then can write:

d2r/dt2 ≈ R/tff2 → tff ≈ √(R/g) (≈ 1/2√(G<ρ>) = tdyn )

Examples for tff/tdyn: 30 min for the sun, 18 days for red giant (100R ⊙),

4.5 s for white dwarfs (R⊙/50) << stars' lifetime

→ hydrostatic equil. is a good approximation
 The Virial Theorem
The Virial theorem can be obtain by multiplying the hydrostatic equil.
Eqn. (2) by the volume (V=4/3 πr3) and integrate over the total mass, M:

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∫V dP/dm = - 1/3 ∫(Gm/r) dm = 1/3 Egrav

The left hand-side term is related to the internal energy, E int. After some
algebra, one obtains for an ideal mono-atomic gas:
Egrav = - 2 Eint = -2 L dt

If a star contracts, half of the energy is radiated away (L) and the other
half is used to increase the internal energy (so T goes up).

Seeing it another way, the star loses energy by radiation (L) → it must
contract → its internal energy/temperature goes up
negative specific heat!
 Kelvin-Helmholz and Nuclear Timescales
Kelvin and Helmholz independently derived the timescale for thermal
adjustments, tKH. Consider a star contracting due to gravity and

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supported only by thermal pressure (internal energy). The timescale for
contraction is given by (using the Virial theorem):

tKH = Eint/L ≈ -Egrav/(2L) ≈ -GM2/(2RL) →

tKH ≈ 1.5 x 107 (M/M⊙)2 (R⊙/R) (L⊙/L) yr

Lifetime of Sun much longer than tKH, thus something else powers stars:
nuclear reactions!
Nuclear t: tnuc= Enuc/L≈0.007(m-->E) XHfcoreMc2/L≈1010 (M/M⊙)(L⊙/L) yr

tnuc >> tKH >> tff stars are generally in hydro+thermal equilibrium
 Conservation of Energy
Local energy conservation can be written as:

dLr/dm = ϵnuc + ϵgrav-therm – ϵν, (3)

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Where ϵ are in units of erg/g/s.

ϵnuc is the nuclear energy generation rate,

ϵgravo-therm is the gravo-thermal energy generation rate (>0 for contraction)
ϵν, is the neutrino energy loss rate (absolute value) emitted by the
plasma (as opposed to nuclear reactions).
 Energy Transport
Average temperature gradient in the Sun: ΔT/Δr 107/1011 = 10-4 K/cm

Energy is transported by radiation, convection and conduction.

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dT/dm = -T/P * Gm/(4πr4) * (lnT/lnP ) = -T/P * Gm/(4πr4) ∇ (4)

- For radiation, ∇rad= 3/(16πacG) * κLrP/(mT4),

where κ is the (Rosseland) mean opacity (assuming radiative diffusion)

- For conduction, the opacity is modified to include heat conduction

- For convection, ∇ad= Pδ/(TρcP), (assuming adiabatic convection),

which is a good approximation for stellar interiors but not the convective
zones in the envelope, for which thermal losses much be considered.
The mixing-length theory (Bohm-Vitense 1958) is most often used.
 Convection

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Importance:

- Transports energy and mixes composition

- Lengthens lifetime of stars (fresh fuel) if

convective core is present

- Enables the enrichment of surface in giant stars

with convective envelopes.
PoS(NIC XIII)186
 Note: The tricky bit here is to remember that
these gradients are negative!

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Slides taken from Achim Weiss' lectures:
http://www.mpa-garching.mpg.de/~weiss/lectures.html
PoS(NIC XIII)186
PoS(NIC XIII)186
PoS(NIC XIII)186
PoS(NIC XIII)186
PoS(NIC XIII)186
(giant stars with CE)
PoS(NIC XIII)186
 3to1D link for convection
3D simulations Uncertainties in 1D

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Herwig et al 06

e.g. Hirschi 07

e.g. Arnett & Meakin 2011

Mocak et al 2011, ...

Meakin et al 2009 ; Bennett et al in prep

Determine effective diffusion (advection?) coefficient
 PoS(NIC XIII)186
Slides taken from Achim Weiss' lectures:
http://www.mpa-garching.mpg.de/~weiss/lectures.html
PoS(NIC XIII)186
PoS(NIC XIII)186
Numerical Procedure

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 PoS(NIC XIII)186
Nowadays matrices can be inverted without splitting them into
small sections and without decoupling of space and time, see e.g.
MESA code: Paxton et al 2011
 Massive Stars: Evolution of the chemical composition
Burning stages (lifetime [yr]):

Hydrogen (106-7): 1H → 4He

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& 12C, 16O → 14N

Helium (105-6): 4He → 12C, 16O

&14N → 18O → 22Ne

Carbon (102-3):12C → 20Ne, 24Mg

Neon (0.1-1): 20Ne → 16O, 24Mg

Oxygen (0.1-1): 16O → 28Si, 32S

Silicon (10-3): 28Si, 32S → 56Ni

http://www.astro.keele.ac.uk/~hirschi/animation/anim.html
47 Raphael Hirschi Keele University (UK)
 L1: Basics of Stellar Structure and Evolution

PoS(NIC XIII)186
- Importance and observational constraints

- Physics governing the structure and evolution of

stars

- Equations of stellar structure

- Modelling stars and their evolution

Importance as Stellar Objects
Hertzsrpung-Russell (HR) Diagram:

PoS(NIC XIII)186 ©B. Mendez

 L2

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Physical
Ingredients
 Acknowledgements & Bibliography

- Slides in white background (with blue title) were taken from Achim Weiss' lecture
slides, which you can find here: http://www.mpa-garching.mpg.de/~weiss/lectures.html

PoS(NIC XIII)186
- Some graphs were taken from Onno Pols' lecture notes on stellar evolution, which
you can find here:

http://www.astro.ru.nl/~onnop/education/stev_utrecht_notes/

- Some slides (colourful ones) and content was taken from George Meynet's summer
school slides.
 Acknowledgements & Bibliography

Recommended further reading:

PoS(NIC XIII)186
- R. Kippenhahn & A. Weigert, Stellar Structure and Evolution, 1990,
Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-50211-4
- A. Maeder, Physics, Formation and Evolution of Rotating Stars, 2009,
Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-76948-4
- D. Prialnik, An Introduction to the Theory of Stellar Structure and
Evolution, 2000, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-65937-X
- C.J. Hansen, S.D. Kawaler & V. Trimble, Stellar Interiors, 2004, Springer-
Verlag, ISBN 0-387-20089-4
- M. Salaris & S. Cassisi, Evolution of Stars and Stellar Populations, 2005,
John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-470-09220-3
 L2: Physical Ingredients
Importance, basics, effects, uncertainties of:

- Nuclear reactions → B. Meyer

PoS(NIC XIII)186
- Convection in L1

- Mass loss

- Rotation

- Magnetic fields

- Binarity

- Equation of state, opacities & neutrino losses

including metallicity dependence

 Importance of Mass Loss

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Ekstrӧm et al 12, see also Chieffi & Limongi 13
 Injection of Mechanical Energy

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Winds ~ 1051 ergs
SN ~ 1051 ergs
 Mass Loss: General Dependence on Stellar Mass
More massive stars have stronger winds because they are much more
luminous:
4 4 3
β μ M

PoS(NIC XIII)186
For low-mass stars: L∝
κ

4
μ M
For high-mass stars: L∝
κ
Where β is the ratio of gas to total pressure: 1 → 0 from low to high-mass
stars
 Main Phases of Stellar Evolution
LBV
WR

PoS(NIC XIII)186
BSG RSG
Mass loss driving mechanism
and prescriptions are very
different for different MS AGB
evolutionary stages

RG

Ekstroem et al 12
8 Raphael Hirschi Keele University (UK)
 Mass Loss: Types, Driving & Recipes
Mass loss driving mechanism and prescriptions at different stages:

● O-type & “LBV” stars (bi-stab.): line-driven Vink et al 2000, 2001

PoS(NIC XIII)186
● WR stars (clumping effect): line-driven Nugis & Lamers 2000, Gräfener & Hamann
(2008)

● RSG: Pulsation/dust? de Jager et al 1988

● RG: Pulsation/dust? Reimers 1975,78, with =~0.5

● AGB: Super winds? Dust Bloecker et al 1995, with =~0.05

● LBV eruptions: continuous driven winds? Owocki et al

● ...
 De Jager et al.
85Msol

PoS(NIC XIII)186
32Msol

12Msol
 What changes at low Z?
● Stars are more compact: R~R(Zo)/4 (lower opacities) at Z=10-8

● Mass loss weaker at low Z: → faster rotation

PoS(NIC XIII)186
 - α = 0.5-0.6 (Kudritzki & Puls 00, Ku02)
Ṁ Z= Ṁ Z o Z/Z o  (Nugis & Lamers, Evans et al 05)

- α = 0.7-0.86 (Vink et al 00,01,05)

Z(LMC)~Zo/2.3 => Mdot/1.5 – Mdot/2

Z(SMC)~Zo/7 => Mdot/2.6 - Mdot/5

Mass loss at low Z still possible?
RSG (and LBV?): no Z-dep.; CNO? (Van Loon 05, Owocky et al)
Mechanical mass loss ← critical rotation
(e.g. Hirschi 2007, Ekstroem et al 2008, Yoon et al 2012)
 CLUMPING

ρ2

PoS(NIC XIII)186
diagnostics

If wind clumped in reality but supposed to be homogeneous

Excess emission from inhomogeneities →

incorrectly interpreted as
arising from a smooth but denser medium

MASS LOSS OVERESTIMATED

Fullerton et al 05: Mdot/10
Bouret et al 05: Mdot/3 or smaller
Surlan et al 13: problem resolved?
 RSG/YSG/WR – SN II, IIb, Ibc

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Observational constraints:

- RSG Upper Luminosity: Log (L/LSUN) ~ 5.2-5.3

(median value of the most 5 LSUN stars)
(Levesque et al 05)

- SNII-P Log (L/LSUN) <~5.1 (Smartt et al. 2009)

- No clear dependence on Z for these upper limit

- WR/O, RSG/BSG ratios vary with Z

 CHANGE OF MASS LOSS

For a given initial mass

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Mass loss during MS Mass loss during the
tHE(RSG) RSG phase

MASS LOSS
 RSG/YSG/WR – SN II, IIb, Ib, Ic
RSG Upper Luminosity ~ 5.2-5.3
(median value of the most 5 LSUN stars)
SNII-P ~ 5.1 (Smartt et al. 2009)

PoS(NIC XIII)186
No clear dependence on Z

- Tracks: Ekstroem et al 12 - Tracks: Chieffi & Limongi 13

- grey areas: obs. See MM89 (CL13)
- red circles: Levesque et al 05
 Rotation

Importance:

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- Induces instabilities in radiative zones (none
otherwise) → additional mixing of composition

- Changes properties of stars: shape, L, T eff

- Powers some stellar explosions (e.g. GRB,

magnetars).
 Rotational Effects on Surface
Doppler-broadened line profile
Fast rotators –> oblate shape:

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Dominiciano de Souza et al. 2003

← Altair: pole brighter than equator: Effect compatible

with von-Zeipel theorem ()

Domiciano de Souza et al. 2005

 Rotation velocity Distribution

Data from Huang & Gies 2006, Figure from Maeder 2009
PoS(NIC XIII)186
 Geneva Stellar Evolution Code
1.5D hydrostatic code (Eggenberger et al 2008)
Ω
Rotation: (Maeder & Meynet 2008)

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Centrifugal force: KEY FOR GRB prog.

Shellular rotation → still 1D: (Zahn 1992)

(Meynet and Meynet 97)

 Rotation Induced Transport
Zahn 1992: strong horizontal turbulence

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Transport of angular momentum:

Transport of chemical elements: Meynet & Maeder 2000

Shear instabilities

D: diffusion coeff. due to various transport mechanisms

(convection, shear)
Deff: diffusion coeff. due to meridional circulation +
horizontal turbulence Brueggen & Hillebrandt 2000
 Rotation Induced Transport: Prescriptions

Dh: three prescriptions

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Zahn (1992); Maeder (2003);
Mathis et al. (2004)

Dshear: two prescriptions

Talon & Zahn (1997);
Maeder (1997)

Different zones concerned inside

the star

mixing ± strong (4%,12%)

 Rotation Induced Transport: Prescriptions

Dh: three prescriptions

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Zahn (1992); Maeder (2003);
Mathis et al. (2004)

Dshear: two prescriptions

Talon & Zahn (1997);
Maeder (1997)

Different zones concerned inside

the star

mixing ± strong (4%,12%)

See also Chieffi & Limongi 13

 Mass Loss
Mass loss prescription without rotation:

● O-type & LBV stars (bi-stab.): Vink et al 2000, 2001 and RSG de Jager et al 1988

PoS(NIC XIII)186
● WR stars (clumping effect): Nugis & Lamers 2000
Effects of rotation:
Maeder & Desjacques 2001
● Enhancement: Maeder & Meynet 2000
•
(1 − Γ )
1
−1
M (Ω) α
•
≈ 1
−1
M ( 0)  4 v 2
 α
1 − 2
− Γ 
 9 v crit ,1 

Teff =25 000 K Teff =30 000 K

● & anisotropy:
Frad ~ geff: Von Zeipel, 1924→ affects angular momentum loss
23Jul 4, 2014 Raphael
Raphael
Hirschi
Hirschi University
Keele University
of Keele (UK)
(UK)
 Evolution of Rotation 24

Angular velocity: Ω↑ Angular momentum, j↓

end Si: Ω~ 1 s-1 j(end Si) ~ j(end He)

Hirschi et al 2004, A&A PoS(NIC XIII)186

24 Raphael Hirschi Keele University (UK)
 Impact of Rotation (@ solar Z)
υini =
300 km/s
0 km/s

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Meynet & Maeder 2003
Ekstroem et al 12

25 Raphael Hirschi Keele University (UK)

 Impact of rotation (@ solar Z)
υini =
300 km/s
0 km/s

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Wider MS
Higher Luminosity

Meynet & Maeder 2003

26 Raphael Hirschi University of Keele (UK)

 Impact of Rotation (@ solar Z): Teff

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Correction for limb darkening according to Claret 2000
27 Raphael Hirschi Keele University (UK)
 Impact of Rotation, Mini = 20 M ⊙

υini = 0 km/s υini = 300 km/s

PoS(NIC XIII)186
mr [Mo]

Log(time until core collapse) [yr]

Jul 4, 2014 Raphael Hirschi Keele University (UK)

 Impact of Rotation, Mini = 20 M ⊙

υini = 0 km/s υini = 300 km/s

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mass loss
mr [Mo]

cores

Log(time until core collapse) [yr] convection

Hirschi et al 2004, A&A

Jul 4, 2014 Raphael Hirschi Keele University (UK)

 WR Lifetimes @ solar Z
Rotation: decrease of Mmin for WR formation & increase in WR lifetimes
Meynet & Maeder 03

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Georgy et al 12, A&A

NO ROT: Mmin≈ 25-30 Mo ROT: Mmin≈ 20 Mo

 Nitrogen Surface Enrichment
Rotating models: enrichment starts during MS
Meynet & Maeder 2000, Heger & Langer 2000

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15 Mo model with υini=300 km/s

10
Non-rotating models:
no enrichment before
st
1 dredge up (RSG)
Mixing questioned by FLAMES survey (Hunter et al 08,09)
31 Raphael Hirschi Keele University (UK)
 Nitrogen Surface Enrichment
Flames survey: many stars explained BUT
Explanations:

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Single stars:
G1: less evolved/
lower mass
G2: pole-on / B-f?

Binary stars:(Langer etal 08)

G1: N-poor matter accr.

G2: * slowed down / B-f?

Other issues: Initial composition, overshooting, enriched blue supergiants
VLT FLAMES survey of massive stars: Hunter etal 07,08,09, ...
Boron can help distinguish between rotation and binarity
(Brott etal 08, 11a,b, Langer etal)
 Boron Surface Depletion: Models
● Boron is

depleted in the

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stellar interior.
 Boron Surface Depletion: Models

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Rotational mixing

-> surface

boron depletion
 Boron Surface Depletion
Rotational mixing -> surface boron depletion

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Frischknecht et al A&A 2010
Binaries cannot explain B depletion without N enrichment (Langer et al 2010)
 Magnetic Fields

Importance:

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- Guides charged-particle

- Shapes stellar winds

- Couples rotation of different parts of the star

Importance debated
 Surface Magnetic Fields

τ Sco

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Donati et al. 2006
 Surface Magnetic Fields
A few dozen He-peculiar stars

7 magnetic OB stars
Ref Sp. T. Vsini Prot M Incl. β Bpol

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Km/s days Msol Deg. Deg. G

HD191612 (6) 538 45 ~1500

Θ Ori C (1) O4-6V 20 15.4 45 45 42+-6 1100+-100

βCep (2) B1IVe 27 12.00 12 60+-10 85+-10 360+-40

τ Sco (7) B0.2V 41 ~500

V2052 Oph (3) B1V 63 3.64 10 71+-10 35+-17 250+-190

ζCas (4) B2IV 17 5.37 9 18+-4 80+-4 340+-90

ωOri (5) B2IVe 172 1.29 8 42+-7 50+-25 530+-200

He-peculiar B1-B8p 0.9-22 <10 1000-10000

Only 2 magnetic (1) Donati et al. 2003 (2) Henrichs et al. 2000 (3,4,5) Neiner et al. 2003abc, (6,7) Donati et al. 2006ab
O star known
β Angle between the magnetic axis and the rotation axis
Large ongoing surveys: e.g. MiMes
Most magnetic stars show abundance anomalies: Bp, Ap stars
 Magnetic Fields
Question: are these values compatible with
magnetic fields observed in pulsars?
Pulsars 1012 G

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Br 2 = const. (10 km/5 Rsol)2 x 1012 G ~ 10 G.
B+ / B− = ( r− / r+ ) 2
Answer: observed magnetic are one-two orders of magnitude
higherMore compatible with progenitors of magnetars 10 15 G

Question: may the observed values have an impact

on the wind?
B / 8π 2
if η > 1  wind behavior
η(r) ≡ 2
ρv / 2 ud-Doula & Owocki (2002)

Answer: YES. For early-type stars, η >1 for

B~ 50-100 G
 Magnetic Fields: Theory
Small initial horizontal field:
Taylor instability of the field lines
Instability →Small vertical component
(1973)

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→Differential rotation winds up
→New horizontal field lines closer and denser:
DYNAMO (Spruit 2002)

Criteria for field Transport

amplification: coefficients:
More general
expressions
(Maeder 04, Maeder
& Meynet 2005)

but Taylor-Spruit dynamo debated (Zahn et al 07)

40 Raphael Hirschi Keele University (UK)
 Magnetic Fields: Models
15 Mo, Z=0.02 & vini =300 km/s

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Transport of Ω (ν):
dominated by B-fields (ν)
Flatter Ω profiles

Transport of Xi (η):
Dominated by meridional circulation (Deff)

Stronger mixing

(Maeder & Meynet 2005)

41 Raphael Hirschi Keele University (UK)

 Magnetic Fields: Rotation of the Sun
Sun rotation profile compatible with helioseismology
(Eggenberger et al 2005)

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Taylor-Spruit dynamo debated Gravity waves can also help
Brun & Zahn 2009 (Charbonnel & Talon 2005, Arnett & Meakin 2006)
 Magnetic Fields: Massive Stars
Taylor-Spruit dynamo (Spruit 02, Maeder & Meynet 05) :
Better for pulsar periods

PoS(NIC XIII)186
(see also Heger et al 2005)

Not enough for WDs

(Suijs et al 08)

Other mechanisms?
● Dynamo in conv. env.
● During/after explosions
(see discussion in Meynet et al 11,13)

GRBs/MHD explosions?
← Quasi chemically-homog.
evol. of fast rot. stars (avoid RSG)
(Yoon et al 06,07, Woosley & Heger 2006)
43 Raphael Hirschi Keele University (UK)
 Magnetic Fields: Massive Stars
Taylor-Spruit dynamo (Spruit 02, Maeder & Meynet 05) :
Better for pulsar periods

PoS(NIC XIII)186
(see also Heger et al 2005)

Not enough for WDs

(Suijs et al 08)

Other mechanisms?
● Dynamo in conv. env.
● During/after explosions
(Meynet et al 13)
GRBs/MHD explosions?
← Quasi chemically-homog.
evol. of fast rot. stars (avoid RSG)
(Yoon et al 06,07, Woosley & Heger 2006)
44 Raphael Hirschi Keele University (UK)
 Binarity
• Stars in six nearby galactic open clusters
• 71 single and multiple O-type objects
• 40 detected binaries

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Sana et al. (2012)
 Binarity

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Sana et al. (2012)
 Binarity
(LMC)

PoS(NIC XIII)186
360 O-type
stars
Intrinsic
binary fraction
51%

Sana et al. (2012)

PoS(NIC XIII)186
PoS(NIC XIII)186
PoS(NIC XIII)186
PoS(NIC XIII)186
PoS(NIC XIII)186
PoS(NIC XIII)186
PoS(NIC XIII)186
 EOS implementation in MESA
Combination of sources for
EOS in SE codes:

PoS(NIC XIII)186
PoS(NIC XIII)186
PoS(NIC XIII)186
PoS(NIC XIII)186
PoS(NIC XIII)186
Non-Degenerate Conditions

PoS(NIC XIII)186
 Non-Degenerate Conditions

PoS(NIC XIII)186
1/3 slope
Models by

Ekström et al. (2012)

A&A, 537, A146)

Stars=system with a negative specific heat!

Degenerate Conditions

PoS(NIC XIII)186
 Non → Degenerate Conditions

PoS(NIC XIII)186
(1,1)Perfect gas

3/4
(3/5,0)
Electron degenerate gas
α
(Non relativistic)
 Evolution of the temperature
and density at the centre
Pgaz=PdegNR
Log Tc Slope 2/3

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Slope 1/3

Log ρ

Pgaz=PdegNR

( )
5/3
k ρ μm H 1 2/3
ρT=K 1 →T=K 1 5/3
ρ
μm H μe k μe
 Non → Degenerate Conditions

PoS(NIC XIII)186
1/3 slope

Models by

Ekström et al. (2012)

A&A, 537, A146)

Pgaz=PdegNR

Stars=system with a negative specific heat!

 Mass Domains

Lecture notes from O. Pols taken from:

http://www.astro.ru.nl/~onnop/education/stev_utrecht_notes/ PoS(NIC XIII)186
 Mass Domains

• 0.08 Msun inferior mass limit for core H-burning : Brown

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Dwarfs
• 0.08 Msun – 0.5Msun: H burning OK, degenerate before
core He-burning (lifetime > Hubble time no He white
dwarf from single stars)
• 0.5-7Msun: core H OK, core He OK (He-flash below 1.8
Msun), degenerate CO white dwarf
• 7-9 Msun: Core C burning OK WD(?) or Complete
destruction (?) or collapse through electron captures (?)

• 9- 150 Msun: core H, He, C, Ne, O, Si- Fe cores

• 150-250 Msun: Pair Creation Supernovae
 PoS(NIC XIII)186
Mass Domains
 L2: Physical Ingredients
Importance, basics, effects, uncertainties of:

( - Nuclear reactions)

PoS(NIC XIII)186
- Convection in L1

- Mass loss

- Rotation

- Magnetic fields

- Binarity

- Equation of state, opacities & neutrino losses

including metallicity dependence

 Recent Papers/Reviews
- Maeder, A. 2009, Physics, Formation and Evolution of Rotating Stars (Springer Verlag)

- Maeder and Meynet, “Rotating massive stars: From first stars to gamma ray bursts”,

PoS(NIC XIII)186
2012RvMP...84...25M

- Ekstroem, S., Georgy, C., Eggenberger, P., et al. 2012, A&A, 537, A146

- Chieffi, Limongi, “Pre-supernova Evolution of Rotating Solar Metallicity Stars in the Mass
Range 13-120 M☉ and their Explosive Yields”, 2012ApJS..199...38L

- Langer, “Pre-Supernova Evolution of Massive Single and Binary Stars”, ARAA, 2012,
astroph-1206.5443
PoS(NIC XIII)186
PoS(NIC XIII)186
 De Jager et al.
85Msol

PoS(NIC XIII)186
32Msol

12Msol
Typical mass-loss rates for galactic O-type stars
on the MS

0.5-20 x 10-6 Msol year-1

PoS(NIC XIII)186
M ∝L 1 .7 •
M ∝M 3.4

L∝M 2

τ MS ∝ M −0.6
∆M ∝ M 2.8

∆M / M ∝ M 1.8
 20 Msol in RSG stage  ~10-5 Msol/y

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Chevalier et al. 2006

Dust enshrouded red supergiant may have higher mass loss

(factor between 3 and 50) van Loon et al. (2005).
 RSG/YSG/WR – SN II, IIb, Ib, Ic
RSG Mdot: - log(Teff/K) > 3.7: de Jager et al. (1988)
- log(Teff/K) < 3.7: linear fit from the data of Sylvester et al.
(1998) and van Loon et al. (1999) (see Crowther 2001)

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Models: Georgy 12 (see also Eldridge et al 13)
Super-Eddington layers → increased Mdot (see Ekstroem et al 13)
 Final stages & SN type
Ratio SNIbc/SNII: tests final type

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Georgy et al 09 - THEORY: Georgy et al 09 (solid line)
binaries: Eldridge etal 08 (dotted)
- OBS: Prantzos & Boissier 03 (triangles)
Prieto etal 08 (pentagons)
 Long & Soft Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)
Long soft GRB-SN Ic connection: GRB060218/SN2006aj
Cusumano et al 2006, ...
GRB 031203-SN 2003lw / GRB 030329-SN 2003dh / GRB 980425-SN 1998bw, ...
Tagliaferri, G et al 2004 / Matheson 2003, ... / Iwamoto, K. 1999, ...

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Collapsar progenitors must: (Woosley 1993, A. Mc Fadyen)
Form a BH
Lose their H-rich envelope → WR star
Core w. enough angular momentum

Observational info:
Z of close-by GRBs is lower than solar

~ Z (Magellanic clouds)
(Stanek et al 06, Le Floc'h er al 2003, Fruchter et al 2006)(simulation by Mc Fadyen)

78 Raphael Hirschi Keele University (UK)

 Theoretical GRB rates (without B-fields)
-6 -4 -3 -1
Obs: R(GRB)=3x10 to 6x10 & R(SNII,Ib,c)~7x10 [yr ]
Podsiadlowski et al 04

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Hirschi et al A&A, 443, 581, 2005
GRB from all WR types:
ZSMC ZLMC Zo ZGC
Too many MGRBmin(WR) 32 25 22 21
MGRBmax(WR) 95 95 75 55
GRB from WO (SN Ic): RGRBmax(WR) 1.15E-03 1.74E-03 2.01E-03 1.92E-03

OK with obs. MGRBmin(WO) 50 45 - -

MGRBmax(WO) 95 95 - -
RGRBmax(WO) 4.74E-04 5.99E-04 - -

GRB favoured at low Z, maybe also very low Z (85 Mo)

79 Raphael Hirschi Keele University (UK)

 GRB progenitors with B-Fields
Yoon, Langer
& Norman 06

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Rates
compatible
with
observations

Zmax~0.003
is a bit low.
Dep. on
Mdot &
Solar comp.
 GRB progenitors with B-Fields
Taylor-Spruit dynamo (Spruit 2002) : better for NS (Heger et al 2005, Suijs etal 08)
No ABH>1 in Fe-core @ pre-SN stage with B-fields (Petrovic et al 2005, ...)

PoS(NIC XIII)186
● ABH~1 ← Quasi chemically-homog. evol. of fast rot. stars (avoid RSG)
(Yoon & Langer 06, Woosley & Heger 2006) Vini [km/s] Zo Z(SMC) Z=10-3 Z=10-5 Z=10-8
~230 - - - No -
40 Mo models ~300 - WR - - -
400-500 WR WR WR WR No
700 - - - - WR
●
WR (SNIb,c) & GRBs predicted down to Z=~0 (Yoon et al 06) This study

Question:
● GRBs around Z(LMC) & Z(SMC)? Dep. On mass loss / NO GRB @ Zo
(Meynet & Maeder 2007)

81 Raphael Hirschi Keele University (UK)

 Quasi-Chem. Evol. @ very low Z? 40Mo models

Z=1e-5, v ini =600 km/s (v ini /v crit =0.59) Z=1e-8, v ini =700 km/s (v ini /v crit =0.55)

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Dmer Dmer

Diff. Coeff. Smaller --> Quasi-Chem. Evol. harder for the first stellar generations
82 Raphael Hirschi Keele University (UK)
 L3-4

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Stellar Evolution:
From the Most
to the Least
massive Stars
 Acknowledgements & Bibliography

- Slides in white background (with blue title) were taken from Achim Weiss' lecture
slides, which you can find here: http://www.mpa-garching.mpg.de/~weiss/lectures.html

PoS(NIC XIII)186
- Some graphs were taken from Onno Pols' lecture notes on stellar evolution, which
you can find here:

http://www.astro.ru.nl/~onnop/education/stev_utrecht_notes/

- Some slides (colourful ones) and content was taken from George Meynet's summer
school slides.
 Acknowledgements & Bibliography

Recommended further reading:

PoS(NIC XIII)186
- R. Kippenhahn & A. Weigert, Stellar Structure and Evolution, 1990,
Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-50211-4
- A. Maeder, Physics, Formation and Evolution of Rotating Stars, 2009,
Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-76948-4
- D. Prialnik, An Introduction to the Theory of Stellar Structure and
Evolution, 2000, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-65937-X
- C.J. Hansen, S.D. Kawaler & V. Trimble, Stellar Interiors, 2004, Springer-
Verlag, ISBN 0-387-20089-4
- M. Salaris & S. Cassisi, Evolution of Stars and Stellar Populations, 2005,
John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-470-09220-3
 L2: Physical Ingredients
Importance, basics, effects, uncertainties of:

- Nuclear reactions → B. Meyer

PoS(NIC XIII)186
- Convection in L1

- Mass loss

- Rotation

- Magnetic fields

- Binarity

- Equation of state, opacities & neutrino losses

including metallicity dependence

 Impact of Rotation, Mini = 20 M ⊙

υini = 0 km/s υini = 300 km/s

PoS(NIC XIII)186
mass loss
mr [Mo]

cores

Log(time until core collapse) [yr] convection

Hirschi et al 2004, A&A

Jul 4, 2014 Raphael Hirschi Keele University (UK)

Importance as Stellar Objects
Hertzsrpung-Russell (HR) Diagram:

PoS(NIC XIII)186 ©B. Mendez

 Main Phases of Stellar Evolution
LBV
WR

PoS(NIC XIII)186
BSG RSG
Evolutionary tracks →

MS AGB

RG

Ekstroem et al 12
7 Raphael Hirschi Keele University (UK)
 Central Temperature vs Central Density Diagram

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Evolutionary tracks →

Ekstroem et al 12
 L3-4

- EOS and partial degeneracy

PoS(NIC XIII)186
- Standard massive stars

- The most massive stars

- Weak s-process

- Intermediate- and low-mass stars

- Stars at the boundary between massive and

intermediate-mass stars
PoS(NIC XIII)186
PoS(NIC XIII)186
PoS(NIC XIII)186
 EOS implementation in MESA
Combination of sources for
EOS in SE codes:

PoS(NIC XIII)186
 Central Temperature vs Central Density Diagram

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Evolutionary tracks →

What is the slope of

the evolutionary
tracks?

Ekstroem et al 12
Non-Degenerate Conditions

PoS(NIC XIII)186
 Non-Degenerate Conditions

PoS(NIC XIII)186
1/3 slope
Models by

Ekström et al. (2012)

A&A, 537, A146)

Stars=system with a negative specific heat!

Degenerate Conditions

PoS(NIC XIII)186
 Non → Degenerate Conditions

PoS(NIC XIII)186
(1,1)Perfect gas

3/4
(3/5,0)
Electron degenerate gas
α
(Non relativistic)
 Evolution of the temperature
and density at the centre
Pgaz=PdegNR
Log Tc Slope 2/3

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Slope 1/3

Log ρ

Pgaz=PdegNR

( )
5/3
k ρ μm H 1 2/3
ρT=K 1 →T=K 1 5/3
ρ
μm H μe k μe
 Non → Degenerate Conditions

PoS(NIC XIII)186
1/3 slope

Models by

Ekström et al. (2012)

A&A, 537, A146)

Pgaz=PdegNR
 Mass Domains

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Ne+

Lecture notes from O. Pols taken from:

http://www.astro.ru.nl/~onnop/education/stev_utrecht_notes/
 Mass Domains

• 0.08 Msun inferior mass limit for core H-burning : Brown

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Dwarfs
• 0.08 Msun – 0.5Msun: H burning OK, degenerate before
core He-burning (lifetime > Hubble time no He white
dwarf from single stars)
• 0.5-7Msun: core H OK, core He OK (He-flash below 1.8
Msun), degenerate CO white dwarf
• 7-9 Msun: Core C burning OK WD(?) or Complete
destruction (?) or collapse through electron captures (?)

• 9 - 150 Msun: core H, He, C, Ne, O, Si- Fe cores

• 150-250 Msun: Pair Creation Supernovae
 PoS(NIC XIII)186
Mass Domains
 Massive Stars
Massive stars: M > 9 solar masses

Main sequence: LBV

RSG

PoS(NIC XIII)186
hydrogen burning BSG
WR
After Main Sequence: MS
Helium burning
Supergiant stage (red or blue)
Wolf-Rayet (WR): M > 20-25 Mo
WR without RSG: M > 40 Mo
http://www.astro.keele.ac.uk/~hirschi/animation/anim.html
Advanced stages:
carbon, neon, oxygen, silicon burning → iron core
Core collapse → bounce → supernova explosion

24 Raphael Hirschi Keele University (UK)

 Impact of Rotation, Mini = 20 M ⊙

υini = 0 km/s υini = 300 km/s

PoS(NIC XIII)186
mass loss
mr [Mo]

cores

Log(time until core collapse) [yr] convection

Hirschi et al 2004, A&A

Jul 4, 2014 Raphael Hirschi Keele University (UK)

 Massive Stars
M<~30 Mo: Rotational mixing dominates → bigger cores

PoS(NIC XIII)186
M>~30 Mo: mass loss dominates → ~ or smaller cores
 How massive can stars be?
Do very massive stars (VMS: M>100Mo) exist?
Very Massive Stars in the Local Universe, 2014, Springer, Ed. Jorick S. Vink
- Star formation: already difficulties with 30 Mo stars but 2/3D

PoS(NIC XIII)186
simulations are promising (Kuiper et al 11, Krumholz 2014)
- Stellar evolution: possible up to ~ 1,000 Mo (BUT mass loss/rad.)
(Baraffe et al 01)
Can we see them?
- Rare and short-lived
- Need to look at youngest and most
massive clusters:
- Arches: M<~150 Mo
(Figer 05, Martins et al 08)

- NGC 3603 & R136: new Mmax=320Mo! R136 cluster

(Crowther et al 10, MNRAS)
 Very luminous stars (~107 Lo)
R136a1 (107Lo) alone supplies 7% of the ionizing flux of the entire
30 Doradus region!

PoS(NIC XIII)186
What is the shape of the
luminosity vs mass relation
in this mass range?

Textbooks: L ~ M3 for stars

in the solar mass range

Above 100 Mo: L~M1-1.5

(Yusof et al 2013)
 The Evolution of VMS
VMS = Very Massive Stars for M > 100 Mo

20 Mo 300 Mo

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Mr

H
H
He
He
Age [Myr]
Log10(Time left until collapse) (Yusof et al 13 MNRAS, aph1305.2099)
VMS: much larger convective core & mass loss!
 The fate of VMS: PCSN/BH/CCSN?
(Yusof et al 13 MNRAS, aph1305.2099)

Zsolar: no PCSN

PoS(NIC XIII)186
(Rotating) models PCSN range
with Z<Z(LMC) from
Heger &
lose less mass, Woosley
(2002)
and enter the
PCSN instability MCO
region!

BUT mass loss

uncertain!
Mini

Consistent with Langer et al (2007): PCSN for Z<Z⊙ /3

30 Raphael Hirschi Keele University (UK)

 S Process in Massive Stars
Weak s process: (slow neutron capture process) during core He- and shell C-burning
Kaeppeler, et al, 2011, RvMP, 83, 157
He: T > 0.25 GK

PoS(NIC XIII)186
(~ 21.6keV)
C: T ~ 1GK

N-source: 22Ne(a,n)
Seed: iron
Poisons:
- He-b.: 22Ne, 25
Mg,
16 12
O, C
- C-b.: 24Mg, 25
Mg,
16 20
O, Ne
At solar Z: rotating models may produce up to 3x more s process
(See also Chieffi, Limongi, 2012ApJS..199...38L)
How much s process do massive rotating stars produce at low Z?
 Rotation induced mixing @ low Z
Before H-shell boost Xi @ end of He burning

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Hirschi 07
Meynet et al 06 Hirschi et al 08

--> s process ???

 New S-Process Models of Massive Rotating Stars
Z=10-5, rotating models with different 17O(a,g) rates; Vini

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Frischknecht et al, A&A letter 2011, 2014 in prep
STELLAR EVOLUTION CALCULATIONS WITH 600/700-ISOTOPE NETWORK!
22
Ne production almost primary but still varies with Z & especially Vini. Mini
Secondary seeds (Fe) limit production (22Ne cannot act as seed)
Strong variations in [Sr,Y/Ba] up to 2 dex dep. on Z,V ini, and 17O(a,g)

Possibility of explosive n-capture process in He-shell

 S Process in Massive Stars: Nuclear Physics Uncertainty
Hirschi et al 2008, NICX
Pignatari et al 08,
ApJ letter, 687,95
16
O(n,)17O:

PoS(NIC XIII)186
- 16O poison if
17
O(,)21Ne dom.
- 16O absorber if
17
O(,n)20Ne dom.

Measurement of 17O(a,g)21Ne
at TRIUMF
Taggart et al NICXI:
17
O(a,g) lower than CF88!
Best et al 2011 (@ Notre Dame):
But much higher than
Descouvemont 1993!

34 Raphael Hirschi Keele University (UK)

New S-Process Models Compared to EMP * & Bulge GC

* New models also explain abundances in one of the oldest clusters in

galactic bulge Chiappini et al, Nature Letter, 2011

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Inhomogeneous GCE models by
Cescutti et al 2013 A&A,553,51

Strong variations in
[Sr/Ba] > 1 dex
matches well observed range
for EMP stars (black circles)!

(no main s process included so

cannot explain CEMP-s stars in blue)
(EMP *: Frebel et al 2010)
 Intermediate & Low-Mass Stars
Herwig, ARAA, 2005

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Intermediate-mass stars: 1.8 - 9 Mo do not ignite C-burning in centre
(C-flash for SAGB stars, see later)

Low-mass stars: 0.5-1.8Mo do not ignite He-burning in centre (He-flash)

 Intermediate & Low-Mass Stars
Herwig, ARAA, 2005

PoS(NIC XIII)186
AGB phase & s process in both
intermediate-mass stars and low-mass
stars!
 Intermediate & Low-Mass Stars
The plot you usually see at conferences for AGB stars:

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Herwig, ARAA, 2005

Where does it fit in the star's evolution?

Intermediate & Low-Mass Stars
5 Mo star: Evolution through H- and He-burning

PoS(NIC XIII)186
AGB

RG

From SE notes, O. Pols (2009)

Intermediate & Low-Mass Stars
1 Mo star: Evolution through H- and He-burning

PoS(NIC XIII)186
RG

From SE notes, O. Pols (2009)

He-flash at point F → G
 Intermediate & Low-Mass Stars

5 Mo star: AGB phase Structure in AGB phase

PoS(NIC XIII)186
From SE notes, O. Pols (2009)
 Intermediate & Low-Mass Stars

5 Mo star: AGB phase Structure in AGB phase

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Herwig, ARAA, 2005
From SE notes, O. Pols (2009)
 Intermediate & Low-Mass Stars

5 Mo star: AGB phase Structure in AGB phase

PoS(NIC XIII)186
From SE notes, O. Pols (2009)
Intermediate & Low-Mass Stars
2 Mo star: post-AGB phase

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Herwig, ARAA, 2005
 Massive/AGB Stars Transition
7-15 Mo models ← MESA stellar evolution code: http://mesa.sourceforge.net/
Paxton et al 10

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Si-b.

O-b. Massive
Ne-b.
C-b. ???

He-b. SAGB
(off-centre
C-ign.)

AGB
(no C-b.)

Jones et al 2013; see also Mueller et al 12, Umeda et al 12

 SAGB & ECSN progenitors
Mup ≤ M ≤ Mmas ; Mup ≈ 8Msun, Mmas ≈ 10Msun (TRANSITION MASSES)
Early evolution like AGBs;
TP-phase → core growth
Dep. on Mdot ↔mixing

PoS(NIC XIII)186
off-centre C-ignition

Jones et al (in prep)

Jones et al (subm.)
Critical ONeMg core mass = Mcrit = 1.375
(Miyaji et al. 1980; Nomoto 1984)
See also: Miyaji (1980); Nomoto(1984, 1987); Miyaji &
Nomoto (1987); Garcia-Berro, Ritossa and Iben (1990s);
Eldridge & Tout (2004); L. Siess (2006, 2007, 2009, 2010),
Poelarends (2008); Doherty et al. (2010) ...
 SAGB & ECSN progenitors
Mup ≤ M ≤ Mmas ; Mup ≈ 8Msun, Mmas ≈ 10Msun (TRANSITION MASSES)

PoS(NIC XIII)186
off-centre C-ignition
 SAGB & ECSN progenitors
Mup ≤ M ≤ Mmas ; Mup ≈ 8Msun, Mmas ≈ 10Msun (TRANSITION MASSES)
Early evolution like AGBs;
TP-phase → core growth
Dep. on Mdot ↔mixing

PoS(NIC XIII)186
off-centre C-ignition

Jones et al (in prep)

ONeMg core

Jones et al (in prep)

Critical ONeMg core mass = Mcrit = ~1.375
(Miyaji et al. 1980; Nomoto 1984)
See also: Miyaji (1980); Nomoto(1984, 1987); Miyaji &
Nomoto (1987); Garcia-Berro, Ritossa and Iben (1990s);
Eldridge & Tout (2004); L. Siess (2006, 2007, 2009, 2010),
Poelarends (2008); Doherty et al. (2010) ...
 Can Massive Stars produce ECSN ?

7-15 Mo models ← MESA stellar evolution code: http://mesa.sourceforge.net/

Paxton et al 10,12
12 Mo is a typical massive star:

PoS(NIC XIII)186
All burning stages ignited centrally. Fate: Fe-CCSN

Jones et al. (2013), ApJ 772, 150;

see also Mueller et al 12, Umeda et al 12, Takahashi et al 13
 Can Massive Stars produce ECSN ?

9.5 Mo still a massive star:

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Jones et al. (2013), ApJ 772, 150

Ne-Si burning stages ignited off-centre. Fate: still Fe-CCSN

Simulations include 114-isotope network!

 Can Massive Stars produce ECSN ?

8.8 Mo failed massive star:

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Jones et al. (2013), ApJ 772, 150
See also Nomoto 84: case 2.6
Ne-b. starts off-centre but does not reach the centre.
Timmes et al 92,94
MESA → Oxygen deflagration Eldridge & Tout 04
Agile-Bolztran for collapse + explosion Fischer et al (in prep)
Fate: ECSN
Key uncertainties: convective boundary mixing, mass loss
Fate of Least-Massive MS: ECSN/Fe-CCSN?
Fe-CCSN

PoS(NIC XIII)186
ECSN

Jones et al. (2013), ApJ 772, 150

Both SAGB and failed massive stars may produce ECSN
 L3-4

- EOS and partial degeneracy

PoS(NIC XIII)186
- Standard massive stars

- The most massive stars

- Weak s-process

- Intermediate- and low-mass stars

- Stars at the boundary between massive and

intermediate-mass stars
 Keele is Not Kiel (Germany) But Where is it?
West Midlands:

PoS(NIC XIII)186
Keele

Keele area
is famous for pottery: Wedgwood, ...
and football: Stoke city fc in premier league
 Supernova Explosion Types

Massive stars: → SN II (H envelope),

Ib (no H), Ic (no H & He) ← WR

PoS(NIC XIII)186
White dwarfs (WD):
in binary systems
Accretion →
Chandrasekhar
mass → SN Ia (Turatto 03)
 Supernova Explosion Types

Massive stars: → SN II (H envelope),

Ib (no H), Ic (no H & He) ← WR

PoS(NIC XIII)186
ECSN?

White dwarfs (WD):

in binary systems
Accretion → PCSN?
Chandrasekhar GRB
mass → SN Ia (Turatto 03)
 The fate of VMS: SNII/SNIb-c?

SN type:

PoS(NIC XIII)186
- NO SNIIn predicted!
~ NOT ok for SN2006gy
(e.g. Woosley et al
2007)

- SNIc at solar Z,

- SNIb/c at Z(SMC)
~ ok for SN2007bi
(Gal-Yam 2009)
BUT see Dessart et al
12,13+ Panstarrs results
(Yusof et al 13 MNRAS, aph1305.2099)