New Internship Report
New Internship Report
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Internship programmes are included in Mtech academic syllabus to emphasize theoretical
knowledge into a real-world experience set in a professional practice-oriented environment,
with the intern’s work preferably overseen by a licensed professional engineer.
We have done internship at two firms for a period of one month. We had undergone
atraining programs at Kannur International Airport for a period of three weeks and at
geotechnical consultants such as Geo-structures for 3 days.
KIAL is a Public Limited Company set up by the Kerala Government for the construction
and operation of Kannur International Airport. The airport has an area of 2,000 acres about
25 km from Kannur. The airport is expected to have an annual traffic of more than 1 million
international passengers and above 0.3 million domestic passengers as per a 2009-2010
estimate. The proposed equity structure of the company is as follows: 35 % by the state
government, in the form of land, 23 % for central and state-owned public sector
organisations, 26 % by Airport PSU's, 16 % by small investors and institutional investors.
AECOM Asia Pvt Ltd was the project management consultant and SOWIL India Ltd was the
Proof Consultant. L&T and PT&D deal with the electrical works. RSS fill was done by the
Maccaferri Solutions Pvt Ltd. The airport will begin commercial operations in September
2018.
Geo Structurals, based in Cochin, India was born out of the vision of a group of Engineers
seeking professional excellence in the field of Civil Engineering and related fields. Incepted
on humble beginnings in 1985 Geo Structurals has emerged as a leading consulting firm with
in-depth knowledge in the field of Structural and Geo-technical Engineering. They have
twenty eight years of experience in the design of Reinforced Cement Concrete, Pre- Stressed
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Concrete and Steel structures including composite concrete bridges. They offer the optimum
solution for the design and detailing of R.C.C, P.S.C, and Steel structures. Their general
services cover design, preparation of structural drawing and guidelines for construction and
issuing the same in blue prints in triplicate. In addition to this, they do concrete mix design,
structural supervision and proof checking of structural designs & provide optimum
foundation for structures based upon the investigation studies and the state of the art
computing knowledge in geotechnical engineering.
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CHAPTER 2
INTERNSHIP AT KIAL
2.1 GENERAL
Our internship at KIAL started on May 15, 2017 and ended on June 3, 2017.We were
divided into two batches. We were given various paper works, site visits and different
presentations regarding the construction and operation details of KIAL by various eminent
personalities. Both civil and geotechnical background was discussed and we were given
opportunities to assist the site engineers in field. The airport was in its final stage of
construction. The details which we had gathered were discussed in detail below.
The airport is located at Mattannur, Kannur, Kerala. When completed, Kannur will be the
fourth airport in India to have a runway length of 4000 m
after Delhi, Hyderabad and Bangalore.
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• 45 Million Earthwork in 18 months
• 1.6 Million Earthwork in a Month
• First in TIIC to design and execute HNS and sewerage system
• First in TIIC to execute CTSB Roads
• 50 % Laterite Utilisation in GSB
• Laterite based Berm and Chute drain
• Optimized pavement crust design
RSSs are a form of reinforced soil that incorporate planar reinforcing elements in
constructed earth-sloped structures with face inclinations of less than 70 degrees. The
reinforcements are used to increase the stability of the slope, to provide improved compaction
and surficial stability at the edge of the slopes.
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2.3.1 System Considerations
The reinforced soil slope consists of total 7 tiers. Bottom 4 tiers were given a slope angle
of 45° and the top 3 tiers were given 65°. The top and bottom tiers are separated by airport
operational perimeter road. The expected life of the airport is 25yrs. Also the entire airport
site is divided into a no of chainages. The slope variations of the RSS across the chainages
are as follows.
• Top slope angle - 65° between Ch. 470 to Ch. 535 with transition from 65° to
unreinforced soil slope between Ch. 470 to Ch. 440 and Ch. 535 to Ch. 550.
• The bottom slope angle - 45° between Ch. 455 to Ch. 470 with transition from 45° to
unreinforced soil slope between Ch. 455 to 450 and Ch. 470 to 490.
• Unreinforced soil slope flatter than 1V:1.85H below airside perimeter road with
Biodegradable Coir Mat.
• Gabion retaining wall is proposed to retain the jeep track at the toe of the bottom
slope, wherever difference in elevation between in-situ ground level and the jeep track
2.3.2Design Parameters
Borehole tests were conducted, that is 12 bore holes (named from A to L) per
chainage. Different types of soils were encountered.
The RSS backfill was designed using PLAXIS 2D program and ReSSA. PLAXIS 2D is
carried out under plane strain condition. Mohr-coulomb model is considered for soil linear-
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elastic model is considered for rock with 15 node element. Paralink is defined as an elasto-
plastic material.
ReSSA program software has been used for Slope Stability Analysis. Rotational and
Translational stability analysis are performed to identify most critical failure planes.The
analysis has been carried out for circular slip surface by Bishop’s Method Direct sliding
along reinforcement layers by Spencer’s Method.
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2.4 SEQUENCE OF WORK
2.4.1 Survey and Ground Preparation
Fig 2.7 Area prepared and excavated as per the cutting plan
The area was excavated up to founding level. The ground prepared was leveled
without ruts and undulations. Loose pockets were excavated and filled with suitable granular
or backfill material. Entire area was leveled and rolled to achieve 95% of modified proctor
density.
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Fig 2.8 Schematic Diagram of Welded Mesh Unit
The required grade of ParaLink should be brought from the storage area to the installation
site and the loading / unloading of the rolls was done using a hydraulic crane. Its layout
should be marked on the compacted ground before the start. ParaLink rolls of required grade
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shall be aligned to the marking. The roll shall be manually pushed at places where machine
laying is difficult. However, the straightness of the roll shall be maintained with the ParaLink
laying flat with the compacted ground surface below.
If some slackness or undulations develop then, it shall be corrected immediately before
proceeding further by tightening the ParaLink already laid by stretching it. Under no
circumstances shall tracked vehicles be allowed to move over the laid ParaLink. When a
number of rolls are to be laid simultaneously, then the rolls shall be placed in a slightly
staggered formation to avoid the lifting tubes interfering with one another.
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MacGrids are also used as reinforcements. They are high modulus polypropylene
geogrids, produced by an extrusion process characterized by tensile resistance both in the
longitudinal and in the transverse direction. The required grade of MacGrid as mentioned in
the section drawing shall be brought from the storage area to the installation site. The loading
/ unloading of the rolls shall be done manually.
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Fig 2.13 Biomac Installation along Slopes
At various locations of the fill, chute drains are also provided to dissipate the flow of water.
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Fig 2.15 Construction of Chute drains
Among the various kinds of wire produced mesh, hexagonal double twist was chosen
as the best one for the structural needs of gabions. The Hexagonal shape of the mesh provides
a better distribution of the working tensions along the wires that form the mesh. Double Twist
avoids spreading of the damage caused by the accidental breaking of any wire or mesh.
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unloaded using any available machine/manually and be stored close to the site where they are
to be installed.
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Tie the fastening wire on the lower side of the gabion edges and of the existing
diaphragms, sewing from bottom to top with alternate single-double pattern. Then, already
assembled gabions were transported to its correct position in the structure.
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2.7 TESTS REQUIRED FOR BACKFILL/REINFORCED FILL
Grain size analysis
Determination of Atterberg’s limits - PI and LL
Determination of Modified Proctor density and OMC
Direct shear test (CD condition) for C and Phi.
Field Density/Nuclear Density Gauge shall be done as per approved QAP of the
compacted area per layer
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Fig 2.21 GPR Equipment Used In KIAL
1) Encoder: generally a mechanical device, like the wheel, used to measure distance
along the target area and initiates a triggering pulse for the radar signal at
predetermined distances.
2) A/D Converter: forms interface between the antennas and the control unit converting
signals from the analog to digital and vice versa.
3) Monitor/PC: Used to visualize the GPR information in real time and to operate the
system.
4) Control Unit: is the brain center for the GPR system and is responsible for
coordinating the operation of the subordinate components.
5) Antennas: While the control unit is performing the functionality of the brain and
Antennas are the legs, doing the work of transmitting radar signals and receiving the
reflected waves.
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Fig 2.19 Monitor and Control Unit of GPS
MASW measures seismic surface waves generated from various types of seismic
sources such as sledge hammer - analyzes the propagation velocities of those surface waves,
and then finally deduces shear-wave velocity (Vs) variations below the surveyed area that is
most responsible for the analyzed propagation velocity pattern of surface waves. MASW
used to detect cracks or cavities in the runway.
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2.10 SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES
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2.11 OFFICE WORK AT KIAL
As a part of our internship , we were given various office as well as documentation
works. Initailly we were split into various batches and were assigned to do the level sheet and
level chart preparation at various chainages. In the next 2 days, we were assigned to estimate
the coir mat area at the slopes as well as to determine the area of geotextile used to cover the
chimney drain. This was done with the help of AutoCadd. Another assignment was to
determine the most optimum path for temporary drains during rainy season. During the last
two days we were asked to do the RFI sheet and level sheet preparation.
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CHAPTER 3
3.1 GENERAL
The project involves the construction of apartments at Girinagar. The work was
undertaken by Engineers Diagnostic Centre Pvt Ltd. Dry Mud Circulation method was used
for pile installation.
The apparatus basically comprises a Tripod with pulley, winch machine, wire-rope,
Chisel, drill pipes, tremie pipes, a vertical pump and a pit where bentonite powder is mixed
with fresh water.A tripod as the name suggests is a three-legged structure which is mounted
with a pulley at the apex to maneuver the chisel that bores the earth, which is further
appended to drill pipes in tandem with a wire rope that is ultimately knotted to the winch
machine. To make it sound simple, the chisel is the primary boring tool and the drill pipes are
mere appendages that provide the depth, and also, suffuse the bore with bentonite suspension.
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The number of drill pipes required varies depending on the depth of the bore required.
Besides this, a vertical pump is installed in the bentonite pit so as to pump the bentonite
solution into the bore hole through drill pipes and chisel. The method is termed as Direct
Mud Circulation because it involves the circulation of mud from the pile bore directly to the
bentonite pit where the pump reuses the bentonite slurry leaving alone the settled mud.
3.3.1 Procedure for Direct Mud Circulation Method of Pile Foundation Installation
1) The Tripod is made to stand around the target pile (two legs around the pile and one into
the slot provided in winch machine) and a plumb bob is then hung down the pulley (mounted
on the tripod) aiming the center of the target pile so as to obtain the center for the chisel. The
maximum tolerance permissible for piles with diameter 600mm or more is 75mm or D/2,
whichever is more.
2) Once the position of winch machine and the tripod is fixed, casing is installed into the
earth keeping the center point intact. A wall made up of sacks filled with rubble or soil is
created around the pile-area so as to channel an artificial conduit directed towards the
bentonite pit. This channel directs the mixture of mud and bentonite slurry coming out from
the bore to the bentonite pit.
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3) The topmost drill pipe is connected with a hose emerging from the vertical pump (installed
in the bentonite) pit sending fresh bentonite slurry to the borehole through a fine opening in
chisel and when the bore hole is filled to the brink, it flows back to the bentonite pit along
with the mud through the artificial conduit. In this way the mud from the bore keeps on
moving up the borehole and is directed to the bentonite tank.
4) It is preferred to use fresh and clean water for the preparation of bentonite suspension as
the minutest impurities may alter the properties of a suspension. In case, clean water is not
available at the site, special additives such as Ferrosomelignosulphate in combination with
soda ash, phosphates and flocculants are added.
5) Chisel is then driven inside the casing and the earth is bored until the chisel has fully gone
down inside the earth. Drill pipes are attached to the chisel in tandem and the boring
progresses by maneuvering the winch machine until the requisite depth is bored. Flushing is
done all the while during the pile boring. After the completion of bore, chisel is brought
outside and the second flushing of the bore hole is done to remove all the mud and impurities.
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CHAPTER-4
4.1 INTRODUCTION
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Fig. 4.1 Borelog register of the site
The sand layer is found only at depth of 40m. Therefore, the pile should have a minimum
depth of 40m.
The installation of bored cast-in-situ piles was initiated with marking the location of
the pile. It was carried out by means of hydraulic rotary drilling rig. The crawler base
equipment consists of a rotary table, which imparts a rotary movement to interlocking Kelly-
bar to the bottom of which is attached to a drilling tool, that is, a bucket. When the machine
was positioned accurately with the drilling tool over the pile position, the tool was rotated and
lowered into the ground. As it digs into the soil, the tool gradually fills with the soil and when
it is full, the Kelly-bar is lifted and the soil is discharged. A temporary casing was installed
using hydraulic rig. After its installation, drilling continues from the top of the hole. Special
care must be taken in the horizontal position of the boring rig and vertical positioning of the
Kelly-bar to ensure true vertical drilling is obtained. The drilling proceeded with the bucket
until the required depth is reached, that is, almost 40m. The bottom of the bore will be
cleaned using cleaning bucket. When the sides of the boreholes tend to collapse a drilling
fluid (polymer) is used in order to prevent the chance of collapsing. Rotating hollow drill
pipes carry down polymer to lubricate, cool, and clean the drilling bit, control down hole
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pressures, stabilize the wall of the borehole and remove drill cuttings. The polymer mud
travels back to the surface around the outside of the drill pipe. The polymer had a viscosity of
80 seconds. M40 grade concrete and Fe500 steel were used for the piling.
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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS
The internship is a bridge between the theoretical knowledge and the practical or the
reality work at the field of construction or civil engineering work. We all who take the
internship class go to companies that already working either as a consultant or a contractor.
The responsibilities of the hosting company are to teach student and shape them in the four
month as a real site workers. My hosting companies include consultant teams and they help
me and my friends who took the internship session in the companies in acquiring different
knowledge in different positions. They collaborate with the contractors to teach us in that
section and they believe that the civil engineering work is more important for us than the
consulting office. This program played an important role to break the conventional thought
that field works can be only implemented by students who hold a degree or people who have
an experience in building construction. We were able to acquire a high level of confidence to
deal with problems that arise in a building construction mainly in geotechnical fields.
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