Dial Indicator 를 이용한
Shaft Alignment 의 이해와 절차
2
Introductions
What exactly is shaft alignment?
Rotating axes must be colinear during operation.
3
Introductions
Type of misalignment
Parallel Misalignment
Vertical & Horizontal offset
Angular Misalignment
Vertical & Horizontal Angularity
Combined Misalignment
Parallel Misalignment + Angular Misalignment
4
Introductions
What is the objective of accurate alignment?
To increase the operating lifespan of rotating machinery.
Reduce excessive vibration
Reduce bearing, coupling & seal failure.
5
Introductions
What are the symptoms of misalignment?
Premature bearing, seal, shaft, or coupling
failures.
Excessive radial and axial vibration.
High casing temperatures at or near the
bearings.
Excessive amount of oil leakage at the
bearing seals.
Loose foundation bolts or broken coupling
bolts.
The shafts are breaking (or cracking) at or
close to the inboard bearings or coupling
hubs.
6
Introductions
Alignment Methods & Resolution
Laser
7
Introductions
Alignment Tolerance
8
Alignment Procedure
What does take to do each step in the alignment procedure?
1. Preparation - tools, people, training.
2. Obtain information on the machine being aligned.
3. Preliminary checks :
Runout, soft foot, coupling, bearings, foundation, base plate, and piping
strain on the machines.
4. Measure the shaft positions.
5. Decide who needs to be moved (which way and how much) and then
physically reposition the machine(s) vertically, laterally and axially.
6. Install coupling and check for rotational freedom of drive train if
possible.
7. Run and check the machinery.
9
Alignment Procedure
Preliminary checks :
Foundation & Baseplate Pads
Piping Strain
Vertical & Horizontal Limit = 0.05 mm
Runout
Shim-pack
Soft Foot
Limit = 0.05 mm
10
Alignment Procedure
Soft Foot checks
Dial Gage
Feeler Gage
11
Alignment Procedure
Runout
Shaft & Coupling TURBOLINK
TURBOLINK
Rolling Element Bearing
ACCEPTABLE RACE RUNOUT, MILS/IN.
Outer Race (REFERENCED TO ROTATING CENTER)
Bearings mils/in.
Ball bearings 2.0
Cylindrical roller bearings 1.0
Plain bearings 1.0
Inner Race Plain thrust bearings 0.5
12
Alignment Procedure
Dial Indicator
Plus & Minus Sign
13
Alignment Procedure
Indicator Readings
Amount of Offset = TIR/2, TIR: Total Indicator Readings
0
“B”
“A” α +20 1/100 mm
+20
0.20 mm
α
“B”
+40
Top + Bottom = Right + Left
14
Alignment Procedure
Bar SAG
TIR TURBOLINK
SAG =
2 0.05 mm
TURBOLINK
TURBOLINK
Mandrel 0.05 mm
Amount
TURBOLINK
of SAG
(-)
TURBOLINK
15
Alignment Procedure
Corrected Indicator Readings
True Indicator Readings = Measured Readings – Sag Readings
Machine “A” 0.05 mm CL of “A”
0.20 mm
CL of “B” 0.15 mm TRUE OFFSET
Machine “B”
0 0 0
Measured Corrected
- =
SAG
+15 Readings +15 -5 -5 20 Indicator 20
“B”
Readings Readings
+30 -10 40
16
Alignment Procedure
Alignment Methods Using Indicator
Rim & Face Shaft Alignment
Reverse Shaft Alignment
Applications
Rim & Face Shaft Alignment
Trains where one shaft can’t be rotated during the alignment process.
Machines with coupling hubs that are axially close to each other.
Machines that have large diameter couplings.
Small general purpose machines
Reverse Shaft Alignment
Long span machines
Machines that require precision alignment.
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Rim & Face Shaft Alignment
Disadvantages
Coupling hub runout will induce an error into the readings.
Radial runout up to 0.05 mm
Face runout up to 0.01 mm
Machines with sleeve bearings can have a face reading error.
It is necessary to locate the rotor in a fixed axial position for each sweep.
On machines with a large axial floats,
– such as motor with sleeve bearings.
18
Rim & Face Shaft Alignment
Typical Set-up
View from Fixed to Moveable
Rim Indicator
Face Indicator
Diameter at Face
Indicator [ A ]
Fixed Moveable
Machine Machine
Near Far
Foot Foot
Distance to
Near Foot [ B ]
Distance to Far Foot [ C ]
19
Rim & Face Shaft Alignment
Offset Misalignment
Vertical
Rim Readings Rim Readings 0 0
0
0 0 Horizontal 0
+7 -4 -2 +5 -3 0 0 -3 +10 -4 -2 +8
-6 0 -6
+12 -6 +18
Measured SAG Corrected
Readings Readings Readings
Moveable Machine
0.09 mm
Fixed Machine
Vertical Offset (Side View)
20
Rim & Face Shaft Alignment
Angular Misalignment
0
Face : ANGnf = A : B A=8
0
ANGnf = Face x {B/A} α
+10 -4 -2 +8
Face : ANGff = A : C
-6
ANGff = Face x {C/A}
+18
Face
Corrected
Readings
ANGnf = -30
ANGnf = -6 x {21/8}
α α = -15.75
Fixed Machine B = 21
C = 40
Vertical Angular Misalignment (Side View)
21
Reverse Shaft Alignment
Typical Set-up
View from Fixed to Moveable
Distance of face to face [ D ]
Fixed Moveable
Machine Machine
Near Far
Foot Foot
Distance to
Near Foot [ B ]
Distance to Far Foot [ C ]
22
Reverse Shaft Alignment
Graphic Expression (Vertical Movements)
0 0
Fixed Fixed
+5 -15 +14 +6
Machine Machine
-10 +20
Up
+ -
-5
- + +10 12.5 20
Down
Vo=(T-B)/2
Vertical Misalignment (Side View)
23
Reverse Shaft Alignment
Graphic Expression (Horizontal Movements)
0 0
Fixed Fixed
+5 -15 +14 +6
Machine Machine
-10 +20
Ho=(R-L)/2
Left
11 32
+ - -4
-10
- +
Right
Horizontal Misalignment (Top View)
24
Movement
Vertical Movement
25
Movement
Horizontal Movement
