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Student Copy 2 Communication Network

Cellular telephony uses a system of cells to allow mobile users to communicate wirelessly over a wide geographic area. Each cell contains a base station that can communicate with mobile stations within its coverage area. Cells are arranged in a hexagonal structure and frequencies are reused in a way that minimizes interference between cells using the same frequencies. As generations advanced, digital technologies and higher data rates were introduced, allowing cellular networks to support more diverse services on portable devices.

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36 views

Student Copy 2 Communication Network

Cellular telephony uses a system of cells to allow mobile users to communicate wirelessly over a wide geographic area. Each cell contains a base station that can communicate with mobile stations within its coverage area. Cells are arranged in a hexagonal structure and frequencies are reused in a way that minimizes interference between cells using the same frequencies. As generations advanced, digital technologies and higher data rates were introduced, allowing cellular networks to support more diverse services on portable devices.

Uploaded by

abhi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EC6L010: Communication Network Cellular Telephony

Wireless Networks
Cellular Telephony
EC6L010: Communication Network Cellular Telephony

Cellular Telephony
1. Communication With Mobile Units
2. Moving Units are Called Mobile Stations (MS)
3. Stationary Units: Base Stations
4. Service Area of Mobile Communication: Cells
5. Contents of Cell: Base Station
6. Base Stations are Controlled By A Switching Office:
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
7. MSC - Coordinator Among All Base Stations and Central Office
8. MSC - Connection, Recording Call Information and Billing
9. Figure
Cell
1. Cell Size - Variable
2. Radius:1 to 20 km
3. Cellular Interference Elimination- Requires Design
Frequency Reuse
1. Neighboring Cells Cannot Use Same Set of Frequencies
2. Reuse Frequencies: Reuse Factor N.
3. Figure
Technical Terms
1. Handoff: Hard and Soft
2. Roaming
Mobile Generations
• First Generation
• Second Generation
• Third Generation
• Fourth Generation
• Fifth Generation
EC6L010: Communication Network Cellular Telephony

First Generation:
AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System
1. Voice Communication Only: FDMA
2. Bands

• ISM Band
• Mobile To Base Station: 824 - 849 MHz = 25 MHz
• Base Station To Mobile: 869 - 894 MHz = 25 MHz
• Each Band is Subdivided Into 30 KHz Bands ⇒ 832 Channels
• Two ISPs Can operate: Each With 416 Channels= 395 Voice Channels + 21 Control Channels
• Frequency Reuse Factor: 7 ⇒ 395/7 Channels Per Cell
• Transmission: FM/FSK-FDMA
• Figure
• Limitation: No Roaming

Second Generation:
Digital Voice: D - AMPS, GSM and IS-95
1. D-AMPS: Digital AMPS
2. GSM: Global System For Mobile Communication
3. IS-95: Interim Standard - 95.
GSM
1. Bands:

• Mobile To Base Station: 890 - 914 MHz = 25 MHz


• Base Station To Mobile: 935 - 960 MHz = 25 MHz
• Each Voice Channel: 200 kHz ⇒ 124 Voice Channels
• Figure
• Reuse Factor: 3
EC6L010: Communication Network Cellular Network Architecture

IS-95
1. CDMA- DSSS
2. Bands: 800 MHz ISM Or 900 MHz ISM
3. 20 Channels with BW 1.228 MHz
4. Needs Synchronization to Use CDMA. - Uses GPS
5. Forward Transmission Figure
6. Reverse Transmission Figure
7. Frequency Reuse Factor: 1
Cellular Network Architecture
1. Figure

Frequency Reuse
1. Cell Structure
EC6L010: Communication Network Cellular Network Architecture

Frequency Reuse
1. Adjacent Cells- Assign Different Carriers
2. Reallocation of A Carrier within A Network
- Frequency Reuse
3. Why Hexagon Representation for a Cell?
Frequency Reuse:
Why Hexagon Representation for a Cell?
1. Other Possible Shapes: Equilateral Triangle and Square
2. Why Should We Discard Equilateral Triangle and Square Shapes?

• Cell Must be Designed To Serve the Weakest mobile within the BS Footprint.
• Weakest Mobiles are Located at the Cell Edges.
• For a Given Distance Between Center of a Cell and its Farthest Perimeter Points,
Hexagon has the Largest Area of the Three.- Reason 1
• Result: Minimum Number of Cell Counts.

3. Hexagon - Closely Approximates A Circular Radiation Pattern - Reason 2


Frequency Reuse: Channel Assignment
1. Number of Channels: S (Duplex)
2. Channels Allocated Per Cell: K
3. Number fo Cells: N - One Cluster
4. S = KN
5. Let A Cluster Repeat M times Within a System.
6. Thus, There are a Total of C = MKN = MS Number of Users can Be Accommodated.
7. Capacity of A Cellular System ∝ Number of Times a Cluster is Replicated in a Fixed Service Area
8. Values of N: i2 + i j + j2 , i, j are Non-Negative Integers.
9. Frequency Reuse Factor: 1/N
Each Cell Within a Cluster is Only Assigned 1/N of the Total Available Channels in The System.
10. How to Find Nearest Cochannel Neighbor?
Move i Cells Along Any Chain of Hexagons.
Then Turn 600 Anti-clock-wise And Move j Cells.
EC6L010: Communication Network Cellular Network Architecture

Example-1 A 33 MHz bandwidth is allocated to a particular FDD Cellular telephone system. Each
simplex channel is 25 kHz. Calculate the number of channels available per cell if a system uses 4-cell
reuse and 7-cell reuse.
Example-1
Solution:
• We need one Duplex channel per user.
• Bandwidth Per Duplex Channel = 2 × 25 = 50 kHz.

• Number of Duplex Channels = 33 × 106 /(50 × 103 ) = 660


• For N = 4, The Number of Channels Available Per Cell = 660/4 = 165
• For N = 7, The Number of Channels Available Per Cell = 660/7 = 94
Example-2 Out of 33 MHz, a 1 MHz bandwidth is allocated for control channels. Determine distribution
of control channels and voice channels per cell if a system uses 4-cell reuse and 7-cell reuse.
Example-2
Solution:

– Number of Control Channels: 1 × 106 /(50 × 103 ) = 20.


– So, Number of Voice Channels: 660 − 20 = 640.
– For N = 4, Number of Voice Channels Per Cell = 160
Number of Control Channels Per Cell: 20/4 =5/
– But We need One Control Channel Per Cell.
– So, 160 voice channel and One Control Channel per cell.
EC6L010: Communication Network Cellular Network Architecture

Channel Assignment Strategy


Increase Capacity and Minimize Interference

1. Interference Types: Cochannel and Adjacent Channel


2. Fixed and Dynamic Channel Asisgnment
3. Fixed + Borrowing
4. Dynamic: Algorithm - Likelihood of Future Blocking Withing a Cell, Cost Function ..

Cochannel Interference

1. D: Distance Between Centers of Nearest Cochannel Cells


2. R: Radius of Cell
3. Cochannel Reuse Ratio: Q = DR
√
4. For Hexagonal Cell: Q = 3N
5. For N=3, Q = 3 and For N = 7, Q = 4.58

Cochannel Interference

1. Signal-to-Interference Ratio:
S S
I = i0
∑ Ii
i=1

2. i0 = Number of Interfering Cells


3. Ii = Power of ith Interfering BS
4. Assumptions:

– Equal Transmit Power of BSs.


– Path Loss Exponent is Equal Over the Coverage Area

S R−n
5. I = i0
∑ D−n
i
i=1

6. Considering First Layer of Interfering Cells and Di = D


√
S (D/R)n ( 3N)n
7. I = i0 = i0
EC6L010: Communication Network Cellular Network Architecture

Example-3
For S/I = 18 dB and n = 4 Find N. Assume 6 CCI.
Solution: N = 6.49
Example-4
If signal-to-interference ratio required is ≥ 15 dB, what is the frequency reuse factor and cluster size for
n = 4, 3. Assume 6 first tier CCI cells.
Solution: For n =, Assume N = 7, D/R = 4.58
Then we get, S/I = 18.66 dB ≥ 15 dB.
So, N = 7 can be used.
For n = 3, if We assume N = 7, S/I = 12 dB < 15 dB.
So, N = 7 cannot be used. Next value of N = 12 for i = j = 2.
Now, D/R=6. So, S/I = 15.66 dB.
N = 12 is acceptable.
EC6L010: Communication Network Cellular Network Architecture

Third Generation Wireless Networks

1. Providing Varieties of Services Portable Device is Always Connected


2. ITU-T Standard in 1992: IMT 2000
3. Features:

– Voice Quality Comparable With PSTN


– Data Rate: 144 kbps - Mobile
– Data Rate: 384 kbps - Pedestrians
– Data Rate: 2 Mbps - Stationery
– Both Packet and Circuit Switched Support
– Bandwidth: 2 MHz.

Third Generation Wireless Networks


IMT-2000 Radio Interface

1. Figure

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