Embedded Systems Design

Subject : Embedded Systems Design

TEXT BOOK Embedded Systems Design Second edition by Steve
Heath
1 What is an embedded system
1. What is an embedded system? - Answer (click here)
2. Inside the embedded system - Answer (click here)

2 Embedded processors
1. What is an embedded system? - Answer (click here)
2. Inside the embedded system - Answer (click here)
3. Embedded processors - Answer (click here)
4. 8 bit accumulator processors - Answer (click here)
5. Example 8 bit architectures: Z80, Z80 programming model, MC6800 -
Answer (click here)
6. Microcontrollers: MC68HC05, MC68HC11 - Architecture - Answer (click
here)
7. Data processors: Complex instructions, microcode and nanocode -
Answer (click here)
8. INTEL 80286 - Answer (click here)
9. INTEL 80386DX - Answer (click here)
10. INTEL 80486 - Answer (click here)
11. Intel Pentium - Answer (click here)
12. Motorola MC68000 and its hardware - Answer (click here)
13. Motorola MC68020 - Answer (click here)
14. Motorola MC68030 - Answer (click here)
15. The MC68040 - Answer (click here)
16. Integrated processors - Answer (click here)
17. RISC processors - Answer (click here)
18. The Berkeley RISC model - Answer (click here)
19. Sun SPARC RISC processor - Answer (click here)
20. The Stanford RISC model - Answer (click here)
21. The MPC603 block diagram - Answer (click here)
22. The ARM RISC architecture - Answer (click here)
23. Digital signal processors - Answer (click here)
 24. DSP basic architecture - Answer (click here)
25. Choosing a processor - Answer (click here)

3 Memory systems
1. What is an embedded system? - Answer (click here)
2. Inside the embedded system - Answer (click here)
3. Embedded processors - Answer (click here)
4. 8 bit accumulator processors - Answer (click here)
5. Example 8 bit architectures: Z80, Z80 programming model, MC6800 -
Answer (click here)
6. Microcontrollers: MC68HC05, MC68HC11 - Architecture - Answer (click
here)
7. Data processors: Complex instructions, microcode and nanocode -
Answer (click here)
8. INTEL 80286 - Answer (click here)
9. INTEL 80386DX - Answer (click here)
10. INTEL 80486 - Answer (click here)
11. Intel Pentium - Answer (click here)
12. Motorola MC68000 and its hardware - Answer (click here)
13. Motorola MC68020 - Answer (click here)
14. Motorola MC68030 - Answer (click here)
15. The MC68040 - Answer (click here)
16. Integrated processors - Answer (click here)
17. RISC processors - Answer (click here)
18. The Berkeley RISC model - Answer (click here)
19. Sun SPARC RISC processor - Answer (click here)
20. The Stanford RISC model - Answer (click here)
21. The MPC603 block diagram - Answer (click here)
22. The ARM RISC architecture - Answer (click here)
23. Digital signal processors - Answer (click here)
24. DSP basic architecture - Answer (click here)
25. Choosing a processor - Answer (click here)
26. Memory systems and Memory technologies - Answer (click here)

4 Basic peripherals
1. What is an embedded system? - Answer (click here)
2. Inside the embedded system - Answer (click here)
3. Embedded processors - Answer (click here)
4. 8 bit accumulator processors - Answer (click here)
5. Example 8 bit architectures: Z80, Z80 programming model, MC6800 -
 Answer (click here)
6. Microcontrollers: MC68HC05, MC68HC11 - Architecture - Answer (click
here)
7. Data processors: Complex instructions, microcode and nanocode -
Answer (click here)
8. INTEL 80286 - Answer (click here)
9. INTEL 80386DX - Answer (click here)
10. INTEL 80486 - Answer (click here)
11. Intel Pentium - Answer (click here)
12. Motorola MC68000 and its hardware - Answer (click here)
13. Motorola MC68020 - Answer (click here)
14. Motorola MC68030 - Answer (click here)
15. The MC68040 - Answer (click here)
16. Integrated processors - Answer (click here)
17. RISC processors - Answer (click here)
18. The Berkeley RISC model - Answer (click here)
19. Sun SPARC RISC processor - Answer (click here)
20. The Stanford RISC model - Answer (click here)
21. The MPC603 block diagram - Answer (click here)
22. The ARM RISC architecture - Answer (click here)
23. Digital signal processors - Answer (click here)
24. DSP basic architecture - Answer (click here)
25. Choosing a processor - Answer (click here)
26. Memory systems and Memory technologies - Answer (click here)
27. Parallel ports - Answer (click here)
28. Timer/counters - Answer (click here)
29. 8253 timer modes - Answer (click here)
30. MC68230 modes - Answer (click here)
31. Timer processors - Answer (click here)
32. Real-time clocks - Answer (click here)
33. Serial ports - Answer (click here)
34. Serial peripheral interface - Answer (click here)
35. I2C bus - Answer (click here)
36. What is an RS232 serial port? - Answer (click here)
37. Asynchronous flow control - Answer (click here)
38. UART implementations - Answer (click here)
39. DMA controllers - Answer (click here)
40. A generic DMA controller - Answer (click here)
41. DMA controller models - Answer (click here)
42. Channels and control blocks - Answer (click here)
43. Sharing bus bandwidth - Answer (click here)
 44. DMA implementations - Answer (click here)

5 Interfacing to the analogue world

1. What is an embedded system? - Answer (click here)
2. Inside the embedded system - Answer (click here)
3. Embedded processors - Answer (click here)
4. 8 bit accumulator processors - Answer (click here)
5. Example 8 bit architectures: Z80, Z80 programming model, MC6800 -
Answer (click here)
6. Microcontrollers: MC68HC05, MC68HC11 - Architecture - Answer (click
here)
7. Data processors: Complex instructions, microcode and nanocode -
Answer (click here)
8. INTEL 80286 - Answer (click here)
9. INTEL 80386DX - Answer (click here)
10. INTEL 80486 - Answer (click here)
11. Intel Pentium - Answer (click here)
12. Motorola MC68000 and its hardware - Answer (click here)
13. Motorola MC68020 - Answer (click here)
14. Motorola MC68030 - Answer (click here)
15. The MC68040 - Answer (click here)
16. Integrated processors - Answer (click here)
17. RISC processors - Answer (click here)
18. The Berkeley RISC model - Answer (click here)
19. Sun SPARC RISC processor - Answer (click here)
20. The Stanford RISC model - Answer (click here)
21. The MPC603 block diagram - Answer (click here)
22. The ARM RISC architecture - Answer (click here)
23. Digital signal processors - Answer (click here)
24. DSP basic architecture - Answer (click here)
25. Choosing a processor - Answer (click here)
26. Memory systems and Memory technologies - Answer (click here)
27. Parallel ports - Answer (click here)
28. Timer/counters - Answer (click here)
29. 8253 timer modes - Answer (click here)
30. MC68230 modes - Answer (click here)
31. Timer processors - Answer (click here)
32. Real-time clocks - Answer (click here)
33. Serial ports - Answer (click here)
34. Serial peripheral interface - Answer (click here)
 35. I2C bus - Answer (click here)
36. What is an RS232 serial port? - Answer (click here)
37. Asynchronous flow control - Answer (click here)
38. UART implementations - Answer (click here)
39. DMA controllers - Answer (click here)
40. A generic DMA controller - Answer (click here)
41. DMA controller models - Answer (click here)
42. Channels and control blocks - Answer (click here)
43. Sharing bus bandwidth - Answer (click here)
44. DMA implementations - Answer (click here)
45. Analogue to digital conversion techniques - Answer (click here)
46. Sample rates and size: Irregular sampling errors, Nyquist’s theorem -
Answer (click here)
47. Codecs: Linear, A-law and Inf-law, DPCM and ADPCM - Answer (click
here)
48. Power control in Interfacing to the analogue - Answer (click here)

6 Interrupts and exceptions

1. What is an embedded system? - Answer (click here)
2. Inside the embedded system - Answer (click here)
3. Embedded processors - Answer (click here)
4. 8 bit accumulator processors - Answer (click here)
5. Example 8 bit architectures: Z80, Z80 programming model, MC6800 -
Answer (click here)
6. Microcontrollers: MC68HC05, MC68HC11 - Architecture - Answer (click
here)
7. Data processors: Complex instructions, microcode and nanocode -
Answer (click here)
8. INTEL 80286 - Answer (click here)
9. INTEL 80386DX - Answer (click here)
10. INTEL 80486 - Answer (click here)
11. Intel Pentium - Answer (click here)
12. Motorola MC68000 and its hardware - Answer (click here)
13. Motorola MC68020 - Answer (click here)
14. Motorola MC68030 - Answer (click here)
15. The MC68040 - Answer (click here)
16. Integrated processors - Answer (click here)
17. RISC processors - Answer (click here)
18. The Berkeley RISC model - Answer (click here)
19. Sun SPARC RISC processor - Answer (click here)
20. The Stanford RISC model - Answer (click here)
21. The MPC603 block diagram - Answer (click here)
22. The ARM RISC architecture - Answer (click here)
23. Digital signal processors - Answer (click here)
24. DSP basic architecture - Answer (click here)
25. Choosing a processor - Answer (click here)
26. Memory systems and Memory technologies - Answer (click here)
27. Parallel ports - Answer (click here)
28. Timer/counters - Answer (click here)
29. 8253 timer modes - Answer (click here)
30. MC68230 modes - Answer (click here)
31. Timer processors - Answer (click here)
32. Real-time clocks - Answer (click here)
33. Serial ports - Answer (click here)
34. Serial peripheral interface - Answer (click here)
35. I2C bus - Answer (click here)
36. What is an RS232 serial port? - Answer (click here)
37. Asynchronous flow control - Answer (click here)
38. UART implementations - Answer (click here)
39. DMA controllers - Answer (click here)
40. A generic DMA controller - Answer (click here)
41. DMA controller models - Answer (click here)
42. Channels and control blocks - Answer (click here)
43. Sharing bus bandwidth - Answer (click here)
44. DMA implementations - Answer (click here)
45. Analogue to digital conversion techniques - Answer (click here)
46. Sample rates and size: Irregular sampling errors, Nyquist’s theorem -
Answer (click here)
47. Codecs: Linear, A-law and Inf-law, DPCM and ADPCM - Answer (click
here)
48. Power control in Interfacing to the analogue - Answer (click here)
49. What is an interrupt? - Answer (click here)
50. Interrupt sources - Answer (click here)
51. Recognising an interrupt - Answer (click here)
52. The interrupt mechanism - Answer (click here)
53. MC68000 interrupts - Answer (click here)
54. RISC exceptions - Answer (click here)
55. Fast interrupts - Answer (click here)
56. Interrupt controllers - Answer (click here)
57. Instruction restart and continuation - Answer (click here)
58. Interrupt latency - Answer (click here)
59. Do’s and Don’ts - Interrupts and exceptions - Answer (click here)
7 Real
1. What is an embedded system? - Answer (click here)
2. Inside the embedded system - Answer (click here)
3. Embedded processors - Answer (click here)
4. 8 bit accumulator processors - Answer (click here)
5. Example 8 bit architectures: Z80, Z80 programming model, MC6800 -
Answer (click here)
6. Microcontrollers: MC68HC05, MC68HC11 - Architecture - Answer (click
here)
7. Data processors: Complex instructions, microcode and nanocode -
Answer (click here)
8. INTEL 80286 - Answer (click here)
9. INTEL 80386DX - Answer (click here)
10. INTEL 80486 - Answer (click here)
11. Intel Pentium - Answer (click here)
12. Motorola MC68000 and its hardware - Answer (click here)
13. Motorola MC68020 - Answer (click here)
14. Motorola MC68030 - Answer (click here)
15. The MC68040 - Answer (click here)
16. Integrated processors - Answer (click here)
17. RISC processors - Answer (click here)
18. The Berkeley RISC model - Answer (click here)
19. Sun SPARC RISC processor - Answer (click here)
20. The Stanford RISC model - Answer (click here)
21. The MPC603 block diagram - Answer (click here)
22. The ARM RISC architecture - Answer (click here)
23. Digital signal processors - Answer (click here)
24. DSP basic architecture - Answer (click here)
25. Choosing a processor - Answer (click here)
26. Memory systems and Memory technologies - Answer (click here)
27. Parallel ports - Answer (click here)
28. Timer/counters - Answer (click here)
29. 8253 timer modes - Answer (click here)
30. MC68230 modes - Answer (click here)
31. Timer processors - Answer (click here)
32. Real-time clocks - Answer (click here)
33. Serial ports - Answer (click here)
34. Serial peripheral interface - Answer (click here)
35. I2C bus - Answer (click here)
36. What is an RS232 serial port? - Answer (click here)
37. Asynchronous flow control - Answer (click here)
38. UART implementations - Answer (click here)
39. DMA controllers - Answer (click here)
40. A generic DMA controller - Answer (click here)
41. DMA controller models - Answer (click here)
42. Channels and control blocks - Answer (click here)
43. Sharing bus bandwidth - Answer (click here)
44. DMA implementations - Answer (click here)
45. Analogue to digital conversion techniques - Answer (click here)
46. Sample rates and size: Irregular sampling errors, Nyquist’s theorem -
Answer (click here)
47. Codecs: Linear, A-law and Inf-law, DPCM and ADPCM - Answer (click
here)
48. Power control in Interfacing to the analogue - Answer (click here)
49. What is an interrupt? - Answer (click here)
50. Interrupt sources - Answer (click here)
51. Recognising an interrupt - Answer (click here)
52. The interrupt mechanism - Answer (click here)
53. MC68000 interrupts - Answer (click here)
54. RISC exceptions - Answer (click here)
55. Fast interrupts - Answer (click here)
56. Interrupt controllers - Answer (click here)
57. Instruction restart and continuation - Answer (click here)
58. Interrupt latency - Answer (click here)
59. Do’s and Don’ts - Interrupts and exceptions - Answer (click here)
60. What are operating systems? - Answer (click here)
61. Operating system internals - Answer (click here)
62. Multitasking operating systems - Answer (click here)
63. What is a real-time operating system? - Answer (click here)
64. Task swapping methods - Answer (click here)
65. Scheduler algorithms - Answer (click here)
66. Priority inversion - Answer (click here)
67. Tasks, threads and processes - Answer (click here)
68. Exceptions - Answer (click here)
69. Memory model - Answer (click here)
70. Memory management address translation - Answer (click here)
71. Choosing an operating system - Answer (click here)
72. Commercial operating systems - Answer (click here)
73. Windows NT characteristics - Answer (click here)
74. Resource protection - Answer (click here)
75. Linux - Answer (click here)
 76. Disk partitioning - Answer (click here)
77. The Linux disk partitioning - Answer (click here)
78. Linux software structure, Physical and Memory management - Answer
(click here)
79. Linux limitations - Answer (click here)
80. eLinux - Answer (click here)

8 Writing software for embedded systems

1. What is an embedded system? - Answer (click here)
2. Inside the embedded system - Answer (click here)
3. Embedded processors - Answer (click here)
4. 8 bit accumulator processors - Answer (click here)
5. Example 8 bit architectures: Z80, Z80 programming model, MC6800 -
Answer (click here)
6. Microcontrollers: MC68HC05, MC68HC11 - Architecture - Answer (click
here)
7. Data processors: Complex instructions, microcode and nanocode -
Answer (click here)
8. INTEL 80286 - Answer (click here)
9. INTEL 80386DX - Answer (click here)
10. INTEL 80486 - Answer (click here)
11. Intel Pentium - Answer (click here)
12. Motorola MC68000 and its hardware - Answer (click here)
13. Motorola MC68020 - Answer (click here)
14. Motorola MC68030 - Answer (click here)
15. The MC68040 - Answer (click here)
16. Integrated processors - Answer (click here)
17. RISC processors - Answer (click here)
18. The Berkeley RISC model - Answer (click here)
19. Sun SPARC RISC processor - Answer (click here)
20. The Stanford RISC model - Answer (click here)
21. The MPC603 block diagram - Answer (click here)
22. The ARM RISC architecture - Answer (click here)
23. Digital signal processors - Answer (click here)
24. DSP basic architecture - Answer (click here)
25. Choosing a processor - Answer (click here)
26. Memory systems and Memory technologies - Answer (click here)
27. Parallel ports - Answer (click here)
28. Timer/counters - Answer (click here)
29. 8253 timer modes - Answer (click here)
30. MC68230 modes - Answer (click here)
31. Timer processors - Answer (click here)
32. Real-time clocks - Answer (click here)
33. Serial ports - Answer (click here)
34. Serial peripheral interface - Answer (click here)
35. I2C bus - Answer (click here)
36. What is an RS232 serial port? - Answer (click here)
37. Asynchronous flow control - Answer (click here)
38. UART implementations - Answer (click here)
39. DMA controllers - Answer (click here)
40. A generic DMA controller - Answer (click here)
41. DMA controller models - Answer (click here)
42. Channels and control blocks - Answer (click here)
43. Sharing bus bandwidth - Answer (click here)
44. DMA implementations - Answer (click here)
45. Analogue to digital conversion techniques - Answer (click here)
46. Sample rates and size: Irregular sampling errors, Nyquist’s theorem -
Answer (click here)
47. Codecs: Linear, A-law and Inf-law, DPCM and ADPCM - Answer (click
here)
48. Power control in Interfacing to the analogue - Answer (click here)
49. What is an interrupt? - Answer (click here)
50. Interrupt sources - Answer (click here)
51. Recognising an interrupt - Answer (click here)
52. The interrupt mechanism - Answer (click here)
53. MC68000 interrupts - Answer (click here)
54. RISC exceptions - Answer (click here)
55. Fast interrupts - Answer (click here)
56. Interrupt controllers - Answer (click here)
57. Instruction restart and continuation - Answer (click here)
58. Interrupt latency - Answer (click here)
59. Do’s and Don’ts - Interrupts and exceptions - Answer (click here)
60. What are operating systems? - Answer (click here)
61. Operating system internals - Answer (click here)
62. Multitasking operating systems - Answer (click here)
63. What is a real-time operating system? - Answer (click here)
64. Task swapping methods - Answer (click here)
65. Scheduler algorithms - Answer (click here)
66. Priority inversion - Answer (click here)
67. Tasks, threads and processes - Answer (click here)
68. Exceptions - Answer (click here)
69. Memory model - Answer (click here)
70. Memory management address translation - Answer (click here)
71. Choosing an operating system - Answer (click here)
72. Commercial operating systems - Answer (click here)
73. Windows NT characteristics - Answer (click here)
74. Resource protection - Answer (click here)
75. Linux - Answer (click here)
76. Disk partitioning - Answer (click here)
77. The Linux disk partitioning - Answer (click here)
78. Linux software structure, Physical and Memory management - Answer
(click here)
79. Linux limitations - Answer (click here)
80. eLinux - Answer (click here)
81. Writing software for embedded systems - Answer (click here)
82. The compilation process - Answer (click here)
83. Native versus cross-compilers - Answer (click here)
84. Run-time libraries - Answer (click here)
85. Writing a library - Answer (click here)
86. Using alternative libraries - Answer (click here)
87. Using a standard library - Answer (click here)
88. Porting kernels - Answer (click here)
89. C extensions for embedded systems - Answer (click here)
90. Downloading- Writing software for embedded systems - Answer (click
here)

9 Emulation and debugging techniques

1. What is an embedded system? - Answer (click here)
2. Inside the embedded system - Answer (click here)
3. Embedded processors - Answer (click here)
4. 8 bit accumulator processors - Answer (click here)
5. Example 8 bit architectures: Z80, Z80 programming model, MC6800 -
Answer (click here)
6. Microcontrollers: MC68HC05, MC68HC11 - Architecture - Answer (click
here)
7. Data processors: Complex instructions, microcode and nanocode -
Answer (click here)
8. INTEL 80286 - Answer (click here)
9. INTEL 80386DX - Answer (click here)
10. INTEL 80486 - Answer (click here)
11. Intel Pentium - Answer (click here)
12. Motorola MC68000 and its hardware - Answer (click here)
13. Motorola MC68020 - Answer (click here)
14. Motorola MC68030 - Answer (click here)
15. The MC68040 - Answer (click here)
16. Integrated processors - Answer (click here)
17. RISC processors - Answer (click here)
18. The Berkeley RISC model - Answer (click here)
19. Sun SPARC RISC processor - Answer (click here)
20. The Stanford RISC model - Answer (click here)
21. The MPC603 block diagram - Answer (click here)
22. The ARM RISC architecture - Answer (click here)
23. Digital signal processors - Answer (click here)
24. DSP basic architecture - Answer (click here)
25. Choosing a processor - Answer (click here)
26. Memory systems and Memory technologies - Answer (click here)
27. Parallel ports - Answer (click here)
28. Timer/counters - Answer (click here)
29. 8253 timer modes - Answer (click here)
30. MC68230 modes - Answer (click here)
31. Timer processors - Answer (click here)
32. Real-time clocks - Answer (click here)
33. Serial ports - Answer (click here)
34. Serial peripheral interface - Answer (click here)
35. I2C bus - Answer (click here)
36. What is an RS232 serial port? - Answer (click here)
37. Asynchronous flow control - Answer (click here)
38. UART implementations - Answer (click here)
39. DMA controllers - Answer (click here)
40. A generic DMA controller - Answer (click here)
41. DMA controller models - Answer (click here)
42. Channels and control blocks - Answer (click here)
43. Sharing bus bandwidth - Answer (click here)
44. DMA implementations - Answer (click here)
45. Analogue to digital conversion techniques - Answer (click here)
46. Sample rates and size: Irregular sampling errors, Nyquist’s theorem -
Answer (click here)
47. Codecs: Linear, A-law and Inf-law, DPCM and ADPCM - Answer (click
here)
48. Power control in Interfacing to the analogue - Answer (click here)
49. What is an interrupt? - Answer (click here)
50. Interrupt sources - Answer (click here)
51. Recognising an interrupt - Answer (click here)
52. The interrupt mechanism - Answer (click here)
53. MC68000 interrupts - Answer (click here)
54. RISC exceptions - Answer (click here)
55. Fast interrupts - Answer (click here)
56. Interrupt controllers - Answer (click here)
57. Instruction restart and continuation - Answer (click here)
58. Interrupt latency - Answer (click here)
59. Do’s and Don’ts - Interrupts and exceptions - Answer (click here)
60. What are operating systems? - Answer (click here)
61. Operating system internals - Answer (click here)
62. Multitasking operating systems - Answer (click here)
63. What is a real-time operating system? - Answer (click here)
64. Task swapping methods - Answer (click here)
65. Scheduler algorithms - Answer (click here)
66. Priority inversion - Answer (click here)
67. Tasks, threads and processes - Answer (click here)
68. Exceptions - Answer (click here)
69. Memory model - Answer (click here)
70. Memory management address translation - Answer (click here)
71. Choosing an operating system - Answer (click here)
72. Commercial operating systems - Answer (click here)
73. Windows NT characteristics - Answer (click here)
74. Resource protection - Answer (click here)
75. Linux - Answer (click here)
76. Disk partitioning - Answer (click here)
77. The Linux disk partitioning - Answer (click here)
78. Linux software structure, Physical and Memory management - Answer
(click here)
79. Linux limitations - Answer (click here)
80. eLinux - Answer (click here)
81. Writing software for embedded systems - Answer (click here)
82. The compilation process - Answer (click here)
83. Native versus cross-compilers - Answer (click here)
84. Run-time libraries - Answer (click here)
85. Writing a library - Answer (click here)
86. Using alternative libraries - Answer (click here)
87. Using a standard library - Answer (click here)
88. Porting kernels - Answer (click here)
89. C extensions for embedded systems - Answer (click here)
90. Downloading- Writing software for embedded systems - Answer (click
here)
 91. Debugging techniques - Answer (click here)
92. High level language simulation - Answer (click here)
93. Low level simulation - Answer (click here)
94. Onboard debugger - Answer (click here)
95. Task level debugging - Answer (click here)
96. Symbolic debug - Answer (click here)
97. Emulation - Answer (click here)
98. Optimisation problems in Emulation techniques - Answer (click here)
99. Xray - Emulation technique - Answer (click here)
100. The role of the development system: Floating point and memory
management functions - Answer (click here)
101. Emulation techniques: BDM, OnCE, JTAG - Answer (click here)

10 Buffering and other data structures

1. What is an embedded system? - Answer (click here)
2. Inside the embedded system - Answer (click here)
3. Embedded processors - Answer (click here)
4. 8 bit accumulator processors - Answer (click here)
5. Example 8 bit architectures: Z80, Z80 programming model, MC6800 -
Answer (click here)
6. Microcontrollers: MC68HC05, MC68HC11 - Architecture - Answer (click
here)
7. Data processors: Complex instructions, microcode and nanocode -
Answer (click here)
8. INTEL 80286 - Answer (click here)
9. INTEL 80386DX - Answer (click here)
10. INTEL 80486 - Answer (click here)
11. Intel Pentium - Answer (click here)
12. Motorola MC68000 and its hardware - Answer (click here)
13. Motorola MC68020 - Answer (click here)
14. Motorola MC68030 - Answer (click here)
15. The MC68040 - Answer (click here)
16. Integrated processors - Answer (click here)
17. RISC processors - Answer (click here)
18. The Berkeley RISC model - Answer (click here)
19. Sun SPARC RISC processor - Answer (click here)
20. The Stanford RISC model - Answer (click here)
21. The MPC603 block diagram - Answer (click here)
22. The ARM RISC architecture - Answer (click here)
23. Digital signal processors - Answer (click here)
24. DSP basic architecture - Answer (click here)
25. Choosing a processor - Answer (click here)
26. Memory systems and Memory technologies - Answer (click here)
27. Parallel ports - Answer (click here)
28. Timer/counters - Answer (click here)
29. 8253 timer modes - Answer (click here)
30. MC68230 modes - Answer (click here)
31. Timer processors - Answer (click here)
32. Real-time clocks - Answer (click here)
33. Serial ports - Answer (click here)
34. Serial peripheral interface - Answer (click here)
35. I2C bus - Answer (click here)
36. What is an RS232 serial port? - Answer (click here)
37. Asynchronous flow control - Answer (click here)
38. UART implementations - Answer (click here)
39. DMA controllers - Answer (click here)
40. A generic DMA controller - Answer (click here)
41. DMA controller models - Answer (click here)
42. Channels and control blocks - Answer (click here)
43. Sharing bus bandwidth - Answer (click here)
44. DMA implementations - Answer (click here)
45. Analogue to digital conversion techniques - Answer (click here)
46. Sample rates and size: Irregular sampling errors, Nyquist’s theorem -
Answer (click here)
47. Codecs: Linear, A-law and Inf-law, DPCM and ADPCM - Answer (click
here)
48. Power control in Interfacing to the analogue - Answer (click here)
49. What is an interrupt? - Answer (click here)
50. Interrupt sources - Answer (click here)
51. Recognising an interrupt - Answer (click here)
52. The interrupt mechanism - Answer (click here)
53. MC68000 interrupts - Answer (click here)
54. RISC exceptions - Answer (click here)
55. Fast interrupts - Answer (click here)
56. Interrupt controllers - Answer (click here)
57. Instruction restart and continuation - Answer (click here)
58. Interrupt latency - Answer (click here)
59. Do’s and Don’ts - Interrupts and exceptions - Answer (click here)
60. What are operating systems? - Answer (click here)
61. Operating system internals - Answer (click here)
62. Multitasking operating systems - Answer (click here)
 63. What is a real-time operating system? - Answer (click here)
64. Task swapping methods - Answer (click here)
65. Scheduler algorithms - Answer (click here)
66. Priority inversion - Answer (click here)
67. Tasks, threads and processes - Answer (click here)
68. Exceptions - Answer (click here)
69. Memory model - Answer (click here)
70. Memory management address translation - Answer (click here)
71. Choosing an operating system - Answer (click here)
72. Commercial operating systems - Answer (click here)
73. Windows NT characteristics - Answer (click here)
74. Resource protection - Answer (click here)
75. Linux - Answer (click here)
76. Disk partitioning - Answer (click here)
77. The Linux disk partitioning - Answer (click here)
78. Linux software structure, Physical and Memory management - Answer
(click here)
79. Linux limitations - Answer (click here)
80. eLinux - Answer (click here)
81. Writing software for embedded systems - Answer (click here)
82. The compilation process - Answer (click here)
83. Native versus cross-compilers - Answer (click here)
84. Run-time libraries - Answer (click here)
85. Writing a library - Answer (click here)
86. Using alternative libraries - Answer (click here)
87. Using a standard library - Answer (click here)
88. Porting kernels - Answer (click here)
89. C extensions for embedded systems - Answer (click here)
90. Downloading- Writing software for embedded systems - Answer (click
here)
91. Debugging techniques - Answer (click here)
92. High level language simulation - Answer (click here)
93. Low level simulation - Answer (click here)
94. Onboard debugger - Answer (click here)
95. Task level debugging - Answer (click here)
96. Symbolic debug - Answer (click here)
97. Emulation - Answer (click here)
98. Optimisation problems in Emulation techniques - Answer (click here)
99. Xray - Emulation technique - Answer (click here)
100. The role of the development system: Floating point and memory
management functions - Answer (click here)
101. Emulation techniques: BDM, OnCE, JTAG - Answer (click here)
102. What is a buffer? - Answer (click here)
103. Linear buffers - Answer (click here)
104. Directional buffers - Answer (click here)
105. Double buffering - Answer (click here)
106. Buffer exchange - Answer (click here)
107. Linked lists - Buffering - Answer (click here)
108. FIFOs and Circular buffers - Answer (click here)
109. Buffer underrun and overrun - Answer (click here)
110. Allocating buffer memory - Answer (click here)
111. Memory leakage in Buffering - Answer (click here)

11 Memory and performance trade

1. What is an embedded system? - Answer (click here)
2. Inside the embedded system - Answer (click here)
3. Embedded processors - Answer (click here)
4. 8 bit accumulator processors - Answer (click here)
5. Example 8 bit architectures: Z80, Z80 programming model, MC6800 -
Answer (click here)
6. Microcontrollers: MC68HC05, MC68HC11 - Architecture - Answer (click
here)
7. Data processors: Complex instructions, microcode and nanocode -
Answer (click here)
8. INTEL 80286 - Answer (click here)
9. INTEL 80386DX - Answer (click here)
10. INTEL 80486 - Answer (click here)
11. Intel Pentium - Answer (click here)
12. Motorola MC68000 and its hardware - Answer (click here)
13. Motorola MC68020 - Answer (click here)
14. Motorola MC68030 - Answer (click here)
15. The MC68040 - Answer (click here)
16. Integrated processors - Answer (click here)
17. RISC processors - Answer (click here)
18. The Berkeley RISC model - Answer (click here)
19. Sun SPARC RISC processor - Answer (click here)
20. The Stanford RISC model - Answer (click here)
21. The MPC603 block diagram - Answer (click here)
22. The ARM RISC architecture - Answer (click here)
23. Digital signal processors - Answer (click here)
24. DSP basic architecture - Answer (click here)
25. Choosing a processor - Answer (click here)
26. Memory systems and Memory technologies - Answer (click here)
27. Parallel ports - Answer (click here)
28. Timer/counters - Answer (click here)
29. 8253 timer modes - Answer (click here)
30. MC68230 modes - Answer (click here)
31. Timer processors - Answer (click here)
32. Real-time clocks - Answer (click here)
33. Serial ports - Answer (click here)
34. Serial peripheral interface - Answer (click here)
35. I2C bus - Answer (click here)
36. What is an RS232 serial port? - Answer (click here)
37. Asynchronous flow control - Answer (click here)
38. UART implementations - Answer (click here)
39. DMA controllers - Answer (click here)
40. A generic DMA controller - Answer (click here)
41. DMA controller models - Answer (click here)
42. Channels and control blocks - Answer (click here)
43. Sharing bus bandwidth - Answer (click here)
44. DMA implementations - Answer (click here)
45. Analogue to digital conversion techniques - Answer (click here)
46. Sample rates and size: Irregular sampling errors, Nyquist’s theorem -
Answer (click here)
47. Codecs: Linear, A-law and Inf-law, DPCM and ADPCM - Answer (click
here)
48. Power control in Interfacing to the analogue - Answer (click here)
49. What is an interrupt? - Answer (click here)
50. Interrupt sources - Answer (click here)
51. Recognising an interrupt - Answer (click here)
52. The interrupt mechanism - Answer (click here)
53. MC68000 interrupts - Answer (click here)
54. RISC exceptions - Answer (click here)
55. Fast interrupts - Answer (click here)
56. Interrupt controllers - Answer (click here)
57. Instruction restart and continuation - Answer (click here)
58. Interrupt latency - Answer (click here)
59. Do’s and Don’ts - Interrupts and exceptions - Answer (click here)
60. What are operating systems? - Answer (click here)
61. Operating system internals - Answer (click here)
62. Multitasking operating systems - Answer (click here)
63. What is a real-time operating system? - Answer (click here)
 64. Task swapping methods - Answer (click here)
65. Scheduler algorithms - Answer (click here)
66. Priority inversion - Answer (click here)
67. Tasks, threads and processes - Answer (click here)
68. Exceptions - Answer (click here)
69. Memory model - Answer (click here)
70. Memory management address translation - Answer (click here)
71. Choosing an operating system - Answer (click here)
72. Commercial operating systems - Answer (click here)
73. Windows NT characteristics - Answer (click here)
74. Resource protection - Answer (click here)
75. Linux - Answer (click here)
76. Disk partitioning - Answer (click here)
77. The Linux disk partitioning - Answer (click here)
78. Linux software structure, Physical and Memory management - Answer
(click here)
79. Linux limitations - Answer (click here)
80. eLinux - Answer (click here)
81. Writing software for embedded systems - Answer (click here)
82. The compilation process - Answer (click here)
83. Native versus cross-compilers - Answer (click here)
84. Run-time libraries - Answer (click here)
85. Writing a library - Answer (click here)
86. Using alternative libraries - Answer (click here)
87. Using a standard library - Answer (click here)
88. Porting kernels - Answer (click here)
89. C extensions for embedded systems - Answer (click here)
90. Downloading- Writing software for embedded systems - Answer (click
here)
91. Debugging techniques - Answer (click here)
92. High level language simulation - Answer (click here)
93. Low level simulation - Answer (click here)
94. Onboard debugger - Answer (click here)
95. Task level debugging - Answer (click here)
96. Symbolic debug - Answer (click here)
97. Emulation - Answer (click here)
98. Optimisation problems in Emulation techniques - Answer (click here)
99. Xray - Emulation technique - Answer (click here)
100. The role of the development system: Floating point and memory
management functions - Answer (click here)
101. Emulation techniques: BDM, OnCE, JTAG - Answer (click here)
102. What is a buffer? - Answer (click here)
103. Linear buffers - Answer (click here)
104. Directional buffers - Answer (click here)
105. Double buffering - Answer (click here)
106. Buffer exchange - Answer (click here)
107. Linked lists - Buffering - Answer (click here)
108. FIFOs and Circular buffers - Answer (click here)
109. Buffer underrun and overrun - Answer (click here)
110. Allocating buffer memory - Answer (click here)
111. Memory leakage in Buffering - Answer (click here)
112. The effect of memory wait states - Answer (click here)
113. Single cycle processor with large external memory - Answer (click here)
114. Reducing the cost of memory access - Answer (click here)

12 Software examples
1. What is an embedded system? - Answer (click here)
2. Inside the embedded system - Answer (click here)
3. Embedded processors - Answer (click here)
4. 8 bit accumulator processors - Answer (click here)
5. Example 8 bit architectures: Z80, Z80 programming model, MC6800 -
Answer (click here)
6. Microcontrollers: MC68HC05, MC68HC11 - Architecture - Answer (click
here)
7. Data processors: Complex instructions, microcode and nanocode -
Answer (click here)
8. INTEL 80286 - Answer (click here)
9. INTEL 80386DX - Answer (click here)
10. INTEL 80486 - Answer (click here)
11. Intel Pentium - Answer (click here)
12. Motorola MC68000 and its hardware - Answer (click here)
13. Motorola MC68020 - Answer (click here)
14. Motorola MC68030 - Answer (click here)
15. The MC68040 - Answer (click here)
16. Integrated processors - Answer (click here)
17. RISC processors - Answer (click here)
18. The Berkeley RISC model - Answer (click here)
19. Sun SPARC RISC processor - Answer (click here)
20. The Stanford RISC model - Answer (click here)
21. The MPC603 block diagram - Answer (click here)
22. The ARM RISC architecture - Answer (click here)
23. Digital signal processors - Answer (click here)
24. DSP basic architecture - Answer (click here)
25. Choosing a processor - Answer (click here)
26. Memory systems and Memory technologies - Answer (click here)
27. Parallel ports - Answer (click here)
28. Timer/counters - Answer (click here)
29. 8253 timer modes - Answer (click here)
30. MC68230 modes - Answer (click here)
31. Timer processors - Answer (click here)
32. Real-time clocks - Answer (click here)
33. Serial ports - Answer (click here)
34. Serial peripheral interface - Answer (click here)
35. I2C bus - Answer (click here)
36. What is an RS232 serial port? - Answer (click here)
37. Asynchronous flow control - Answer (click here)
38. UART implementations - Answer (click here)
39. DMA controllers - Answer (click here)
40. A generic DMA controller - Answer (click here)
41. DMA controller models - Answer (click here)
42. Channels and control blocks - Answer (click here)
43. Sharing bus bandwidth - Answer (click here)
44. DMA implementations - Answer (click here)
45. Analogue to digital conversion techniques - Answer (click here)
46. Sample rates and size: Irregular sampling errors, Nyquist’s theorem -
Answer (click here)
47. Codecs: Linear, A-law and Inf-law, DPCM and ADPCM - Answer (click
here)
48. Power control in Interfacing to the analogue - Answer (click here)
49. What is an interrupt? - Answer (click here)
50. Interrupt sources - Answer (click here)
51. Recognising an interrupt - Answer (click here)
52. The interrupt mechanism - Answer (click here)
53. MC68000 interrupts - Answer (click here)
54. RISC exceptions - Answer (click here)
55. Fast interrupts - Answer (click here)
56. Interrupt controllers - Answer (click here)
57. Instruction restart and continuation - Answer (click here)
58. Interrupt latency - Answer (click here)
59. Do’s and Don’ts - Interrupts and exceptions - Answer (click here)
60. What are operating systems? - Answer (click here)
61. Operating system internals - Answer (click here)
 62. Multitasking operating systems - Answer (click here)
63. What is a real-time operating system? - Answer (click here)
64. Task swapping methods - Answer (click here)
65. Scheduler algorithms - Answer (click here)
66. Priority inversion - Answer (click here)
67. Tasks, threads and processes - Answer (click here)
68. Exceptions - Answer (click here)
69. Memory model - Answer (click here)
70. Memory management address translation - Answer (click here)
71. Choosing an operating system - Answer (click here)
72. Commercial operating systems - Answer (click here)
73. Windows NT characteristics - Answer (click here)
74. Resource protection - Answer (click here)
75. Linux - Answer (click here)
76. Disk partitioning - Answer (click here)
77. The Linux disk partitioning - Answer (click here)
78. Linux software structure, Physical and Memory management - Answer
(click here)
79. Linux limitations - Answer (click here)
80. eLinux - Answer (click here)
81. Writing software for embedded systems - Answer (click here)
82. The compilation process - Answer (click here)
83. Native versus cross-compilers - Answer (click here)
84. Run-time libraries - Answer (click here)
85. Writing a library - Answer (click here)
86. Using alternative libraries - Answer (click here)
87. Using a standard library - Answer (click here)
88. Porting kernels - Answer (click here)
89. C extensions for embedded systems - Answer (click here)
90. Downloading- Writing software for embedded systems - Answer (click
here)
91. Debugging techniques - Answer (click here)
92. High level language simulation - Answer (click here)
93. Low level simulation - Answer (click here)
94. Onboard debugger - Answer (click here)
95. Task level debugging - Answer (click here)
96. Symbolic debug - Answer (click here)
97. Emulation - Answer (click here)
98. Optimisation problems in Emulation techniques - Answer (click here)
99. Xray - Emulation technique - Answer (click here)
100. The role of the development system: Floating point and memory
 management functions - Answer (click here)
101. Emulation techniques: BDM, OnCE, JTAG - Answer (click here)
102. What is a buffer? - Answer (click here)
103. Linear buffers - Answer (click here)
104. Directional buffers - Answer (click here)
105. Double buffering - Answer (click here)
106. Buffer exchange - Answer (click here)
107. Linked lists - Buffering - Answer (click here)
108. FIFOs and Circular buffers - Answer (click here)
109. Buffer underrun and overrun - Answer (click here)
110. Allocating buffer memory - Answer (click here)
111. Memory leakage in Buffering - Answer (click here)
112. The effect of memory wait states - Answer (click here)
113. Single cycle processor with large external memory - Answer (click here)
114. Reducing the cost of memory access - Answer (click here)
115. Benchmark example - Embedded Systems - Answer (click here)
116. Creating software state machines - Answer (click here)

13 Design examples
1. What is an embedded system? - Answer (click here)
2. Inside the embedded system - Answer (click here)
3. Embedded processors - Answer (click here)
4. 8 bit accumulator processors - Answer (click here)
5. Example 8 bit architectures: Z80, Z80 programming model, MC6800 -
Answer (click here)
6. Microcontrollers: MC68HC05, MC68HC11 - Architecture - Answer (click
here)
7. Data processors: Complex instructions, microcode and nanocode -
Answer (click here)
8. INTEL 80286 - Answer (click here)
9. INTEL 80386DX - Answer (click here)
10. INTEL 80486 - Answer (click here)
11. Intel Pentium - Answer (click here)
12. Motorola MC68000 and its hardware - Answer (click here)
13. Motorola MC68020 - Answer (click here)
14. Motorola MC68030 - Answer (click here)
15. The MC68040 - Answer (click here)
16. Integrated processors - Answer (click here)
17. RISC processors - Answer (click here)
18. The Berkeley RISC model - Answer (click here)
19. Sun SPARC RISC processor - Answer (click here)
20. The Stanford RISC model - Answer (click here)
21. The MPC603 block diagram - Answer (click here)
22. The ARM RISC architecture - Answer (click here)
23. Digital signal processors - Answer (click here)
24. DSP basic architecture - Answer (click here)
25. Choosing a processor - Answer (click here)
26. Memory systems and Memory technologies - Answer (click here)
27. Parallel ports - Answer (click here)
28. Timer/counters - Answer (click here)
29. 8253 timer modes - Answer (click here)
30. MC68230 modes - Answer (click here)
31. Timer processors - Answer (click here)
32. Real-time clocks - Answer (click here)
33. Serial ports - Answer (click here)
34. Serial peripheral interface - Answer (click here)
35. I2C bus - Answer (click here)
36. What is an RS232 serial port? - Answer (click here)
37. Asynchronous flow control - Answer (click here)
38. UART implementations - Answer (click here)
39. DMA controllers - Answer (click here)
40. A generic DMA controller - Answer (click here)
41. DMA controller models - Answer (click here)
42. Channels and control blocks - Answer (click here)
43. Sharing bus bandwidth - Answer (click here)
44. DMA implementations - Answer (click here)
45. Analogue to digital conversion techniques - Answer (click here)
46. Sample rates and size: Irregular sampling errors, Nyquist’s theorem -
Answer (click here)
47. Codecs: Linear, A-law and Inf-law, DPCM and ADPCM - Answer (click
here)
48. Power control in Interfacing to the analogue - Answer (click here)
49. What is an interrupt? - Answer (click here)
50. Interrupt sources - Answer (click here)
51. Recognising an interrupt - Answer (click here)
52. The interrupt mechanism - Answer (click here)
53. MC68000 interrupts - Answer (click here)
54. RISC exceptions - Answer (click here)
55. Fast interrupts - Answer (click here)
56. Interrupt controllers - Answer (click here)
57. Instruction restart and continuation - Answer (click here)
58. Interrupt latency - Answer (click here)
59. Do’s and Don’ts - Interrupts and exceptions - Answer (click here)
60. What are operating systems? - Answer (click here)
61. Operating system internals - Answer (click here)
62. Multitasking operating systems - Answer (click here)
63. What is a real-time operating system? - Answer (click here)
64. Task swapping methods - Answer (click here)
65. Scheduler algorithms - Answer (click here)
66. Priority inversion - Answer (click here)
67. Tasks, threads and processes - Answer (click here)
68. Exceptions - Answer (click here)
69. Memory model - Answer (click here)
70. Memory management address translation - Answer (click here)
71. Choosing an operating system - Answer (click here)
72. Commercial operating systems - Answer (click here)
73. Windows NT characteristics - Answer (click here)
74. Resource protection - Answer (click here)
75. Linux - Answer (click here)
76. Disk partitioning - Answer (click here)
77. The Linux disk partitioning - Answer (click here)
78. Linux software structure, Physical and Memory management - Answer
(click here)
79. Linux limitations - Answer (click here)
80. eLinux - Answer (click here)
81. Writing software for embedded systems - Answer (click here)
82. The compilation process - Answer (click here)
83. Native versus cross-compilers - Answer (click here)
84. Run-time libraries - Answer (click here)
85. Writing a library - Answer (click here)
86. Using alternative libraries - Answer (click here)
87. Using a standard library - Answer (click here)
88. Porting kernels - Answer (click here)
89. C extensions for embedded systems - Answer (click here)
90. Downloading- Writing software for embedded systems - Answer (click
here)
91. Debugging techniques - Answer (click here)
92. High level language simulation - Answer (click here)
93. Low level simulation - Answer (click here)
94. Onboard debugger - Answer (click here)
95. Task level debugging - Answer (click here)
96. Symbolic debug - Answer (click here)
 97. Emulation - Answer (click here)
98. Optimisation problems in Emulation techniques - Answer (click here)
99. Xray - Emulation technique - Answer (click here)
100. The role of the development system: Floating point and memory
management functions - Answer (click here)
101. Emulation techniques: BDM, OnCE, JTAG - Answer (click here)
102. What is a buffer? - Answer (click here)
103. Linear buffers - Answer (click here)
104. Directional buffers - Answer (click here)
105. Double buffering - Answer (click here)
106. Buffer exchange - Answer (click here)
107. Linked lists - Buffering - Answer (click here)
108. FIFOs and Circular buffers - Answer (click here)
109. Buffer underrun and overrun - Answer (click here)
110. Allocating buffer memory - Answer (click here)
111. Memory leakage in Buffering - Answer (click here)
112. The effect of memory wait states - Answer (click here)
113. Single cycle processor with large external memory - Answer (click here)
114. Reducing the cost of memory access - Answer (click here)
115. Benchmark example - Embedded Systems - Answer (click here)
116. Creating software state machines - Answer (click here)
117. Burglar alarm system - Answer (click here)
118. Burglar alarm system - Answer (click here)

14 Real time without a RTOS

1. What is an embedded system? - Answer (click here)
2. Inside the embedded system - Answer (click here)
3. Embedded processors - Answer (click here)
4. 8 bit accumulator processors - Answer (click here)
5. Example 8 bit architectures: Z80, Z80 programming model, MC6800 -
Answer (click here)
6. Microcontrollers: MC68HC05, MC68HC11 - Architecture - Answer (click
here)
7. Data processors: Complex instructions, microcode and nanocode -
Answer (click here)
8. INTEL 80286 - Answer (click here)
9. INTEL 80386DX - Answer (click here)
10. INTEL 80486 - Answer (click here)
11. Intel Pentium - Answer (click here)
12. Motorola MC68000 and its hardware - Answer (click here)
13. Motorola MC68020 - Answer (click here)
14. Motorola MC68030 - Answer (click here)
15. The MC68040 - Answer (click here)
16. Integrated processors - Answer (click here)
17. RISC processors - Answer (click here)
18. The Berkeley RISC model - Answer (click here)
19. Sun SPARC RISC processor - Answer (click here)
20. The Stanford RISC model - Answer (click here)
21. The MPC603 block diagram - Answer (click here)
22. The ARM RISC architecture - Answer (click here)
23. Digital signal processors - Answer (click here)
24. DSP basic architecture - Answer (click here)
25. Choosing a processor - Answer (click here)
26. Memory systems and Memory technologies - Answer (click here)
27. Parallel ports - Answer (click here)
28. Timer/counters - Answer (click here)
29. 8253 timer modes - Answer (click here)
30. MC68230 modes - Answer (click here)
31. Timer processors - Answer (click here)
32. Real-time clocks - Answer (click here)
33. Serial ports - Answer (click here)
34. Serial peripheral interface - Answer (click here)
35. I2C bus - Answer (click here)
36. What is an RS232 serial port? - Answer (click here)
37. Asynchronous flow control - Answer (click here)
38. UART implementations - Answer (click here)
39. DMA controllers - Answer (click here)
40. A generic DMA controller - Answer (click here)
41. DMA controller models - Answer (click here)
42. Channels and control blocks - Answer (click here)
43. Sharing bus bandwidth - Answer (click here)
44. DMA implementations - Answer (click here)
45. Analogue to digital conversion techniques - Answer (click here)
46. Sample rates and size: Irregular sampling errors, Nyquist’s theorem -
Answer (click here)
47. Codecs: Linear, A-law and Inf-law, DPCM and ADPCM - Answer (click
here)
48. Power control in Interfacing to the analogue - Answer (click here)
49. What is an interrupt? - Answer (click here)
50. Interrupt sources - Answer (click here)
51. Recognising an interrupt - Answer (click here)
52. The interrupt mechanism - Answer (click here)
53. MC68000 interrupts - Answer (click here)
54. RISC exceptions - Answer (click here)
55. Fast interrupts - Answer (click here)
56. Interrupt controllers - Answer (click here)
57. Instruction restart and continuation - Answer (click here)
58. Interrupt latency - Answer (click here)
59. Do’s and Don’ts - Interrupts and exceptions - Answer (click here)
60. What are operating systems? - Answer (click here)
61. Operating system internals - Answer (click here)
62. Multitasking operating systems - Answer (click here)
63. What is a real-time operating system? - Answer (click here)
64. Task swapping methods - Answer (click here)
65. Scheduler algorithms - Answer (click here)
66. Priority inversion - Answer (click here)
67. Tasks, threads and processes - Answer (click here)
68. Exceptions - Answer (click here)
69. Memory model - Answer (click here)
70. Memory management address translation - Answer (click here)
71. Choosing an operating system - Answer (click here)
72. Commercial operating systems - Answer (click here)
73. Windows NT characteristics - Answer (click here)
74. Resource protection - Answer (click here)
75. Linux - Answer (click here)
76. Disk partitioning - Answer (click here)
77. The Linux disk partitioning - Answer (click here)
78. Linux software structure, Physical and Memory management - Answer
(click here)
79. Linux limitations - Answer (click here)
80. eLinux - Answer (click here)
81. Writing software for embedded systems - Answer (click here)
82. The compilation process - Answer (click here)
83. Native versus cross-compilers - Answer (click here)
84. Run-time libraries - Answer (click here)
85. Writing a library - Answer (click here)
86. Using alternative libraries - Answer (click here)
87. Using a standard library - Answer (click here)
88. Porting kernels - Answer (click here)
89. C extensions for embedded systems - Answer (click here)
90. Downloading- Writing software for embedded systems - Answer (click
here)
 91. Debugging techniques - Answer (click here)
92. High level language simulation - Answer (click here)
93. Low level simulation - Answer (click here)
94. Onboard debugger - Answer (click here)
95. Task level debugging - Answer (click here)
96. Symbolic debug - Answer (click here)
97. Emulation - Answer (click here)
98. Optimisation problems in Emulation techniques - Answer (click here)
99. Xray - Emulation technique - Answer (click here)
100. The role of the development system: Floating point and memory
management functions - Answer (click here)
101. Emulation techniques: BDM, OnCE, JTAG - Answer (click here)
102. What is a buffer? - Answer (click here)
103. Linear buffers - Answer (click here)
104. Directional buffers - Answer (click here)
105. Double buffering - Answer (click here)
106. Buffer exchange - Answer (click here)
107. Linked lists - Buffering - Answer (click here)
108. FIFOs and Circular buffers - Answer (click here)
109. Buffer underrun and overrun - Answer (click here)
110. Allocating buffer memory - Answer (click here)
111. Memory leakage in Buffering - Answer (click here)
112. The effect of memory wait states - Answer (click here)
113. Single cycle processor with large external memory - Answer (click here)
114. Reducing the cost of memory access - Answer (click here)
115. Benchmark example - Embedded Systems - Answer (click here)
116. Creating software state machines - Answer (click here)
117. Burglar alarm system - Answer (click here)
118. Burglar alarm system - Answer (click here)
119. Choosing the software environment - Answer (click here)
120. Deriving real-time performance from a non-real-time system - Answer
(click here)
121. Scheduling the data sampling - Answer (click here)
122. Sampling the data- Real-time without a RTOS - Answer (click here)
123. Controlling from an external switch - Answer (click here)
124. Problems- Real-time without a RTOS - Answer (click here)
125. Program listing- Real-time without a RTOS - Answer (click here)