Abstract

Ion exchange resins are polymers that are capable of exchanging particular ions

within the polymer with ions in a solution that is passed through them. This ability is also

seen in various natural systems such as soils and living cells.

The total capacity of an ion exchange resin is defined as the total number of chemical

equivalents available for exchange per some unit weight or unit volume of resin. Total

capacities of new resins are measured for quality control. For this experiment, the

milliequivalents of exchangeable anion per gram of dry resin were determined. Which

resulted to the average capacity of 2.370263 × 10−6 𝑚𝑒𝑞, 2.7592782 × 10−4 𝑚𝑒𝑞,

2.96043 × 10−4 𝑚𝑒𝑞, for 0.1 NaOH, 0.1 M Fe(NO3)3and 0.3 M NaCl respectively. And an

average capacity of 2.408944 × 10−3 𝑚𝑒𝑞 for Zinc and 4.306198 × 10−3 𝑚𝑒𝑞 for Nickel.

For the anion exchange resins the separation of cations by ion exchange using strong

base was illustrated, by dividing the product of the volume of EDTA used in titrating and its

concentration by the mass of the resin the exchange capacity was calculated having results

of 4.306198×10-3 meq and 2.408944×10-3 meq for nickel(II) and zinc(II), respectively.

1
 Introduction

Ion exchange materials are insoluble substances containing loosely held ions which

are able to be exchanged with other ions in solutions which come in contact with them.

These exchanges take place without any physical alteration to the ion exchange material. Ion

exchangers are insoluble acids or bases which have salts which are also insoluble, and this

enables them to exchange either positively charged ions (cation exchangers) or negatively

charged ones (anion exchangers). Many natural substances such as proteins, cellulose, living

cells and soil particles exhibit ion exchange properties which play an important role in the

way they function in nature. Synthetic ion exchange materials based on coal and phenolic

resins and resins consisting of polystyrene with sulphonate groups to form cation exchangers

or amine groups to form anion exchangers are the most commonly used resins today.

The resins are prepared as spherical beads 0.5 to 1.0 mm in diameter. These appear

solid even under the microscope, but on a molecular scale the structure is quite open as

shown in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1. Expanded view of polystyrene bead

This means that a solution passed down a resin bed can flow through the cross-linked

polymer, bringing it into intimate contact with the exchange sites. The affinity of sulphonic

acid resins for cations varies with the ionic size and charge of the cation. Generally the

affinity is greatest for large ions with high valency.

2
 A bed of resin can be used either to remove unwanted ions from a solution passed

through it or to accumulate a valuable mineral from the water which can later be recovered

from the resin. Examples of the removal of unwanted ions are the removal of heavy metals

from metal trade wastes, the demineralistion of the whey used to manufacture specialized

dairy products and the removal of salts from fruit juices.

Anion resins and cation resins are the two most common resins used in the ion

exchange process. The difference between anion and cation resins is that one is

positively charged (anion) and the other is negatively charged (cation). Strong cation

resins in the hydrogen form are used for the hydrolysis of starch and sucrose. Resins also

find many uses in the laboratory where the chemist ingenuity is less constrained by

economic considerations. They can be used to remove interfering ions during analysis or to

accumulate trace quantities of ions from dilute solutions after which they can be

concentrated into a small volume by elution. A cation resin in the hydrogen form can be

used to determine the total concentration of ions in a mixture of salts. The sample passing

through a column is converted to the equivalent quantity of acid and the amount readily

found by titration. Anion resins may be either strongly or weakly basic. Strongly basic anion

resins maintain their positive charge across a wide pH range, whereas weakly basic anion

resins are neutralized at higher pH levels. Weakly basic resins do not maintain their charge at

a high pH because they undergo deprotonation. They do, however, offer excellent

mechanical and chemical stability. This, combined with a high rate of ion exchange, make

weakly base anion resins well suited for the organic salts.

For anion resins, regeneration typically involves treatment of the resin with a strongly

basic solution, e.g. aqueous sodium hydroxide. During regeneration, the regenerant

3
chemical is passed through the resin, and trapped negative ions are flushed out, renewing

the resin exchange capacity.

This experiment was done to answer the following objectives: to determine the

exchange or acid capacity of cation exchange resin. To illustrate the separations of cations by

ions exchange method using strong base exchanger. To learn theories and to be able apply

these theories in the experiment.

Materials and Methods

In the properties of ion exchange resins the experiment is divided into two

part the cation exchange resins and anion exchange resins. For the cation ion exchange

resins the following reagents are used 0.3 M of NaCl, 0.1 M Fe(NO3)3*H2O, 1.0 M HCl for

different as varying reagents the Cation exchange resins, phenolphthalein solution as an

indicator and a Standard NaOH as the titrant. Laboratory materials such as Column, iron

stand, iron clam, rubber tubing, medicine dropper, stop cock and cotton to as a set up for

the cation resins. For the titration process Iron stand, Iron clamp, burette, and Erlenmeyer

flasks are needed. The second part of the experiment which is the anion exchange resins

requires reagent like 2 M HCl and 6 M NH3 for washing and varying trials. Strong base anion

exchange resins are also needed. Standard 0.01 M EDTA is needed as titrant for the titration

process. PH 10 buffer and bromopyrogallol indicator was also use during the titration

process. The same laboratory apparatus are needed for the second part of the experiment

which is the set up for anion resins and the titration process.

For the preparation of resin and column, 10g of cation exchange was mixed with

50.0mLof deionized water and was allow to stand for 15 minutes. A wad of glass wool and

4
absorbent cotton was placed at the bottom of a 50-mL burette and the resin was poured

into the column.

For the analysis, H+ saturated resin was generated by passing about 100mL of 1 M

HCl through the column at a rate of 15mL per minute. The liquid solution was applied to the

glass wall so as not to disturb the resin. The column was washed with 150mL water to free it

from acid. The first few millimetres are used to wash the glass walls and the water was

allowed to soak into the resin before continuing washing.

10mL of 0.3 M NaCl was poured into the column and after the solution has soaked in,

it was washed with 100mL of water at a rate of 3mL per minute, thus the collection all

eluate. 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator was added to the eluate and it was titrated

against standard 0.1N NaOH. Theoretical volume of NaOH needed for titration was

calculated and this was compared with the experimental result. Also, milliequivalents of

exchangeable anion per gram of dry resin were calculated.

The process was repeated using 10.0mL of 0.1 MFe(NO3)3 instead of 0.3 N NaCl. 10mL

of 0.1 M NaOH was passed through the column and the eluate was analyzed.

For the analysis of anion resins a wad of glass wool and absorbent cotton was placed

at the bottom of a 50-mL burette and the resin was poured into the column then a sufficient

strong base anion exchange resins was introduced to give 10-15 cm column. It was then

washed w/ 6 M NH3 followed by 100 ml water and 100 ml HCl.

For the separation of Nickel and Zinc the unknown 2 M of acid was first obtained

using 2 and 4 mmol of Ni2+ and Zn2+ using a clean 100 ml volumetric flask adding 16 ml of 12

M HCl and water mixed well and was diluted to mark. 10 ml of unknown was transferred into

the column and was drained slowly into a 25o ml conical flask. 2 to 3 portions 2 M HCl was

used to wash the interior portion of the column and then 50 ml of this acid was use to elute

5
the nickel with a rate of 2 ml per minute. When Elution was complete the liquid is

evaporated to dryness on a hotplate. Zn(II) was also eluted by using 100 ml water through

the column using same flow rate it was then collected using 25) ml conical flask.

A standard 0.01 M EDTA was use for the titration of Nickel and Zinc. For the titration

of Nickel after the solution was evaporated containing Nickel to dryness eliminating excess

HCl the residue was dissolved in a 100 ml distilled water adding 10 to 20 ml of Ph 10 buffer

and bromopyrogallol as an indicator having a color change of blue to red. For the tritration

of Zinc 10 ml of buffer was added with 2 drops of Eriochrome Black T to the elute. This was

titrated with a standard EDTA solution having a color change of red to blue. All results was

then calculated and recorded.

Results

Table 1: Standardization of NaOH

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Mass KHP (g) 0.72989 0.73044 0.73671
Initial Volume (mL) 0 0 0
Final Volume (mL) 35.3 35.3 35.3
Volume used (mL) 35.3 35.3 35.3
Average Molarity of NaOH: 0.1015857 𝑀

Table 2: Titration against standardized NaOH

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
0.3M 0.1 M 0.1 M 0.3M 0.1M 0.1 M 0.3M 0.1M 0.1 M
NaCl Fe(NO3)3 NaOH NaCl Fe(NO3)3 NaOH NaCl Fe(NO3)3 NaOH
Initial
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
vol. (mL)
Final vol. 29.3 29 0.3 28.9 29.30 0.2 28.7 29.60 0.3
(mL)
Vol. 29.3 29 0.3 28.9 29.30 0.3 28.7 29.60 0.3
Used
(mL)
Average Capacity NaCl: 2.96043 × 10−4 𝑚𝑒𝑞
Average Capacity Fe(NO3)3: 2.7592782 × 10−4 𝑚𝑒𝑞
Average Capacity NaOH: 2.370263 × 10−6 𝑚𝑒𝑞

6
Table 3: Standardization of CaCo3
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Mass (g) 0.2636 0.2636 0.2636
Initial Volume (mL) 0 0 0
Final Volume (mL) 50 50 50
Average Molarity of CaCo3: 0.05267𝑀

Table 4: Standardization of EDTA

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Mass (g) 11.1780 11.1780 11.1780
Initial Volume (mL) 0 0 0
Final Volume (mL) 52 52 51
Average Molarity of EDTA: 0.75992𝑀

Table 5: Titrations against EDTA solution

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Zinc Nickel Zinc Nickel Zinc Nickel
Initial vol. 0 0 0 0 0 0
(mL)
Final vol. 31 56.4 32 56.7 32.1 56.9
(mL)
Vol. Used 31 56.4 32 56.7 32.1 56.9
(mL)
Average Capacity of Zinc: 2.408944 × 10−3 𝑚𝑒𝑞
Average Capacity Nickel: 4.306198 × 10−3 𝑚𝑒𝑞

7
 Discussion

An ion-exchange resin consists of beads of an organic polymer. On the surface of the

beads, there are functional groups capable of removing ions from solution and replacing

them with ions of like charge from the resin. In the first part of the experiment, the cation

exchange resin is used in the hydrogen ion form, in which H+ ions are bound to the active

sites. These H+ ions can be removed either by dissociation in solution or by replacement with

other positive ions. The first part of the experiment aims to determine the exchange or acid

capacity of cation-exchange resin, which is sulfonated polystyrene resin. It is a strong acid

cation resin that has the capacity to exchange particular ion in a solution that is passed

through them. They are composed of a polymer matrix to which anionic functional groups

are bound, such as sulphonate (SO3–). The hydrogens on the sulfonic acid groups of the

cation exchanger are acidic and can be readily lost through ionization.

The H+ resin was generated by passing HCl through the column. Sodium chloride was

then added to the column after the resin was soaked with water. The exchange reaction can

be represented as:

A convenient notation for representing the stoichiometry of ion exchange processes

uses the notation RSO3H to represent a single active group, with R to representing the inert

resin it is attached to.Thus, the previous process becomes:

RSO3H + Na+ + H2O (RSO3-)(Na+) + H3O+

8
 If a cation-exchange resin is immersed in a solution containing cations, such as Na+,

some of the hydrogen ions associated with the resin will be exchanged for the sodium ions in

solution. The negative charges of the reactive groups on the resin are always balanced by the

positive charges of the small mobile cations. These cations are free to move from one

reactive site to another and may be further exchanged with cations in the solution

surrounding the resin. Since the resin as a whole is electrically neutral, the exchange of

cations in the solution for cations in the resin is stoichiometric.

Exchange capacity can be measured by exchanging sodium ion (Na+) for hydrogen

form, H+ initially attached to the resin. The hydrogen ion is then titrated with standard

sodium hydroxide solution with phenolphthalein as the indicator. The exchange capacity

was then calculated by dividing the product of the volume of NaCl used in titrating and its

concentration by the mass if the resin. 0.1 N NaoH was standardized using potassium

hydrogen phthalate , KHP, in order to get the molarity of the NaOH. The exchange capacity

of the resin with sodium ion is 2.96043×10-4 meq. A milliequivalent is one-thousandth of an

equivalent, which is the amount of a substance that will react with a certain number of

hydrogen ions. The procedure was repeated using 0.1 M Fe(NO3)3 and 0.10 M NaOH instead

of NaCl. The calculated exchange capacities of the cation are 2.7592782×10 -4 meq and

2.370263×10-6 meq, respectively.

Introducing water at calculated flow rates in the opposite direction to the service

flow lifts the bed, which loosens up and expands into the free board. This forces the

suspended particles and media fines out of the unit. At the same time, the bed loses its

compaction, reducing the likelihood of channeling, which could cause water or regenerant

9
chemicals to bypass some of the effective media bed. Compaction and fines also cause

excessive pressure drop. HCl is also added to regenerate the H + present in the cation resin.

The second part of the experiment involves the determination of exchange capacity

of an anion exchange resin. For the analysis of anion resins, the resin was poured into the

column then a sufficient strong base anion exchange resins was introduced to give 10-15 cm

column. It was then washed with 6 M NH3 followed by 100 ml water and 100 ml HCl. The

structure of an anion saturated resin is shown below.

The functional group here is quaternary ammonium cation with a chemical formula,

CH2-N+-(CH3)3. The mobile ions in the anion resin bead are chloride anions (Cl -). This is also

the standard delivery form for many anion resins. Each ion going into the bead has to be

replaced by an ion getting out of the bead, again to preserve electrical neutrality.

In this experiment, zinc and nickel ions will be separated by anion-exchange rather

than by cation-exchange. In 2 M hydrochloric acid, zinc(II) forms negatively charged

complexes with chloride while nickel(II) does not form a stable anionic complex under these

conditions. The reactions with zinc(II) to form complexes are shown below,

ZnCl3- + R+Cl- R+ ZnCl3- + Cl- , and

ZnCl42- + 2R+Cl- (R+)2 ZnCl32- + 2Cl- .

10
 Thus, when a mixture of zinc(II) and nickel(II) in 2 M hydrochloric acid is placed on an

anion-exchange resin in the chloride form, only zinc is retained. Once nickel has completely

eluted from the column, distilled, deionized water is passed through the column. This lowers

the chloride ion concentration in the column to a level where the zinc-chloride complexes

are no longer stable and zinc(II) elutes from the column.

After separation, the concentration of each metal will be determined volumetrically

by titration with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). Zinc is titrated in a solution

buffered at pH-10 using Eriochrome Black T as the indicator. It was then titrated with

standard EDTA solution to a color change from red to blue. For the titration of Nickel after

the solution was evaporated containing Nickel to dryness eliminating excess HCl, the residue

was dissolved in a 100 ml distilled water adding 10 to 20 ml of Ph 10 buffer and

bromopyrogallol as an indicator having a color change of blue to red. The exchange capacity

was then calculated by dividing the product of the volume of EDTA used in titrating and its

concentration by the mass if the resin. Based from the results calculated, the average

exchange capacities of the anion exchange resin for nickel(II) and zinc(II), respectively, are

4.306198×10-3 meq and 2.408944×10-3 meq.

11
 Conclusions

Ion-exchange resin or ion-exchange polymer is an insoluble matrix (or support

structure) normally in the form of small (0.5-1 mm diameter) beads, usually white or

yellowish, fabricated from an organic polymer substrate. The beads are typically porous,

providing a high surface area. The trapping of ions occurs with the accompanying releasing

of other ions; thus the process is called ion-exchange.

Ion-exchange resins are widely used in different separation, purification, and

decontamination processes Also, ion exchange resins are highly effective in the biodiesel

filtration process.

The total capacity of an ion exchange resin is defined as the total number of chemical

equivalents available for exchange per some unit weight or unit volume of resin. Total

capacities of new resins are measured for quality control.

Based from the results, the calculated exchange capacities of the cation exchange

resin for NaCl, Fe(NO3)3 and NaOH are 2.96043×10-4meq, 2.7592782×10-4meq and

2.370263×10-6meq, respectively. In addition, the exchange capacities of the anion exchange

resin in nickel(II) and zinc(II) are4.306198×10-3meq and 2.408944×10-3meq respectively.

12
 Literature Cited

De Dardel, Francios (2013). Ion Exchange Resin Properties. Retrieved from

<http://dardel.info/IX/resin_properties.html>

Dow Liquid Separations Company (2000). Fundamentals of Ion Exchange. Retrieved from

<http://msdssearch.dow.com/PublishedLiteratureDOWCOM/dh_0032/0901b803800

326ca.pdf?filepath=liquidseps/pdfs/noreg/177-01837.pdf&fromPage=GetDoc>

International Atomic Energy Agency (2002). Application of Exchange Processes for the

Treatment of Radioactive Waste and Management of Spent Ion Exchangers.

Retrieved from <http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/TRS408_scr.pdf>

Lenntech, Rhom and Haas (2008). Introduction to Ion Exchange. Retrieved from

cfvv<http://www.lenntech.com/Data-sheets/Ion-Exchange-for-Dummies-RH.pdf>

S. B. Applebaum (1986). Demineralixation by Ion Exchange. Academic Press, Inc., New York.

13
 Sample Calculations
 Weight of Cation Exchange Resin: 10.0003g

 Molarity of NaOH

Trial 1
0.72989 𝑔 𝐾𝐻𝑃 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 𝑔 × = 3.57403 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
204.22 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝑃 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝑃
3.57403 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = = 0.10124 𝑀
0.0353 𝐿
Trial 2
0.73044 𝑔 𝐾𝐻𝑃 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 𝑔 × = 3.5767309 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
204.22 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝑃 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝑃
3.5767309 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = = 0.1013238 𝑀
0.0353 𝐿
Trial 3
0.73671 𝑔 𝐾𝐻𝑃 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 𝑔 × = 3.6074331 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
204.22 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝑃 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝑃
3.6074331 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = = 0.102193 𝑀
0.0353 𝐿

Average Molarity of NaOH

0.102193 𝑀 + 0.1013238 𝑀 + 0.10124 𝑀
𝐴𝑣𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 0.1015857
3
 Milliequivalents of exchangeable cation per gram of dry resin

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 × 𝑀 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑛

TRIAL 1
0.3 M NaCl
𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.0293𝐿 × 0.1015857 𝐿
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 3.0302 × 10−4 𝑚𝑒𝑞
10.0003𝑔

0.1 M Fe(NO3)3
𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.0290𝐿 × 0.1015857 𝐿
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 2.29459 × 10−4 𝑚𝑒𝑞
10.0003𝑔
0.1 M NaOH
𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.00030𝐿 × 0.1015857 𝐿
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 3.04748 × 10−6 𝑚𝑒𝑞
10.0003𝑔

TRIAL 2
0.3 M NaCl

14
 𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.0289𝐿 × 0.1015857 𝐿
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 2.9357 × 10−4 𝑚𝑒𝑞
10.0003𝑔
0.1 M Fe(NO3)3
𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.0293𝐿 × 0.1015857 𝐿
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 2.976378 × 10−4 𝑚𝑒𝑞
10.0003𝑔
0.1 M NaOH
𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.00010𝐿 × 0.1015857 𝐿
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 1.015829 × 10−6 𝑚𝑒𝑞
10.0003𝑔

TRIAL 3
0.3 M NaCl
𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.0287𝐿 × 0.1015857 𝐿
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 2.9154 × 10−4 𝑚𝑒𝑞
10.0003𝑔

0.1 M Fe(NO3)3
𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.02960𝐿 × 0.1015857 𝐿
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 3.006865 × 10−4 𝑚𝑒𝑞
10.0003𝑔
0.1 M NaOH
𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.00030𝐿 × 0.1015857
𝐿
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 3.04748 × 10−6 𝑚𝑒𝑞
10.0003𝑔

Average capacity

0.3 M NaCl
3.0302 × 10−4 𝑚𝑒𝑞 + 2.9357 × 10−4 𝑚𝑒𝑞 + 2.9154 × 10−4 𝑚𝑒𝑞
𝐴𝑣𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
3
= 2.96043 × 10−4 𝑚𝑒𝑞

0.1 M Fe(NO3)3
𝐴𝑣𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
2.29459 × 10−4 𝑚𝑒𝑞 + 2.976378 × 10−4 𝑚𝑒𝑞 + 3.006865 × 10−4 𝑚𝑒𝑞
=
3
= 2.7592782 × 10−4 𝑚𝑒𝑞

0.1 M NaOH
𝐴𝑣𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
3.04748 × 10−6 𝑚𝑒𝑞 + 1.015829 × 10−6 𝑚𝑒𝑞𝑞 + 3.04748 × 10−6 𝑚𝑒𝑞
=
3
= 2.370263 × 10−6 𝑚𝑒𝑞

 Molarity of CaCO3
Trial 1
0.2636 𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = 𝑔 = 2.63362 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
100.09 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3

15
 2.63362 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = = 0.05267𝑀
0.050

Trial 2
0.2636 𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = 𝑔 = 2.63362 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
100.09 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
2.63362 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = = 0.05267𝑀
0.050

Trial 3
0.2636 𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = 𝑔 = 2.63362 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
100.09 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
2.63362 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = = 0.05267𝑀
0.050

Average Molarity of CaCO3

0.05267𝑀 + 0.05267𝑀 + 0.05267𝑀
𝐴𝑣𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 0.05267𝑀
3

 Molarity of EDTA

Trial 1
11.1780 𝑔 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴 = 𝑔 = 0.03824 𝑚𝑜𝑙
292.24 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴
2.63362 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴 = = 0.76498𝑀
0.052
Trial 2
11.1780 𝑔 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴 = 𝑔 = 0.03824 𝑚𝑜𝑙
292.24 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴
2.63362 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴 = = 0.76498𝑀
0.052
Trial 3
11.1780 𝑔 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴 = 𝑔 = 0.03824 𝑚𝑜𝑙
292.24 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴
2.63362 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴 = = 0.7498𝑀
0.051
Average Molarity of EDTA
0.76498𝑀 + 0.76498𝑀 + 0.7498𝑀
𝐴𝑣𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 0.75992𝑀
3

 Weight of Cation Exchange Resin: 10.00g

 Milliequivalents of exchangeable anion per gram of dry resin

16
 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑍𝑖𝑛𝑐 × 𝑀 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑛
TRIAL 1
Zinc
𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.031𝐿 × 0.75992𝑀 𝐿
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 2.35575 × 10−3 𝑚𝑒𝑞
10.000𝑔

Nickel
𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.0564𝐿 × 0.75992𝑀 𝐿
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 4.2859 × 10−3 𝑚𝑒𝑞
10.000𝑔
TRIAL 2
Zinc
𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.032𝐿 × 0.75992𝑀 𝐿
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 2.431744 × 10−3 𝑚𝑒𝑞
10.000𝑔

Nickel
𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.0567𝐿 × 0.75992𝑀 𝐿
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 4.30875 × 10−3 𝑚𝑒𝑞
10.000𝑔
TRIAL 2
Zinc
𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.0321𝐿 × 0.75992𝑀 𝐿
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 2.43934 × 10−3 𝑚𝑒𝑞
10.000𝑔
Nickel
𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.0569𝐿 × 0.75992𝑀 𝐿
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 4.323944 × 10−3 𝑚𝑒𝑞
10.000𝑔

Average capacity

Zinc
𝑔𝐴𝑣𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
2.35575 × 10−3 𝑚𝑒𝑞 + 2.431744 × 10−3 𝑚𝑒𝑞 + 2.43934 × 10−3 𝑚𝑒𝑞
=
3
= 2.408944 × 10−3 𝑚𝑒𝑞

Nickel
4.2859 × 10−3 𝑚𝑒𝑞 + 4.30875 × 10−3 𝑚𝑒𝑞 + 4.323944 × 10−3 𝑚𝑒𝑞
𝐴𝑣𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
3
= 4.306198 × 10−3 𝑚𝑒𝑞

17
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