Trigonometry
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Negative angles Trigonometric identities
sin (-θ) = - sin θ cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1
cos (-θ) = cos θ 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ
tan (-θ) = -tan θ 1 + cot2 θ = cosec2 θ
1. Find all the values of θ between 0˚ and 360˚ for the following equalities:
a) sin θ = 1/√2
b) tan θ = -1/√3
c) cot θ = 1
d) cos θ = -1/2
e) sec θ = -1
f) cosec θ = 2
2. Solve the following equations for 0˚ ≤ x ≤ 360˚.
a) 2 tan2x = 3
b) 3 cos2x = 2 sin x cos x
c) 2 cos2x = cos x
d) 2 tan2x = sec x tan x
e) 5 sin x cos x = sin x
f) sin2x – sin x – 2 = 0
3. Solve the following equations for 0˚ ≤ x ≤ 360˚.
a) sec 2 x = -1
1
b) cos x = 0.34
3
c) tan (70˚- x) = -1.16
d) sin (x - 30˚) = 0.207
e) cos (x + 10˚) = -0.44
f) sin (x + 50˚) = 0.541
g) tan 2x = 0.7
1
h) sin x = 0.83
2
4. Solve the following equations for -90˚ ≤ x ≤ 90˚.
a) 2 cos 3x + 1 = 0
b) tan 4x = 0
c) cot 5x + 1 = 0
d) sin 3x = 1/√2
5. Solve the following equations for -180˚ ≤ x ≤ 180˚.
a) 2 sin x tan x = 3sin x + 5 cos x
b) 2 cosec x + 7 = 4 sin x
1. Prove the following trigonometric identities:
a) tan2θ + sin2 θ = (sec θ + cos θ)(sec θ – cos θ)
b) cot4 θ + cot2 θ = cosec4 θ – cosec2 θ
c) sec2 θ + cosec2 θ = sec2 θ cosec2 θ
d) sec θ – cos θ = sin θ tan θ
1−sin2 θ 2
e) 2 = (sec θ + tan θ)
1+sin θ
cot 2 θ−1
f) 2 = 1 – 2sin2θ
cot θ+1
1
2. Prove that cosec A + cot A = provided that cosec A ≠ cot A.
cosec A−cot A
sec x−1 tan x
3. Prove that = provided that tan x ≠ 0.
tan x sec x+1
Compound angle tan A−tan B
tan (A - B) =
sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B 1+ tan A tan B
sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B Double and half angle formulae
cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A
cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B = 1 – 2 sin2A
tan A+ tan B = 2 cos2A – 1
tan (A + B) =
1−tan A tan B Sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
1. Evaluate the following without the use of tables or a calculator:
a) sin 15˚
b) tan 105˚
c) sin 75˚
d) cos 105˚
e) tan( - 15˚)
f) cot 75˚
2. Find the values of the followings without the use of calculator:
a) cos 75˚ + sin 75˚
d)
√ 3 sin 60˚ + ½ cos 60˚
b) cos 105˚cos 15˚ + sin 105˚sin 15˚ 2
c) √ 3 cos 15˚ - sin 15˚ e) sin 80˚ cos 70˚ + cos 80˚ sin 70˚
1 1 tan 75 ˚−1
f) cos 15 ˚− sin 15˚ h) tan 75 ˚ +1
√2 √2
tan 40 ˚ + tan 20˚
g) 1−tan 40˚ tan 20˚
3. Given that α and β are acute angles with sin α = 7/25 and cos β = 5/13. Find, without
using calculator:
a) sin (α + β), and
b) tan (α + β).
4. If sin A = 12/13 and sin B = 4/5 where A and B are acute angles. Find sin(A+B) and
cos (A+B).
5. If cos A = 5/7 and sin B = 1/5, where A is acute and B is obtuse. Find sin (A – B) and
cos (A + B).
6. Solve the following equations for 0˚ ≤ x ≤ 180˚:
a. cos 3x cos 2x – sin 3x sin 2x = 0.5
b. sin 2x – tan x = 0
c. sin 2x = sin x
d. tan 2x + tan x = 0
e. cos 2x = cos x
7. Solve the equations for 0˚ ≤ x ≤ 360˚:
a. sin (x + 45˚) = 5 cos (x - 45˚)
b. 2 tan x = 3 tan (45˚ - x)
c. 4 sin x = 7 tan 2x
d. 3 cos 2x + 1 = 2 sin x
e. sin x = 2 sin (60˚ – x)
f. cos (x - 30˚) = cos (x + 30˚)
Proving trigonometric identities containing compound angles:
a. sin (x + y) + sin (x – y) = 2 sin x cos y
b. cos (180˚ - x) = - cos x
c. cos4x – sin4x = cos 2x
d. cos (45˚- x) cos (45˚- y) – sin (45˚- x) sin (45˚- y) = sin (x + y)
e. cot x – tan x = 2 cot 2x
sin 2 x−cos 2 x +1
f. =tan x
sin 2 x +cos 2 x +1
sec 2 x −1
g. sec 2 x+1 = sec2x – 1
cos y−sin y cos 2 y
h. cos y +sin y = 1+sin 2 y
sin(x + y ) tan x+ tan y
i. =
sin( x− y ) tan x – tan y
j. sin (x + y) sin (x – y) = sin2x – sin2y
1
k. cosec x – cot x = tan x
2
1 1
l. tan ( x +45˚) + cot ( x + 45˚) = 2 sec x
2 2
extra exercises:
ST pg 123 Q 13, 14, 15, 16
Expression of a cosθ ± b sinθ as r sin(θ±α) or r cos(θ±α) where r > 0.
Proving (not examinable) :
r cos(θ – α) = r (cosθ cosα + sinθ sinα)
= (r cosα) cosθ + (r sinα) sinθ
a cos θ + b sin θ = r cos (θ – α)
= (r cosα) cosθ + (r sinα) sinθ
Then a = r cos α and b = r sin α,
a2 + b2 = r2cos2α + r2sin2α
= r2 (cos2 α+ sin2α)
= r2
r = √ a +b 2
2
and b/a = r sin α / r cos α = tan α
−1 b
α = tan
a
Since r is assumed positive, the value of α must be chosen so that cos α has the same sign as
a and sin α has the same sign as b.
Similarly, it can be shown that:
a cos θ – b sin θ = r cos (θ + α)
a sin θ + b cos θ = r sin (θ + α)
a sin θ - b cos θ = r sin (θ - α)
1. Express: 2 sin θ + 5 cos θ in the form of r sin (θ + α), and
4 cos θ – 5 sin θ in the form of r cos (θ + α)
2. Express each of the following in the form r sin(θ±α) or r cos(θ±α) with 0˚ ≤ x ≤ 90˚ :
a. 2 cos x – 5 sin x e. 3 cos x – 2 sin x
b. cos x + 2 sin x f. 3 cos x + 2 sin x
c. 3 sin x + cos x g. 5 sin x + cos x
d. 3 sin x – 7 cos x h. 5 sin x – 7 cos x
3. Express 3 cosθ + 4 sinθ in the form r cos (θ – α). Hence, find the maximum and minimum
values of 3 cosθ + 4 sinθ.
4. Find the maximum value of each of the following expressions and the smallest positive
value of θ that gives this maximum value, giving the value of θ to 1 decimal place:
a. 24 sin θ – 7 cos θ c. 3 sin θ – 2 cos θ
b. 3 cos θ + 4 sin θ
5. Express 5sin θ – 8cos θ in the form r sin(θ – α), where r > 0 and 0˚ ≤ α ≤ 90˚. Hence, solve
the following equations for 0˚ ≤ θ ≤ 360˚.
a. 5sin θ – 8cos θ = 6 b. 5sin θ – 8cos θ = 5
6. Solve the following equations for 0˚ ≤ x ≤ 360˚:
a. 3 cos x – sin x = 1 c. 5 cos x + 2 sin x = 3
b. 2 cos 2x – 4 sin x cos x = √ 6 d. 3 sin x – 5 cos x = –4
7. Solve the following equations for -180˚ ≤ x ≤ 180˚:
a. 5 cos x – 2 sin x = 2 c. cos x – 7 sin x = - 2
b. 2 cos x + 3 sin x = 1 d. 3 + 2sin 2x = 2 sin x + 3 cos2x
sin θ−cos θ 6 sin θ
1. a) Given that = , find the exact value of tan θ. Hence, find θ for
sin θ+cos θ cos θ
0˚ ≤ θ ≤ 360˚.
sin θ−cos θ sinθ
b) Show that the equation = has no solution for θ.
sin θ+cos θ cos θ
x 1
2. Find all the x for which 0˚ ≤ x ≤ 360˚ that satisfy the equation sin =
2 4
3. By expanding sin(2x + x), prove that sin 3x = 3 sin x – 4 sin3x.
2
4. Show that tan θ + cot θ = . Hence, or otherwise, solve the equation tan θ + cot θ =
sin 2θ
4, giving all the values of θ between 0˚ and 360˚.
sin 4 x
5. Express sin 4x in terms of sin 2x and cos 2x and hence express in terms of cos x
sin x
only.
6. The angle x, measured in degrees, satisfies the equation sin (x + 30˚) = 2 cos (x + 60˚).
By expanding each side, show that this equation may be simplified to cos x = 3 √ 3 sin x.
Hence, find:
a) The two possible values of x lying between 0˚ and 360˚.
b) The exact value of cos2x, giving your answer as a fraction.
7. Given that 3 cos x – 4 sin x = R cos (x + α), where R>0 and 0˚ ≤ α ≤ 90˚, find the values of
R and α, giving the value of α correct to two decimal places.
Hence, solve the equation 3 cos 2x – 4 sin 2x = 2, for 0˚ ≤ x ≤ 360˚, giving your answers
correct to one decimal place.
