Chapter 10

Properties of Gases

Brady and Senese

5th Edition
Index
10.1 Familiar properties of gases can be explained at the
molecular level
10.2 Pressure is a measured property of gases
10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations
10.4 Gas volumes are used in solving stoichiometry
problems
10.5 The ideal gas law relates P, V, T, and the number of
moles of gas, n
10.6 In a mixture each gas exerts its own partial pressure
10.7 Effusion and diffusion in gases leads to Graham's law
10.8 The kinetic molecular theory explains the gas laws
10.9 Real gases don't obey the ideal gas law perfectly

10.1 Familiar properties of gases can be explained at the molecular level 2

Properties of Gases
• What is the shape of the air in a balloon?
 Gases have an indefinite shape
• What is the volume of the gas in the balloon?
 They have an indefinite volume
• Why do bubbles rise in liquids?
 At room temperature, air has a density of 1.3 g/L while
water has a density of 1.0 g/mL
• Why does a hot air balloon rise?
 Hot air is less dense than cold air

10.1 Familiar properties of gases can be explained at the molecular level 3

How Does a Molecular Model Explain This?
• Gases completely fill their
containers:
 Gases are in constant random
motion
• Gases have low density and
are easy to compress
 Gas molecules are very far
apart
• Gases are easy to expand
 Gas molecules don’t attract one
another strongly
10.1 Familiar properties of gases can be explained at the molecular level 4
Your Turn!
Which of the following statements is likely to be true
about the scent from an open bottle of perfume?
A. It is only detected above the bottle
B. It is detectable in all directions from the
bottle
C. None of these

10.1 Familiar properties of gases can be explained at the molecular level 5

 What Is Pressure?
• The force of the collisions of the gas distributed over
the surface area of the container walls; P = force/area
 Units : 1 atmosphere (atm) = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr =
1.01325 × 105 Pascal (Pa) = 14.7 psi = 1013 millibar (mb)
• Measured with a barometer
 P=g×d×h
d = density of the liquid
g = gravitational acceleration
h = height of the column supported
• Why use mercury?

10.2 Pressure is a measured property of gases 6

Learning Check: Pressure Units
Convert 675 mm Hg to atm

Start: 675 mm Hg Target: atm

Conversion factor? 760 mm Hg = 1 atm

 1 atm 
675 mm Hg    = 0.888 atm
 760 mm Hg 

10.2 Pressure is a measured property of gases 7

Your Turn!
Gas pressure is measured using a mercury
barometer. The height of fluid in the barometer is
23.7 in Hg. What is this pressure in atm?
A. 23.7 atm
B. 0.792 atm
C. 602 atm
D. 1.61 atm
E. None of these

10.2 Pressure is a measured property of gases 8

Atmospheric Pressure

• Is the result of the collisions

p
of the air in the atmosphere r
with the objects they contact e
s
• Why is the pressure less in s
the mountains than at sea u
level? r
e
 Air density is greater at sea
level, hence there are more
collisions.

10.2 Pressure is a measured property of gases 9

Learning Check
Under water, the pressure is increased. Why?
 Because the weight of the air is added to the
weight of the water, increasing the force acting on
objects
 This is why deep sea exploration requires a
submarine: our bodies cannot handle the extreme
pressures at great depths

10.2 Pressure is a measured property of gases 10

Open-end Manometer

10.2 Pressure is a measured property of gases 11

Closed–end Manometer

10.2 Pressure is a measured property of gases 12

Your Turn!
A gas is measured in a manometer manifold. The
level of Hg is 12.2 cm lower on the side of the gas
than on the atmosphere side. The atmospheric
pressure is measured as 755 mm Hg. What is the
pressure of the gas?
A. 767 mm Hg
B. 633 mm Hg
C. 743 mm Hg
D. 12.2 mm Hg
E. None of these 877 mm Hg

10.2 Pressure is a measured property of gases 13

Proportionality
• Direct proportionality means that 2 variables are:
 Opposite the equality from one another
 On the same level of the fraction on their respective
sides
• Directly proportional variables follow each other-
when one increases so does the other
• i.e. P = F/A, or P/1=F/A.
 Since P and F are both numerators, they are directly
proportional.
 P and A, however, are inversely proportional

10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations 14

Learning Check
What happens to gas pressure when you raise the
temperature?
Force of Collisions
P 
Area

If the container can expand In a rigid walled container

in response to the force
No change in pressure is Pressure increases
observed because the area because the faster moving
increased. molecules hit the walls of
the container with greater
force

10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations 15

Learning Check
What happens to gas pressure when you increase the number
of molecules in the container?
Force of Collisions
P 
Area

If a container can expand In a rigid walled container

No pressure change Pressure increases

is observed. because more molecules
hit the walls of the
container, thus exert a
greater force on the
container

10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations 16

Your Turn!
Which of the following is likely to be true about a
balloon taken under water?
A. The balloon is compressed.
B. The balloon expands.
C. No change is observed.
D. Not enough information is known.

10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations 17

 1 P1 P2
Boyle’s Law P  or 
V V1 V2

• Where P is pressure and V is

volume
• Assumes: temperature and the
number of moles of gas are
constant
• May be used to describe two
different conditions
 Two gases in separate containers or
 A sample of gas whose conditions
change

10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations 18

 V1 V2
Charles’ Law V  T or 
T1 T2
• Where V is volume and T is absolute temperature
• Assumes: the pressure of gas and the number of
moles of gas are constant
• May be used to describe two different
conditions
 Two gases in separate containers or
 A sample of gas whose conditions change

10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations 19

Absolute Zero
Temperature of a gas at
which pressure and
volume are zero
 It is not possible to
have a gas with a V = 0
 Molecular volume
doesn’t change but the
total volume decreases
 Extrapolation is
necessary due to
condensation

10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations 20

Ideal Gases

• Their behavior is predicted by the gas laws

• There are no ideal gases
• However, most gases behave ideally under most P and
T conditions
• You need to know when they are not useful

10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations 21

Gay-Lussac’s Law
P  T
• Gas pressure is directly
proportional to absolute
temperature
• Assumes: the volume and
number of moles are
constant
• This is why we don’t heat
canned foods on a campfire
without opening them!

10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations 22

Combining This Information:
• Boyle’s Law 1
P 
V
• Charles’ Law T  V

• Gay-Lussac’s Law T  P
T
• Thus combining this information P 
V

• And therefore, for any 2 conditions: PV

1 1 P2V2

T1 T2
10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations 23
Your Turn!
Consider the following: 22.4 L of He at 25 °C are
heated to 200. °C. What is the resulting volume?
Which is best suited to solving the problem?
A. Boyle’s Law
B. Charles’ Law
C. Gay-Lussac’s Law
D. None of these

10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations 24

Your Turn!
Which units must be used in all gas law calculations?
A. K
B. atm
C. L
D. No specific units as long as they cancel

10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations 25

 PV PV
Combined Gas Law 1 1
 2 2
T1 T2
Used for calculating the effects of changing conditions
 Works if the temperature is in Kelvin, but P and V can
have any units so long as they cancel
Learning Check
If a sample of air occupies 500. mL at STP*, what is
the volume at 85 °C and 560 torr?
760 torr  500. mL 560 torr  V2

273.15 K 358 K

889 mL
*Standard Temperature (273.15 K) and Pressure (1 atm)
10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations 26
Learning Check

A sample of oxygen gas occupies 500.0 mL at 722

torr and –25 °C. Calculate the temperature in °C if
the gas has a volume of 2.53 L at 491 mm Hg.
PV
1 1 PV
 2 2
T1 T2
722 torr  500.0 mL 491 torr  2530 mL

248 K T2

T2 = 853 K T2 = 580 °C

10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations 27

Learning Check

A sample of helium gas occupies 500.0 mL at 1.21

atm. Calculate the volume of the gas if the pressure
is reduced to 491 torr.
PV
1 1 P2V2

T1 T2

1.21 atm × 500.0 mL = 0.646 atm × V2

936 mL

10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations 28

Your Turn!
A 22.4 L sample of He at 25 °C are heated to 200 °C,
what is the resulting volume?
A. 22.4 L
B. 179 L
C. 35.6 L
D. Not enough information given

10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations 29

Molar Volume
• The volume of one mole of any gas at STP is 22.4 L
 Identity of the gas doesn’t matter
 Molar mass of the gas doesn’t matter
• Corollary: Equal volumes of any gas contain the
same number of particles as long as the T and P are
the same
• Gay Lussac’s Law of Combining Volumes: For gas
phase reactions, we can use volume ratios in place of
mole ratios in stoichiometry problems

10.4 Gas volumes can be used in solving stoichiometry problems 30

Avogadro’s Principle
V1 V2
V  n or 
n1 n2
• V is volume and n is moles of gas
• Assumes: the temperature and pressure
remain constant
• Containers of equal volume under the
same conditions contain the same number
of particles

10.4 Gas volumes can be used in solving stoichiometry problems 31

Learning Check
Calculate the volume of ammonia formed by the
reaction of 25 L of hydrogen with excess nitrogen.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

25 L H 2 2 L NH3
  17 L NH3
1 3 L H2

10.4 Gas volumes can be used in solving stoichiometry problems 32

Learning Check
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
If 125 L H2 react with 50 N2, what volume of NH3
can be expected?
125 L H 2 2 L NH 3
  83.3 L NH 3
1 3 L H2
50 L N 2 2 L NH 3
  100 L NH 3
1 1 L N2

H2 is limiting reagent 83.3 L

10.4 Gas volumes can be used in solving stoichiometry problems 33

Learning Check
How many liters of N2(g) at 1.00 atm and 25.0 °C are
produced by the decomposition of 150. g of NaN3?
2NaN3(s)  2Na(s) + 3N2(g)
150. g NaN3 1 mol NaN3 3 mol N 2
   3.46 mol N 2
1 65.02 g 2 mol NaN3
3.46 mol N 2 22.4 L

1 1 mol at STP
V1 V2 VT
 ; V2  1 2
T1 T2 T1
77.5 L  298 K
V2   84.6 L
273 K

10.4 Gas volumes can be used in solving stoichiometry problems 34

Your Turn!
According to the following gas phase reaction, what
volume of C would be required to react 23 L of B?
A + 5B + 3C → 2D
A. 38 L
B. 14 L
C. 7.2 L
D. None of these

10.4 Gas volumes can be used in solving stoichiometry problems 35

Bringing It Together
Avogadro: n directly proportional to V
Boyle: P indirectly proportional to V
Charles: T directly proportional to V
Gay-Lussac: T directly proportional to P
Combining these variables into one equation results in
the Ideal Gas Law.
R is the constant of proportionality (the “ideal” or “universal”
gas constant) its value is 0.082057 L•atm/mol•K

PV = nRT

10.5 The ideal gas law relates P, V, T, and the number of moles of gas, n 36
Ideal Gas Law
• Used to describe a sample of gas under one set of
conditions
• The units have to be:
PV = nRT
 P in atm
 V in L
 n in mol
 T in K
• R = 0.082057 L•atm/mol•K

10.5 The ideal gas law relates P, V, T, and the number of moles of gas, n 37
Your Turn!
A 12.2 g sample of Ne are placed into a 5.0 L flask
at 25 °C. What is the pressure of the gas?
A. 3.0 atm
B. 60. atm
C. 0.25 atm
D. None of these

10.5 The ideal gas law relates P, V, T, and the number of moles of gas, n 38
Case Study
A hard-boiled egg is placed over the opening of an
Erlenmeyer flask. What will happen to each gas law
variable when the flask is placed in a tub of liquid
nitrogen?
Your answer will be either increase, decrease or stay
constant.
a) Number of gas moles Stay constant
b) Temperature Decrease
c) Volume of trapped gas Stay constant
d) Pressure of trapped gas Decrease

10.5 The ideal gas law relates P, V, T, and the number of moles of gas, n 39
Gas Density
• The number of moles may be related to both the mass
(g) of the gas sample and the molar mass of the gas
involved
• Thus we may rewrite the Ideal Gas Law as
g
PV  RT
Molar Mass
• Further, since d = m/V, we can rewrite the equation in
terms of density
g
P  Molar Mass  RT  dRT
V

10.5 The ideal gas law relates P, V, T, and the number of moles of gas, n 40
Learning Check
What is the molar mass of a gas with a density of 6.7 g/L
at -73 °C and a pressure of 36.7 psi?

P × Molar mass = d × R × T

6.7 g 0.0821 L  atm

2.50 atm  Molar Mass    200 K
L mol  K

44 g/mol = Molar Mass

10.5 The ideal gas law relates P, V, T, and the number of moles of gas, n 41
Learning Check

What is the density of NO2 at 200 °C and 600. torr?

P × Molar mass = d × R × T

46.01 g 0.0821 L  atm

0.789 atm   d   473 K
mol mol  K

0.935 g/L

10.5 The ideal gas law relates P, V, T, and the number of moles of gas, n 42
Learning Check
Calculate the volume of 1.00 mol of gas at STP

PV = nRT

0.0821 L  atm
1 atm  V  1.00 mol   273 K
mol  K

V = 22.4 L

10.5 The ideal gas law relates P, V, T, and the number of moles of gas, n 43
Your Turn!
What is the density of Helium gas at 35 °C and 1.2 atm?
A. 5.1 g/L
B. 0.19 g/L
C. 2.34 g/L
D. None of these

10.5 The ideal gas law relates P, V, T, and the number of moles of gas, n 44
Learning Check
A sample of fluorine gas occupies 275 mL at 945
torr and 72 °C. What is the mass of the sample?
g
PV = nRT PV  RT
Molar mass
mol 0.0821 L  atm
1.24 atm  0.275 L  m    345 K
38.0 g mol  K

0.457 g = mass

10.5 The ideal gas law relates P, V, T, and the number of moles of gas, n 45
Learning Check
Determine the molecular weight of a gas if 1.053 g of
the gas occupies a volume of 1.000 L at 25 °C and 752
mm Hg (The Dumas Method).
g
PV = nRT PV  RT
Molar mass

1.053 g 0.0821 L  atm

0.989 atm  1.000 L    298 K
MM mol  K

26.0 g/mol = mass

10.5 The ideal gas law relates P, V, T, and the number of moles of gas, n 46
Your Turn!
What is the molar mass of a sample of gas if 2.22 g
occupies a volume of 5.0 L a 35 °C and 769 mm Hg?
A. 1.3 g/mol
B. 0.015 g/mol
C. 0.090 g/mol
D. None of these 11 g/mol

10.5 The ideal gas law relates P, V, T, and the number of moles of gas, n 47
Dalton’s Law
The partial pressure of a gas is the pressure that the
gas would exert if it were in the container by itself

10.6 In a mixture each gas exerts its own partial pressure 48

Collecting a Gas by Water Displacement
Collected gas pressure must be corrected for water vapor
 Ptotal = Pgas + Pwater (see Table 10.2)

10.6 In a mixture each gas exerts its own partial pressure 49

Learning Check
Pump 520 mm Hg N2 and 250 mm Hg O2 into an
empty gas cylinder. What is the overall pressure of
the mixture?

Pt = 520 mm Hg + 250 mm Hg = 770 mm Hg

PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + ….
10.6 In a mixture each gas exerts its own partial pressure 50
Learning Check
A 32.5 mL sample of hydrogen gas is collected over
water at 25 °C and 755 torr. What is the pressure of dry
hydrogen gas?
Look up vapor pressure for water: Pwater 25 °C = 23.76
mm Hg
Correct Pt to find the Pdry gas:
755 torr - 23.76 torr = 731 torr

731 torr = Phydrogen

PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + ….
10.6 In a mixture each gas exerts its own partial pressure 51
Mole Fraction, X
• Each gas molecule contributes a
fraction of the total pressure
 XA=the mole fraction of substance “A” nA
XA 
 nA =the moles of component “A” nt
 nt= the total number of moles of gas in
the mixture
• Application: The partial pressure PA = XAPt
contributed by the component gas
“A” is a fraction of the total pressure

10.6 In a mixture each gas exerts its own partial pressure 52

Learning Check

What is the mole fraction of N2 in the atmosphere?

1.000 atm Air = 0.7808 atm N2+ 0.2095 atm O2+
0.0093 atm Ar + 0.00036 atm CO2

nA
XA  0.781 = Xnitrogen
nt

10.6 In a mixture each gas exerts its own partial pressure 53

Learning Check
In a mixture of gases there are 5.0 g each of Ne, O2 and
H2. What is the mole fraction of Ne? If the partial
pressure of Ne in this mix is 1.0 psi. what is the total
pressure?
nneon = 0.248 noxygen = 0.156nhydrogen = 2.480
nA 0.248
XA  XNe  0.0861 = XNe
nt 2.88

1.0 psi
PNe  X Ne  Ptotal 0.0861 =
Ptotal
Ptotal = 12 psi
10.6 In a mixture each gas exerts its own partial pressure 54
Learning Check PTV = nTRT
For a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum
of the contributions of all gases. In a mixture
containing 5.0 g each of Ne, O2 and H2, what is the
total pressure (in atm) at 50.0 °C in a 2.5 L vessel?
nNe= 0.248 mol noxygen= 0.156 mol nhydrogen= 2.48 mol
nt = 2.88 PTV=nTRT

nt RT  2.88 mol    0.0821 L  atm  mol-1  K -1    323 K 

Pt = 
V 2.5 L

Pt = 31 atm
10.6 In a mixture each gas exerts its own partial pressure 55
Your Turn!
At 45 °C, 5.0 g each of He and of Ne are placed into
5.0 L flask. What is the total pressure?
A. 7.8 atm
B. 1.1 atm
C. 52 atm
D. None of these

10.6 In a mixture each gas exerts its own partial pressure 56

Diffusion vs. Effusion

• When the
partition is
removed, blue
molecules
diffuse to mix
• The molecules
effuse through a
pinhole into a
vacuum

10.7 Effusion and diffusion in gases leads to Graham’s Law 57

Graham’s Law of Effusion
• Relates the velocity (rate at which the gas moves
through a given space) to the molecular mass of
the gas.
• The greater the molecular mass of the gas, the
slower its velocity.

Effusion rate of B Molar mass of A

=
Effusion rate of A Molar mass of B

10.7 Effusion and diffusion in gases leads to Graham’s Law 58

Your Turn!

The average kinetic energy of all gas molecules is the

same at the same temperature. Compared to lighter
atoms at the same temperature, heavier atoms on
average:
A. Move faster
B. Move slower
C. Move at the same average velocity

10.7 Effusion and diffusion in gases leads to Graham’s Law 59

Your Turn!
Three balloons are filled with equal volumes of the
gases: CH4, H2, and He. After 5 hours the balloons
look like the picture.
 Is this effusion or diffusion?
A. Diffusion
B. Effusion
 Which is the He balloon?

A C
B

10.7 Effusion and diffusion in gases leads to Graham’s Law 60

Learning Check
If it is observed that Br2 effuses at a rate of 5 cm s-1, if a
sample of an unknown gas travels at half the speed,
what is the molecular mass of the unknown gas?
Effusion rate of Br2 Molar mass X

Effusion rate of X Molar mass Br2
2
 Effusion rate of Br2 
 Effusion rate of X   Molar mass Br2  Molar mass X
 
2
 5.0 cm s-1  159.80 g
 -1 
  Molar mass X
 mol
 2.5 cm s 

MM = 640 g/mol
10.7 Effusion and diffusion in gases leads to Graham’s Law 61
Learning Check
A glass tube is 1.0 m long. A sample of NH3 gas is
introduced into one end of the tube at the same time
that HCl is introduced into the other. Where the gases
meet, they form a ring of crystalline NH4Cl. Where
does the ring form inside the tube?
NH3 HCl
x = distance traveled by NH3;
(1 - x) = distance by HCl
x time-1 36.461 g/mol HCl x = 0.594 m from the NH3 end

(1  x) time-1 17.034 g/mol NH3
x
 1.463
1 x
10.7 Effusion and diffusion in gases leads to Graham’s Law 62
Your Turn!
Which flask has molecules that CO2
are moving faster? 25 °C
A. CO2 1 atm
B. He
C. Neither 50 L

Which flask has molecules that He

have a greater average kinetic
25 °C
energy?
2 atm
A. CO2
B. He 50 L
C. Neither
10.7 Effusion and diffusion in gases leads to Graham’s Law 63
Your Turn!
Which flask has more molecules?
A. CO2
B. He
C. Neither

CO2 He
25 °C 25 °C
1 atm 2 atm
50 L 50 L
10.7 Effusion and diffusion in gases leads to Graham’s Law 64
Your Turn!
What is the molar mass of X if it travels 7.0 times
more slowly than Xe at the same temperature?
A. 919 g/mol
B. 6,400 g/mol
C. 18.7 g/mol
D. Not enough information given

10.7 Effusion and diffusion in gases leads to Graham’s Law 65

Kinetic Molecular Theory Explains Gas
Behaviors
Gases consists of an extremely large number of very
tiny particles that:
 Are in constant, random motion
 Occupy a negligible portion of the total volume of the
sample-their individual contribution may be ignored
 Collide elastically with themselves and the walls of the
container
 Move in straight lines between collisions, neither
attracting nor repelling each other

10.8 The kinetic molecular theory explains the gas laws 66

Kinetic Molecular Theory - Irregularities

• The volume of a gas molecule is negligible

 NO! Under conditions of extremely high pressure,
gases are closer, their relative size is a factor
• Gas molecules collide elastically
 NO! Under conditions of extremely low temperatures,
gases move more slowly and intermolecular attractions
are more significant

10.8 The kinetic molecular theory explains the gas laws 67

 an 2
Real Gases ( P  2 )(V  nb)  nRT
V
• van der Waal’s equation
accounts for deviations from
ideal behavior by removing 2
assumptions:
 Particle volume is negligible
 Particles do not interact
• van der Waal’s constants, a and
b, are specific to the substance

10.9 Real gases don’t obey the ideal gas law perfectly 68
 van der Waal’s Constants
TABLE 10.3
a b a b
Substance Substance
(L2 atm mol−2) (L mol−1) (L2 atm mol−2) (L mol−1)
Noble gases Other Gases
He 0.03421 0.02370 H2 0.02444 0.02661
Ne 0.2107 0.01709 O2 1.360 0.03183
Ar 1.345 0.03219 N2 1.390 0.03913
Kr 2.318 0.03978 CH4 2.253 0.04278
Xe 4.194 0.05105 CO2 3.592 0.04267
NH3 4.170 0.03707
H2O 5.464 0.03049
C2H5OH 12.02 0.08407

10.9 Real gases don’t obey the ideal gas law perfectly 69