UNIT Infinitives

Preview
Part A Dear Diary,

Causative I was so happy today because I overcame

my fear of speaking in front of the class.
Verbs and
My friend Emily was very helpful because
Infinitive Forms she helped me realize that standing and
speaking in front of others was not a big
deal. After class was over, Emily had me stand on a desk. Then she made
me give my speech over and over until I became comfortable in front of
her. She convinced me to speak confidently with a loud voice, and she
also forced me to stand up straight while speaking. I am so grateful for
all of her help.

Grammar Explanation
Causative Verbs

A causative verb describes someone (or something) enabling, causing, or allowing a person (or thing)
to do something.

With To-Infinitives

Cause, get, force, allow, ask, tell, encourage, They persuaded us to join their group.
persuade, convince, and help* are followed by an She convinced me to leave early.
object and the to-infinitive form of a verb. I asked the waiter to bring a menu.

With Bare Infinitives

My parents did not let me go to the rock concert.

Let, make, have, and help* are followed by an
That food made my stomach feel sick.
object and the bare infinitive form of a verb.
The teacher had me do the sum on the board.

* After help, both to-infinitives and bare infinitives are acceptable.

· I helped them to move the sofa. (O)
· I helped them move the sofa. (O)

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Practice 1 Part A

Exercise 1 Match the sentence parts.

1. My teacher forces me a. do chores around her
house.
2. Jenny encourages others b. to do the dishes after
dinner.
3. Kelly can’t get her suitcase c. to try new things with
her.

4. Mark’s brother had his friend d. help him with his

homework.
5. I always help my e. to do my homework.
grandmother
6. Allen hates it when his mom f. to close properly.
tells him

Exercise 2 Circle the correct answers.

1. Did that sad movie we watched (cause / make ) you cry?

2. Are you sure I can’t (convince / make) you to come with us?

3. Evan’s friends (made / persuaded) him to jump into the pool.

4. Sometimes late at night, my father (gets / lets) me drive the car.

5. My teacher is going to (get / have) me take a special math class next month.

6. Evelyn and Cassie are always (letting / asking) us to go shopping with them.

7. My violin teacher (made / convinced) me to practice for two hours every night.

8. Even though Rob doesn’t like it, his father always (forces / has) him to go to
music lessons after school.

Part A 7

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 Practice 2

Exercise 1 Underline the mistakes. Write the corrections on the lines. If there
are no mistakes, write OK.
1. Tomorrow, we will get his friend help us pack the boxes.
to help

2. Every day, David tells me to eat the same thing for lunch.
_____________________________________________________________

3. Yesterday, Robert and James let Jenny to beat them in the race.
_____________________________________________________________

4. Bad weather caused the airline to cancel many of their flights.

_____________________________________________________________

5. Mrs. Lee asked me collect her mail while she was away on a trip.
_____________________________________________________________

6. Today, Alex’s father had him to go to the hair stylist with his sister.
_____________________________________________________________

Exercise 2 Use the pictures to write sentences with causative verbs.

1 2 3 4

1. _______________________________________________________________

2. _______________________________________________________________

3. _______________________________________________________________

4. _______________________________________________________________

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Grammar in Use Part A

Exercise 1 Underline the four mistakes in the passage.

Send Save as a draft Cancel

Bruce,
I can’t believe what happened to me yesterday! I was walking with Joe,
and he persuaded me play a joke on Michelle. We took her backpack.
Then we told her it had been stolen. But we made a mistake and took the
wrong bag. The one we took belonged to the teacher’s daughter. The
teacher told us say sorry to her daughter.
Then she made us to tell Michelle about
the joke. It was really embarrassing. I’ll
never let myself to listen to Joe again!

Brian

Exercise 2 Rewrite the incorrect sentences correctly.

1. _______________________________________________________________

2. _______________________________________________________________

3. _______________________________________________________________

4. _______________________________________________________________

Part A 9

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 Part B
Preview
Leadership
To-Infinitives
as Subjects To lead requires good organization and a clear
set of goals. It takes good communication skills
for a leader to pass the vision of the goals to
others, and it is always important for the leader
to inspire his or her followers to work hard for
that goal.

Grammar Explanation
To-Infinitives as Subjects

A to-infinitive phrase may be used as the

subject of a sentence. When the to-infinitive
It is unusual to see an owl during the day.
phrase is long, the sentence begins with it and
It takes time to learn a new language.
the infinitive phrase comes at the end of the
sentence.

To-infinitives can have subjects. The subject of an It is worthwhile for people to invest their savings.
infinitive is usually preceded by for. It is unusual for owls to come out during the day.

The subject of an infinitive after an adjective is

sometimes preceded by of. Of is used when the It was nice of you to make her a cake.
adjective describes the speaker/writer’s opinion I thought it was rude of Dan to refuse to talk to us.
of the subject of the infinitive.

How long did it take to do the homework?

To-infinitives often follow take and cost. These How long did it take her to do the homework?
verbs may or may not take indirect objects. It cost me a lot of money to get a good tutor.
It cost a lot to get a good tutor.

A to-infinitive can begin a sentence. This is

To ski takes strong legs and good balance.
usually done with short infinitive phrases to give
To be kind to others is important.
the sentence a more formal feeling.

To make an infinitive negative, add not before to.

· In a fire, it’s important not to panic.

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Practice 1 Part B

Exercise 1 Unscramble the sentences.

1. dollars / lunch. / to buy / It / four / costs
It costs four dollars to buy lunch.

2. become / my / is / a sports reporter / dream. / To

_____________________________________________________________

3. easy / It’s / a café / this neighborhood. / to find / in

_____________________________________________________________

4. irresponsible / It / Laura / the meeting. / to miss / of / was

_____________________________________________________________

5. to see / you / again. / for me / would be / It / sad /not

_____________________________________________________________

6. eighty years / the championship. / to win / took / the team / It

_____________________________________________________________

Exercise 2 Make sentences using it, for, of, and the given words.
1. rude – teenagers
_____________________________________________________________

2. necessary – adults
_____________________________________________________________

3. unfortunate – a child
_____________________________________________________________

4. important – president
_____________________________________________________________

Part B 11

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 Practice 2

Exercise 1 Rewrite the sentences so that they begin with infinitive phrases.
1. It costs about eight dollars to see a movie.
To see a movie costs about eight dollars.

2. It is a big responsibility for a child to have a pet.

_____________________________________________________________

3. It takes a while to get to school in the morning.

_____________________________________________________________

4. It is strange for our boss to take us out for dinner.

_____________________________________________________________

5. It is not shameful to make a mistake once in a while.

_____________________________________________________________

6. It is quite surprising for Jessica to be late for an appointment.

_____________________________________________________________

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with your own information. Begin each
sentence with It.
1. It is wonderful to hear my friend sing.

2. ______________________________ not to do your homework.

3. ______________________________ one dollar to take the bus.

4. ______________________________ of people to use their phones during

a movie.

5. ______________________________ not to stand up for what you believe.

6. ______________________________ for me to help do chores around the

house.

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Grammar in Use Part B

Exercise 1 Complete the conversation with the words from the box.

to pay attention to drive to be to get

Man: OK, how do we get to your house?

Woman: Well, finding my house is pretty easy. It takes about twenty
minutes 1 _________________ there from here. Start by taking
Orchard Road for about fifteen minutes. It is important for you
2 _________________ slowly because there is a school nearby.
It’s unusual for there 3 _________________ children playing in
the street, but be careful. It is also important for you
4 _________________ to the big gray wall on your left
because you have to turn
right on the street after the
wall. After turning, go to the
end of the street.
Man: OK, let’s go!

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with your own ideas.

1. It takes around _______________________________________________.

2. It is important for _____________________________________________.

3. It is also important for _________________________________________.

4. It’s easy _____________________________________________________.

Part B 13

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 Part C Preview
Q: Why should you be admitted to Tiger College?
Even though there are many other opportunities for me, I want to attend
Tiger College. Ever since I was a small child, my father has expected me to
To-Infinitives work my hardest so that I could go to the best st
in Predicates college. I did well on my tests and refused to
settle for number two in my class. Now I
hope to study under the guidance of
Tiger’s world-renowned faculty. I will be
delighted to start classes this fall, and I
promise to maintain my high work ethic.

Grammar Explanation
To-Infinitives in Predicates

A to-infinitive can be placed in several different positions within a sentence.

A to-infinitive can come after the linking verbs Michael seems to know a lot about literature.
be, seem, and appear as a subject complement. The city appears to have a problem with pollution.

A to-infinitive can come after certain verbs as

the direct object. These verbs include: begin,
They wanted to stay for a few extra days.
choose, claim, decide, expect, learn, like, love,
We are learning to speak Italian.
manage, offer, plan, prefer, promise, refuse, start,
try, want, wish.

A to-infinitive can come after the objects of

Parents teach kids to say please and thank you.
certain verbs. These verbs include: ask, convince,
I expected them to be home before midnight.
expect, help, order, persuade, remind, teach, tell.

A to-infinitive can come after certain adjectives.

These adjectives include: amazed, ashamed,
I’m not quite ready to leave the house yet.
disappointed, excited, glad, happy, likely, pleased,
He will be disappointed not to see you.
ready, reluctant, sad, shocked, sorry, surprised,
upset, willing.

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Practice 1 Part C

Exercise 1 Unscramble the sentences.

1. off / forgot / to / Peter / oven. / the / turn
Peter forgot to turn off the oven.

2. seems / with / to be / This store / popular / teenagers.

_____________________________________________________________

3. embarrassed / are going / the play. / We / to be / to act / in

_____________________________________________________________

4. to travel / the world. / around / Jenny’s / planning / sister / is

_____________________________________________________________

5. information / allows / to get / The Internet / us / anywhere. / from

_____________________________________________________________

6. to give me / my teacher / less / My mother / persuaded / homework.

_____________________________________________________________

Exercise 2 Combine the sentence pairs using infinitives.

1. She was very nervous. She flew for the first time.
She was very nervous to fly for the first time.

2. I think Anya is lucky. She does not have any brothers.

_____________________________________________________________

3. After the airplane landed, I was so excited. I saw my grandparents.

_____________________________________________________________

4. I expect to have a good job when I grow up. I am going to be a doctor.

_____________________________________________________________

5. The president promised something. He will listen to the citizens’ problems.

_____________________________________________________________

6. After not eating all day, my brother will need food. He will eat a big dinner.
_____________________________________________________________

Part C 15

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 Practice 2

Exercise 1 Choose the best answers.

1. She really __________ to like her new boyfriend.
a. prefers b. appears c. agrees d. decides

2. Hollywood actors are always eager __________ for the camera.

a. to fly b. to sneeze c. to smile d. to sleep

3. It was fun watching the baby horse __________ to walk for the first time.
a. attempt b. promise c. agree d. remind

4. We are __________ to announce that our school has won a national award.
a. sorry b. shocked c. proud d. careful

5. “I am sorry, I can’t __________ to ignore it any longer. You have food on your
face.”
a. wish b. deserve c. learn d. pretend

6. My father always reminds me that he __________ me to lose when we play

basketball against each other.
a. expects b. plans c. determines d. agrees

Exercise 2 Use the pictures to write sentences with infinitives.

1 2 3 4

1. _______________________________________________________________

2. _______________________________________________________________

3. _______________________________________________________________

4. _______________________________________________________________

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Grammar in Use Part C

Exercise 1 Complete the passage with the words from the box.

try excited to go to be seems remind

My daily life 1 seems to be pretty boring. Every day, I go to

school and listen to my teachers talk about the same thing. After school,
I am 2 _________________ to meet my friends so we can go play soccer.
But I leave around six because my mom expects me 3 _________________
home for dinner. After that, my parents 4 _________________ me to do
my homework. I 5 _________________ to finish it early, but I usually stop
and take a nap. When I wake up, it’s usually around ten, and
I still have more work to do. I’m
lucky 6 _________________
to bed by twelve!

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with your own information.

1. Every day, I am happy ____________________________________________.

2. Every day, I am amazed ___________________________________________.

3. Every day, my parents require me ___________________________________.

4. After I come home from school, I want _______________________________.

Part C 17

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 Part D Preview
My parents are always telling me that their
To-Infinitives lives were so much harder when they were
kids. If I don’t like my dinner, they say that
with Too, they never had enough food to feel full.
Enough, and When I need new clothes because mine
In Order are too old to wear, they tell me that their
families rarely had enough money to buy
new clothes. I think they tell me these
things in order to make me feel guilty.

Grammar Explanation
To-Infinitives with Too, Enough, and In Order

I have too much work to do today. (object)

Too much/many + noun* + to-infinitive shows
(= I have to do too much work today.)
that an amount is excessive for a certain purpose
She has too many presents to buy. (object)
(i.e., that there is more than a person would
(= She has to buy too many presents.)
want or like).
There is too much noise to talk here. (not object)
* The noun may or may not be the object of the
I’ve failed too many quizzes to get a good grade.
infinitive.
(not object)

Too + adjective/adverb + to-infinitive shows

I’m too tired to do any work.
that the quality described by the adjective/
They’re too busy to have any hobbies.
adverb is excessive for a certain purpose.

Enough + noun + to-infinitive shows that

an amount is sufficient for a certain purpose There aren’t enough plates to serve everyone.
(i.e., that no more of that quality or amount is We had enough time to finish the project.
needed).

Adjective/Adverb + enough + to-infinitive

He’s not fast enough to play for the team.
shows that a quality or quantity is sufficient for a
Do you practice often enough to improve?
certain purpose.

In order + to-infinitive shows purpose.

A to-infinitive by itself can also show purpose. In order to pass the test, I studied hard.
Using a comma, the infinitive of purpose can I studied hard in order to pass the test.
precede the main clause. It can also follow the To avoid traffic, my father drove down Oak Street.
main clause. When it follows the main clause, My father drove down Oak Street to avoid traffic.
there is no comma.

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Practice 1 Part D

Exercise 1 Match the sentence parts.

1. He weighs too much a. to buy a ticket to Canada.

2. In order to fly a kite, b. in order to get my work

done.
3. I need to wake up early c. to make sure I don’t get
tomorrow thirsty.
4. My friend hates performing d. to sit on the baby’s swing.
too much
5. She doesn’t have nearly e. it must be a windy day.
enough money
6. When hiking, I always take f. to become a great pianist.
enough water

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with too much, too many, or enough.
1. There are too many cars on the road to drive home quickly.
2. My parents sent me ________________ chocolate to eat all by myself.
3. Luckily, Gary had just ________________ money to catch the subway home.
4. Is it warm ________________ to sleep in your room, or should I turn on the
heater?
5. Jenny feels that there is ________________ pressure on her to perform well
in school.
6. The actress who won the award said she had ________________ people to
thank in a one-minute speech.
7. During the busiest times in the supermarket, there are ________________
customers for one cashier to handle.
8. Emily doesn’t have ________________ time to go to all her after-school
classes and finish her homework.

Part D 19

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 Practice 2

Exercise 1 Combine the sentence pairs using in order + to-infinitive. Do not

change the order of the sentences.
1. You must be creative. You want to write novels.
You must be creative in order to write novels.

2. I often go to this website. I download movies and TV shows.

_____________________________________________________________

3. Alex wants to buy his girlfriend a bracelet. Alex will need to get a job.
_____________________________________________________________

4. You want to see all of Paris. You must climb to the top of the Eiffel Tower.
_____________________________________________________________

5. After doing poorly on my exam, I must have a good interview. I want to get
into a good college.
_____________________________________________________________

6. Paolo kept his sister from telling their parents that he broke the vase. Paolo
cleaned her room for a month.
_____________________________________________________________

Exercise 2 Use the pictures to write sentences with too, enough, and in order to.

1 2 3 4

1. _______________________________________________________________

2. _______________________________________________________________

3. _______________________________________________________________

4. _______________________________________________________________

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Grammar in Use Part D

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences with too, enough, or in order to.

1 In order to make the best chocolate chip

cookies, follow these easy steps:
 Get your flour, baking soda, and salt and mix them
together. Be sure to add 2 _________________
baking soda, or your cookies will look like crackers.
 Next, make sure to add 3 _________________
sugar and vanilla to make your cookies sweet, and mix them together
along with the flour and a couple of eggs.
 After that, stir in the chocolate chips evenly 4 _________________
avoid some cookies having 5 _________________ many chips and
some cookies having too few.
 Then put your dough in the refrigerator for ten minutes
6 _________________ let the baking soda rise. This way, your cookies

won’t be flat.
 Next, preheat your oven to 350 degrees, and put spoonfuls of cookie
dough onto a cookie sheet. Make them fairly thin so that they’re not
7 _________________ thick to bake all the way through.

 Finally, put your cookies into the oven. Be sure you’ve allowed
8 _________________ time for the oven to preheat.

 After ten minutes, take the cookies out of the oven and enjoy them!

Exercise 2 Answer the questions about the above reading.

1. In order to make these cookies, what ingredients do you need?
_____________________________________________________________
2. Why is it important to stir the chips in evenly?
_____________________________________________________________
3. Why must you put the dough in the refrigerator?
_____________________________________________________________
4. Why should you make your cookies fairly thin?
_____________________________________________________________

Part D 21

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 Part E Review

Exercise 1 Unscramble the sentences.

1. successful. / It / hard work / to / takes / become
It takes hard work to become successful.

2. let / bike. / use / him / my / I / never agreed / to

_____________________________________________________________

3. mother / buy / shoes / to / My / promised / for me.

_____________________________________________________________

4. finish / homework. / sister / I / help / her / will / my

_____________________________________________________________

5. cruel / to leave / is / of him / It / his dog / all day. / alone

_____________________________________________________________

6. the author / It / finish / book. / to / his / for / three years / took

_____________________________________________________________

Exercise 2 Using infinitives, write complete sentences with the given words
and tenses.
1. (present) I – too tired
_____________________________________________________________

2. (past) We – invite – our friends

_____________________________________________________________

3. (future) He – not have – enough – cake

_____________________________________________________________

4. (past) In order – catch – friend – he – run

_____________________________________________________________

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Part E

Exercise 3 Circle two mistakes in each sentence. Then rewrite the sentences
correctly.
1. I’m study French order to go to Paris.
_____________________________________________________________

2. Mark wanted her help he with his homework.

_____________________________________________________________

3. She doesn’t got a high enough score pass the test.

_____________________________________________________________

4. Yesterday, Peter asks his friend go with him to the doctor’s office.
_____________________________________________________________

Further Learning
Causative Verbs in the Passive Voice
Most causative verbs* can be used in the passive voice. When passive, they are always
followed by a to-infinitive. This includes make and help, which are normally followed by a
bare infinitive in the active voice.
(*Let and have are the exceptions. They are never passive.)

· Did the storm force him to stay inside? Was he forced to stay inside (by the storm)?
· Someone will make John apologize. John will be made to apologize.
· Someone helped her climb the tree. She was helped to climb the tree.

Quick Check Rewrite the sentences in the passive voice.

1. Someone made Steve give up eating junk food.
______________________________________________________
2. Someone helped Vera cheat on the exam.
______________________________________________________
3. The nurse will ask you to roll up your sleeve.
______________________________________________________
4. Someone encouraged Rosa to try writing poetry.
______________________________________________________

Part E 23

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