Application 1 → 16 K .e 2 x + 2.8 K .e 2 x − 3.4 K .e 2 x = 3.

e2 x
3
(Non homogeneous high order dif. equ.) → 20 K = 3 → K =
20
Solve the following differential equation. 3
→ y22 = .e 2 x
20
y ıv + 2 y '''− 3 y '' = x 2 + 3e2 x + 4sin x y23 = α .sin x + β .cos x
y23 ' = α .cos x − β .sin x
Solution
y23 '' = −α .sin x − β .cos x
r 4 + 2r 3 − 3r 2 = 0 y23 ''' = −α .cos x + β .sin x

r 2 (r 2 + 2r − 3) = 0 y23ıv = α .sin x + β .cos x

r 2 (r + 3)(r − 1) = 0 → α .sin x + β .cos x + 2(−α .cos x + β .sin x)
r1 = r2 = 0 , r3 = 1 , r4 = −3 − 3(−α .sin x − β .cos x) = 4sin x
→ α .sin x + β .cos x − 2α .cos x + 2 β .sin x
y1 = c1 + c2 x + c3e x + c4 e −3 x
+ 3α .sin x + 3β .cos x = 4sin x
y21 = ax 4 + bx3 + cx 2 + dx + e
→ α + 2 β + 3α = 4
y21 ' = 4ax3 + 3bx 2 + 2cx + d
β − 2α + 3β = 0
y21 '' = 12ax 2 + 6bx + 2c → α = 2 β , 4α + 2 β = 4
y21 ''' = 24ax + 6b 2 4
→ 4.2 β + 2 β = 4 → β = , α =
y21ıv = 24a 5 5
→ 24a + 2(24ax + 6b) − 3(12ax 2 + 6bx + 2c ) = x 2 4 2
y 23 = sinx+ cosx
→ 24a + 48ax + 12b − 36ax 2 − 18bx − 6c = x 2 5 5
y = y1 + y21 + y22 + y23
1
→a=− 1 4 2 3 7 2
36 y = c1 + c2 x + c3e x + c4e −3 x − x − x − x
36 27 27
 1 
→ 48a − 18b = 0 → 48.  −  = 18b 3 2x 4 2
 36  + .e + sinx+ cosx
20 5 5
2
→b=−
27
→ 24a + 12b − 6c = 0
 1   2  7
→ 24.  −  + 12.  −  = 6c → c = −
 36   27  27
1 2 3 7 2
y21 = − x 4 − x − x
36 27 27

y22 = K .e 2 x
y22 ' = 2 K .e 2 x
y22 '' = 4 K .e 2 x
y22 ''' = 8 K .e 2 x
y22ıv = 16 K .e 2 x

1
Application 2 → −α .cos x + β .sin x + 6(−α .sin x − β .cos x)
+ 12(α .cos x − β .sin x) + 8(α .sin x + β .cos x)
(Non homogeneous high order dif. equ.)
= 5sin x
Solve the following differential equation. → −α .cos x + β .sin x − 6α .sin x − 6 β .cos x
+ 12α .cos x − 12 β .sin x + 8α .sin x + 8β .cos x
y '''+ 3 y ''+ 3 y '+ y = 5e x .sin x = 5sin x
→ −α − 6 β + 12α + 8β = 0 → 11α + 2 β = 0 (1)
Solution
→ β − 6α − 12 β + 8α = 5 → 2α − 11β = 5 (2)
3 2
r + 3r + 3r + 1 = 0 From (1) and (2) we find,
3
(r + 1) = 0 2 11
α= ,β =−
r1 = r2 = r3 = −1 25 25
2 11
y1 = (c1 + c2 x + c3 x 2 )e − x z2 = sin x − cos x
25 25
F ( x) = R( x).eα x = 5sin x.e x x
y2 = z.e
 2 11 
Because of this reason we define y2 as, y2 =  sin x − cos x  .e x
 25 25 
y2 = z.e x
y = y1 + y2
y2 ' = z '.e x + z.e x
 2 11 
y2 '' = z ''.e x + z '.e x + z '.e x + z.e x y = ( c1 + c2 x + c3 x 2 ) .e − x +  sin x − cos x  .e x
 25 25 
y2 '' = z ''.e x + 2 z '.e x + z.e x
y2 ''' = z '''.e x + z ''.e x + 2 z ''.e x + 2 z '.e x
+ z '.e x + z.e x
y2 ''' = z '''.e x + 3 z ''.e x + 3 z '.e x + z.e x
→ z '''.e x + 3 z ''.e x + 3 z '.e x + z.e x
+3( z ''.e x + 2 z '.e x + z.e x ) + 3( z '.e x + z.e x ) + z.e x
= 5.e x .sin x
→ z '''.e x + 3 z ''.e x + 3 z '.e x + z.e x
+3 z ''.e x + 6 z '.e x + 3 z.e x + 3 z '.e x + 3 z.e x + z.e x
= 5.e x .sin x
→ z '''+ 6 z ''+ 12 z '+ 8 z = 5sin x
→ z '''+ 6 z ''+ 12 z '+ 8 z = 0
→ (r + 2)3 = 0 → r1 = r2 = r3 = −2
z2 = α .sin x + β .cos x , we define
z2 ' = α .cos x − β .sin x
z2 '' = −α .sin x − β .cos x
z2 ''' = −α .cos x + β .sin x

2
Application 3 0 x2 x3
W1 = 0 2 x 3 x 2 = ( 3 x 4 − 2 x 4 ) = x 4
(Non homogeneous Euler–Cauchy equ.)
1 2 6x
Solve the following Euler-Cauchy equation
x 0 x3 1 0 x2 1 0 x2
by using variation of parameters method.
W2 = 1 0 3 x 2 = x. 1 0 3 x 2 = x. 0 0 2 x 2
x3 y '''− 3 x 2 y ''+ 6 xy '− 6 y = x 4 Inx 0 1 6x 0 1 6x 0 1 6x
= x.(0 - 2 x 2 )
Solution
= −2 x 3
We divide each side by x3 , we get x x2 0 1 x 0 1 x 0
W3 = 1 2 x 0 = x. 1 2 x 0 = x. 0 x 0
r ( x) = x.Inx , in standard form.
0 2 1 0 2 1 0 2 1
If we apply the substitution y = X m , we get
= x.( x - 0)
→ m(m − 1)(m − 2). X m − 3m(m − 1) X m
= x2
+6m. X m − 6 X m = 0
→ m(m 2 − 3m + 2) − 3m 2 + 3m + 6m − 6 = 0 x4 −2 x 3
y p = x.∫ . x.Inxdx + x 2
.∫ 2 x3 .x.Inxdx
→ m3 − 3m 2 + 2m − 3m 2 + 3m + 6m − 6 = 0 2 x3
→ m3 − 6m 2 + 11m − 6 = 0 x2
+ x 3 .∫ 3 .x.Inxdx
→ (m − 1)(m − 2)(m − 3) = 0 2x
x x3
m1 = 1 , m2 = 2 , m3 = 3 y p = .∫ x 2 .Inxdx − x 2 .∫ x.Inxdx + .∫ Inxdx
2 2
yh = c1 x + c2 x 2 + c3 x3
W1 ( x ) W2 ( x ) From the integral tables we get,
y p = y1 ( x ) ∫ .r ( x ) dx + y2 ( x ) ∫ .r ( x ) dx
W ( x) W ( x) x  x3 x3   x2 x2 
Wn ( x) y p = .  Inx −  − x 2 .  Inx − 
+.... + yn ( x) ∫ .r ( x)dx 2  3 9   2 4
W ( x)
x3
x x2 x3 + ( x.Inx − x )
2
W ( y1 , y2 , y3 ) = 1 2 x 3x 2 x 4 .Inx x 4 x 4 .Inx x 4 x 4 .Inx x 4
yp = − − + + −
0 2 6x 6 18 2 4 2 2
4 4
1 x x2 1 x x2 x .Inx 11x
yp = −
6 36
= x 1 2 x 3x 2 = x 0 x 2 x 2
x 
4
11 
0 2 6x 0 2 6x y p =  Inx − 
6 6
y = yh + y p
= x ( 6 x2 − 4 x2 )
x4  11 
3 y = c1.x + c2 .x 2 + c3 .x 3 +  Inx − 
= 2x 6  6