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Laminated Glazing Reference Manual-2009

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100% found this document useful (2 votes)
2K views118 pages

Laminated Glazing Reference Manual-2009

GANA

Uploaded by

djfeghali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Table of Contents
I. PREFACE ....................................................................................................................... 5
The Glass Association of North America ........................................................ 5
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. 7
Caution .......................................................................................................................... 7

II. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 9


Glazing Used in Laminates .................................................................................... 9
Interlayers Used in Laminates ............................................................................ 9
Laminating Processes .......................................................................................... 12
Types of Laminated Architectural Glass ...................................................... 13

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Optical Distortion in Laminated Glass .......................................................... 18

III. APPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................ 19


Introduction ............................................................................................................. 19
Safety ........................................................................................................................... 19
Structural Performance ....................................................................................... 25
Windstorms and Hurricane Resistance ........................................................ 26
Earthquake Resistance ........................................................................................ 34
General Security ..................................................................................................... 36
Forced Entry Resistant Laminates .................................................................. 36
Detention and Institutional Glazing ............................................................... 38
Bullet Resistant Laminates ................................................................................ 43

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Blast Resistant Glazing ........................................................................................ 48
Solar-Control ............................................................................................................ 48
Ultraviolet Radiation ............................................................................................ 53
Sound Control .......................................................................................................... 55
Specialty Applications .......................................................................................... 68

IV. HANDLING, STORAGE & GLAZING ................................................................. 73


Receiving ................................................................................................................... 73
Storage ........................................................................................................................ 73
Cutting Laminated Products ............................................................................. 74
Installation ................................................................................................................ 75

V. Sealant & Glazing Material Compatibility ................................ 79


General ....................................................................................................................... 79

VI. Maintenance & Cleaning ........................................................................... 81

VII. GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS ..................................................................................... 83


General Note ............................................................................................................ 83

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VIII. STANDARDS .............................................................................................................. 87
Glass Quality ............................................................................................................. 87
Safety ........................................................................................................................... 87
Glass Strength/Resistance to Windborne Debris ..................................... 87
Acoustical .................................................................................................................. 88
Security ....................................................................................................................... 88
Earthquake ................................................................................................................ 88
Weathering ................................................................................................................ 89

IX. SURFACE NOMENCLATURE ............................................................................... 91

X. GANA REFERENCE RESOURCES ...................................................................... 95


GANA Glazing Manual .......................................................................................... 95
GANA Tempering Division Engineering Standards Manual .................. 95
GANA Sealant Manual ........................................................................................... 95
Fabrication, Erection & Glazing Hours Manual (FGMA) ......................... 95
GANA Fully Tempered Heavy Glass Door and Entrance
Systems Design Guide ............................................................................................ 95

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GANA Blueprint Reading and Labor Estimating Course ......................... 96
GANA Project Managers Reference Manual ................................................. 96
GANA Glass Informational Bulletins, Volume One ...................................... 99

XI. GANA Glass Informational Bulletins ............................................. 97

XII. GANA SAFETY BULLETINS ................................................................................ 99

XIII. ORGANIZATIONS PUBLISHING REFERENCED STANDARDS AND


INFORMATION ...................................................................................................... 101

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XIV. GUIDELINES FOR REFERENCE MANUAL SUBMITTALS ..................... 103
General Laminated Glass .................................................................................. 103
Submittal Guidelines .......................................................................................... 103

XV. GANA LAMINATING DIVISION MEMBERS ................................................ 105


Fabricators ............................................................................................................. 105
Suppliers ................................................................................................................. 113

List of Tables
Table 1: Typical Interlayer Thickness ............................................................. 14
Table 2: Safety Glazing Minimum Interlayer Thickness .......................... 23
Table 3: Typical Protocol for Windborne Debris Impact and Cyclical
Tests ............................................................................................................. 32
Table 4: Typical Interlayer for Hurricane Performance .......................... 34
Table 5: Dynamic Racking Performance of Laminated Glass ............... 36
Table 6: UL 972 Test Requirements ................................................................. 37
Table 7: H.P. White Laboratories Test ............................................................. 40
Table 8: WMFL Requirements ............................................................................ 41

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Table 9: ASTM F 1233 Ballistics Test Requirements ................................ 42
Table 10: ASTM F 1915 Standard Test Methods for Glazing for
Detention Facilities Requirements ................................................. 43
Table 11: UL 752 Bullet-Resisting Equipment Requirements ................ 45
Table 12: NIJ Standard 0108.01 Ballistic Resistence Test Variables and
Requirements .......................................................................................... 46
Table 13: Typical Thickness and Weights of Bullet Resisting Laminated
Glass ............................................................................................................. 47
Table 14: Solar Performance of Basic Laminates ......................................... 51
Table 15: Solar Performance of Basic Laminated Insulating Units ....... 52
Table 16: Acoustical Performance PVB Laminates ...................................... 56
Table 17: Acoustical Data Laminated Glass with PVB, Sound
Transmission Lost (TL), dB ............................................................... 59
Table 18: Acoustical Data PVB Laminates, Glazing Sound Transmission
Loss Data Laminated Glass with PVB, Sound Transmission
Lost (TL), dB ............................................................................................. 60
Table 19: Acoustical Data Laminated Insulating Glass with PVB , Sound
Transmission Lost (TL), dB ............................................................... 61
Table 20: Acoustical Data Laminated Insulating Glass with PVB , Sound

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Transmission Lost (TL), dB ............................................................... 62
Table 21: Acoustical Data Double Laminated Insulating Glass with
PVB, Sound Transmission Lost (TL), dB ....................................... 63
Table 22: Acoustical Data Triple Laminated Insulating Glass with
PVB, Sound Transmission Lost (TL), dB ....................................... 64
Table 23: Acoustical Performance Cured Resin Laminates ...................... 65
Table 24: Acoustical Data Laminated Glass Made with UV Curable Resin
Interlayer Sound Transmission Loss (STL), dB ......................... 66
Table 25: Acoustical Data Laminated Glass Made with UV Curable Resin
Interlayer Sound Transmission Loss (STL), dB ......................... 67
Table 26: Installation Recommendations for All-Glass Laminates ....... 77

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List of Figures
Figure 1: Typical Large Missile Impact Locations, Hung Window,
Florida Building Code, High Velocity Hurricane Zone ............ 27
Figure 2: Typical Large Missile Impact Locations, Hung Window, ASTM
E 1996-06, Wind Zone 3, Missile Level D .................................... 28
Figure 3: Typical Large Missile Impact Locations, Hung Window, ASTM
E 1996-06, Wind Zone 4, Missile Level D .................................... 28
Figure 4: Typical Large Missile Impact Locations, Fixed Opening (no
mullion), Florida Building Code, High Velocity Hurricane
Zone .............................................................................................................29
Figure 5: Typical Large Missile Impact Locations, Fixed Opening (no
mullion), ASTM E 1996-06, Wind Zone 3, Missile Level D ... 29
Figure 6: Typical Large Missile Impact Locations, Fixed Openings (no
mullion), ASTM E 1996-06, Wind Zone 4, Missile Level D ... 30
Figure 7: Typical Small Missile Impact Locations, Fixed Opening (no
mullion), Florida Building Code, High Velocity Hurricane
Zone ............................................................................................................. 30
Figure 8: Typical Large Missile Impact Locations, Fixed Opening (no
mullion), ASTM E 1996-06, Missile Level A ................................ 31
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Figure 9: Mirror Lamination Surface Nomenclature .................................. 71
Figure 10: Recommended Glazing Clearances & Bite ................................... 76
Figure 11: Laminated Glass with Two Glass Plies and Expanded View 92
Figure 12: Laminated Insulating Glass ................................................................ 92
Figure 13: Double Laminated Insulating Unit .................................................. 93
Figure 14: Single Core Glass Clad Plastic Glazing ........................................... 93
Figure 15: Multi Core Glass Clad Plastic Glazing ............................................. 94
Figure 16: Asymmetrical Glass and Plastic Glazing ....................................... 94

Disclaimer
The Glass Association of North America (GANA) has produced this Laminated
Glazing Reference Manual (formerly known as the Laminated Glass Design
Guide) solely to provide general descriptions concerning the basics of glass and
glass performance. The Manual does not purport to state that any particular
type of glass or glass product should be used in any specific application.
The user of this Manual has the responsibility to ensure that competent
professionals select and install the glass in compliance with all applicable laws,
rules, regulations, standards, and other requirements. GANA does not design,

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develop, or manufacture any products, processes, or equipment referred to in
this Manual and, accordingly, makes no guarantee, representation, or warranty,
express or implied, as to their fitness, merchantability, patent infringement,
or any other matter respecting their performance. GANA cannot guarantee
and disclaims any responsibility for any specific result relating to the use of
this Manual.

GANA disclaims any responsibility for any errors or omissions contained in


this Manual. GANA disclaims any liability for any loss or damage of any kind
arising out of the use of this Manual, and all those using the Manual agree,
as a condition of its use, to release GANA from any and all liability, claims,
losses, or damages of any kind or nature arising out of or relating in any way

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to its use. GANA expressly reserves the right, in its sole discretion, to update,
revise, amend, and otherwise modify the Manual from time to time as it sees
fit and to do so without furnishing specific notice, or the revised edition itself,
to prior recipients of the Manual.

The standards referenced in the Laminated Glazing Reference Manual are under
the jurisdiction of third-party organizations and agencies and are constantly
subject to review and revision. The standards and similar documents
referenced in this Manual are those in effect as of March 1, 2009. The Manual
user should refer to, consult, and comply with the most recent edition of the
referenced standards.

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I. Preface

This Manual is an educational tool as well as a guide to clarify and assist


in the proper selection and specification of laminated architectural glazing
materials. It is intended for use by architects, designers, engineers, component
manufacturers (e.g., windows, doors, solariums, skylights, shower enclosures),
and installers of laminated glazing materials in buildings.

This Manual provides both a broad scoped and detailed understanding of

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laminated architectural glazing materials. Laminated glass usage, performance
characteristics, engineering information and technical data, design
opportunities, as well as how to handle, install, and specify the products are
addressed within.

This Manual is reviewed and revised on a regular basis by members of the


Laminating Division of the Glass Association of North America. Procedures for
submitting new information for consideration during the revision process are
contained in Section XIV, Guidelines for Reference Manual Submittals, page
103.

This Manual does not contain all of the information available from all sources

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regarding the subjects presented. Additional information should be sought
from manufacturers' literature and applicable standards, codes, and other
regulations. Specifically, a review of all national, state and local building codes
pertaining to glass safety and proper applications should be completed in order
to identify all governing requirements and to assure product compliance.

Except where specifically noted (i.e. footnotes, tables, charts), all standards
referenced in this document are intended to be the latest available edition of
such standards available at the time of publication.

The Glass Association of North America


The Glass Association of North America (GANA) represents the production,
fabrication, distribution and installation segments of the glass and glazing
industry in North America, including suppliers to that industry. GANA has
seven Divisions: Building Envelope Contractors, Decorative, Flat Glass
Manufacturing, Insulating, Laminating, Mirror, and Tempering and four
Councils/Committees: Energy, Fire-Rated Glazing, Marketing and Protective
Glazing. Full and affiliate memberships are available to qualified parties. See
www.glasswebsite.com for additional information.

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Participants in the Laminating Division include manufacturers of laminated
glazing products and the component materials used in the fabrication of the
various types of laminated products.

The Laminating Division focuses its promotional and technical efforts on


architects and specifiers. These efforts have been successful in creating
increased demand for laminated architectural glazing materials in a variety
of design applications.

The members of GANA Laminating Division have long recognized the


importance of voluntary standards, guidelines, specifications, and test methods
and were instrumental in developing quality voluntary specifications for
laminated glass, laminated glass clad polycarbonates, chemically strengthened
glass and bent glass at ASTM International. Laminating Division members
have worked closely with the ASTM C 14 Committee on Glass and Glazing
Products, E 06 Committee on Performance of Buildings, F 12 Committee
on Security Systems and Equipment and F 33 Committee on Detention and
Correctional Facilities, and have executed round-robin testing to assist in

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the development of voluntary standards for protective and detention glazing
applications. The Laminating Division and many of its member companies
are actively involved in the building code process through its participation in
the Glazing Industry Code Committee (GICC). See www.glazingcodes.org for
additional information.

Meetings provide an indispensable forum for all of GANA’s activities. Glass Week
is GANA’s annual winter meeting, which brings together technical and general
business topics. GANA’s Fall Conference is a meeting which focuses on mostly
technical issues. The Laminating Division of GANA makes a determined effort
to remain responsive to the continually changing needs of its membership
and works diligently to improve the availability of strategic information to the

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laminating industry. It co-hosts a yearly educational seminar, Glass Fabrication
& Glazing Educational Conference, designed to appeal to plant personnel,
supervisors, and management.

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Acknowledgements
The Glass Association of North America expresses its appreciation to the
people, in both manufacturing and distribution of laminated architectural
glazing products, who have lent their knowledge and experience to the
compilation of material in this Manual.

Peter Anderson, Viracon Inc.


Michael Burriss, CYTEC Industries, Inc.
John Bush, Oldcastle Glass Inc.
Michael L. Griffin, Huntsman Polyurethanes
Jeff Haberer, Cardinal IG
Bernie Herron, Cardinal Glass Industries
Julia Schimmelpenningh, Solutia Inc.
James Touchette, MJR Enterprises Corp
Rick Wright, Oldcastle Glass Inc.

Front Cover Photo Credits: Apogee (Viracon) and Solutia, Inc.

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Our thanks go to all those who contributed information, assistance and
advice.

C. Gregory Carney GANA Technical Director
Ashley M. Charest GANA Account Executive
Kim Mann GANA General Counsel
Brian K. Pitman GANA Director of Marketing and Communications
Urmilla Sowell GANA Director of Glass and Glazing
Industry Standards
William Yanek GANA Executive Vice President

Caution

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The members of the Glass Association of North America encourage the users
of this Manual to review all plans and specifications before selecting a specific
laminated architectural glazing product. The users of this Manual should
consider the potential safety hazards for each glass application. The appropriate
type of glass should be specified in view of the perceived foreseeable risks of
injury. Mere compliance with the applicable safety regulations, federal, state,
and local, may not be sufficient to avoid liability in all circumstances. These
safety regulations represent only minimum standards, specifications, and
requirements.

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II. Introduction

Glazing Used in Laminates

Glass
The most common glazing material used in laminated products is glass. Glass
is a hard, brittle inorganic substance produced using silicates and a flux (lime
or soda). The raw materials are heated to a very high temperature until
they reach a molten state. The molten glass is blown, cast, pressed, rolled,

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drawn or floated into the desired dimensions. The most common method of
production for glass that is used in laminated constructions is float glass. Glass
can be nearly colorless, clear, translucent or tinted. Glass comes in various
thicknesses and can be strengthened by heat or chemical processes.

Plastics
Plastics are the second type of glazing material used in laminated constructions.
Plastics can be composed of a natural or artificially prepared organic polymer
of low extensibility. Plastics used for laminated constructions are typically
extruded or molded, they are either rigid or non-rigid depending upon the
material type. Plastics are relatively light and are often used in the production
of bullet resistant and other laminates requiring low deflection and rigorous

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impact performance. Plastics can be clear, translucent or tinted and may have
an anti-scratch coating applied to one or both surfaces.

Interlayers Used in Laminates

Plasticized Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB) Sheet


Plasticized polyvinyl butyral sheet is made from polyvinyl butyral resin,
plasticizer and proprietary chemical additives that give the interlayer unique
impact and retention properties when used to laminate glass and some plastic
glazings together. The raw materials are typically combined and extruded
as sheet under stringent conditions and supplied in roll form to fabricators.
The fabricators then use a sheet laminating process with properly selected
interlayer and glazing to assemble the unit. When this type of interlayer is
part of a laminate, it is placed between one or more plies of glass and plastic.
The glazing sandwich is then exposed to heat and pressure which bonds the
components into an integral unit.

There are several formulations of PVB interlayers and the specifier must take
care to denote the correct formulation and thickness appropriate for their

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design application. Interlayers tend to be classified by the primary intended
use application. Formulations currently exist for acoustic damping, aircraft
windscreens, ballistic resistance, decorative applications, energy control,
hurricane resistance and safety glazing. Although formulations are typically
designed to cover multiple purposes it is suggested that the interlayer
manufacturer or glass fabricator be consulted to identify the appropriate
formulation for the desired application. The formulation of the PVB should
be clearly identified in the specification.

Temperature Performance of PVB Laminates


Laminates constructed with PVB interlayers have a high performance
range that typically occurs between 60 °F and 85 °F (16 °C – 29 °C)
depending upon the formulation of the interlayer. On either side of
these ranges, impact performance can decrease, although most other
properties of the interlayer remain stable. Above 120 °F (50 °C)
studies have shown that there may be some decrease in glass strength
if the design load is reached while the laminate is at the elevated
temperature. This needs to be incorporated into the structural design

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of the glazing for a facility if applicable.

Laminated glass with PVB can be used for long term high heat exposure
applications. If the temperature the laminate is subjected to remains
high for prolonged periods of time, greater than 16 continuous hours,
a temperature limit of 180 °F (82 °C) or lower is recommended. A
laminate with PVB interlayer may visually show blemishes such as
bubbles and or slight yellowing if subjected to 180 °F (82 °C) for longer
than 16 continuous hours.

Aliphatic Polyurethane Sheet


Aliphatic polyurethanes are polyurethanes based on aliphatic isocyanates and

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mostly polyester and/or acrylic polyols. The raw material is typically extruded
as sheet under stringent conditions and supplied in roll form to fabricators.
The fabricators then use a sheet lamination process with the proper interlayer
and glazing to assemble the unit. When this interlayer is part of a laminate, it
is placed between one or more plies of glass and plastic. The glazing sandwich
is then exposed to heat and pressure which bonds the components into an
integral unit.

This type of interlayer is used for laminating glass clad and all non-coated
polycarbonate or acrylic (plastic) units. This type of interlayer is in contact
with the non-coated side of the plastic, even if the opposing side contains
a coating. This interlayer is available in clear, translucent and some tinted
versions.

Cured Resins – General


Various formulations of cured resin interlayers may provide unique
performance properties for use in applications requiring impact, bullet, and
hurricane resistance, sound reduction, decorative properties, safety, and
security performance. The specifier must take care to denote the correct

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formulation, curing process conditions and interlayer thickness for the
intended end use application.

UV Cured Resin Interlayers


UV cured resin interlayers are one-component, liquid formulations
that are typically urethane and acrylic based. The various polymers
and additives used adhere mechanically and chemically to the glass
surface. These products form solid interlayers only after exposure to
specific wavelengths of UV light.

Fabricators pump the appropriate amount of liquid material between


two pieces of glass and then expose the glass/liquid combination to
UV light. After adequate UV exposure the combination becomes a fully
cured unit that exhibits the desired properties of laminated glass.

Thermal Cure Resin Interlayers


Thermal cure resin interlayers are made from liquid formulations that
are typically polyester or urethane based. They react by mixing two or

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more components together and allowing them to cure over time.

After mixing, fabricators pump the appropriate amount of material


between two pieces of glass and allow the glass/liquid combination
to cure. The cure times vary and are dependent upon formulation,
mixture and atmospheric curing conditions. Cure time may be
modified through the use of a controlled oven environment. It is
important to specify the performance properties of the interlayer and
understand the affect of mixture, cure technique and thickness on the
final performance of the laminated unit.

Temperature Performance of Cured Resin Laminates

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Laminates constructed with cured resin interlayers have a high
performance range that typically occurs between 60 °F and 85 °F
(16 °C – 29 °C) depending upon the formulation of the interlayer.
On either side of these ranges, impact performance can decrease,
although most other properties of the interlayer remain stable. Above
120 °F (50 °C) studies have shown that there may be some decrease
in glass strength if the design load is reached while the laminate is
at the elevated temperature. This needs to be incorporated into the
structural design of the glazing for a facility if applicable.

Ionomer
The raw materials are typically combined and extruded as sheet and supplied
in sheet form to fabricators. The fabricators then use a sheet laminating
process to assemble the unit. The unit is processed under heat and pressure
which bonds the components into an integral unit. This type of interlayer is a
rigid sheet and is generally used for high loads and security applications.

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Laminating Processes

Interlayer Sheet Laminating


This laminating process uses a sheet, or multiple sheets of interlayer, which
are placed between two or more plies of glass or plastic. The assembly of these
units is usually performed in a clean room environment. The glass sandwich is
then exposed to a de-airing operation followed by applied heat and pressure,
which bonds the interlayer to the glass as an integral unit.

The most common technology used for sheet lamination is the nip roll/
autoclave process. This process uses specialized rollers and ovens to squeeze
the air out from between the layers of glass or plastic and the interlayer and
seal the glazing sandwich together. This is followed with the glazing sandwich
going through an autoclave cycle whereby heat and pressure are applied to
the unit to form the integral unit.

Other types of processes also exist such as vacuum bagging and vacuum ring.
These processes operate under the same principle of getting the air out from

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between the layers of glass or plastic and the interlayer, then finalizing the unit
under additional heat and pressure. The main difference in this operation is
that the air is being pulled out from between the layers through the edges of
the unit by vacuum rather than pushed out via the nip roll process.

Sheet lamination is used for mass production of stock glass sizes as well as
custom products. The interlayer sheet may be available in clear, printed, tinted
or textured products depending upon the formulation of the sheet. Different
color sheets can be layered together and design inserts, such as rice paper and
images on film, can be laminated.

Cured Resin Laminating

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Cured resin interlayers are liquid formulations that are poured or pumped
into the void between two plies of glass or plastic which are held together
with double sided tape. The tape serves as a dam to hold the liquid in between
the lites, while the thickness of the tape determines the interlayer thickness.
Once the cavity between the lites has been filled, the assembly is placed on
a flat surface so the liquid can level out to form an even interlayer, and then
cured by exposing it to low intensity UV light or via chemical reaction, also
known as thermal cure.

In addition to its use in standard laminating applications, UV and thermally


cured resin interlayers may be used in specialty applications, such as oversized,
patterned, antique or curved units. A wide array of colored interlayers may be
obtained through the incorporation of pigments into the liquid prior to cure.

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Types of Laminated Architectural Glass

General

Description:
Laminated architectural glass is comprised of two or more plies of glass
and/or plastic, and one or more plies of interlayer. Various glass types can
be incorporated into the laminates and are described in detail below. When
broken by impact, the interlayer tends to retain the glass fragments, minimizing
the risk for injury from sharp edges and flying or falling glass, and strongly
resists penetration by the impacting object or person.

Uses:
Typical applications of laminated architectural glass include locations where
safety glazing is required, such as doors and sidelights, shower and bath doors
and enclosures. Other locations where safety glazing may be specified include
operable windows and fixed glazed panels, balconies, elevators, vision and
spandrel areas, sports stadiums, atriums, greenhouses, skylights, and sloped

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glazing. Laminated glass resists glass fall-out from windborne projectiles in
hurricane-prone areas. It can reduce solar energy transmission, control glare,
and screen out ultraviolet (UV) light. Laminated architectural glass is an
effective barrier to unwanted noise and can provide various levels of security
protection, including protection from break-ins, blast resistance, seismic
resistance, and bullet resistance.

Quality:
The quality of laminated glass is discussed in ASTM C 1172 Standard
Specification for Laminated Architectural Flat Glass. The quality of glass
clad polycarbonate is discussed in ASTM C 1349 Standard Specification for
Architectural Flat Glass Clad Polycarbonate. Tolerances, inclusions and other

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allowable laminating process blemishes are fully detailed. Note that optical
distortion and the evaluation thereof are not currently within the scope of
these standard. Full size mock-ups are recommended as a method for the
evaluation of reflected and optical distortion. Further detail on optical
distortion in laminated glass is included in this reference Manual.

Sizes:
Maximum and minimum sizes vary from manufacturer to manufacturer.

Interlayer Thickness:
Laminated glass made with cured resin interlayers is limited only by the size
of the glass and not by processing equipment. Cured resin interlayer thickness
may be controlled through the selection of the appropriate spacer tape. Typical
sheet interlayer thickness is described in Table 1. Thicker interlayer can be
achieved for special applications by adding layers together.

Colors:
Glass, plastics and interlayers are normally available in a wide range of colors
and light transmittance. Unique colors and designs can be created through
the use of decorative interlayers and customized printing processes.
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Table 1
Typical Interlayer
Thickness

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Edgework:
Flat and bent laminated architectural glass is shipped with a clean cut edge.
Swiped (seamed), flat ground, and polished edges1 are available upon request.
Saw-cut and mitered edgework also are available for flat laminated glass from
some manufacturers.

Drilling:
Custom drilling, including speak-holes and pass-through holes, is available.2

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Limitations:
The edges of laminated architectural products must not be exposed to solvents,
which can react with interlayer(s) or polycarbonate/acrylic (plastic) sheets.
Many polysulfide, silicone,3 and butyl rubber sealants may be used for glazing,
but must be checked for compatibility. The compatibility between sealants
and interlayers should also be verified.

All sash must be weeped to the outside to allow water drainage. Prolonged
exposure to water, water vapor, solvents, or solvent vapors may cause
delamination or haziness around the periphery.

1 For glass clad polycarbonates (GCP’s), edges are typically seamed only prior to strengthening the glass. Polished edges are not
recommended because additional edgework compromises edge strength GCP’s or laminated polycarbonate. In addition, exposed edges
may compromise the integrity and performance of the unit.
2 For GCP’s and laminated polycarbonates, custom drilling, including speak-holes and pass-through holes, are not recommended. The
integrity and performance of the unit to resist physical and ballistic threat (as tested) can be reduced. Products are not tested under these
conditions.
3 Silicones are typically effective products for weatherproofing glass clad polycarbonate installations. Reference the GANA Glazing Manual
and manufacturer literature.

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Product engineering may be necessary for certain applications.

With the possibility of raw component changes made in any of the materials,
a test from preceding years may not be applicable.

Availability:
Flat and bent laminated architectural products are available throughout North
America from glass fabricators, distributors and glazing contractors.

Costs:
Information can be obtained from glass dealers or glazing contractors in the
individual project area.

Guarantee/Warranty:
Individual manufacturers offer product warranties. See manufacturer's
literature for details.

Flat Laminated Architectural Glass

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Description:
Flat laminated architectural glass is comprised of two or more flat plies of
glass and one or more plies of interlayer. Annealed, heat-strengthened, fully
tempered, chemically strengthened, wired, tinted, low-emissivity (low-e),
solar-control (reflective) glass, and standard silver and transparent mirrors
can be incorporated into the laminated unit.

Uses:
Flat laminated architectural glass can be used in virtually any application
requiring flat glass.

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Sizes:
Flat laminated architectural glass is available in various stock sizes or can be
ordered cut to size.

Shapes:
Laminated glass is available in circles, trapezoids, triangles, and standard
squares and rectangles. Flat annealed laminated architectural glass can be cut
to a pattern. Heat-strengthened and tempered glass must be cut to size and
shape prior to lamination. Alternately, annealed glass can be cut to shape and
then laminated using liquid resin.

Bent Laminated Architectural Glass

Description:
Bent laminated architectural glass is comprised of two or more plies of bent
glass bonded together with an interlayer. Clear, tinted, and pyrolytic coated
glass can be incorporated into the bent laminated unit.

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Uses:
Bent laminated architectural glass offers expanded glazing design
opportunities. Bent laminated glass has all of the inherent characteristics of
flat laminated architectural glass (e.g., sound control, UV filtration, security,
etc.).

Sizes:
Depend upon manufacturers’ processing capabilities.

Shapes:
Bent laminated architectural glass is available in cylindrical bends, curve-
plus-tangent combinations, non-circular curves, and tangent-plus-arc-plus-
tangent bends.

Glass Clad Polycarbonate (GCP)

Description:
Glass clad polycarbonate is a laminate consisting of one or more plies of flat

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glass bonded with thermoplastic polyurethane or cured resin interlayers to
one or more sheets of plastic. PVB interlayer may be used to bond glass to glass
only. Clear, tinted, low-e, wired, and patterned glasses, and most types of solar-
control coated glass, can be incorporated into the glass clad polycarbonate
unit. Often, other plastic sheets such as acrylic may be combined within this
product type.

Uses:
Glass clad polycarbonates provide resistance to forced entry and ballistics.
Typical applications of glass clad polycarbonates include prisons, detention
centers, jails, psychiatric facilities and other architectural settings where
security is a primary concern as well as for hurricane windborne projectiles in

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hurricane prone areas and blast resistance. Laminates made with strengthened
outer glass plies and inner polycarbonate cores can be lighter and thinner
than all-glass security laminates.

Sizes:
Flat glass clad polycarbonate must be ordered cut to size.

Shapes:
Glass clad polycarbonate products are available in rectangles, squares,
triangles, and trapezoids.

Organic Coated Glass-Butyral (OCG-B)

Description:
Organic coated glass-butyral is comprised of at least one lite of glass with its
interior or protected surface laminated under heat and pressure to a composite
sheet of PVB with a scratch-resistant polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film.
Optionally, the OCG-B can be applied onto multiple-ply laminated glass. This
composite organic coating consists of an abrasion resistant polyester film

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combined with a sheet of PVB for factory lamination to glass. The PVB is used
to adhere the PET film to the glass surface. The composite must face towards
the building's interior.

Uses:
Architectural applications of OCG-B include intrusion resistance to forced
entry and no-spall performance for bullet or impact resistant glass. This
organic coating on multiple-ply bullet resistant glass is a viable deterrent
to glass spalling. Single lite OCG-B resists penetration from hard projectiles,
resists glass fall-out from windborne debris breakage when well anchored,
and can meet requirements for burglar and bullet resistant glazing.

Sizes:
Flat type OCG-B glazing can be ordered cut to size or in stock sizes.

Shapes:
OCG-B glazing can be made with flat or curved glass providing application
flexibility. Shape availability is similar to flat and bent laminated glass. Flat

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type organic coated glazing, which incorporates annealed glass, can be cut to
shape.

Laminated Polycarbonate

Description:
Laminated polycarbonate is comprised of two or more plies of polycarbonate
and one or more plies of aliphatic polyurethane. Scratch resistant, UV
resistant, textured, tinted, reflective, and / or pigmented polycarbonate sheet
may be incorporated into the laminated unit. Other plastic sheets, such as
acrylics, may be utilized within these product types. Contact manufacturer for
additional specific details.

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Uses:
Laminated polycarbonates provide resistance to forced entry, ballistics
and bomb-blasts with no-spall performance. Typical installations include
locations where security and safety glazing are primary concerns. These
applications include prisons, detention centers, jails, psychiatric facilities,
kiosks, and other architectural settings. Laminated polycarbonate resists
breakage and penetration from windborne projectiles in hurricane prone
areas. Polycarbonate laminates are typically lighter and thinner than all-glass
security laminates.

Sizes:
Laminated polycarbonate is available in various stock sizes, can be ordered
cut to size, or fabricated on site.

Shapes:
Laminated polycarbonate can be cut to patterns using standard tools. Pre-
formed (thermoformed) pieces can be laminated together. See manufacturer’s
literature for more information.

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Optical Distortion in Laminated Glass

General
Images viewed in reflection or by transmission through laminated glazing
materials maybe distorted. Both reflected and transmitted optical distortion
may result from heat-treatment of glass, thickness variability of the materials
used, mechanical stresses applied by the framing system or changes in exterior
wind pressure, and viewing conditions.

Heat-Treated Glass
Laminated glazing materials may incorporate multiple plies of heat-treated
(e.g. heat-strengthened, tempered) glass in order to achieve high levels of
resistance to thermally and mechanically applied loads. Bow, warp and roll
wave distortion are inherent characteristics of heat-treated glass. While
fabricators take steps to minimize these conditions, they cannot be eliminated.
All of these characteristics are accentuated by the use of reflective coatings
and tinted glass substrates.

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Thickness Variability
Since transmitted distortion is dependent on overall thickness variability,
it tends to be exaggerated by multiple plies of glass and other components.
To minimize thickness variations fabricators minimize roller wave, bow and
warp of heat-treated glass used in these laminates. In addition fabricators
take steps to minimize pressure points during processing.

Mechanical Stresses
Distortion in all glazing materials may occur as a result of the glazing system,
wind load pressures and overall bow and warp.

Viewing Conditions

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The visibility of reflective distortion is greatly affected by surrounding
conditions, glazing orientation and viewing angle. If the reflected image is a
uniform blue sky, the reflective image that appears in the laminated product
may appear without distortion. If the same laminate is reflecting multiple
gridlines from an adjacent building, the reflection may appear distorted. In
order to decrease the visibility of roll wave distortion in heat-treated laminates,
fabricators commonly recommend and design professionals specify that the
wave direction (wave’s peak) be glazed parallel to the sill of a window or door
whenever possible. It is recommended that the manufacturer be notified in
writing of these instructions prior to the onset of glass fabrication. Heat-
treated glass fabrication equipment limitations may not allow roll wave
orientation to the sill when the width dimension of a lite of glass exceeds the
height dimension. When viewing laminated glazing materials at sharp angles
optical distortion may be more noticeable. The industry guidelines generally
specify viewing glazing materials at 90°.

Additional information on distortion in laminates can be found in GANA Glass


Information Bulletin, LD 01 Design Considerations for Laminated Glazing
Applications which is available at www.glasswebsite.com.

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III. Applications

Introduction
Laminated architectural glazing products and other architectural laminates
noted on preceding pages provide a broad spectrum of performance attributes
and are therefore the preferred glazing products for a number of applications.
Each of these applications is introduced below and generic information is
presented along with additional information regarding specific systems.

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This section of the Laminated Glazing Reference Manual is set up to provide a
general description of an application area that is known to successfully utilize
laminated glass. Any specific attributes that the individual laminated glass
configurations may bring for that application are noted. Each section will
be broken down into a general discussion, performance requirements and
product performance area.

Safety

General
The use of glass products in doors, sidelights, and shower doors, for example,
in buildings is regulated. This is necessary because all glass can break, and

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different types of glass can break in different ways. Certain types of glass have
been determined to break “safely” under prescribed test procedures, thus,
reducing the risk of cutting or piercing injuries that could be caused by human
impact on the glass. The building codes and regulations have been developed
to protect the public by requiring such “safety glazing” to be used in specific
locations in buildings.

These locations, allowable glazing materials, and standards to which safety


glazing must comply are specified in the Consumer Product Safety Commission
(CPSC) standard 16 CFR Part 1201 – Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing
Materials, and American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z97.1 – American
National Standard for Safety Glazing Materials Used in Building – Safety
Performance Specifications and Methods of Test, as well as in Chapter 24 of
the International Building Code and International Residential Code. However,
the legal requirements with which compliance must be achieved are found
in the federal regulation, CPSC 16 CFR 1201, and the applicable state and
local laws, codes, and ordinances. Compliance is based on state and local code
requirements.

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Performance Requirements

CPSC 16 CFR 1201:


The Consumer Product Safety Commission regulation, 16 CFR 1201, is a
federal standard and the model codes have adopted it by reference. The federal
standard establishes a test method and two levels of performance (Category
I and Category II). This standard defines specific products and locations
(primarily doors) where Category I and Category II compliance requirements
are applicable. The model codes expand the list of locations where safety
glazing is required. The model codes stipulate when Category I or Category
II glazing is required for glazing panels and shower, tub or similar enclosures
for spaces that may have wet slippery floors. The performance requirements
for laminated glass in Category I and II are listed below:

Impact Performance:
Category I: glazing must withstand one 150 foot-pound (203 J) impact
produced by impacting the glazing material with a 100-pound (45 kg)
shot bag from a vertical height of 18 inches (457 mm) or break upon

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impact in an acceptable manner as defined in the standard.

Category II: glazing must withstand one 400 foot-pound (542 J) impact
produced by impacting the glazing material with a 100-pound (45
kg) shot bag from a vertical height of four feet (1.2 m) or break upon
impact in an acceptable manner as defined in the standard.

Boil Test Performance:


After initial warming of the laminate in 150 °F (66 °C) water, the laminate
must withstand 2 hours of immersion in 212 °F (100 °C) water with no defects
more than ½ inch (12.7 mm) away from the edge or a crack.

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ANSI Z97.1:
The American National Standards Institute Standard, Z97.1, is a voluntary
standard that contains weathering, impact and marking requirements for
safety glazing materials. The standard defines laminated glass in three
categories: 1.) 2-ply glass laminates, 2.) multi-ply glass laminates and 3.)
glass/plastic laminates. The standard establishes a test method and three
levels of performance differentiated by drop height of a lead filled shot bag
and is meant for any application that requires safety glazing. The performance
requirements for laminated glass in ANSI Z97.1 are listed below. For laminated
constructions, the pass/fail criteria require successful weathering results as
well as passage of impact requirements. Proper marking of laminated glass is
also required and is further defined in the standard.

Glazing Size:
The glazing can be qualified under two size classifications: 1.) Unlimited Size
(U) requires samples 34 inches by 76 inches, ± 0.125 inch (863 mm by 1930
mm, ± 3 mm) and 2.) Limited Size (L) allows for the largest size commercially
produced by the manufacturer that is less than 34 inches by 76 inches, ± 0.125

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inch (863 mm by 1930 mm, ± 3 mm) but limits the sample to a minimum size
of 16 inches by 30 inches, ± 0.125 inch (610 mm by 762 mm, ± 3 mm).

Weathering:
Natural Exposure - 1 year outdoor South Florida testing in accordance with
ASTM D 1435-94 Standard Practice for Outdoor Weathering of Plastics.

Accelerated Exposure - Enclosed Twin Carbon-Arc Exposure: ASTM D 1499-


92A Standard Practice for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Plastics
for 2000 hours or Xenon-Arc Type Operating Light Exposure in accordance
with ASTM G 26-84 Practice for Operating Light-Exposure Apparatus (Xenon-
Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials or
ASTM G 155-00 Standard Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Light Apparatus for
Exposure of Non-Metallic Materials for 3,000 hours.

Impact Performance:
Class A - glazing material that complies with the requirements at a drop height
between 48 inches and 48.5 inches (1219 mm and 1231 mm).

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Class B - glazing material that complies with the requirements at a drop height
of between 18 inches and 18.5 inches (457 mm and 470 mm).

Class C - shall apply only for fire-resistant wired glass. The material complies
with the requirements at a drop height of between 12 inches and 12.5 inches
(305 mm and 318 mm).

Boil Test Performance:


After initial warming of the laminate in 150 °F (66 °C) water, the laminate
must withstand 2 hours of immersion in 212 °F (100 °C) water with no defects
more than ½ inch (12.7 mm) away from the edge or a crack.

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The standard allows a glazing material qualified for classification at the
higher impact drop height level to comply with a lower impact drop height
level. The impact requirements allow for numerous cracks and fissures and no
tear, shear or opening within the vertical specimens through which a 3-inch
(76 mm) diameter sphere can pass freely using a horizontally applied force of
4-pound (18 N) or less.

CAN/CGSB 12.1-M:
The Canadian General Standards Board document 12.1-M, is a national
standard that contains impact, boil and marking requirements for tempered
and laminated safety glazing materials. The purpose of this standard is to
provide a test method to qualify safety glazing that is capable of reducing the
likelihood of injuries to persons or objects projected from an exterior source or
by glass fragments when the glass is cracked or broken. The standard defines
laminated glass as two or more sheets of glass held together by an interlayer.
The standard establishes a test method and two levels of performance
differentiated by drop height of the lead filled shot bag. The performance
requirements for laminated glass in CAN/CGSB12.1-M are listed below.

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Impact Performance:
Category I - glazing must withstand one 150 foot-pound (203 J)
impact produced by impacting the glazing material with a 100-pound
(45 kg) shot bag from a vertical height of 18 inches (457 mm). Glass
area 9 square feet (0.84 sqm) or less.

Category II - glazing must withstand one 400 foot-pound (542 J)


impact produced by impacting the glazing material with a 100-pound
shot bag from a vertical height of four (4) feet (1.2 m). Glass area 9
square feet (0.84 sqm) or greater.

The pass/fail criteria for impacted samples is no opening present that


will allow the passage of a 3-inch (76 mm) diameter steel sphere after
being placed on the sample for 1 second. The sample is moved to the
horizontal position prior to this criteria being applied.

Boil Test Performance:


After initial warming of the glass as specified in the standard, the glass is held

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at 212 °F (100 °C) for 2 hours, after which the glass is visually inspected. No
bubbles or defects except within 3/8 inch (10 mm) of the edge or a crack.

Product Performance

Laminated Architectural Glass Made With PVB Interlayer


Laminated architectural glass manufactured with 0.015 inch (0.38 mm) PVB
may meet the Category I requirements of the CPSC 16 CFR 1201, ANSI Z97.1
Class B and CAN/CGSB 12.1-M, Category I.

Laminated architectural glass made with a 0.030 inch (0.76 mm) or thicker
PVB interlayer may meet the Category I and II requirements of the CPSC 16

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CFR 1201, ANSI Z97.1 Class A and B, and CAN/CGSB 12.1-M Category 1 and
II.

Laminated Architectural Glass Made With Cured Resin Interlayer


Laminated architectural glass manufactured with a 0.030 inch (0.76 mm)
curable interlayer may meet the requirements for Category I and II of the
CPSC 16 CFR 1201 standard and the test requirements of ANSI Z97.1 Class A
and B.

Organic Coated Glass-Butyral


Organic Coated Glass-Butyral, with 0.037 inch (0.94 mm) composite coating,
laminated onto a single lite of 1/8 inch (3 mm) nominal (or thicker) annealed
glass, may pass the requirements for Category I and II of the CPSC 16 CFR
1201 standard.

Laminated Polycarbonates
Laminated polycarbonates may meet the test requirements for Category I and
II of the CPSC 16 CFR 1201 standard and test requirements of ANSI Z97.1
Class A and B without breakage.

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Laminated Architectural Glass Made with Ionomer Interlayer
Laminated architectural glass made with 0.060 inch (1.52 mm) or thicker
ionomer interlayer may meet Category I and Category II requirements of the
CPSC 16 CFR 1201 standard and the test requirements of ANSI Z97.1 Class A
and B.

Table 2
Safety Glazing Minimum
Interlayer Thickness

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Sloped Glazing & Skylights
Glass, which slopes at an angle of 15° or more from the vertical plane, is
considered sloped glazing. Such glazing occurs in sloped walls, overhead
glazing, and skylights. As is the case with safety glazing, sloped and overhead
glazing in buildings is regulated. Sloped and overhead glazing is subjected to
potential wind loads, snow loads, live loads, and dead loads. The possibility of
breakage of sloped or overhead glazing is considered a potential hazard and,
with limited exceptions, the building codes require laminated architectural
glass or screens to be used to protect the occupants from any such breakage.

In addition to the mechanical loads noted above, sloped and overhead glazing
is usually subjected to thermal stress. The selection of the specific glass (i.e.,
heat-strengthened, chemically strengthened, annealed, fully tempered, tinted,
etc.) to be used and the configuration of the glass (i.e., outboard vs. inboard
lites in a sealed insulating unit) should consider these thermal loads.

Laminated architectural glass used in sloped and overhead applications


provides added protection to the occupants and property. If the glazing is

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broken by a windborne or falling object, the interlayer presents a substantial
barrier to penetration, protecting the occupants and property from damage
caused by the missile. Furthermore, broken laminated architectural glass
units, properly designed and installed, will tend to remain in place, helping to
protect the interior from damage caused by wind, rain, snow, etc.

The specific model building code requirements regulating sloped and overhead
glazing are found in Chapter 24 Glass and Glazing of the International Building
Code. Slope glazing requirements for one and two family dwellings are found
in the International Residential Code. It is important to note that the legal
requirements for compliance are found in the applicable state and local laws,
codes, and ordinances.

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In addition, the ICC Evaluation Service has issued Acceptance Criteria for
Sloped Glass Glazing in Solariums, Patio Covers, and Prefabricated Skylights.
These criteria are used by the ICBO Evaluation Service in its evaluation of
overhead glazing products that are not custom designed and engineered.

GANA has published a Glass Informational Bulletin on the dangers of walking


on sloped glazing and skylights.

LD 04-0306 Skylights and Sloped Glazing are Not Walking Surfaces

The American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA) publishes


several guides related to slope glazing and skylights, including:

Voluntary Specification for Skylights


Glass Design for Sloped Glazing

Laminated architectural glass with PVB interlayer and laminated


polycarbonates are recognized by all of the model codes and specific state

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and local laws and codes as an acceptable glazing product for sloped and
overhead applications including skylights. For acceptance of other laminates
and specific recognitions in sloped and overhead applications, please consult
the state or local building official having jurisdiction over these projects.

Structural Performance

Laminated Glass Strength - General


Laminated glass strength is discussed in ASTM E 1300 Standard Practice for
Determining the Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings. The model building codes
contain requirements for wind, snow, and dead loads on glass. The applicable
state laws and local building codes must be checked to determine minimum
glass strength requirements governing each project. Engineering design
software based on ASTM E 1300 is available, consult the GANA website (www.
glasswebsite.com) Technical - Software section for detailed information.

Railings
The design of glass railings and balustrades requires consideration as to the

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type of railing or balustrade to be installed. If the glass is to function as a
structural component versus an infill, additional engineering may be necessary.
ASTM International has developed two consensus standards that cover the
testing and specification of glass rails and balustrades. These documents are
ASTM E 2353 Standard Test Methods for Performance of Glass in Permanent
Glass Railing Systems, Guards, and Balustrades, and ASTM E 2358 Standard
Specification for Performance of Glass in Permanent Glass Railing Systems,
Guards, and Balustrades.

Laminated glass of all types can be used for this application. Laminated glass
can provide retention of the glass if broken and therefore allow replacement
of the glazing when convenient while possibly eliminating the potential for

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fall through of people and objects. For most cases the glass should be capable
of meeting CPSC 16 CFR 1201 Cat II or ANSI Z97.1 Class A, however there are
exceptions and the manufacturer should be consulted. Care should be taken
to ensure that water and solvents are not in contact with the edges of the
laminated products for prolonged periods of time. The expansion coefficients
of materials should also be considered to avoid breakage. Laminated glass
should not be set directly in inflexible, hardening materials.

Glass Floors and Glass Stairs


The design of floors, stair treads and landings require designing to code
requirements for uniform live loads and deflection plus a design check for
impact and concentrated loads such as those caused by ladies' heels. Resilient,
but firm, edge support and a glazing sealant is also an essential consideration.
In addition, the design of the glass should include the design of the actual
glazing system.

For all types of loads on glass, keep in mind that for equal sizes, thicknesses,
and loadings, the deflection of glass is identical, whether annealed, heat-
strengthened or fully tempered. If deflection of an annealed lite is too great,

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heat-strengthening or fully tempering will not change the deflection. Only
thicker glass or a reduced size of the lite will result in decreased deflection.

Scratching by foot traffic is likely to occur and will affect the appearance and
strength of the glass. Furthermore, wet glass under foot can be very slippery.
Sand blasting or coating the top surface of the laminate with a non-slip material
is advised to reduce the possibility of people slipping and falling. Sandblasting
will reduce the strength of the glass by as much as 50%, therefore glass floors
should not be sand blasted in the field without a complete engineering analysis.
A ceramic enamel paint, decorative interlayer or translucent interlayer can
be used in the laminate for opacity. All parties are advised of the potential
liability for consequential damages.

Windstorms and Hurricane Resistance

General
Certain areas of the United States are exposed periodically to the dangers
and damaging effects of hurricanes and/or windstorms. These storms, with

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their high winds and rain, can directly cause material and joint failures related
to the glazed portion of buildings. Of even greater concern is the creation of
windborne missiles that can impact the glazing, causing breakage and fallout.
The net result is not just the loss of the glazing but the accompanying interior
property losses resulting from the wind and rain. Furthermore, the loss of the
glazing as a barrier can cause the building to become pressurized resulting in
added damage to the structure (e.g., roof blow-off, window and door blowouts,
bent framing). In addition, glass particles, some in the form of broken shards,
may fall from the glazed opening or act as missiles with the potential of causing
injury or death.

Architectural glazing in hurricane prone regions is particularly susceptible to

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the effects of debris. The sustained nature of the winds (4 hours or more)
and the slowly changing wind direction help generate large amounts of debris
which can be lifted to elevations above adjacent rooftops. During a hurricane
or windstorm, large windborne debris is common at heights up to 30 feet
from grade. Smaller debris, such as roof gravel, is most prevalent at heights
above 30 feet. Non-coastal sites are not immune to the effects of windborne
debris. Suburban areas and industrial areas with gravel surfaced roofs are
particularly susceptible to these effects.

If the building envelope is breached through the failure of a glazed opening,


wind enters the building causing an increase in internal pressure, which can
effectively double the force acting to lift the roof and push the walls outward.
Therefore, preservation of the building envelope is critical to maintaining the
structural integrity of a building during windstorms. The use of laminated
glass in these situations can reduce the effects of windstorms on buildings by
preserving the integrity of the building, and preventing glass particle fallout.
The level of protection afforded is a function of the thickness of the interlayer,
the thickness and number of plies of the glass, the size and strength of the
glass, the temperature of the glass, and the method of installation.

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Due to the devastation of past hurricanes and the prevalence of structural
failure, some building codes legislating hurricane prone areas have undergone
revisions. These revisions cite test methods, which qualify impact resistant
products. The emergence of these product test standards serve to qualify
commercially available materials for use in protecting against the breaching
of a building envelope during a simulated hurricane or windstorm. Test
methods cited in the building codes are: ASTM E 1886 Standard Test Method for
Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective
Systems Impacted by Missiles(s) and Exposed to Cyclic Pressure Differentials
and ASTM E 1996 Standard Specification for Performance of Exterior Windows,
Curtain Walls, Doors and Impact Protective Systems Impacted by Windborne
Debris in Hurricanes, the Florida Building Code, the Texas Building Code, the
appendix of the Southern Building Code (SSTD 12-97) and the International
Building and Residential Codes (IBC and IRC).

Performance Requirements
ASTM E 1886 Standard Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows,
Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective Systems Impacted by Missiles(s)

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and Exposed to Cyclic Pressure Differentials, a consensus standard, presents
a methodology for determining the performance of exterior windows,
curtain walls, doors and storm shutters that are impacted by debris and wind
pressure during a windstorm. Although test methods vary slightly in areas of
missile size, weight, impact location, and number of impacts, each test method
includes at least one impact followed by exposure of the impacted glazing to
4,500 positive then 4,500 negative pressure cycles. A typical qualification
requirement is described in Table 3, page 32.

Figure 1

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Typical Large Missile
Impact Locations, Hung
Window, Florida Building
Code, High Velocity
Hurricane Zone

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Figure 2
Typical Large Missile
Impact Locations, Hung
Window, ASTM E 1996-06,
Wind Zone 3,
Missile Level D

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Figure 3
Typical Large Missile
Impact Locations, Hung
Window, ASTM E 1996-06,

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Wind Zone 4,
Missile Level D

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Figure 4
Typical Large Missile
Impact Locations, Fixed
Opening (no mullion),
Florida Building Code, High
Velocity Hurricane Zone

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Figure 5
Typical Large Missile
Impact Locations, Fixed
Opening (no mullion),

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ASTM E 1996-06, Wind
Zone 3, Missile Level D

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Figure 6
Typical Large Missile
Impact Locations, Fixed
Openings (no mullion),
ASTM E 1996-06, Wind
Zone 4, Missile Level D

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Figure 7
Typical Small Missile
Impact Locations, Fixed
Opening (no mullion)
Florida Building Code, High

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Velocity Hurricane Zone

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Figure 8
Typical Large Missile
Impact Locations, Fixed
Opening (no mullion),
ASTM E 1996-06, Missile
Level A

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Table 3
Typical Protocol for
Windbourne Debris Impact
and Cyclical Tests

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Pass/Fail Criteria
Three specimens must survive the missile impacts without penetration. If no
tear or cracks longer than 5 inches (127 mm), or no opening through which
a 3 inch (76 mm) sphere can pass, has formed in any of the three specimens
upon completion of the pressure cycles, they are deemed to have passed the
test.

Product Performance
Laminated glass with PVB interlayer, Cured Resin interlayer, Ionomer interlayer,
Organic Coated-Butyral glass and laminated or glass clad polycarbonates are
capable of accepting the impact of the windborne debris without vacating
the frame. With the proper glazing and interlayer thickness, the glass can
withstand impacts from both the 2 x 4 timber (large missile) and the 0.07
ounce (2 g) steel ball (small missile) and go on to survive the cyclical loading
as well.

For glass laminates in small missile testing, the interlayer can protect the
inner glass ply from breakage due to the dispersion of energy from the missile

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impact by the interlayer. When the laminated lite is designed properly, the
interior panel does not break during cyclical testing. The glazing of these
panels follows standard glazing practices in the industry. In this approach
the outer glass ply is “sacrificed” to impacts from windborne debris, and the
intact inner ply can be designed to carry wind pressures until replacement
glass can be installed.

For large missile applications, many factors must be considered when designing
for commercial or residential use. The parameters that affect laminated
architectural glass testing include: glass size and aspect ratio, glass breakage
pattern, interlayer thickness, number of glass plies, design and thickness of
frame components and anchoring method of the glazing material.

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Glass thickness and strengthening should be determined based on American
Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) document ASCE-7 Minimum Design Loads
for Buildings and Other Structures, ASTM E 1300 Standard Practice for
Determining the Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings, and acceptable building
code requirements for laminated glass. Protocols require the entire system to
be tested, not just individual components.

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Table 4
Typical Interlayer for
Hurricane Performance

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Earthquake Resistance

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General
Civil defense authorities have identified windows as potential hazards during
earthquakes. Studies have indicated that annealed and heat-strengthened
laminated glass units with PVB interlayer are highly resistant to glass fallout
from curtain wall assemblies that were subjected to test sequences involving
dynamic racking motions. Fully tempered laminated glass tends to fold
and fall out when racking motions caused glass plies to fracture into small,
tightly spaced, “dicing” crack patterns. All types of monolithic glass, including
monolithic glass with an added polyethylene terephthalate (PET) remedial
film, showed significant amounts of glass fallout under the same test sequence
that produced no fallout in either the annealed or the heat-strengthened
laminated glass units. Ongoing research projects continue to investigate
the structural performance of various architectural glazing systems under
dynamic loadings. Data from these projects will be used to formulate design
procedures for architectural glass that will consider post-breakage behavior.

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Performance Requirements
The International Building Code cites the Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) 368 / National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program
(NEHRP) Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings
and Other Structures when glazing performance for seismic activity is required.
NEHRP is the Federal Government's program to reduce the risks to life and
property from earthquakes. Through industry consensus based on extensive
studies at academic institutions, two test criteria have been developed by
the American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA) that provide a
mechanism to rate glazing for first crack tendencies and delta fallout (the time
of glass fallout from the frame during crescendo racking). The test methods
are AAMA 501.4 Recommended Static Test Method for Evaluating Curtain Wall
and Storefront Systems Subjected to Seismic and Wind Induced Interstory Drifts
and AAMA 501.6 Recommended Dynamic Test Method For Determining The
Seismic Drift Causing Glass Fallout From A Wall System. The FEMA/NEHRP
provisions have three exceptions to required testing as noted below:

• Tempered glass can be used no more than 10 feet (3 m) above a walking

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surface,

• Glass can be set in frames that have sufficient clearance of the framework
so as not to come in contact with the frame during drift design and meeting
certain criteria designated in the provisions, and

• Annealed or heat-strengthened laminated glass in single thickness with


no less than 0.030 inch (0.76 mm) interlayer that is captured and glazed
according to the guidelines provided in the standard.

Product Performance
Laminated glass with PVB interlayer has been subjected to the testing

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requirements of AAMA 501.4 Recommended Static Test Method for Evaluating
Curtain Wall and Storefront Systems Subjected to Seismic and Wind Induced
Interstory Drifts and AAMA 501.6 Recommended Dynamic Test Method For
Determining The Seismic Drift Causing Glass Fallout From A Wall System. The
typical performance of units tested in typical mid rise curtain wall system, dry
glazed, under dynamic racking conditions with a maximum of 6 inches (152
mm) of interstory drift is as follows:

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Table 5
Dynamic Racking
Performance of Laminated
Glass

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General Security

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Introduction
Laminated security products combine the durability, strength and impact
resistance of the numerous layers of glass and/or plastic sheets with interlayer
materials, and glazing materials which contain the laminated products
securely in a frame system which provides a range of security options.

Laminated security products are tested, via numerous methods and standards,
and are known to offer performance resistance to these known threats, most
often categorized into three main areas: ballistics, blast resistance, and attack
resistance. At times, combinations of performance are often required. Many
laminated security products offer combinations of performance. For additional
information it is recommended all performance requirements be considered
before contacting the manufacturer.

Forced Entry Resistant Laminates


Burglar resistant laminates are deterrents to smash-and-grab crime, and
resist penetration from hand-held or hand-thrown objects such as hammers,
crowbars, bats, knives, bricks, and rocks. Typical applications include

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storefronts, displays, museums, hotels and motels, homes, offices, and
government buildings.

Burglar resistant laminates are tested according to the Underwriters


Laboratories (UL) Standard 972 Standard for Safety for Burglary Resisting
Glazing Material. (See Table 6) A label on the security-laminated product will
indicate whether the glass is UL listed.

Table 6
UL 972 Test Requirements

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There are three test procedures:

1. Multiple impact test


The glazing material must withstand five 50 ft-lbs impacts (68 J)
produced by dropping a 3-1/4 inches (83 mm) diameter hardened
steel ball, weighing 5 lbs. (2.27 kg), from a height of 10 ft. (3 m). The
steel ball must not penetrate the laminate on any of the five impacts
on nine of the ten samples tested.

2. Thermal conditioning test


Ten samples are subjected to a temperature of 120 °F (49 °C) for 24
hours. Immediately following this exposure each sample is subjected
to five 40 foot-pound (54 J) impacts produced by dropping a 3-1/4
inches (83 mm) diameter hardened steel ball, weighing 5 lbs. (2.27
kg), from a height of 8 ft. (2.4 m). The test is then repeated using ten
additional samples exposed to a temperature of 14 °F (-10 °C) for a
minimum of 24 hours. The steel ball must not penetrate the laminate
on any of the five impacts on nine of the ten samples tested.

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3. High energy impact test
The glazing material must withstand one 200 foot-pound (271 J)
impact produced by dropping a 3-1/4 inches (83 mm) diameter
hardened steel ball, weighing 5 lbs. (2.27 kg), from a height of 40
ft. (12 m). Samples are preconditioned at 70-80 °F (21 - 27 °C). The
steel ball must not penetrate the laminate on any of the three samples
tested.

It should be noted that an insurance premium discount may be available when


UL listed burglar resistant glazing is installed .4 Building owners should check
with their insurance carriers for more information.

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Detention and Institutional Glazing
Medium security/institutional laminates offer improved detention security
and provide unobstructed vision while eliminating the confined look of bars
and metal screens. Institutional glazings offer prolonged physical impact
resistance and extend the time required for penetration. Typical applications
include penal institutions, detention centers, psychiatric hospitals, and police
stations. In addition, institutional laminated architectural glass provides
increased protection in other high security applications such as embassies,
computer centers, and sensitive research centers.

Several test procedures evaluate glazing performance in the medium and high/
maximum security institutional setting. Many manufacturers have used H.P.
White Laboratories Test Procedure HPW-TP-0500.03 Transparent Materials
for Use in Forced Entry or Containment Barriers (see Table 7, page 40). The
WMFL (formerly the Walker McGough Foltz & Lylerla) thirty and sixty minute
Ballistics and Forced Entry Test Procedure is another test conducted by labs

4 See the “Commercial Lines Manual” published by the Insurance Services Office (ISO), New York, NY, Division 7 - Glass (Rule 5J,
Discounts, p. G-6) and Division 3 - Crime (Mercantile Open Stock, Section 6, Rule 66, Discounts, pp. CR-47-50).

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certifying security products. This test is based on a time element as opposed to
number of impacts (see Table 8, page 41). ASTM F 1233 Standard Test Method
for Security Glazing Materials and Systems, has both ballistics and forced entry
sequences (see Table 9, page 42). The test standard for prison/jail glazing is
ASTM F 1915 Standard Test Method for Glazing of Detention Facilities. This
standard addresses containment /forced exit via a series of mechanical tests
which simultaneously test product performance while subjecting the test
specimen to variations in temperature ranging from -20 °F to +120 °F (-29 to
49 °C) and includes impact during a torch test sequence (see Table 10, page
43). Finally, it should be noted that several states have established standards
and test procedures, which may be applicable to certain projects in those
states. Therefore, it is necessary to contact the appropriate State Department
of Corrections to determine if any special testing is required.

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H.P. White Laboratories

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Table 7

Test

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41
GANA Laminated Glazing
Reference Manual
Table 8
WMFL Requirements
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ASTM F 1233 Ballistic Test

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Requirements
Table 9

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Table 10
ASTM F 1915 Standard
Test Methods for Glazing
for Detention Facilities
Requirements

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Bullet Resistant Laminates

General
Bullet resistant laminates are designed to resist penetration from medium-
to-super-power small arms and high-power rifles. There are numerous

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types of bullet resistant laminates; including all-glass laminates, glass clad
polycarbonates laminates and laminated polycarbonate (or other plastics). It
is important for the designer/reader to understand these laminates must be
tested to prove their performance to resist a certain ballistic threat; that a
higher threat level than qualified may not offer similar performance attributes.
It is therefore highly recommended the designer select the highest threat level
deemed to be required.

Bullet-resistant laminates provide an improved safety barrier against bullets


and related flying fragments or flying glass or plastic fragments (spall). Typical
applications include banks, currency exchanges, police stations, embassies,
military installations, prisons and detention centers. All-glass laminates
typically do not provide prolonged attack resistance.

Performance Requirements
Bullet-resistant laminated products are tested for ballistics ratings according
to Underwriters Laboratories Standard 752 Standard for Bullet Resisting
Equipment (See Table 11, page 45), the National Institute of Justice (NIJ)
Standard 0108.1 Ballistic Resistant Protective Materials (see Table 12, page

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46), and ASTM F 1233 Standard Test Method for Security Glazing Materials
and Systems (see Table 9, page 42). Additional tests include the H.P. White
Laboratories test HPW-TP-0500.02 which has five levels of ballistic testing
(see Table 7, page 40) and WMFL Ballistics and Forced Entry Test Procedure
(see Table 8, page 41).

The UL 752 currently specifies eight levels of ballistics resistance plus optional
shot gun tests. This standard requires that no “spalling” occur in order to be
listed. There may be laminated products which can provide a considerable
measure of protection from ballistic attack yet are not certified under the UL
752 requirements. It is the architect's or the specifier's design responsibility to
determine what product performance is necessary for each glazing situation.

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Table 11
UL 752 Bullet-Resisting
Equipment Requirements

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Table 12
NIJ Standard 0108.01
Ballistic Resistance
Test Variables and
Requirements

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Product Performance
Multi-ply all glass laminates are necessary to prevent bullet penetration. The
typical thickness of all glass bullet resistant laminates begin at 1 ¼ inches (32
mm) and are available up to 3 inches (76 mm) thick. The performance of these
laminates is typically limited to the lower ranges of ballistic performance. In
order to achieve higher ballistic performance levels multi-ply glass and plastic
laminates may be required.

High and maximum security/institutional glass clad polycarbonate laminates


(multiple ply) are used in the same manner as the institutional glazings
described above and provides ballistic protection as well. The combination
of materials will reduce the weight, thickness and frame requirements for a
given level of security performance.

Table 13 shows typical approximate thicknesses and weights for a selection


of common bullet resistant glazing materials tested to UL 752. For full details
and for materials tested to other standards contact the manufacturer.

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Table 13
Typical Thickness and
Weights of Bullet Resisting
Laminated Glass

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Blast Resistant Glazing

General
Blast resistant laminates can substantially reduce injury from flying glass
resulting from direct blast shock waves (over-pressures). When properly
designed, framed, and anchored, blast resistant laminates are capable of
maintaining the integrity of the building envelope following an explosion and
reducing interior damage.

Performance Requirements
ASTM F 1642 Standard Test Method for Glazing and Glazing Systems Subject
to Airblast Loadings, is used to test laminated glazings for blast resistance. In
addition, the General Services Administration (GSA) has issued a set of design
guidelines that has been adopted by Interagency Security Committee (ISC).
Both of these documents test glazing to a specified overpressure and impulse
and rate the glass particles from the glazing at various hazard levels depending
upon the amount, size and impact location of the glass particles. Ratings
range from no or low hazard to high hazard. The Department of Defense

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(DoD), and the Department of State (DoS) have also developed standards and
specifications for blast resistant windows incorporating laminated glass. The
government agencies have issued software programs that aid in the proper
determination of blast resistant window assemblies.

Product Performance
Large scale arena testing and shock tube testing indicates that nominal
¼ inch (6 mm) laminated glass using a minimum interlayer thickness to qualify
as CPSC 16 CFR 1201 Cat II/ANSI Z97.1 Class A, when installed properly in a
standard frame can withstand the published GSA/ISC performance values of
4 psi at 28 psi*msec (28 kPa at 193 kPa*msec) or greater at low hazard levels.
Laminated glass in single and laminated insulating units may also perform at

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the higher loads as described by GSA, ISC, DOD and DOS. The performance
will vary based on the frame design, anchorage, glass type, glazing method
and interlayer thickness, consult the manufacturer for specific information.

Solar-Control

General
Laminated architectural glass may be designed to reduce solar energy
transmission, control glare, and screen out ultraviolet (UV) radiation. When
solar radiation falls on any glazing, portions are reflected, absorbed, and
transmitted. The absorbed energy heats the glazing and is then dissipated by
the re-radiation and convection from both surfaces of the glazing. Transmitted
solar energy is reduced by the use of tinted or coated glass, colored interlayers,
or combinations of each which absorb part of the solar radiation in the
ultraviolet, visible, and infrared ranges. The absorbed energy is converted
to heat, and a large portion is dissipated to the exterior. By using a tinted
interlayer, tinted or coated glass/glazing, solar transmission will be reduced
without increasing nominal glazing thickness. Laminated architectural glass
can be combined into insulating units for greater thermal performance.

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Low-e glass may have various combinations of metal, metal oxide and metal
nitride layers of coatings designed to reflect long wavelength infrared (IR)
heat energy but not the visible energy. It is for this reason they are nearly
invisible. Low-e coated glass reflects or redirects radiant heat generated from
a warm object back towards the source of warmth.

When solar energy is incident on a glazing, the sun’s heat is flowing into the
building interior. Low-e coatings reduce heat flow through a glazing, and
therefore, using low-e coatings instead of ordinary glass will always reduce
the shading coefficient of the glass. For pyrolytic (hard coat) low-e non-
insulating laminated glass, it is important that the low-e coating is facing the
building interior. The pyrolytic low-e coating must not be placed in direct
contact with the interlayer material. When used in a non-insulating laminated
glass construction, sputter coated (wavelength selective) low-e coatings are
designed to face the interlayer material and provide a higher level of solar-
control.

Proper glazing design should take into consideration thermal stresses, which

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might affect the glass. Whether annealed laminated glass is appropriate
for an installation from the standpoint of thermal stress depends upon the
following:

• The temperature difference between the center and the edge of the glass;
• The temperature difference between the glass and the outdoor air; and
• The extent to which the glass edges are isolated from the glass support
members.

As a general rule, if the edges are cleanly cut and undamaged and are installed
in conformity with the recommendations in this Manual, the principal
controlling variables will be the solar absorptance of the glass and the building

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orientation. There are, however, a number of secondary considerations.
If the laminated glass is a single lite or the outboard (exterior) lite in an
insulating unit, heat-strengthened or chemically strengthened glass may
be recommended depending on the glass size, solar absorptance, and color
of interlayer. Additional factors in this decision include framing conditions,
building projections (horizontal and vertical) and climatic exposure. It is
not recommended to laminate heat absorbing (tinted) glass or solar-control
(reflective) glass to wired glass if the product will be used in an exterior
location subjected to direct sunlight as breakage can occur.

If the laminated lite is clear glass installed as the inboard (interior) lite in
an insulating unit, the lite may not require strengthening depending on the
severity of the winters. Additional considerations regarding heat-treating or
strengthened glass include the use of heat-absorbing or heat-reflecting glass,
solar orientation, the size of the glass, framing conditions, and design loads.

Performance Requirements
Unlike other performance requirements mentioned in this Manual, there are
no specific performance targets for solar-control. Instead, these requirements

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are typically specified by the mechanical engineers as a result of HVAC
equipment capacity or in conjunction with various energy or environmental
code requirements. Typically the following properties are specified for
glazing: Visible transmittance, Visible Reflectance, Solar Transmittance,
Shading Coefficient, Solar Heat Gain Coefficient and U-factor. Other properties
may also be specified depending upon the needs of the project.

Product Performance
The possible combinations of glazing materials with interlayers and their
respective solar performance are too numerous to detail in this Manual. Some
standard laminates with are detailed in Tables 14 & 15 (pages 51 and 52)
for reference purposes but are not intended to be all inclusive. Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratories has developed Optics, a software program that
can be used to configure laminates with virtually any glazing and interlayer
combination. Optics creates the spectral data for that assembly and will allow
exporting of the file for use in various solar and energy calculating software.
Fenestration products can be modeled in Window, a software program that
calculates solar and thermal performance. The programs are available at

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http://windows.lbl.gov/materials/optics5 and http://windows.lbl.gov/
software/window respectively.

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51
GANA Laminated Glazing
Reference Manual
Solar Performance of Basic
Laminates
Table 14
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Table 15
Solar Performance of Basic
Laminated Insulating Units

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Interlayers may perform differently and it is suggested that the manufacturer
be consulted prior to specification. The use of tinted or coated glass can
improve the solar-control qualities of laminated glass, however, not all coated
glass is compatible with all interlayers. Please contact the manufacturers for
additional information.

Laminated Architectural Glass with PVB Interlayers


Various tinted PVB interlayers are available that are not indicated in the
above table. These interlayers may be used singly or stacked upon each other
(maximum of 4 layers) to achieve a virtually unending pallet of colors. These
products can be combined with coated glass to enhance solar performance
and achieve distinctive looks for architectural applications.

Laminated Architectural Glass with Cured Resin Interlayers


Laminated architectural glass made with cured resin interlayers may be
tinted by the addition of appropriate pigments. The level of pigment loading
has a direct correlation on the visible transmittance and the solar shading
coefficient. The formula for a particular color is controlled by the end user

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(laminated glass manufacturer).

Laminated Polycarbonates
Laminated polycarbonates can be tinted by the addition of pigments to the
sheets and/or interlayers. Solar-control (reflective) coatings can also be
applied to the laminate. Consult manufacturers for specific optical properties
of laminates.

Laminated Architectural Glass made with Ionomer Interlayer


Ionomer interlayers are clear only. Tinted laminates can be achieved through
the use of tinted glass and coatings.

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Ultraviolet Radiation

General
Damage to interior fabrics and furnishings is caused by a number of factors.
These include ultraviolet radiation, visible light radiation, oxygen, moisture,
elevated temperatures and air pollutants. Some of these factors are more
damaging than others, and not all of them can be eliminated. However,
minimizing the effects of the major causes of deterioration can substantially
slow the process.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation – radiation below 380 nanometers (nm) in


wavelength, is sometimes referred to in ranges. These ranges are UV-C, UV-B
and UV-A. UV-C radiation is UV radiation below 280 nm, UV-B is between 280
and 315 nm, and UV-A radiation is between 315 nm and 380 nm. Typically,
the ultraviolet transmittance (Tuv) is calculated for wavelengths between 280
nm to 380 nm, so it accounts for both UV-A and UV-B radiation. UV-C radiation
is typically screened out by the atmosphere and therefore is not typically
considered in the performance calculations of glazing products. Because of
its high energy level, UV radiation is a very significant contributor to material

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deterioration and color fading. However, damage can also be caused by visible
light up to about 500 nm. To account for damage in the visible spectrum, as
well as that caused by UV, a damage weighted function is used.

Research has shown that about 60% of the potential damages are due to
ultraviolet radiation and 40% are due to visible light in wavelengths between
380 and 500 nm. The damage-weighted transmittance, is the transmittance
of the glazing from 300 through 500 nm weighted by a damage-weighting
function. It is used to indicate the potential damage to materials. The damage
weighted function is generic in that it does not apply specifically to any one
type, or color of material. It does provide consumers with a meaningful single
number rating to compare the performance of different products using a
standardized method.

Performance Requirements
As in the requirements for general solar-control, UV screening is a property
that is specified on a project by project basis at the discretion of the designer.
Certain applications such as museums and facilities using large expanses of
glass in window wall applications may have a need to reduce the deterioration

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of materials and artifacts and may specify products with <0.01% solar
transmittance in the UV region up to 380 nm.

Product Performance

Laminated Architectural Glass


The PVB and ionomer interlayers used in laminated architectural
glass and the polyurethane (PU) interlayers used in laminated
polycarbonates can effectively filter ultraviolet radiation up to 99% or
more below 380 nm, depending on the type and thickness of the PVB,
PU, or ionomer interlayer.

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Laminated Architectural Glass Made With Cured Resin Interlayer UV
Cure Resin
Since UV light is used to cure these interlayers, they must be partially
transparent to some wavelengths of UV light. Even so, laminated glass
with UV curable interlayers block 100% of the harmful UV-B radiation,
and 95% of all UV light below 380 nm.

Laminated architectural glass with PVB, UV Cure Resin, PU or


ionomer do not adversely affect the photosynthetically active visible
wavelengths of 450, 660, and 730 nanometers, which are essential
to plant growth. In fact, laminated glass can help protect plants and
flowers against the potential damage of UV radiation.

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Sound Control

General
Laminated architectural glass (2-ply or 3-ply) reduces sound transmission over
a wide frequency range depending on glass and interlayer thickness. Laminated
glass in an insulating glass configuration can reduce sound transmission more
dramatically and over a much wider frequency range depending on glass and
air space thickness. The high and low frequencies of jet aircraft, the middle
frequencies of speech and typewriters, and the low frequencies of traffic are
reduced by the damping effect of the plastic interlayer combined with the
glass. Various configurations of glass and interlayer are possible to achieve
the desired acoustical performance. The combination of glass and interlayer
provides a better noise barrier than either monolithic or non-laminated
insulating glass. Typical applications include airports, hotels, data processing
centers, recording studios, factories, and buildings near airport terminals,
highways, or railroad stations.

Performance Requirements

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The ability of laminated architectural glass to reduce sound energy is
referred to as the sound transmission loss (TL). It is expressed in decibels
(dB) and measured at specific frequencies, ranging from 80 to 5,000 Hz.
Sound transmission loss is dependent on the mass, stiffness, and damping
characteristics of a glazing material. While it is not practical to increase glass
stiffness, it is possible to increase glass and interlayer thickness to improve
TL performance.

Laminated architectural glass designed for interior use is tested according to


ASTM E 90 Standard Method for Laboratory Measurement of Airborne Sound
Transmission Loss of Building Partitions and Elements5 and rated according
to ASTM E 413 Standard Classification for Rating Sound Insulation. The test

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results are expressed as a single Sound Transmission Class (STC) number,
which classifies the sound insulation of interior partitions. The higher the
sound transmission class rating, the better the sound isolation performance
of the window. Because of the low frequency content of environmental sound,
one-third octave band sound transmission losses as measured under the
ASTM E 90 test method are more helpful to engineers than the STC rating. STC
rating, however, is still used to describe the sound isolation performance of
materials used in buildings.

In exterior applications, acoustical performance is determined by testing


in accordance with ASTM E 1425 Practice for Determining the Acoustical
Performance of Exterior Windows and Doors and classified according to
ASTM E 1332 Standard Classification for Determination of Outdoor-Indoor
Transmission Class (OITC).

5 The ASTM procedure calls for the Sound Transmission Loss to be recorded for a series of 16 frequency bands. Each band encompasses
one third of an octave over a range of 125 to 4,000 Hz (cycles per second). The STL values in decibels are plotted as a function of frequency
and compared to the STC contour. The higher the STC rating, the greater the reduction of sound transmission.

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Product Performance

Laminated Architectural Glass Made With PVB Interlayer


Table 16 presents a graph comparing the sound transmission losses of 1 inch
(25 mm) insulating glass and ½ inch (12.7 mm) monolithic glass. All three glass
configurations have approximately the same surface weight but the double
laminated configuration provides significantly higher sound transmission
loss.

Table 16
Acoustical Performance
PVB Laminates

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Tables 17, 18, and 19 present one-third octave band sound transmission
losses of laminated glass made with PVB measured at National Voluntary
Laboratory Accreditation Participation (NVLAP) certified acoustical testing
laboratories. The sound transmission loss (TL) measurements noted in these
tables resulted from tests with glass configurations mounted directly in the
test opening without a frame according to ASTM E 90 and E 413. The glass is
held into the frame with a pliable sealant that fills the void between the glass
and opening and holds the glass in place during the test. The nominal test
size for these units is 18 – 22 square feet (1.7 – 2.0 sqm). The temperature
of the unit during testing was nominally 70 °F (21 °C). The data is extremely
useful for design purposes; however, they do not eliminate the need for testing
actual window assemblies to determine the effects of window frames on total
window system sound transmission loss (TL).Test results may vary due to
test chamber temperature, test sample size, installation and framing. The
summary below contains data from various tests. Slight variation in the TL
and STC data have been seen upon repetitive testing of the same glass units.

Descriptor Legend for Acoustical Data

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The following tables present a large amount of acoustical performance
data for laminated glass configurations. It was necessary to abbreviate the
configuration information in the table to allow a clear and concise presentation
of the information. The configuration information has been keyed as indicated
below:

Stacking of Configuration information - This is the data under the glass


description. It appears in three lines:
• The first line is the concise configuration in U.S. standard units.
• The second line is the concise configuration in metric.
• The third line is the test report number from which the information

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was derived.

Configuration Detail - Dimensions are provided as nominal. These detail


descriptors vary slightly depending upon the overall configuration
and are described below:

Single Unit Laminates:


Glass thickness – Interlayer thickness – Glass thickness
Example: 3/16 – 0.030 PVB – 1/8 or 5-0.76 PVB-3
This is 3/16 inch (5 mm) glass laminated to 1/8 inch (3 mm) glass with 0.030
inch (0.76 mm) PVB interlayer.
Lami = a traditional designation for glass 2.7 mm thick. Typically used in the
construction of laminated glass with 0.030 (0.76 mm) interlayer to give an
overall nominal thickness not greater than ¼ inch (6 mm).
PVB = standard PVB
PVBAC = Acoustical Control PVB

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Laminated Insulating Units:
Outboard glass thickness [air space] Overall nominal thickness of Laminate
then laminate acronym with gauge and type designator
Example: 3/16 [1/2 AS] ¼ LAG30AC or 5 [12.7 AS] 6 LAG30AC
Where as:
3/16 inch (5 mm) glass is the outboard monolithic lite
[ ] indicates the air space portion of unit
AS indicates Air Space
½ AS (12.7 AS) indicates Air Space thickness
¼ (6) indicates overall nominal laminated glass thickness
LAG = Laminated Architectural Glass, two symmetrical lites of glass laminated
with PVB
30 = interlayer designation (gauge); can be interpreted in US standard units
or converted to metric.
AC as subscript indicates Acoustical Control PVB, if AC is not present, standard
PVB.

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Table 17
Acoustical Data
Laminated Glass with
PVB, Sound Transmission
Loss(TL), dB

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Table 18
Acoustical Data
PVB Laminates, Glazing
Sound Transmission Loss
Data * Laminated Glass
with PVB, Sound
Transmission Lost (TL), dB

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Table 19
Acoustical Data
Laminated Insulating Glass
with PVB, Sound
Transmission Lost (TL), dB

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Table 20
Acoustical Data
Laminated Insulating Glass
with PVB, Sound
Transmission Lost (TL), dB

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Table 21
Acoustical Data
Double Laminated
Insulating Glass with PVB,
Sound Transmission Lost
(TL), dB

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Table 22
Acoustical Data
Triple Laminated
Insulating Glass with PVB,
Sound Transmission Lost
(TL), dB

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Laminated Architectural Glass Made With Cured Resin Interlayer
Table 23 provides the results of sound transmission loss testing for
laminated glass construction with a specific cured resin interlayer. For
data on the acoustic performance of other cured resin interlayers or
when safety glazing is required, contact the manufacturer for further
information on the specific interlayer under consideration.

Table 23
Acoustical Performance
Cured Resin Laminates

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Table 24
Acoustical Data
Laminated Glass Made
With UV Curable Resin
Interlayer* Sound
Transmission Loss (STL),
dB

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Table 25
Acoustical Data
Laminated Glass Made
With UV Curable Resin
Interlayer* Sound
Transmission Loss (STL),
dB

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Specialty Applications

Atrium Enclosures
An atrium is defined as an opening through two or more floor levels other than
enclosed stairways, elevators, hoistways, escalators, plumbing, electrical, air
conditioning, or other equipment, which is closed at the top and not defined
as a mall. Laminated architectural glass is allowed as an atrium enclosure if
the surface of the glass is protected from fire by a sprinkler system that would
continually wet the entire surface.

Specific requirements related to atrium enclosures are contained in the model


building codes. State and local laws must be checked for applicable legal
requirements.

Aquariums and Swimming Pools


Glass used in aquariums, swimming pools, viewports, pressure vessels, or
other applications where a constant pressure (positive or negative) can be

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expected requires a more complex design analysis than those architectural
applications where the glass is subjected to short term wind loads. The key
issue related to the selection of appropriate glass types and thicknesses for
these applications is limiting stress in the glass so as to keep the probability of
breakage to a very low level.

A related consideration is the consequence of failure. Where total failure of


the glazing is unacceptable, multiple plies of laminated glass should be used
and designed so that a breakage of one ply will not result in total failure. The
remaining plies should provide reasonable assurance that they will withstand
the load for some limited period of time until the unit can be replaced.

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Determining the risk of failure and deciding on the appropriate design of the
glazing are the responsibility of the designer. Analytical procedures should
be used to determine the thickness of the glass and to check the deflection
at the center of the glass under load. An accepted industry recommendation
limits deflection to no more than 1/2 of the thickness of one of the glass plies
in the laminate. Exceeding this limit requires redesign and an increase in the
number of plies of glass or an increase in the thickness of the glass.

There are certain general guidelines that should be followed. These include
the following:

1. Monolithic annealed glass should be limited to use in small aquariums


located in private residences where vandalism is unlikely and total failure
would cause only minimal damage.

2. Monolithic tempered glass should not be used under any circumstances.

3. Multiple plies of glass (annealed, heat-strengthened, and fully tempered),


laminated together is considered the safest construction. Tempered glass

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in a laminated assembly offers significant resistance to impact breakage.
Maximum protection requires that the glazing be designed such that
should one ply fail, the remaining plies would withstand the design load
with a low probability of failure.

4. The fabricator should be consulted regarding the availability of tempered


glass in the desired size as well as the required laminate interlayer
thickness.

5. When multiple plies are used, all of the plies of glass should generally be
of the same type and the same thickness (i.e. all must be either annealed,
heat-strengthened or fully tempered). If the stress levels within each
laminated layer of glass are correctly calculated, it may be possible to
specify different thicknesses of glass and different types of strengthened
glass.

6. The edges of laminated glass must not be under continuous exposure to


water. The edge conditions must be designed and constructed to avoid

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such exposure.

7. The minimum allowable thickness for each glass type should be as


determined in accordance with the ASTM C 1036 Standard Specification
for Flat Glass.

8. The glazing system should provide firm support for the glass edges
(support on all dimensions is recommended) and prevent face or edge
contact that could lead to breakage.

Zoo Enclosures
The design of zoo enclosures and view windows differs substantially from the

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design of burglar-resistant and bullet-resistant glazing. The reasons for this
difference are principally the following:

1. The impact areas tend to be much larger.


2. The animals represent relatively soft objects.
3. The velocities of the various types of animals are much lower.

Regarding this last point, there is little measured data especially within the
context of a closed environment, such as a zoo. The weight and size of various
animals are generally available, but what little data exist regarding the speed
of animals are based on estimates taken in the wild, and these are often
considered to be inaccurate.

Generally speaking, such assemblies usually consist of three or more plies of


heat-strengthened or fully tempered glass of the same thickness. If there is a
need to be able to see through a broken lite, heat-strengthened glass (3500
psi to 7500 psi (24 mPa to 52 mPa) surface compression) should be specified.
If that is not a design consideration, the use of fully tempered glass may
yield a thinner design; however deflection should be checked because there

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is no difference in deflection of glass that is of equal size and thickness and
subjected to equal loads. Only thicker glass or a reduced size of the lite will
result in decreased deflection.

The glazing system must provide firm support for the glass edges (support on
all dimensions is recommended) and prevent face or edge contact that could
lead to breakage.

Caution: Because of the lack of clear criteria and standards regarding zoo
enclosure applications, the designers and the laminators may reach varying
conclusions regarding the configuration of the glazing appropriate for a
specific project.

Stadium View Windows


The design of stadium box glazing or view windows is very similar to the
design of zoo enclosures. Unlike zoo enclosures, however, the velocity of a
baseball can be more easily estimated. Glass edge support and deflection are
important design considerations and require specific engineering analysis.

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Hoistway Enclosures
Laminated architectural glass conforming to the requirements of ANSI Z97.1
or CPSC 16 CFR 1201 is required for hoistway enclosures. Construction of
Hoistways and Hoistway Enclosures is included in American Society of
Mechanical Engineers (ASME) A17.1 Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators.
Each lite of glass must be marked according to the requirements of ANSI Z97.1
and shall be visible after installation.

Lamination to Mirrors
Laminating mirrors can serve multiple purposes. It can transform a standard
mirror into safety glazing material that may meet the American National

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Standards Institute (ANSI) Z97.1 American National Standard for Safety Glazing
Materials Used in Buildings - Safety Performance Specifications Method of Test
and the federal safety standard, Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)
16 CFR 1201 Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials, it can impart
color through the use of tinted glass as the second lite or by using colored
interlayers, and it can even protect designs applied to the mirror surface. The
key to successful mirror lamination with traditional interlayers is to prevent the
silvered and painted back of the mirror from contacting the surface bonding.
Any lamination of mirrors for architectural safety applications should be done
to the front (glass) face of the mirror and not the painted (protected) side.
With most interlayer products there is minimal to no adhesion to the painted
surface based upon using traditional adhesion tests for laminated glass. There
may also be compatibility issues with the various protective coatings used for
mirror backs. When laminating mirrors, the cleanliness of the glass, interlayer
and mirror is critical because anything present between the layers will appear
at least twice as severe due to the reflective surface of the mirror.

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71
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Mirror Lamination Surface
Figure 9

Nomenclature
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IV. Handling, Storage and Glazing

Receiving
Instructions should be made available to your receiving department personnel,
your field captain and any other individual, which may be required to receive
in delivered goods.

The following steps should be taken to avoid damage to glass after it has been
received on the jobsite:

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1. Plan glass shipping schedule to minimize job site storage time and to avoid
off-job site storage and re-handling.

2. Reduce handling by scheduling shipments by floors and by initially locating


crated products as close to their installation areas as possible.

3. Inspect carefully each shipment at time of delivery, paying particular


attention to the crating and other packaging. Note on the freight bill
or delivery receipt any evidence of shortage, abuse, damage or wet
packaging and have the delivering driver sign the receipt or freight bill.
Open immediately any crate or packaged shipment, ideally in front of the

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driver, on which damage or abuse is evident from the inspection of the
exterior. If damage to the shipment's content is noted, do not move the
crate or packaging, but immediately request, in writing, an inspection
by the delivering carrier's representative. It is recommended to keep a
camera available to take photos of any damaged materials. Be suspect of
any materials “lying down” on the floor of the carrier’s vehicle. Often even
if a crate does not originally look damaged, the goods inside the crate may
be damaged.

4. Inventory received merchandise immediately, notify supplier of any


shortages, and report any concealed damage to the carrier, requesting in
writing an immediate inspection of the packages or crates.

Storage
To avoid glass breakage or damage to other laminated products during jobsite
storage:

1. Store crated glass in a cool, dry, shady, well ventilated area where it will not
be subject to rain or direct sun. Glass can become stained in a very short

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period of time. If storage is expected to be prolonged, or in areas where
temperature differentials can become extreme, it is highly recommended
that temporary temperature and humidity controlled storage facilities be
rented to prevent damage to laminated products.

2. Obtain a statement from the project structural engineer as to the maximum


total weight of crates that can be stored at each proposed location.

3. If not opened immediately, cover cases with waterproof plastic or canvas.


Air circulation is needed under, across the top, around the sides, and
between the crates to minimize potential condensation within the crates.
Tenting of the cover may be advised in order to achieve the necessary
circulation.

4. Secure crates to building columns if possible, otherwise stand several


cases together and fasten them to each other with scrap lumber, to prevent
heavy winds from overturning them. Crates with full back support should
be placed 2 inches (51 mm) to 6 inches (152 mm) off the floor and tilted at

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an angle of approximately 6°.

5. Additional glass storage and handling information is presented in the


GANA Glazing Manual.

Cutting Laminated Products


There is more than one way to cut laminated glass. The method described
below is one simple, but effective and relatively safe, cutting technique. The
tools required are a carbide cutting wheel, light, water soluble oil as a cutting
lubricant, the edge of a 5 inches – 6 inches (127 mm – 152 mm) broken tape
measure, a simple edge razor blade with handle, or a razor knife.

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CAUTION: Do not use flammable liquids ignited to soften the plastic or plastic
solvents after completion of the cuts. Ignition of liquid or solvent could result
in severe burn injuries.

For best results, the laminated glass should be at uniform room temperature
of 70 °F (21 °C) or higher for proper cutting and break out.

Lay the glass on a FLAT cutting surface, preferably covered with felt, or a very
firm carpet. Place glass with a slight bow on the table with the bow side up,
scoring and running the bow side first. Place patterned glass on the table with
the pattern side down, scoring and running smooth side first.

Flip glass over, place a straightedge so the second score mark is exactly over
the first. Apply cutting oil liberally on the desired line of cut.

Apply uniform and very firm pressure on the cutter in making the score.

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Run the score using one of the following methods:

For narrow strips, one to four inches wide, run the cut in short steps from one
end by hand or with glass pliers. Do not attempt to run the entire score in one
snap. Instead, force the run only a few inches at a time, moving the pliers or
hand to adjust behind the run point after each step.

For cutting strips wider than four inches, pull the score line over the edge
of the cutting table and apply firm downward pressure at point on the glass
equally distant from the ends of the score. This will cause the entire score to
“snap” or run at once.

To cut the plastic interlayer, bend the cut section down, just enough to get
the sharp edge of the broken tape measure or razor blade between the cut.
(CAUTION: Bending downward too much will cause the edges of the glass to
chip.) Carefully score the plastic with a broken tape measure or razor blade
using successively deeper cuts until completely through.

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Installation

General
The glazing system should provide for proper face and edge clearance as well
as nominal bite. (See Table 26, page 77). Proper allowance must be made for
glass, glazing, metal, and erection tolerances, plus expansion and contraction.
Restricted edge clearances can result in glass damage from glass-to-metal
contact when normal building movements and thermal expansion occur.

Glass should be installed on 85+ 5 Shore A durometer ¼ inch setting blocks.


These setting blocks should be 0.10 inch (3 mm) in length for each square
foot (0.09 square meter) of glass area, but in no case less than four inches

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(102 mm) long. Blocks must be of sufficient width to support the full thickness
of the glass. The setting blocks should be placed at quarter points and be made
of a material compatible with the laminate glazing and interlayer material.
As it is in the GANA Glazing Manual, blocks must be thicker (1/8 inch (3
mm) recommended) than the laminated products width, to provide stability.
Blocks, as well as all other components of the frame system, including cleaning
solvents, must be compatible with the laminated product. It is recommend
that designers and specifier’s request written laboratory reports prior to
installation, regarding compatibility, from the glazing contractor or frame
manufacturer.

A weep system must be incorporated into the exterior glazing system and
high moisture installations so that condensation or infiltrated water does
not accumulate in the glazing channel. Sealant compatibility with all glazing
components must be verified by the sealant supplier. A silicone construction
sealant bead should be applied between the face of glass clad polycarbonates
and their retention frames. A pre-shimmed glazing tape is recommended for
glass-clad polycarbonate and bullet resistant laminates to seal and uniformly
cushion the laminate in the frame.

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Where sound control is of concern, care must be taken to avoid even the slightest
hole or crack around or through the construction, which might produce a leak
for sound. The glazing must be tight, and operable sections must be sealed.
The weep system and sound control must be considered together.

Installation guidelines are noted in Table 26, page 77. Additional glazing
information is presented in the GANA Glazing Manual and Sealant Manual.
Individual manufacturer's recommendations may vary.

Figure 10
Recommended Glazing
Clearances & Bite
(See Table 20 for
recommended minimum
values)

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Table 26
Installation
Recommendations for
All-Glass Laminates

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V. Sealant & Glazing Material Compatibility

General
Architects, engineers and glaziers are faced with a complex decision when
selecting sealants to best satisfy building project requirements. There are
a number of generic sealants, each with its own base material. Within a
generic type, individual sealant formulations will have varying quantities of
plasticizer, solvents, curing agents and / or fillers. Each product is specifically
formulated to provide properties making it suitable for some applications but

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not for others. Understanding these products and their inherent properties is
a critical requirement in making the proper sealant choice.

When installing laminated glass, manufacturers generally recommend


resilient non-hardening sealant compounds, tapes or elastomeric gaskets
and following the glazing techniques set forth in the GANA Glazing Manual.
These guidelines state that laminated glass should not be exposed to direct
contact with organic solvents, and that weep systems should be incorporated
to prevent exposure to water or moisture vapor for prolonged periods. Either
exposure can lead to delamination, haziness or other discoloration along
the laminated glass edge. It is recommended that compatibility between the
sealant and laminated architectural glass be examined for the same reasons. It

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is important to remember that although sealant compatibility with laminated
architectural glass is an important factor from an aesthetic standpoint, the
specifier must also consider a number of important factors prior to selecting
a sealant including, but not limited to:

• Resistance to water penetration into the structure under all weathering


conditions

• Sealant weatherability. Does it deteriorate or change physically over


time?

• Initial and life cycle economics

• Mechanical properties, such as the ability to accommodate thermal


movement, adhesion, etc.

• Compatibility with the other elements in the glazing system.

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VI. Maintenance & Cleaning

All-glass laminated architectural glass should be cleaned with a soft, clean,


grit-free cloth, mild soap, detergent, or a slightly acidic cleaning solution.
Rinse immediately with water and promptly remove excess rinse water with
a clean squeegee. Grease and excess sealant materials can be removed with
commercial solvents such as mineral spirits or naphtha. Follow with a normal
wash and rise. Avoid excessive application of all other solvents.

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Glass-clad polycarbonates and laminated polycarbonate products should be
cleaned with a soft, clean, grit-free cloth, mild soap or detergent solution.
Rinse immediately with water and dry promptly. Grease and glazing materials
can be removed with commercial solvents such as mineral spirits or naphtha.
Follow with a normal wash and rinse. Do not use a squeegee or any other
solvent as this will cause permanent damage.

Razor blades or other sharp objects should not be used to clean glass surfaces.
Such exposure will cause permanent damage. Contact the product manufacturer
for specific cleaning recommendations. GANA Glass Informational Bulletins,
Proper Procedures for Cleaning Architectural Glass Products and Heat-Treated
Glass Surfaces are Different, are available through the Association at www.

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glasswebsite.com.

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VII. Guide Specifications

General Note
All standards referenced in this section are intended to be the latest available
edition. The user must insert the appropriate year (e.g. ASTM C 1172-09
Standard Specification for Laminated Architectural Flat Glass is the latest
edition at the time of publication of this document). Glass specifications
should appear in the glass section of the architectural specification.

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Laminated Architectural Glass
All laminated architectural glass specified herein shall be (manufacturer's
or product's name) laminated glass. The construction shall consist of _______
plies of (type, thickness, heat-treatment, clear or color, solar-control or low-e,
coated) glass with ________ interlayer (thickness, clear or tint).

The glass shall meet minimum requirements as specified in ASTM International


(ASTM) C 1036 Standard Specification for Flat Glass. Heat-treated glass
components shall meet the requirement of ASTM C 1048 Standard Specification
for Heat-Treated Flat Glass – Kind HS, Kind FT Coated and Uncoated or ASTM
C 1422 Standard Specification for Chemically Strengthened Flat Glass. All
laminated architectural glass shall meet the minimum requirements as

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specified in ASTM C 1172 Standard Specification for Laminated Architectural
Flat Glass.

Bent Laminated Architectural Glass


All bent laminated architectural glass specified herein shall be (Manufacturer's
or product's solar-control or low-e name) bent laminated glass. The
construction shall consist of two plies of (type, thickness, clear or tint, solar-
control or low-e, treatment) glass with _______ interlayer (thickness, clear or
tint). Glass dimensions are as follows: _______ outside radius; _______ chord
length; _______ height or width; _______girth. All bent architectural glass shall
meet the minimum requirements as specified in ASTM C 1464 Standard
Specification for Bent Glass.

Safety Applications
To the specifications for laminated architectural glass noted in “1” above, add
the following:

The laminate shall comply with Consumer Product Safety Commission's (CPSC)
document 16 CFR 1201 Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials,

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Category (I or II), and/or American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z97.1
– American National Standard for Safety Glazing Materials Used in Buildings –
Safety Performance Specifications and Methods of Test, Class (A or B) and/or
CAN/CGSB-12.1-M Tempered or Laminated Glass Category (I or II).

Solar-Control
To the specifications for laminated architectural glass noted above, add the
following:

Coated glass products shall meet the criteria set forth in ASTM C 1376 Standard
Specification for Pyrolytic and Vacuum Deposition Coatings on Flat Glass.

The laminate shall have a visible transmittance of (value) % with a solar heat
gain coefficient (SHGC) of _____ and a maximum UV energy transmittance of
<1.0% below 380 nm.

Sound Control
To the specifications for laminated architectural glass noted above, add the

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following:

The glass shall have an STC (OITC) rating of (value).

Insulating Glass Unit


To the specifications for laminated architectural glass noted above, add the
following:

Insulating units shall meet criteria set forth in ASTM E 2188 Standard Test
Method for Insulating Glass Unit Performance, ASTM E 2189 Standard Test
Method for Testing Resistance to Fogging in Insulating Glass Units and ASTM
E 2190 Standard Specification for Insulating Glass Unit Performance and

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Evaluation.

Security Applications
To the specifications for laminated architectural glass noted above, add the
following:

The laminate shall meet (test standard) for bullet resistance (specify Level),
forced entry resistance (specify Class required) or a combination thereof.

(For blast resistance) The laminate shall withstand over-pressures of (specify


psi) with positive phase durations of (specify msec) and/or phase impulse
of (specify psi-msec) when tested in accordance with ASTM F 1642 Standard
Test Method for Glazing and Glazing Systems Subject to Airblast Loadings.

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Glass Clad Polycarbonate & Polycarbonate Laminates
All glass clad polycarbonate and or laminated polycarbonate specified herein
shall be (manufacturer's or product's name) and shall meet (test standard)
for bullet resistance (specify Level), and/or forced entry/prolonged attack
resistance (specify requirement) or combination thereof. The construction
glass (when applicable) shall consist of _______ plies of (type, thickness, clear
or tint, treatment) glass, _______ polycarbonate sheets (thickness, clear or tint),
and ________ interlayer (thickness, clear or tint).

Glass clad polycarbonate laminates shall meet the minimum requirements


set forth in ASTM C 1349 Standard Specification for Architectural Glass Clad
Polycarbonate.

Windborne Debris
Window system shall meet the requirements of ASTM E 1996 Standard
Specification for Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors and
Impact Protective Systems Impacted by Windborne Debris in Hurricanes using
a standard design pressure of ___ psf and meeting the requirements of missile

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level ____ and windzone ____.

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VIII. Standards

Glass Quality
ASTM C 1036 Standard Specification for Flat Glass
ASTM C 1048 Standard Specification for Heat-Treated Flat Glass—Kind HS,
Kind FT
ASTM C 1172 Standard Specification for Laminated Architectural Flat Glass
ASTM C 1349 Standard Specification for Architectural Flat Glass Clad
Polycarbonate

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ASTM C 1376 Standard Specification for Pyrolytic and Vacuum Deposition
Coatings on Glass
ASTM C 1422 Standard Specification for Chemically Strengthened Flat Glass
ASTM C 1464 Standard Specification for Bent Glass
ASTM E 2188 Standard Test Method for Insulating Glass Unit Performance
ASTM E 2189 Standard Test Method for Testing Resistance to Fogging in
Insulating Glass Units
ASTM E 2190 Standard Specification for Insulating Glass Unit Performance
and Evaluation

Safety
ANSI Z97.1 American National Standard for Safety Glazing Materials used

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in Buildings—Safety Performance Specification and Methods
of Test
CPSC 16 Consumer Product Safety Commission Safety Standard for
CFR 1201 Architectural Glazing Materials
CAN/ Tempered or Laminated Safety Glass
CGSB-12.1-M
ASME 17.1 Safety Code Elevators & Escalators

Glass Strength/Resistance to Windborne Debris


ASTM E 1300 Standard Practice for Determining the Load Resistance of
Glass in Buildings
ASTM E 1886 Standard Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows,
Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective Systems
Impacted by Missile(s) and Exposed to Cyclic Pressure
Differentials
ASTM E 1996 Standard Specification for Performance of Exterior Windows,
Curtain Walls, Doors and Impact Protective Systems Impacted
by Windborne Debris in Hurricanes

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ASTM E 2353 Standard Test Method for Performance of Glass in Permanent
Glass Railing Systems, Guards, and Balustrades
ASTM E 2358 Standard Specification for Performance of Glass in Permanent
Glass Railing Systems, Guards, and Balustrades
ASTM F 2248 Standard Practice for Specifying an Equivalent 3-Second
Duration Design Loading for Blast Resistant Glazing
Fabricated with Laminated Glass
ASCE 7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
Florida Test Protocols for High Velocity Hurricane Zones
Bldg. Code
SBCCI Test Standard for Determining Impact Resistance from
SSTD 12 Windborne Debris

Acoustical
ASTM E 90 Standard Method for Laboratory Measurement of Airborne
Sound Transmission Loss of Building Partitions and Elements
ASTM E 413 Standard Classification for Rating Sound Insulation
ASTM E 1332 Standard Classification for Determination of Outdoor-Indoor

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Transmission Class
ASTM E 1425 Practice for Determining the Acoustical Performance of
Exterior Windows and Doors

Security
ASTM E 2395 Standard Specification for Voluntary Security Performance of
Window and Door Assemblies with and without Glazing
Impact
ASTM F 1233 Standard Test Method for Security Glazing Materials and
Systems
ASTM F 1915 Standard Test Methods for Glazing for Detention Facilities
ASTM F 1641 Standard Test Method for Measuring Penetration Resistance

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of Security Glazing Using a Pendulum Impactor
ASTM F 1642 Standard Test Method for Glazing and Glazing Systems
Subject to Airblast Loadings
ASTM F 1915 Standard Test Methods for Glazing Detention Facilities
GSA/ISC TS01 Standard Test Method for Glazing and Window Systems
Subject to Dynamic Overpressure Loadings
NIJ 0108.01 Ballistic Resistant Protective Materials
UL 972 Standard for Safety for Burglary Resistant Glazing Material
UL 752 Standard for Bullet Resisting Equipment

Earthquake
AAMA 501.4 Recommended Static Test Method for Evaluating Curtain Wall
and Storefront Systems Subjected to Seismic and Wind
Induced Interstory Drifts
AAMA 501.6 Recommended Dynamic Test Method For Determining The
Seismic Drift Causing Glass Fallout From A Wall System
FEMA 368 Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New
Building and Other Structures

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Weathering
ASTM D 1435 Standard Practice for Outdoor Weathering of Plastics
ASTM D 1499 Standard Practice for Filtered Open Flame Carbon-Arc
Exposures of Plastics
ASTM G 26 Practice for Operating Light-Exposure Apparatus (Xenon-Arc
Type) With and Without Water for Exposure of Nonmetallic
Materials

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IX. Surface Nomenclature

The complex nature of laminated architectural glazing materials requires a


uniform system for describing and identifying component surfaces within
the product construction. As shown in the illustrations below, surfaces are
counted from the exterior of the application to the interior (the exterior or
outside surface always being the number one surface, and the interior or inside
surface being the highest number). Interlayer materials are not included in
the surface count.

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Surface numbers are an important design consideration as coated glass
products, such as low-e glass and solar-control (reflective) glass, typically
require being located on a particular surface in order to provide proper solar
and optical performance, as well as product protection. Design professionals
must work closely with the glazing manufacturer/fabricator in order to
properly select and specify the glazing substrates (color and strength),
component coatings and their locations. A detailed product description
is mandatory prior to fabrication of product samples, visual mockups and
production orders.

Surface numbers are not intended to describe the type of glazing substrate,

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coating, or heat treatment requirements for the glass layers.

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Figure 11
Laminated Glass with Two
Glass Plies and Expanded
View

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Figure 12
Laminated Insulating Glass

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Figure 13
Double Laminated
Insulating Unit

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Figure 14
Single Core Glass Clad
Plastic Glazing

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Figure 15
Multi Core Glass Clad
Plastic Glazing

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Figure 16
Asymmetrical Glass and
Plastic Glazing

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X. GANA Reference Resources

GANA Glazing Manual


The GANA Glazing Manual is recognized as the definitive source in the glass
and glazing field. This Manual includes complete information about primary
and fabricated glass products, quality standards, design considerations,
general and specific glazing guidelines and glazing in hazardous locations.
This Manual is frequently referred to as the "industry bible."

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GANA Tempering Division Engineering Standards Manual
The GANA Tempering Division Engineering Standards Manual includes current
technology and standards for tempered glass products. This glass tempering
Manual is designed to assist manufacturers and users of fully tempered glass,
engineers, architects, architectural specifiers and purchasers of tempered
glass parts. This Manual includes several revisions as well as the addition of
sections on Decorative Architectural Flat Glass and Fully Tempered Interior
Butt-Glazed Fixed Glass Panels. A section for decorative glass terms is included
in the glossary.

GANA Sealant Manual


The GANA Sealant Manual provides guidelines for the selection and application

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of sealants used in exterior and interior glass and glazing installations. Manual
sections include causes of sealant failures, structural glazing and glazing
accessories.

Fabrication, Erection & Glazing Hours Manual (FGMA)


The FGMA Fabrication, Erection & Glazing Hours Manual provides a format
for the estimation of fabrication and labor hours for architectural glass and
glazing storefront and standard wall systems.

GANA Fully Tempered Heavy Glass Door and Entrance Systems Design
Guide
This Design Guide provides authoritative technical information to designers
and offers suggestions for proper applications of heavy tempered glass used
in doors and entrances. The aim of this guide is to promote proper design
practices and adherence to appropriate structural standards in fully tempered
heavy glass storefronts and entrance design. Proper design and adherence
to standards serve as a benefit to the architect, glass fabricator, installing
contractor, and most importantly, to the end user. The contents of this Manual
are for the design professional's use in review and final approval.

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GANA Blueprint Reading and Labor Estimating Course
This Correspondence Course is designed for beginning estimators in the
contract glazing business. It is intended to provide the beginner with many of
the basic facts about the materials used as well as a basic systematic approach
to estimating metal, glass and labor.

GANA Project Managers Reference Manual


The GANA Project Managers Reference Manual provides procedural guide
references that begin with the estimating and contract processes, the
establishment of the project team, and continue through installation and
project close-out. The GANA Building Envelope Contractors Division developed
this Manual based on many years’ experience in the industry. Emphasis is
placed on finishing a quality project that adheres to industry standards.

GANA Glass Informational Bulletins Volume One


This Manual is a compilation of the first 20 GANA Glass Informational
Bulletins, from the initial Bulletin released in 2000 to the first 2 released in
2008. Provided in a single, nicely bound edition, this manual provides the

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reader a single printed source for the first 20 of these documents written for
the industry by the technical experts within the Glass Association of North
America.

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XI. GANA Glass Informational Bulletins

GANA 01 Proper Procedures for Cleaning Architectural Glass


Products

GANA 02 Flat Glass Industry Standards

GANA 03 Differences Between Safety Glazing Standards

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GANA 04 Suggested Procedures for Dealing with Broken Glass

GANA BECD 01 The Top 10 Items Commonly Missing from


Fenestration System Shop Drawings

GANA BECD 02 Bid Considerations for Contract Glazing Proposals

GANA DD 01 Guidelines for Handling and Cleaning Decorative


Glass

GANA FGMD 01 Approximate Weight of Architectural Flat Glass

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GANA ID 01 Describing Architectural Glass Construction

GANA LD 01 Design Considerations for Laminated Glazing


Applications

GANA LD 02 Emergency Egress Through Laminated Glazing


Materials

GANA LD 03 Point Supported Glass

GANA LD 04 Skylights and Sloped Glazing are Not Walking


Surfaces

GANA LD 05 Marking and Labeling of Architectural Laminated


Glass

GANA LD 06 Glass Floors and Stairs

GANA MD 01 Proper Procedures for Cleaning Flat Glass Mirrors

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GANA MD 02 Proper Procedures for Fabrication of Flat Glass
Mirrors

GANA PGC 01 Bullet Resistant Glazing

GANA PGC 02 Blast Mitigating Glazing

GANA TD 02 Heat-Treated Glass Surfaces Are Different

GANA TD 03 Construction Site Protection

GANA TD 04 The Importance of Fabrication Prior to Heat-


Treatment

GANA TD 05 Quench Patterns in Heat-Treated Architectural Glass

Mirrors: Handle With Extreme Care

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Specifiers Guide to Architectural Glass

A comprehensive list of bulletins and technical documents may be found on


the GANA website, www.glasswebsite.com, under the Tech Center section.

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XII. GANA Safety Bulletins

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires monthly


safety meetings, and GANA has developed a monthly safety bulletin to provide
easy access to topics and a means of record keeping for those attending. These
Safety Bulletins cover the various sections of the OSHA regulations that are
applicable to construction and distribution.

The GANA Safety Bulletins are provided to GANA members complimentary,

No further reproduction or networking is permitted.


and may be downloaded at the GANA member site, www.glasswebsite.com.

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100 2009 Edition
GANA Laminated Glazing
Reference Manual
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XIII. Organizations Publishing Referenced
Standards and Information

The following organizations publish standards and reference materials


commonly used in the glass and glazing industry. These organizations are
commonly referred to by their acronyms. Consult these organizations for
additional information.

Organization Acronym

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American Architectural Manufacturers Association AAMA
1827 Walden Office Sq., Suite 104, Schaumburg, Illinois 60173-4288
T: 847-303-5664 F: 847-303-5774
E-Mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.aamanet.org

American National Standards Institute ANSI


11 W. 42nd Street, New York, New York 10036
T: 212-642-4900 F: 212-398-0023
E-Mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.ansi.org

American Society of Civil Engineers ASCE


1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, Virginia 20191

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T: 800-548-2723 F: 703-295-6277
E-Mail: (See web site.) Web Site: www.asce.org

American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME


Three Park Avenue, New York, New York 10016
T: 800-843-2763 F: 973-882-1717
E-Mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.asme.org

ASTM International ASTM


100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428-2959
T: 610-832-9585 F: 610-832-9555
E-Mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.astm.org

Canadian General Standards Board CGSB


222 Queens Street 14th Floor Suite 1402, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 1G6
T: 819-956-0425 F: 613-941-8706
E-Mail: (See Web site.) Web Site: w3.pwgsc.gc.ca/cgsb

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Consumer Protection Safety Commission CPSC
4330 East West Highway, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
T: 800-638-2772 F: 301-504-0124
E-Mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.cpsc.gov

Federal Emergency Management Agency FEMA


500 C Street, SW Washington, District of Columbia 20472
T: 800-621-3362
Web Site: http://www.fema.gov

GSA Specification, Standards and Commercial Items Description GSA


470 E. L’Enfant Plaza SW Suite 8100
Washington, District of Columbia 20407
T: 202-619-8925 F: 202-619-8978

Glass Association of North America GANA


2945 SW Wanamaker Drive, Suite A, Topeka, Kansas 66614-5321
T: 785-271-0208 F: 785-271-0166

No further reproduction or networking is permitted.


E-Mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.glasswebsite.com

Glazing Industry Code Committee GICC


2945 SW Wanamaker Drive, Suite A, Topeka, Kansas 66614-5321
T: 785-271-0208 F: 785-271-0166
E-Mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.glazingcodes.org

H.P. White Laboratory, Inc.


3114 Scarboro Road, Street, Maryland 21154
T: 410-838-6550 F: 410-838-2802
E-Mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.hpwhite.com

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International Code Council ICC
(See ICBO)
E-Mail: (See web site.) Web Site: www.iccsafe.org

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory LBNL


Windows and Daylighting Group,
1 Cyclotron Road, Mailstop 90-3111, Berkeley, California 94720
T: 510-486-5064 F: 510-486-4089
E-Mail: (See web site) Web Site: www.windows.lbl.gov

National Institute of Justice NIJ


810 Seventh St., NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20531
T: 202–307–2942 F: 202-307-6394
Web Site: www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/

Underwriters Laboratories Inc. UL


333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, Illinois 60062
T: 847-272-8800 F: 847-272-8129
E-Mail: (See web site.) Web Site: www.ul.com

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XIV. Guidelines for Reference
Manual Submittals

General Laminated Glass


The GANA Laminated Glazing Reference Manual provides information
on laminated glazing products, which assists in the proper selection
and specification of these products. Manufacturers are invited to submit
information on new products or updated information on products already
included in the guide at any time.

No further reproduction or networking is permitted.


The Laminated Glazing Reference Manual Task Group and Technical
Committee of the Laminating Division of GANA are responsible for the review
of product and performance information for the Laminated Glazing Reference
Manual. The Committee meets twice a year to conduct its business, and often
manufacturers make presentations on new products during those meetings.

All submittals must be received at least one month prior to the meeting date.
A schedule of meeting dates is available from the GANA office and at the
association website www.glasswebsite.com.

Submittal Guidelines:
1. For acceptance into the section of Types of the interlayer material and test

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reports verifying applicable durability and performance characteristics as
well as intended uses.

2. For acceptance into the section on Types of Laminated Glazing Products,


send a complete description of any new product type and proposed
language modifying a current section, including:
a. description of component materials
b. availability
c. limitations/special features

3. For acceptance into the Safety section, send CPSC 16 CFR 1201 and/or
ANSI Z97.1 test reports from an independent test laboratory.

4. For acceptance into the Solar section, supply Visible Transmittance, Solar
Transmittance, Shading Coefficient, Design Instantaneous Heat Gain or
U-values on laminated products.

5. For acceptance into the Ultraviolet Radiation section, send information on


UV screening (below 380 nanometers).

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6. For acceptance into the Sound Control section, send a description of glass
make-ups and results of acoustical testing. Test reports should be from an
independent acoustical test laboratory.

7. For acceptance into the Security section, send a description of glass/


glazing products with test reports from one (or more) of:
a. UL 972
b. HPW-TP-0500.03
c. WMFL
d. ASTM F 1233
e. ASTM F 1642
f. GSA TS01-03

8. For acceptance into the Bullet Resistant section, send a description of


glass/glazing products with test reports from one (or more) of:
a. NIJ 0108.01
b. ASTM F 1233

No further reproduction or networking is permitted.


c. UL 752
d. State Department

9. For acceptance into the Windstorms and Hurricane Resistance section,


send product description and test reports, which comply with the ASTM,
SBCCI, or Florida test methods.

10. In general, information may be submitted by mail or in a presentation to


the Task Group. Specific language may be submitted for consideration by
the Task Group by taking the present language and using cross-outs and
insertions.

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XV. GANA Laminating Division Members

FABRICATORS

AAG AL ABBAR ARCHITECTURAL GLASS


P.O. Box 1626
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Tel: 971 4 333-1362
Fax: 971 4 333-1283 *Jean Lelievre

No further reproduction or networking is permitted.


E-mail: [email protected]
www.aagonline.ae

AGC GLASS
11175 Cicero Drive
Alpharetta, GA 30022
Tel: (404) 446-4208
Fax: (404) 446-4221 *Serge Martin
E-mail: [email protected]
www.na.agc-flatglass.com

APOGEE (VIRACON, INC.)

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800 Park Drive (55060-4935)
P.O. Box 990
Owatonna, Minnesota 55060-0990
Tel: (507) 444-3390
Tel: (507) 444-3737 *Greg Silverstri
E-mail: [email protected]
Viracon
8373 Zell Miller Parkway
Statesboro, Georgia 30458
Tel: (912) 871-8302 Pat McDermott
Fax: (912) 871-3715
E-mail: [email protected]

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ARCH ALUMINUM & GLASS COMPANY, INC.
10200 NW 67th Street
Tamarac, Florida 33321-6404
P.O. Box 25127
Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33320
Tel: (954) 724-1775
Fax: (954) 724-2083
E-mail: [email protected] *Cliff Monroe
[email protected] Leon Silverstein
www.archaluminum.net

Arch Aluminum & Glass, Co. Inc.


540 Industrial Court West
Villa Rica, Georgia 30180
Tel: (800) 241-7462
Fax: (770) 459-8200

Arch Aluminum & Glass Co., Inc.

No further reproduction or networking is permitted.


285 North Brook Dr.
Youngsvil, North Carolina 27596
Tel: (800) 830-2044
Fax: (919) 554-1993

Arch Aluminum & Glass Co., Inc.


5700 S. Moorland Road
New Berlin, Wisconsin 53151
Tel: (800) 242-2071
Fax: (262) 641-1088

Arch Aluminum & Glass Co., Inc.

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3320 Maggie Boulevard
Orlando, Florida 32811
Tel: (800) 367-7211
Fax: (407) 648-4146

Arch Deco Glass


2395 Setterlin Drive
Columbus, Ohio 43228
Tel: (800) 870-2519
Fax: (614) 876-1057

Arch LA
19430 E. San Jose Ave.
City of Industry, California 91748
Tel: (800) 877-8439
Fax: (909) 595-6025

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Arch Aluminum & Glass Co., Inc.
4400 Cambridge Road
Fort Worth, Texas 76155
Tel: (800) 571-4832
Fax: (817) 785-1220

ARCHETYPE FRAMELESS GLASS, INC.


2715 South Front Street
Steelton, Pennsylvania 17113-3000
Tel: (717) 985-8638
Fax: (717) 985-9991 *Todd Stahl
Email: [email protected]
www.archetypeglass.com

BARBER GLASS INDUSTRIES, INC.


485 Southgate Drive
Guelph, Ontario, N1G 3W6 Canada
Tel: (519) 824-2399 x200

No further reproduction or networking is permitted.


Fax: (519) 824-8718
E-mail: [email protected] *John Barber
E-mail: [email protected] John Goodison
E-mail: [email protected] Simone Wilker
www.barberglass.com

BENT GLASS DESIGN, INC.


3535 Davisville Road
Hatboro, Pennsylvania 19040-4208
Tel: (215) 441-9101
Fax: (215) 441-9190
E-mail: [email protected] *Steve Lerner

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www.bentglassdesign.com

J. E. BERKOWITZ, L.P.
1 Gateway Blvd.
Pedricktown, New Jersey 08067-3619
*Arthur Berkowitz
Robert Price
Tel: (856) 456-7800 Michael Nicklas
Fax: (856) 299-4344 Chris Frye
E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
www.jeberkowitz.com

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CALIFORNIA GLASS BENDING
320 East Harry Bridges Blvd.
Wilmington, California 90744-6604
Tel: (310) 549-5255
Fax: (310) 549-5398 *Kelly Green
E-mail: [email protected]
www.calglassbending.com

CARDINAL IG
7201 West Lake Street
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55426
Tel: (952) 929-3134 * Jeffery E. Haberer
Fax: (952) 929-7229 Robert G. Spindler
E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]

Cardinal LG
250 Griffin Street

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Amery, Wisconsin 54001
Tel: (715) 268-8111
Fax: (715) 268-8202 Mike Wothe
E-mail: [email protected]

Cardinal LG
1300 SW 44th Avenue
Ocala, Florida 34474
Tel: (352) 237-4410
Fax: (352) 237-0452 Kyle Peterson
E-mail: [email protected]

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CORAL INDUSTRIES, INC. – GLASS DIVISION
3010 Rice Mine Road (35406)
P.O. BOX 40228
Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35404-0228
Tel: (205) 345-1013 *Lewis L. McAllister x207
Tel: (205) 345-1013 Grant McAllister x205
Fax: (205) 345-1510
E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
www.coralind.com

FENESTRA IG
9739 201 Street
Langely, BC V1M 3E7
Canada
Tel: (604) 882-3513
Fax: (604) 882-3516
E-mail: [email protected] *Ron Parker
www.totaldesignsolutionsllc.com

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GCI INDUSTRIES
13333 Lynam Drive
Omaha, Nebraska 68138-4405
Tel: (800) 345-4248
Tel: (402) 331-6989
Fax: (866) 934-5554
Fax: (402) 331-7044 *Patrick McGonigal
E-mail: [email protected]
www.gcindustries.com

GLASS AND MIRROR CRAFT


(Barracuda Industries)
48230 W Road
P.O. Box 930439
Wixom, Michigan 48393-3675
Tel: (248) 624-5050 *Steve Richards x217
Fax: (248) 624-6988
E-mail: [email protected]

No further reproduction or networking is permitted.


[email protected] Kevin Kindt
[email protected] Larry Cripps
www.glassandmirrorcraft.com
www.cudaglass.com

GLASSLAM, N.G.I., INC.


1601 Blount Road
Pompano Beach, Florida 33069
Tel: (954) 975-3233
Fax: (954) 975-3225
E-mail: [email protected]
www.glasslam.com *Steve Howes

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GLOBAL SECURITY GLAZING
P.O. Box 469
Butler, Pennsylvania 16003-0469
Tel: (724) 287-3747
Fax: (724) 283-9836
Tel: (334) 875-1900
Fax: (334) 875-2704 *Lance Cotton
E-mail: [email protected]
www.security-glazing.com

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GOLDRAY INDUSTRIES, LTD.
4605 - 52 Avenue SE
Calgary, Alberta T2C 4N7 Canada
Tel: (800) 640-3709
Tel: (403) 236-1333 x216 *Cathie Saroka
Tel: (403) 236-1333 x203 Greg Saroka
Fax: (403) 236-1373
E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
www.goldrayindustries.com

GUARDIAN INDUSTRIES CORP.


2300 Harmon Road
Auburn Hills, Michigan 48326-1714
Tel: (248) 340-1800
Tel: (248) 340-2235 *Henry Gorry
Fax: (248) 340-2239
E-mail: [email protected]

No further reproduction or networking is permitted.



Guardian Industries Corp.
Science & Technology Center
14511 Romine Road
Carleton, MI 48117-9706
Tel: (734) 654-1111 Mitch Edwards
Fax: (717) 242-0450
E-mail: [email protected]

Consolidated Glass and Mirror Corporation


110 Jack Guynn Dr.
Galax, VA 24333

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Tel: 276-236-5196
Fax: 276-236-0570

Guardian Fabrication, Inc.


1485 East Curtis Ave.
Reedley, CA 93654
Tel: 559-638-3588
Fax: 559-638-9758

Guardian Industries Canada Corp.


355 Attwell Drive
Rexdale, Ontario M9W 5C2
Tel: 416-674-6945
Fax: 416-674-8576

Guardian Llodio Uno, S.L.


Jose Matia, No. 36
01400 Llodio, Alava, Spain
Tel: 011-34-94-671-9509
Fax: 011-34-94-671-9508
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INSULITE GLASS COMPANY, INC.
780 W Frontier Lane
Olathe, Kansas 66063-7202
P.O. Box 2803,
Olathe, KS 66061-0803
Tel: (913) 780-2233
Fax: (913) 780-1104 *Larry Vasholz
E-mail: [email protected]
www.insuliteglass.com

NORTHWESTERN INDUSTRIES, INC.


2500 West Jameson Street
Seattle, Washington 98199-1294
Tel: (206) 285-3140
Fax: (206) 285-3603
www.nwiglass.com
E-mail: [email protected] *Tim McQuade
E-mail: [email protected] Darrell Aldrich

No further reproduction or networking is permitted.


E-mail: [email protected] Masatoshi Kimura

OLDCASTLE GLASS
151 Fenwick Court
Delran, New Jersey 08075-2207
Tel: (856) 764-7762
Fax: (856) 764-7931 *Rick Wright
E-mail: [email protected]
www.oldcastleglass.com
Oldcastle Glass
5890 Bethelview Road #10-205
Cumming, GA 30040-1525

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Tel: (404) 704-0450
Fax: (404) 521-4540
E-mail: [email protected] John Bush
Oldcastle Glass
895 Motor Parkway
P.O. Box 18039
Hauppauge, New York 11788
Tel: (631) 271-8900
Fax: (631) 234-8866 Chuck Kaplanek
E-mail: [email protected]

PGT INDUSTRIES
10070 Technology Drive
North Venice, Florida 34275-3617
Tel: (941) 480-1600 x22334
Fax: (941) 486-8369 *Kari Norder
Email: [email protected]
www.pgtindustries.com

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PRECISION GLASS BENDING CORPORATION
3811 Hwy. 10 West
P.O. Box 1970
Greenwood, AR 72936-1970
Tel: (479) 996-8065
Fax: (479) 996-8962
E-mail: [email protected] * R. Ashley Alder
E-mail: [email protected] Russell A. Alder
www.e-bentglass.com

PRELCO INC. (Corporate Office)


94, Boul Cartier
Riviere-Du-Loup, Quebec G5R 2M9 Canada
Tel: (418) 862-2274
Fax: (418) 862-8181
www.prelco.ca
Prelco Inc.
3740 Dollard-Desjardine

No further reproduction or networking is permitted.


Montreal, Quebec H1B 5X2 Canada
Tel: (514) 640-1122 x115
Fax: (514) 640-7878
Cell: (514) 942-3670 *Bill Marchitello
E-mail: [email protected]

ROCHESTER INSULATED GLASS


73 Merrick Circle
Manchester, New York 14504-
Tel: (585) 289-3611
Fax: (585) 289-3610
[email protected] *Tyler Wolk

Distributed by Thomson Reuters (Scientific) LLC, www.techstreet.com.


[email protected] Rick Wolk
www.rochesterinsulatedglass.com

VITRO AMERICA, INC.


65 Bluestone Court
Acworth, Georgia 30101
Tel: (662) 226-5551
Tel: (770) 655-2737 *Jim Ventre
Fax: (662) 226-9787
E-mail: [email protected]
Vitro America, Inc.
Highway 8 East
Grenada, Mississippi 38901
P.O. Box 1400
Grenada, Mississippi 38902-1400
Tel: (662) 226-5551 x12
Fax: (662-226-9787 Wayne Smith
E-mail: [email protected]

GANA Laminated Glazing


Reference Manual 112 2009 Edition
Purchased/Downloaded by Urmilla (GANA) 03/20/2012. Pursuant to License agreement, no further reproductions authorized.
Copyrighted material licensed to MARIE ISABELLE LECHLEITER on 2016-11-10 for licensee's use only.
SUPPLIERS

AGP PLASTICS, INC.


2184 Trumbauersville, Road
P.O. Box 276
Trumbauersville, Pennsylvania 18970-0276
Tel: (215) 538-3244
Fax: (215) 538-3562
E-mail: [email protected] *Edwin A. Bolton
www.agpplastics.com

ALTUGLAS INTERNATIONAL
OF ARKEMA, INC.
2000 Market Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-3399
Tel: (215) 419-7605
Fax: (215) 419-5512 *Tom DeMain
E-mail: [email protected]

No further reproduction or networking is permitted.


www.arkema.com
Altuglas International of Arkema, Inc.
900 First Avenue
P.O. Box 61536
King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
Tel: (610) 878-6243
Fax: (610) 878-6215 Elizabeth Grimes
E-mail: [email protected]

ARGOTEC, INC.
49 Greenfield Street
Greenfield, Massachusetts 01301-1378

Distributed by Thomson Reuters (Scientific) LLC, www.techstreet.com.


P.O. Box 1167
Greenfield, Massachusetts 01302-1167
Tel: (413) 772-2564
Fax: (413) 772-2565
E-mail: [email protected] *Scott Farland
E-mail: [email protected] Bruce Wilby
www.argotecinc.com

GANA Laminated Glazing


Reference Manual 113 2009 Edition
Purchased/Downloaded by Urmilla (GANA) 03/20/2012. Pursuant to License agreement, no further reproductions authorized.
Copyrighted material licensed to MARIE ISABELLE LECHLEITER on 2016-11-10 for licensee's use only.
BENTELER MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
A Sales and Service Dept. of Benteler Maschinenbau GmbH - Glass Division
1909 Production Road
Fort Wayne, Indiana 46808-3647
Tel: (260) 434-3510 *Jeff Giles
Tel: (260) 434-3505 Jennifer Didyk
Tel: (260) 434-3525 Tom Burkholder
Tel: (260) 434-3512 John Reed
Fax: (260) 434-3501
E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected] (Jen Didyk)
E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
www.benteler.de

CYTEC INDUSTRIES, INC.


1950 Lake Park Drive
Smyrna, Georgia 30080

No further reproduction or networking is permitted.


Tel: (678) 255-4742 Jonathan Shaw
Fax: (678) 255-4756
E-mail: [email protected]
www.uvekol.com
Cytec Industries, Inc.
3937 Stanton Trail
Marietta GA 30062-6280
Tel: (770) 579-0121
Fax: (770) 579-3345 *Michael Burriss
E-mail: [email protected]

DUPONT GLASS LAMINATING SOLUTIONS

Distributed by Thomson Reuters (Scientific) LLC, www.techstreet.com.


4477 Lancaster Pike, BMP 26/201
Wilmington, Delaware 19805
Tel: (302) 992-2795 Valerie Block
Fax: (302) 992-3888
E-mail: [email protected]
2468 Winniepeg Drive
Lakeland, FL 33805
Tel: (410) 920-4878 Ron Hull
E-mail: [email protected]

FERRO CORPORATION
251 West Wylie Avenue
P.O. Box 519
Washington, Pennsylvania 15301-2267
Tel: (724) 223-5900
Fax: (724) 228-3170 *Michelle Burns x5950
E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected] Joseph Ryan
www.ferro.com

GANA Laminated Glazing


Reference Manual 114 2009 Edition
Purchased/Downloaded by Urmilla (GANA) 03/20/2012. Pursuant to License agreement, no further reproductions authorized.
Copyrighted material licensed to MARIE ISABELLE LECHLEITER on 2016-11-10 for licensee's use only.
GLASS DISTRIBUTORS, INC.
3800 Kenilworth Avenue
Bladensburg, Maryland 20710-2144
Tel: (301) 779-2430
Fax: (301) 277-0363 *Stephen M. Bouchard
E-mail: [email protected]

HUNTSMAN POLYURETHANES
52 Kendall Pond Road
Derry, New Hampshire 03038
Tel: (603) 421-3500
Fax: (603) 421-3510 *Rhona Watson
E-mail: [email protected]
www.huntsman.com

MJR ENTERPRISES CORP.


4707 Enterprise Avenue Unit 5
Naples, Florida 34104

No further reproduction or networking is permitted.


Tel: (239) 263-0438 *James M. Touchette
Fax: (239) 262-6353 Ricardo Arias
E-mail: [email protected]
www.mjrenterprisescorp.com

PANEL SPECIALISTS, INC.


3115 Range Road
Temple, Texas 76504-1240
Tel: (254) 774-9800
Fax: (254) 774-7222 *Kelly Brown
E-mail: [email protected]
www.panelspec.com

Distributed by Thomson Reuters (Scientific) LLC, www.techstreet.com.


SAINT-GOBAIN GLASS
15825 N 71st Street
Scottsdale, AZ 85254-2187
Tel: (480) 607-9400
Fax: (480) 607-9406 *Roger Watson
E-mail: [email protected]

SALEM DISTRIBUTING COMPANY


5901 Gun Club Road
Winston Salem, North Carolina 27103-9732
Tel: (336) 766-1104 *Mike Willard x210
Tel: (336) 766-1104 Howard Hanes x208
Tel: (336) 766-1104 Doug Mamgus x 243
Fax: (336) 766-1119
E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
www.salemdist.com

GANA Laminated Glazing


Reference Manual 115 2009 Edition
Purchased/Downloaded by Urmilla (GANA) 03/20/2012. Pursuant to License agreement, no further reproductions authorized.
Copyrighted material licensed to MARIE ISABELLE LECHLEITER on 2016-11-10 for licensee's use only.
SCHILLING GRAPHICS, INC.
275 Gelsanliter Road
Galion, Ohio 44833
Tel: (419) 468-5794
Fax: (491) 468-7999 *Doug Schilling
E-mail: [email protected]
www.schillinggraphics.com
Schilling Graphics, Inc.
71 Verner Lane
Washington, Pennsylvania 15301-9043
Tel: (419) 631-3313
Fax: (419) 468-7999 Geoff Weinstock
[email protected]

SHEFFIELD PLASTICS
A Bayer MaterialScience LLC Business
119 Salisbury Road
Sheffield, Massachusetts 01257

No further reproduction or networking is permitted.


Tel: (800) 628-5084
Fax: (413) 229-4009
www.sheffieldplastics.com
www.bayerbms.com
www.bayer.com
490 Firetown Road
P.O. Box 432
Simsbury, CT 06070
Tel: (860) 408-1219 *Karl Wiecking
Fax: (413) 229-4009
E-mail: [email protected]

Distributed by Thomson Reuters (Scientific) LLC, www.techstreet.com.


SOLUTIA INC.
575 Maryville Centre
Saint Louis, Missouri 63141
Tel: (314) 674-1000
Fax: (314) 674-7021
www.solutia.com
www.saflex.com
Tel: (413) 730-3413 *Julia Schimmelpenningh
E-mail: [email protected]
Tel: (413) 730-2293 P. Dan Laporte
Email: [email protected]
Tel: (413) 730-2614 Claude Duquette
E-mail: [email protected]

GANA Laminated Glazing


Reference Manual 116 2009 Edition
Purchased/Downloaded by Urmilla (GANA) 03/20/2012. Pursuant to License agreement, no further reproductions authorized.
Copyrighted material licensed to MARIE ISABELLE LECHLEITER on 2016-11-10 for licensee's use only.
SOMMER & MACA INDUSTRIES, INC.
5501 West Ogden Avenue
Cicero, Illinois 60804-3599
Tel: (708 )863-5446
Fax: (708) 863-5462
www.somaca.com
E-mail: [email protected] *Richard J. Carroll
[email protected] James P. Johnson
[email protected] John Czopek
[email protected] David Nelson

STEVENS URETHANE
412 Main Street
Easthampton, Massachusetts 01027
Tel: (413) 779-1235
Fax: (978) 887-6473 *John F. Callahan
e-mail: [email protected]
www.stevensurethane.com

No further reproduction or networking is permitted.


TROSIFOL NORTH AMERICA, LTD.
160 Bixby Road
Erin, New York 14838
Tel: (607) 796-9842
Fax: (607) 739-4740 *Werner Heppner
E-mail: [email protected]
BK Associates, Inc.
5710 Sunset Maple Drive
Alpharetta, Georgia 30005
Tel: (770) 663-4859 Robert L. Bilton
E-mail: [email protected]

Distributed by Thomson Reuters (Scientific) LLC, www.techstreet.com.


Fax: (770) 667-7361
Kuraray Europe GmbH
Mulheimer Str 26
D-53840 Troisdorf, Germany
Tel: 49 2241 85-2542
Fax: 49 2241 85-3242
Johan “Hans” Mortelmans
E-mail: [email protected]

ZIRCON CORPORATION
322 Moore Lane
Collierville, Tennessee 38017-2763
Tel: (901) 850-0561
Fax: (901) 850-0563
www.zirconcorp.com
E-mail: [email protected] *Charles E. Bayha
E-mail: [email protected] Jarrad Bayha

GANA Laminated Glazing


Reference Manual 117 2009 Edition
Purchased/Downloaded by Urmilla (GANA) 03/20/2012. Pursuant to License agreement, no further reproductions authorized.

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