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CoE Unit1 Ch1 (Introduction)

Control engineering involves applying mathematics and physical sciences to influence or dictate the behavior of systems. It has various uses like power amplification, remote control, and compensating for disturbances. Some key terms are controlled variable, control signal, input, plant, and disturbance. Control systems can be classified as open loop or closed loop, linear or nonlinear, time-invariant or time-variant, and more. The objectives of analyzing and designing control systems are to achieve optimal transient response, minimize steady state error, and maximize stability. Feedback can provide benefits like robustness, better dynamics, and higher levels of automation, but also drawbacks like potential instability and increased complexity.

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39 views

CoE Unit1 Ch1 (Introduction)

Control engineering involves applying mathematics and physical sciences to influence or dictate the behavior of systems. It has various uses like power amplification, remote control, and compensating for disturbances. Some key terms are controlled variable, control signal, input, plant, and disturbance. Control systems can be classified as open loop or closed loop, linear or nonlinear, time-invariant or time-variant, and more. The objectives of analyzing and designing control systems are to achieve optimal transient response, minimize steady state error, and maximize stability. Feedback can provide benefits like robustness, better dynamics, and higher levels of automation, but also drawbacks like potential instability and increased complexity.

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CONTROL ENGINEERING

(16ME6DCCOE)
Unit – 1
Introduction to Control Systems
What is Control Engineering?
• Control
– To exercise influence over; to suggest or dictate behaviour of
• Engineering
– The application of mathematics and the physical sciences to the
needs of humanity and the development of technology.

• Control Engineering: Application of mathematics and


physical sciences to exercise influence over or dictate
behaviour of systems needed for humanity and
development of technology.
Or
• Control engineering or control systems engineering is the
engineering discipline that applies “control theory” to
design systems with desired behaviors*

*Source: Wikipedia
Usage of Control Systems
• Power Amplification
• Remote Control
• Convenience of Input Form
• Compensation for Disturbances
Why Control Engineering?
Why Control Engineering?
Why Control Engineering?
Control Engineering Terminologies

• Controlled Variable: Quantity or condition that is


measured and controlled. This is also the output
or response of the system.
• Control Signal or Manipulated Variable: Quantity
or condition that is varied by the controller so as
to affect the value of the controlled variable.
• Input: An applied signal to a control system from
an external energy source in order to produce a
specified output. This is also called as reference
input.
Control Engineering Terminologies –
Cont’d

• Plant: A plant may be a piece of equipment, perhaps


just a set of machine parts functioning together, the
purpose of which is to perform a particular operation.
Any physical object to be controlled (such as a
mechanical device, a heating furnace, a chemical
reactor, or a spacecraft) can be called as a plant.
• Disturbance: It is a signal which tends to adversely
affect the value of the output of a system.
Control System - Classification
• 1) Natural and Manmade Control Systems
• 2) Linear and Non-linear Control Systems
• 3) Time-invariant and Time-variant Control
Systems
• 4) Continuous and Discrete Control Systems
• 5) Deterministic and Stochastic Control Systems.
• 6) Lumped Parameter and Distributed Parameter
Control Systems
• 7) SISO and MIMO Control Systems
• 8) Open Loop and Closed Loop Control Systems
Control Systems - Comparison
Linear Control Systems Non Linear Control Systems
• Output of system varies • Output of system does not
linearly with input vary linearly with input
• Satisfies principles of • Do not satisfy principles of
homogenity and homogenity and
superposition. superposition.
• E.g., resistor • E.g., diode, dead zone of a
motor etc.,
Control System - Comparison (Cont'd)

Time Invariant Control Systems Time Variant Control Systems


• Output of the system is • Output of the system is
independent of the time at dependent on the time at
which the input is applied. which the input is applied.
• y(t) = f(u(t)) => y(t+δ) = • y(t) = f(u(t)) ≠> y(t+δ) =
f(u(t+δ)) f(u(t+δ))
• E.g., resistor • E.g., space-craft
Open Loop C/S
• Those systems in which the output has no
effect on the control action are called open
loop c/s.
Closed Loop C/S
• A system that maintains a prescribed
relationship between output and the
reference input by comparing them and using
the difference as a means of control is called a
Closed loop C/S.
OLCS v/s CLCS
OLCS CLCS
• Output does not affect the • Output affects the M.V
control action / M.V. • Feedback element is
• There is no feedback present.
• There is no compensation • There is compensation for
for disturbances. disturbances.
• Less accurate or more error • More accurate.
prone. • Comparatively Less stable.
• Has more stability. • Response is slower.
• Response is faster. • More complicated in nature
• Simple in construction & & difficult to maintain
easy to maintain. • Costly
• Economical.
Open & Closed Loop Control Systems
• Domestic washing machine

• Open loop C.S


Open & Closed Loop Control Systems
• Automatic cruise control

• Closed loop C.S


Open & Closed Loop Control Systems
• Toaster

• Open loop C.S


Open & Closed Loop Control Systems
• Air Conditioner

• Closed Loop C.S


Open & Closed Loop Control Systems
• Stepper Motor

• Open loop C.S


Open & Closed Loop Control Systems
• Servo Motor

• Closed loop C.S


Analysis & Design Objectives
• 2 important measures of performance:
– Transient Response
– Steady State Error
Analysis & Design Objectives (Cont’d)
• Analysis:
– Process by which a system's performance is
determined.
• Design:
– Process by which a system's performance is created
or changed.
• A control system is dynamic in nature. It
responds to an input by undergoing a transient
response before reaching a steady-state response
which generally resembles the input.
Analysis & Design Objectives (Cont’d)
• The main objectives of analysis and design of
any control system are:
– Transient response:
• Producing the desired (usually optimum) transient
response.
– Steady state response:
• Minimizing (reducing) the steady state errors.
– Stability:
• Maximizing (increasing) the stability of the system.
Requirements of Control System
• Transient response
– optimum
• Steady State response
– acceptable
• Stability
– very good
• Accuracy
– very high
• Sensitivity
– very good
• Disturbance mitigation
– maximum
• Bandwidth
– Frequency range for which the o/p is satisfactory
– large
• Speed
• Oscillations
– should be min (i.e. suitably damped)
Properties of Feedback
• Following are some of the major properties of feedback:
– Robustness to Uncertainty
• System response has to be quite robust even if there is uncertainty in the
range of operating conditions.
– Design of Dynamics
• Unstable systems can be stabilized.
• Sluggish systems can be made more responsive.
• Systems that have drifting operating points can be held constant
– Higher Levels of Automation
• Leads to higher levels of situational awareness & decision making.
• This includes not only traditional logical branching based on system conditions
but also optimization, adaptation, learning and even higher levels of abstract
reasoning.
– Drawbacks
• It leads to instability,
• It injects measurement noise to the sytem,
• Increases complexity of the sytem,
• Overall gain, bandwidth and sensitivity of the system is affected

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