PCMExamplesandHome w o r k s

Q1. A compact disc (CD) records audio signals digitally by using PCM. Assume the audio signal
bandwidth to be 15 kHz.

(a) What is the Nyquist rate?

(b) If the Nyquist samples are quantized into L = 65,536 levels and then binary coded, determine
the number of binary digits requiredto encode a sample.

(c) Determine the number of binary digits per second (bits) required to encode the audio signal.

(d) For practical reasons discussed in the CLASS, signals aresampled at a rate well above the
Nyquist rate. Practical CDs use44,100 samples per second. If L = 65,536, determine the number of
bits per second required to encode the signal, and the minimumbandwidth required to transmit the
encoded signal.

Solution

(a) The bandwidth is 15 kHz. The Nyquist rate is 30 kHz.

(b) 65536 =216 . so that 16 binary digits are needed to encode each sample.

(c) 30000 x 16 =480000 bits/sec

(d) 44100 x 16 =705600 bits/sec

Q2. The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) has 128 characters, which
are binary coded. If a certain computer generates 100,000 characters per second, determine the
following:

(a) The number of bits (binary digits) required per character

(b) The number of bits per second required to transmit the computer output, and the minimum
bandwidth required to transmit this signal.
(c) For single error-detection capability, an additional bit (parity bit) is added to the code of
each character. Modify your answers inparts (a) and (b) in view of this information.
Solution

(a) Since 128 =27. we need 7 bits/character(b)For 100,000 characters/second. we need

700kbits/sec. And BW=1/2Tx=bit rate/2=700/2=350 KHz
(c) 8 bits/character and 800 kbits/second, and BW=400 KHz
Q3. Five telemetry signals, each of bandwidth 1 kHz, are to be transmitted simultaneously by
binary PCM. The maximumtolerable error in sample amplitudes is 0.2% of the peak signal
amplitude. The signals must be sampled at least 20% above Nyquist rate. Framing and
synchronizing requires an additional 0.5% extra bits. Determine the minimum possible data rate
(bits per second) that must be transmitted, and the minimum bandwidth required to transmit this
signal
Solution
Quantization error  0.002(Vm )
2Vm
 q V
Maximum quantizati on error    m  0.002(Vm )
2 2 q
1
 q  500
0.002

Bit rate/signal=Sampling rate(samples/sec) x binary code/per sample =

= 2 x 1( KHz)x1.2 x 9 (bits/sample)=21.6 Kbits/sec

Framing and synchronization requires 0.5% X multiplexed signals bit rate=108 x0.0005=54 bits

Total bit rate= 108+.054=108.054 Kbits/sec

For binary tra nsmission the minimum M should be 512  2 9

This requires 9 - bit binary code per sample

Q4. It is desired to set up a central station for simultaneous monitoring of the

electrocardiograms (ECGs) of 10 hospital patients. The data from the rooms of the 10
patients are brought to a processing center over wires and are sampled, quantized, binary
coded, and time-division multiplexed. The multiplexed data are now transmitted to the
monitoring station (see figure). The ECG signal bandwidth is 100 Hz. The maximum
acceptable error in sample amplitudes is 0.25% of the peak signal amplitude. The sampling
rate must be at least twice the Nyquist rate. Determine the minimum cable bandwidth
needed to transmit these data.
 Solution

Quantizati on error  0.0025(Vm )

2Vm
 q V
Maximum quantizati on error    m  0.0025(Vm )
2 2 q
1
 q  400
0.0025

Bit rate/signal=Sampling rate(samples/sec) x binary code/per sample

= 2 x 200( HZ ) x 9 (bits/sample)=3.6 Kbits/sec

Bit rate for ten multiplexed signals= 10 x 3.6 =36 Kbits/sec and Minimum bandwidth=bit
rate/2=18 KHz
Q5. A message signal m(t) is transmitted by binary PCM . If the SNR (signal to-quantization-noise
ratio) is required to be at least 47 dB, determine the minimum value of M required, assuming that
m(t) is sinusoidal. Determine the SNR obtained with this minimum M

Solution

q 2 x actual
2
(t) q2 2
SNR Q  3  3 x actual ( t )
Vm2 X 2 ( t ) Vm2
X 2 (t)

( SNR Q ) dB  4.8  6n  20 log m  10 log x 2 ( t )  10 log x actual 

V 2

Vrms      
 P relativ e

Signal Type

Vm2
2
For sinusoidal signal fully loading the quantiser; X actual  Vm2 sin 2 ( t ) 
( 256)2
2
SNR Q  3q V q  98304;
2 2 2

SNR  3 Q
 32  10  50119
2 2
m 4.7

SNR Q  V 3 2
( 256 ) 2
m  98304;
((SNR
SNR )
and q )182.6  2
10
Q dB  choose log
qSNR
 256 (for binary system)
10 log SNR Q
Q dB Q

 10) log 98304  49.43 dB

 102log 98304  49.43 dB
( 256
SNR Q  3  98304;
2
(SNR Q )dB  10 log SNR Q
 10 log 98304  49.43 dB

Q6.The outputSNRof a10-bitPCM(n=10)wasfoundtobe30dB.The desiredSNR

is42dB.Itwasdecidedto increasetheSNRtothedesiredvaluebyincreasingthenumberof
quantizationlevelsq. Findthefractionalincreaseinthetransmissionbandwidthrequired
forthisincrease inq.

Solution

(SNR Q ) dB  4.8  6.02n  20 log m  10 log x 2 ( t )  10 log x actual 

V 2

Vrms  

 P relativ e

Signal Type

Every bit will increase the SNR by 6 dB

Hence n=12 is required to increase the SNR from 30 dB to 42 dB
 bitrate f s  n
Bandwidth  
2 2
f n f n2
B1  s 1 , B 2  s
2 2
B 2 n2
  1 .2
B1 n1

20 % increase in channel bandwidth is required

 HomeWorks

Q1.A television signal (video and audio) has a bandwidth of 4.5 MHz This signal is
sampled, quantized, and binary coded to obtain a PCM signal.
(a) Determine the sampling rate if the signal is to be sampled at a rate 20% above the
Nyquist rate.
(b) If the samples are quantized into 1024 levels, determine the number of binary pulses
required to encode each sample.
c) Determine the binary pulse rate (bits per second) of the binary-coded signal, and the
minimum bandwidth required to transmit this signal.

a. 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 2 × 𝑓𝑚 + 0.2 × 2 × 𝑓𝑚 = 2 × 1.2 𝑓𝑚

= 2.4 × 4.5 = 10.8 𝑀𝐻𝑧
b. Number of pulses required to encode 1024 levels is
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (1024) = 10 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠.
c. Pulse rate =bit rate= sampling rate x pulses/sample=10.8 x 10 =108 Mbps
𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 108
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = = = 54 𝑀𝐻𝑍
2 2

Q2.Twenty-threesignals,withabandwidthof3.4KHzand8-KHzsynchronizationchannel
togethermultiplexedintoTDM/PAMsignal.
a.WhatisthepulserataoftheTDM/PAMsignal?
b.Determinethe channeltransmissionbandwidthrequired.

a. The pulse rate of the TDM/PAM is = 23 *2*3.4+8=164.4 pilse/sec

𝑷𝒖𝒍𝒔𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝟏𝟔𝟒.𝟒
b. 𝒃𝑾 = = 𝟐 = 𝟖𝟐. 𝟐 𝑲𝑯𝒛
𝟐

Q3. Incompactdisk(CD)digitalaudiosystem,ananalogsignalisdigitizedsothattheratio of
thepeaksignalpowertothe peakquantizationnoisepowerisatleast96dB.
Thesamplingrateis44.1Kilosamplespersecond.
a.Howmanybitspersampleareneeded.
b.Whatisthe datarateinbitspersecond.

𝑺
a. ⎡ = 𝟒. 𝟕 + 𝟔. 𝟎𝟐𝒏 = 𝟗𝟔
𝑵 𝒒𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌

𝟗𝟔−𝟒.𝟕
𝒏= =15.16611 choose n=16
𝟔.𝟎𝟐
b. Bit rate =44.1 x 16=705.6 Kbits/sec
Q4.Drawa blockdiagramwhichtobeusedtotransmitan
analogsignaldigitally.Indicateonyourdiagram,clearly,thedigitalandanalogsignalsandthef
unctionofeach partof thediagram.
Q5.Theinformationinananalogwaveform,whosemaximumfrequencyof4000Hzistobe
transmittedusing16-levelsPAMsystem.Thequantizationdistortionmustnotbeexceeding±1%of
thepeak-to-peakanalogsignalamplitude.Whatisthebitrate?

𝑉𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘−𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘
∆≤ 0.02 𝑉𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘−𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 =
2𝑛
𝑛 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 50 = 5.644 , Choose n=6 bits
Bit rate=8000 x 6= 48000 bits/sec
Because we use 16 levels PAM system so we can represent every 4 bits by a symole and the bit rate
48000
will be 4 = 12000 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐

Q6.Whataretheadvantagesofthedigitalcommunication?

Q7.Comparebetweenpulsecodemodulation,pulsepositionmodulationandpulsewidthmodulatio
n.

Q8.ThesignalS(t)=3 Cos(500t)isquantizedusing10bitPCM.Findthe signal to

quantization ratio in dB.
2𝑉𝑝−𝑝
∆= 10
2

∆2 4 × 𝑉𝑝−𝑝 2 𝑉𝑝−𝑝 2
𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = = =
12 12 × 210 3 × 210
(𝑉𝑝−𝑝 )2
𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =
8
(𝑉𝑝−𝑝 )2
𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 8 3 × 210
𝑆𝑁𝑅 = = =
𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑝−𝑝 2 8
3 × 210

3 × 210
𝑆𝑁𝑅⌋𝑑𝐵 = 10 log(𝑆𝑁𝑅) = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 25.84 𝑑𝐵
8
Q9.Engineeringmanagementrequestsadesignonfacsimilemachinethatwilltransmitan

8 ×10inchtypewrittenpageataresolutionof150dpi(dotsperinch) onastandard
telephonecircuit(3KHzbandwidthandsignalto noiseratioof30dB)withinoneminute.
Canitbedone?Explainyouranswer.(channelcapacityformulamightbeuseful!!!!!)
 Q10.An8 bit
PCMsystem,withuniformquantization,transmitssignalat100Kbps.Findthemaximuminputsign
alfrequencywhichcanbehandledbythesystem
100 𝐾𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑠
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = = 12.5 = 2 × 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥
8 𝑠𝑒𝑐
12.5
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 6.25 𝐾𝐻𝑧
2
Q11.Twentyfourinputsignalseachbandlimitedto3.3KHzaresampledatan 8KHzrate
andtime
multiplexed.CalculatetheminimumbandwidthrequiredfortransmissioniffivebitPCMisuse
d.

Each sample is represented by 5 bits , bit rate =24 x 5 x 6.6=792 Kbps

The bandwidth required is equal to bit rate or half bit rate ie 792 KHz or 346 KHz

Q12.Theprobabilitydensityfunctionofrandomvoltage is: P(x)=0.1 -5< x<5

Thissignalisappliedtoa50Ohmsresistor.Calculatethepowerdissipated.

1 5 1 5 1
𝑃 = 𝑅 ∫−5 𝑥 2 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 50 ∫−5 𝑥 2 × 0.1 𝑑𝑥 = 500 × 250 = 0.5 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠