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Integral:-: Definition 2

The document defines an integral as assigning numbers to functions in a way that can describe concepts like displacement, area, volume, etc. by combining infinitesimal data. It is one of the main operations of calculus along with differentiation. Specifically, a definite integral is defined as the signed area bounded by the graph of a function f over an interval [a, b], with area above the x-axis adding to the total and below subtracting. Integrals can be proper, meaning the limits and function are bounded, or improper if the limits are infinite or the function is unbounded.

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28 views

Integral:-: Definition 2

The document defines an integral as assigning numbers to functions in a way that can describe concepts like displacement, area, volume, etc. by combining infinitesimal data. It is one of the main operations of calculus along with differentiation. Specifically, a definite integral is defined as the signed area bounded by the graph of a function f over an interval [a, b], with area above the x-axis adding to the total and below subtracting. Integrals can be proper, meaning the limits and function are bounded, or improper if the limits are infinite or the function is unbounded.

Uploaded by

Saif ur Rahman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Integral:-

In mathematics, an integral assigns numbers to functions in a way that can describe


displacement, area, volume, and other concepts that arise by combining infinitesimal data.
Integration is one of the two main operations of calculus, with its inverse, differentiation,
being the other. Given a function f of a real variable x and an interval [a, b] of the real line,
the definite integral

is defined informally as the signed area of the region in the xy-plane that is bounded by
the graph of f, the x-axis and the vertical lines x = a and x = b. The area above the x-axis adds
to the total and that below the x-axis subtracts from the total.

Definition 2

the numerical measure of the areabounded above by the graph of a given function, below by
the x axis, and on the sides by ordinates drawn at the endpoints of aspecified interval; the limt
, as the norm of partitions of the giveninterval approaches zero, of the sum of the products of
the functionevaluated at a point in each subinterval times the length of the subinterval.
Definition 3

A definite integral is an integral

(1)

S With upper and lower limits. If is restricted to lie on the real line, the definite integral is
known as a Riemann integral (which is the usual definition encountered in elementary
textbooks). However, a general definite integral is taken in the complex plane, resulting in
the contour integral

(2)

With , , and in general being complex numbers and the path of integration
from to known as a contour.

Difference

Integrals are improper for two reasons: either a limit of integration is infinite (usually obvious) or
the function is unbounded (less obvious). And this is in the interval [1, 2].

A limit must be evaluated to see if this integral makes sense. Sec (z) dz is proper because the
function is bounded on [0, 1].

Proper and Improper Integrals


Definite integrals are defined as limits of Riemann sums (Stewart §5.2).
Sometimes the limit process breaks down and integral expressions don’t actually mean
anything. Fortunately there is a theorem that shows this is not a problem for a big class of
integrals.
Definition: an integral expression
Rb
a f(t) dt is proper if the limits and function
are bounded. More precisely,
• the limits of integration are finite (i.e. not ±1);
• the function is defined and bounded on the interval [a, b]; and
• The function has only finitely many discontinuities in the interval. Theorem Proper integrals
are always well-defined (i.e. the limit converges).
An integral is improper if is not proper, and these are the ones where limits can be a problem.
Integrals are improper for two reasons: either a limit of integration is infinite (usually
obvious) or the function is unbounded (less obvious).
•
R2
1 sec (z) dz is improper because the secant function has an unbounded singularity at _
2 and this is in the interval [1, 2]. A limit must be evaluated to see if this integral makes sense.
•
R1
0 sec (z) dz is proper because the function is bounded on [0, 1]. This integral is guaranteed ok.
For evaluation of improper integrals see Improper Integrals and Stewart

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