Direction System
Direction System
In recent years, this management system, called electrical management, has been increasingly used. The electric
steering was started to be used in small vehicles (utilitarian) but is already used in vehicles of the middle
segment, as an example: the one used by the Renault Megane.
In this type of direction the entire hydraulic circuit formed by the high-pressure pump, tank, distributor valve and
pipelines forming part of the hydraulic power steering are suppressed. All this is replaced by an electric motor
that drives a reducer (corona + auger) which in turn moves the steering rack.
• Hydraulic components, such as the servo-assisted oil pump, flexible tubing, oil tanks and filters
• Reduction of required space, servo-assisted components are installed and act directly on the steering box.
• Lower loudness
• Reduction of energy consumption. Unlike hydraulic steering, which requires a permanent volumetric flow, the
electromechanical power steering only draws energy when the steering actually moves. With this power
absorption as required, fuel consumption (approx. 0.2 L per 100 km)
• The driver gets an optimum feeling at the wheel in any situation, through a good straight-line stability, a direct
but smooth response to the steering wheel movement and without unpleasant reactions on uneven pavement.
As you can see, this steering system is simplified and is much simpler than the ones used so far.
Be limited in its application to all vehicles (limitation that does not have the hydraulic steering system) since
depending on the weight of the vehicle and the size of the wheels, this system is not valid. The greater the
weight of the vehicle, the larger the wheels are, both in height and in width, so the greater the effort that the
steering system has to develop, taking into account that in the electric directions the entire assistance force is
generated by electric motor, the higher the assistance to be generated by the steering, the greater the size of
the motor will have to be, so the greater the electric intensity consumed by it.
Excessive electrical consumption by the electric motor of the steering system is not feasible, since the electrical
capacity of the vehicle's load system is limited. This drawback is what prevents this steering system from being
applied to all vehicles, since otherwise all are advantages.
Funcionamiento
Management of parking
2. The torsion bar is twisted. The steering torque sensor detects the torque and informs the control unit that an
intense steering torque is being applied to the steering wheel.
3. The steering angle sensor warns that there is a pronounced steering angle and the rotor speed sensor informs
about the speed of the current steering knob.
4. Before analyzing the magnitudes corresponding to the steering torque, the vehicle speed of 0 km / h, the rate
of the combustion engine, the pronounced
steering angle, steering speed and, depending on the characteristic curves implemented in the control unit for v
= 0 km / h, the control unit determines the need to provide an intense servo-assist torque and excites
correspondingly the electric motor.
5. In the parking maneuvers, the maximum servo drive for steering is thus provided through the second pinion
acting parallel to the rack.
6. The sum of the torque applied to the steering wheel and the maximum servo torque torque becomes the
effective torque in the steering box for the movement of the rack in maneuvers of
parking.
2. The torsion bar is twisted. The steering torque sensor detects the torque and advises the control unit that
there is a medium intensity steering torque applied to the steering wheel.
3. The steering angle sensor warns that there is a medium magnitude steering angle and the rotor speed sensor
informs about the momentary speed with which the steering wheel moves.
4. After analysis of the medium-sized steering torque, the vehicle's running speed of 50 km / h, the combustion
engine speed, a medium-sized steering angle and the speed at which the steering wheel moves, and depending
on the characteristic curves implemented in the control unit for v = 50 km / h, the control unit determines the
need to provide a medium-magnitude servo-assist torque and accordingly energizes the electric motor.
5. A rounded curve results in a medium-sized servo-assist for steering through the second pinion, which acts
parallel to the rack.
6. The sum composed by the torque applied to the steering wheel and the medium-sized servo-assist torque
becomes the effective torque in the steering gearbox for the
1. When changing lane, the driver moves the steering wheel in small magnitude.
2. The torsion bar is twisted. The steering torque sensor detects the torque and warns the control unit that a
slight steering torque is applied to the steering wheel.
3. The steering angle sensor warns that a small steering angle is given and the rotor speed sensor signals the
momentary speed with which the steering wheel is operated.
4. Prior to analysis of the low-magnitude steering torque, the vehicle's running speed of 100 km / h, the
combustion engine speed, a small steering angle and the speed at which the steering wheel is actuated, and
according to the characteristic curves implemented in the control unit for v = 100 km / h, the control unit
determines the need to provide either a slight steering torque or no steering torque, and accordingly excites the
electric motor.
5. When moving the address on the highway, the low-power servo-drive is performed in this way or no servo-
assistance is provided through the second pinion acting parallel to the rack.
6. The sum composed by the torque applied to the steering wheel and a minimum torque of servo-assistance
becomes the effective torque for the movement of the rack in a lane change.
1. If the driver reduces the steering torque when driving in a curve, the torsion bar is correspondingly relaxed.
2. In combination with the descent of the steering torque, taking into account the steering angle and the speed
at which the steering wheel is operated, the system calculates a speed
theoretical for the retro-wheel and compares it with the steering speed of the steering. Hence, the back pair is
calculated.
3. The geometry of the shaft causes backward forces on the turned wheels. Friction in the steering and axle
system often causes
4. After analyzing the steering torque, the vehicle speed, the engine speed, the steering angle and the speed at
which the steering wheel is turned, as well as the characteristic curves implemented in the driving unit. control,
it calculates the torque to be supplied by the electric motor for steering reverse.
5. The motor is energized accordingly and the wheels are returned to the straight-ahead position.
Correction
Straightforward correction is a function derived from the active retrograde. Here a pair of servo-assistance is
generated so that the vehicle returns to the rectilinear gear free of moments of force. The system distinguishes
between a short-term and a long-term algorithm.
• The long-term algorithm is dedicated to compensating for the long-term discrepancies that arise with respect
to rectilinear running, for example due to the change of summer tires by (used) winter tires.
• The short-term algorithm corrects discrepancies of short duration. This is supported by the driver, avoiding for
example that he has to continually "counter-volt" the circular with constant lateral wind.
1. A constant lateral force, for example that of the lateral wind, acts on the vehicle.
2. The driver slightly twists the steering wheel to keep the vehicle in a straight line.
3. By analyzing the steering torque, the speed of the vehicle, the speed of the combustion engine, the angle of
direction, the speed of command of the steering and acting on the characteristic curves implemented in the
control unit, this one calculates the torque that must be supplied by the electric motor for the correction of the
straight running.
4. The electric motor of the steering is excited correspondingly. The vehicle adopts the straight travel path. The
driver no longer has to give "contravolante".
The steering angle sensor is located behind the retractor ring with the manifold ring for the airbag system. It is
installed in the steering column, between the combined control and the steering wheel.
It supplies the signal for determining the steering angle and assigns it to the control unit for the electronics of
the steering column via the data CAN-Bus.
In the electronic control unit of the steering column is the electronic analyzer for these signals.
If the sensor fails, an emergency program is put into effect. The missing signal is replaced by a surrogate value.
The steering servo is fully conserved The fault is indicated by turning on the instrument panel fault lamp.
• pairs of light barriers with a light source and an optical sensor each
The ring of increments is divided into 5 segments of 72 ° each and is explored by a couple of light barriers. The
ring has battlements in the segment. The order of succession of the battlements is invariable within the same
segment, but differs from one segment to another. This results in the coding of the segments.
The absolute ring comes to determine the angle. It is explored by 6 pairs of light barriers.
The steering angle sensor can detect 1044º of angle (almost 3 turns of steering wheel). It is dedicated to adding
the angular degrees. In this way, by exceeding the mark of the 360 ° recognizes that a complete turn of the
steering wheel has been executed.
The specific configuration of the steering box allows to give 2.76 turns to the steering wheel.
If, for simplicity of explanation, only the ring of increments is considered, the light source can be seen on one
side of the ring and on the other the optical sensor (lower figure).
The angle measurement is performed according to the principle of the light barrier. When the light hits the
sensor when passing through a merle of the ring, a voltage signal is generated. When the light source is covered,
the signal voltage is again interrupted.
In the same way, a sequence of voltage signals is generated in each pair of light barriers applied to the absolute
value ring.
All voltage signal sequences are processed in the control electronics unit of the steering column.
After comparing the signals, the system can calculate to what degrees the rings have been moved. During that
operation it also determines the start point of the movement in the ring of absolute values.
The steering torque is measured using the steering torque sensor directly on the steering sprocket. The sensor
works according to the magnetoresistive principle.
The torque sensor couples the column and the steering box through a torsion bar. The connection element to
the column has a magnetic pole wheel, in
For the analysis of the power pairs, two poles are used respectively.
The counterpart is a magnetoresistive sensor element, which is attached to the connecting piece towards the
steering box.
As the flywheel is moved, both connecting pieces are offset relative to each other.
By virtue of the fact that the magnetic pole wheel is also decoupled with respect to the sensor element, it is
possible to measure the torque applied to the direction of that shape and can be transmitted to the control unit
in the form of a signal.
If the steering torque sensor fails, the steering gear must be replaced. If a fault is detected, the servo-assist for
the steering is deactivated. The deactivation is not done suddenly, but "soft". To achieve this "soft" deactivation
the control unit calculates a supplemental signal for the steering torque, based on the steering angles and the
rotor of the electric motor. If a fault occurs, it is displayed
The rotor speed sensor is an integral part of the electromechanical power steering motor. It is not accessible
from the outside.
Signal Applications
The rotor speed sensor works according to the magnetoresistive principle and its design is the same as that of
the steering torque sensor.
Detects the speed of the rotor that has the electric motor for the electromechanical power steering; this data is
necessary to be able to excite the engine with the correct precision.
If the sensor fails, the steering angle speed is used as an additional signal.
Assistance to management is reduced safely. This prevents the servo drive from being interrupted suddenly in
case of failure of the sensor. The fault is indicated by turning on the indicator light in the instrument cluster.
If the vehicle speed signal is absent, an emergency run program is in effect. The driver has full servo assistance to
the steering, but the Servotronic function is absent. The fault is displayed by turning on the indicator light in the
instrument cluster in yellow.
The engine speed sensor is a Hall sensor. It is bolted to the crankcase flange housing.
Signal Applications
The engine speed sensor signal is used by the engine control unit to detect the number of engine turns and the
exact position of the crankshaft.
If the motor speed sensor fails, the steering will operate with terminal 15. The fault is not displayed with the
warning light
The electric motor is a version of asynchronous motor without brushes. Develop a maximum torque
Asynchronous motors have no permanent magnetic field or electrical excitation. The characteristic that gives
them the name resides in a difference between the frequency of the tension applied and the frequency of
rotation of the motor. These two frequencies are not equal, by virtue of
The asynchronous motors are of simple construction (without brushes), which makes them very reliable in their
operation. They have a very short response, making them suitable for very fast steering movements.
The electric motor is integrated in an aluminum housing. Through a worm gear and a drive pinion it attacks
against the rack and thus transmits the power of servo assistance for the steering. At the end of the shaft on the
control side is installed a magnet, which uses the control unit to detect the rotor speed. The control unit uses
this signal to determine the steering speed of the steering.
An advantage of the asynchronous motor is that it is also movable through the steering box when no current is
applied.
This means that even in case of failure of the engine and the servo-assistance is absent, it is still possible to move
the steering by applying only a slightly higher force. Even in the event of a short circuit the motor does not lock.
If the engine malfunctions, the system displays it by turning the indicator light on the instrument panel red.
The power steering control unit is attached directly to the electric motor, thereby eliminating complex wiring to
the power steering components.
• the signal that the ignition key was identified on the control unit.
The control unit calculates the momentary needs for steering servo assistance. Calculates the current of
excitation current and excites correspondingly the
electric motor.
If the steering servo drops below a value of 60%, the power assist warning light turns yellow and a fault is
recorded in the memory.
The control of the servo assistance for the steering is carried out using a family of characteristics stored in the
permanent memory of programs of the control unit. This memory covers up to 16 different families of
characteristics. For example, in the case of the Golf 2004, 8 families of characteristics of all available are used.
Depending on the approach (eg vehicle weight), a specific family of features is activated at the factory.
However, also in the After Sales Service it is possible to activate the family of features with the help of the
diagnosis system. This is necessary, eg. eg if the steering control unit is replaced.
As examples, a family of characteristics for a heavy vehicle and one for a light one of the 8 families of
characteristics implemented for the Golf
2004. A family of features contains five different curves assigned to different vehicle speeds (eg 0 km / h, 15 km /
h, 50 km / h, 100 km / h and 250 km / h). A curve of the characteristic family expresses the steering torque to
which the electric motor contributes more or less servoasistencia to make easier the handling of the direction
taking into account variables as for example: the weight of the vehicle.
If the control unit for power steering fails, it can be replaced completely.
The corresponding feature family in the non-volatile program memory of the control unit has to be activated by
means of the diagnostics system.
The indicator light is on the indicator unit of the instrument cluster. It is used to warn of anomalous functions or
failures in electromechanical power steering.
The warning light can take two different colors to indicate abnormal functions. If it lights yellow, it means a
minor warning. If the warning light comes on red, you have to go to a workshop immediately. At the same time,
an acoustic warning signal in the form of a triple gong sounds.
When the ignition is switched on, the warning light comes on red, because the electromechanical power steering
system performs a self-check cycle.
It is only when the signal coming from the power steering control unit, according to which the system works
correctly, that the warning light
turns off. This self-check cycle takes about two seconds. The warning light switches off immediately as soon as
the engine is started.
Particularity
Batteries discharged
If there is a short voltage drop below 9 volts, the warning light will turn yellow.
Diagnosis
The components of the electromechanical power steering system are susceptible to self-diagnosis.
The "software stop" and, with this, the damping of the control are activated when the steering wheel reaches an
angle of approx. 5 ° before the mechanical stop.
The servo-assist torque is reduced during this operation as a function of steering angle and torque.
Other vehicle manufacturers use other types of electromechanical steering systems, whose design is different
from the previous one.
In the figure below you can see the elements that form the electromechanical direction, missing the part of the
steering stem that moves the pinion which in turn drives the rack.
In the figure below you can see the electrical diagram showing the control unit or electronic module, which
controls the electric motor and receives information on the state of the direction through the sensors of the
position of the electric motor and optical torque sensor / steering wheel that measures the deviation in the
torsion bar between its top and bottom, this value compares the effort made by the driver to move the steering
wheel and the assistance provided by the electric motor. The exchange with this information plus the one that
receives through the multiplexed network (CANbus) and taking into account a characteristic field that has in
memory, generates a signal in the form of an electric current that is the one that governs the electric motor.
The torque and angle gauge of the flywheel, uses two solid discs joined by a torsion bar that is weakened in its
center, this is to allow a certain twist when the forces are different at their ends. Light rays pass through the
windows practiced on the discs, this serves first to know the angular position of the steering wheel, ie to know
how much has been turned the steering wheel. Secondly when the forces applied at the ends of the torsion bar
are different, the windows of the upper disk do not match those of the lower disk, this causes that the ray of
light does not arrive in its entirety and part of the light which the sender sends is not received by the receiver of
the optical pickup.
The manufacturer Opel (General Motors) uses this type of electromechanical steering.
GENERALITIES
MECHANICAL ASSISTANCE
Address
ST -6 ADDRESS
TROUBLESHOOTING SEPNC0500
loose steering
force of assistance)
of oil
or damaged
The steering wheel Excessive swing resistance of the ball joint Replace
One of the most typical is a hissing when turning the steering wheel with the vehicle stopped.
There is no relationship between this noise and the proper functioning of the steering.
GENERAL ST -7
loose coupling
worn coupling
ADJUSTMENT PROCEDURES
SERVICE SEPNC0600
1. Start the engine with the steering wheel in the straight position.
Standard value
3. IF the set exceeds the standard value, inspect the steering shaft connection and the steering rod set.
1. Place the front wheel over a turning radius indicator and measure the angle of rotation.
Inner wheel: 39 53 ± 1 30
Outer wheel: 32 10
CHECKING THE INITIAL TORQUE OF THE END OF THE COUPLING ROD END SEPNC0700
1. Disconnect the coupling rod and the sleeve carrier using the special tool.
2. Shake the stud bolt several times, fit the nut on the stud bolt and adjust the initial torque of the ball joint.
3. If the initial torque exceeds the standard value, replace the end of the coupling rod.
4. Even if the initial torque is below the standard value, check the play and the mounting of the ball joint.
2. If the measured value is not within the standard value, adjust the angle and re-inspect.
GENERAL ST-9
1. Place the vehicle on a flat surface with the steering wheel in a straight position.
2. Start the engine and maintain its speed at 1000 ± 100 rpm.
NOTE
After this check, readjust the engine speed to the standard value (idle speed).
3. Measure the turning force with a dynamometer by turning the handwheel one and a half turns clockwise and
vice versa.
Standard value
Check the return of the steering wheel and confirm the following points:
1. The force necessary to turn the steering wheel and the return of the steering wheel must be equal, in the right
side and the left in both open curves and closed curves.
NOTE
If the steering wheel is turned very quickly, the operation may be momentarily hard. This is not a defect since
the force of the oil pump will have diminished in some way.
Central position
4. Check that there is no sudden force change during the steering wheel operation.
5. If the stationary steering effort exceeds the standard value check and adjust the following points.
2) Preload the pinion of the steering rack and initial torque of the end of the coupling rod end.
ST -10 ADDRESS
Press the V-belt at the specified point by applying a pressure of 98N (10 kg, 22 lb) and measure the
deflection to check that it is within the standard value.
Standard Value
3. If it has not been sufficiently purged, it will cause a rattle on the pump and noise in the flow regulating
valve, reducing the durability of the pump.
1. Lift the front wheels of the vehicle and hold them using a rigid support (easel).
2. Disconnect the oil hose return hose and cover the oil tank.
3. Connect a clear hose to the disconnected return hose and empty the oil into a container.
4. Disconnect the power cables from the bobbins.
By intermittently operating the starter, empty the liquid by turning the steering wheel several times to
the right and left.
5. Connect the return hose and secure with a clamp.
6. Fill the power steering reservoir with the specified fluid.
SKPNB100B
NOTE
1. During the air purge, fill the fluid reservoir so that the level does not fall below the bottom of the
filter.
2. If the air is purged when the vehicle is idling, the air decomposes and is absorbed in the liquid. Make
sure to purge only in the boot process.
2. Connect the coil cable and then start the engine (idle).
3. Turn the steering wheel to the left and then to the right until there is no air bubbles in the oil
reservoir.
4. Confirm that the liquid is not milky, and that the level is between the "MAX" and "MIN" marks on the
tank.
5. Check that there is little change in fluid level by turning the steering wheel left and right.
NOTE
1. If the liquid level varies by 5mm (0.2 in) or more, purge the system again.
3. If it has not been sufficiently purged, it will cause a rattle on the pump and noise in the flow regulating
valve, reducing the durability of the pump.
ST -12 ADDRESS
OIL SEPNC1300
1. Disconnect the pressure hose from the oil pump, and connect the special tool.
2. Bleed the air and start the engine. Turn the steering wheel several times so that the liquid reaches a
temperature of approximately 50 C (122 F).
4. Close the bypass valve and measure the liquid pressure to confirm that it is within the standard value.
CAUTION
oil pump
Indicator Adapter
Of temperature
Purpose
Meter Adapter
SEPNC130A
5. Remove the special tools and tighten the pressure hose to the specified torque.
Torque
Sistema de Dirección
Se suprimen los componentes hidráulicos, como la bomba de aceite para servoasistencia, entubados
flexibles, depósitos de aceite y filtros
Se elimina el líquido hidráulico
Reducción del espacio requerido, los componentes de servoasistencia van instalados y actúan
directamente en la caja de la dirección.
Menor sonoridad
Reducción del consumo energético. A diferencia de la dirección hidráulica, que requiere un caudal
volumétrico permanente, la dirección asistida electromecánica solamente consume energía cuando
realmente se mueve la dirección. Con esta absorción de potencia en función de las necesidades se
reduce también el consumo de combustible (aprox. 0,2 L cada 100 km)
Se elimina el complejo entubado flexible y cableado.
El conductor obtiene una sensación óptima al volante en cualquier situación, a través de una buena
estabilidad rectilínea, una respuesta directa, pero suave al movimiento del volante y sin reacciones
desagradables sobre pavimento irregular.
Como se puede ver, este sistema de dirección se simplifica y es mucho mas sencillo que los utilizados hasta
ahora.
Estar limitado en su aplicación a todos los vehículos (limitación que no tiene el sistema de dirección hidráulica) ya
que dependiendo del peso del vehículo y del tamaño de las ruedas, este sistema no es valido. A mayor peso del
vehículo normalmente mas grandes son las ruedas tanto en altura como en anchura, por lo que mayor es el
esfuerzo que tiene que desarrollar el sistema de dirección, teniendo en cuenta que en las direcciones eléctricas
todo la fuerza de asistencia la genera un motor eléctrico, cuanto mayor sea la asistencia a generar por la
dirección, mayor tendrá que ser el tamaño del motor, por lo que mayor será la intensidad eléctrica consumida por
el mismo.
Un excesivo consumo eléctrico por parte del motor eléctrico del sistema de dirección, no es factible, ya que la
capacidad eléctrica del sistema de carga del vehículo esta limitada. Este inconveniente es el que impide que este
sistema de dirección se pueda aplicar a todos los vehículos, ya que por lo demás todo son ventajas.
Estructura y componentes
1. Si el conductor reduce el par de dirección al circular en una curva, la barra de torsión se relaja
correspondientemente.
2. En combinación con el descenso del par de dirección, teniendo en cuenta el ángulo de dirección y la
velocidad con que se acciona el volante, el sistema calcula una velocidad
teórica para el retrogiro y la compara con la velocidad de mando de la dirección. De ahí se calcula el par
de retrogiro.
3. La geometría del eje hace que se produzcan fuerzas de retrogiro en las ruedas viradas. Las fricciones en
el sistema de la dirección y del eje suelen hacer que las fuerzas de
retrogiro sean demasiado bajas como para poder devolver las ruedas a su posición de marcha recta.
4. Previo análisis del par de dirección, la velocidad de marcha del vehículo, el régimen del motor de
combustión, el ángulo de dirección y la velocidad con que se gira el volante, así como en función de las
curvas características implementadas en la unidad de control, ésta calcula el par que debe aportar el
motor eléctrico para el retrogiro de la dirección.
5. El motor es excitado correspondientemente y las ruedas vuelven a la posición de marcha recta.
La corrección de marcha recta es una función que se deriva del retrogiro activo. Aquí se genera un par de
servoasistencia para que el vehículo vuelva a la marcha rectilínea exenta de momentos de fuerza. El sistema
distingue entre un algoritmo de corto y uno de largo plazo.
El algoritmo de largo plazo está dedicado a compensar las discrepancias a largo plazo que surgen con
respecto a la marcha rectilínea, por ejemplo debido al cambio de neumáticos de verano por neumáticos
de invierno (usados).
El algoritmo de corto plazo corrige discrepancias de duración breve. Con ello se respalda al conductor,
evitando que por ejemplo tenga que «contravolantear» continuamente al circular habiendo viento lateral
constante.
1. Una fuerza lateral constante, por ejemplo la del viento lateral, actúa sobre el vehículo.
2. El conductor tuerce un poco el volante, para mantener el vehículo en marcha recta.
3. Analizando el par de dirección, la velocidad de marcha del vehículo, el régimen del motor de combustión,
el ángulo de dirección, la velocidad de mando de la dirección y actuando en función de las curvas
características implementadas en la unidad de control, ésta calcula el par que debe aportar el motor
eléctrico para la corrección de la marcha recta.
4. El motor eléctrico de la dirección es excitado correspondientemente. El vehículo adopta la trayectoria de
marcha recta. El conductor ya no tiene que dar «contravolante».
El disco de codificación consta de dos anillos, el anillo exterior de valores absolutos y el anillo interior de
valores incrementales.
El anillo de incrementos esta dividido en 5 segmentos de 72º cada uno y es explorado por una pareja de barreras
luminosas. El anillo tiene almenas en el segmento. El orden de sucesión de las almenas es invariable dentro de
un mismo segmento, pero difiere de un segmento a otro. De ahí resulta la codificación de los segmentos.
El anillo de absolutos viene a determinar el ángulo. Es explorado por 6 parejas de barreras luminosas.
El sensor de ángulo de dirección puede detectar 1044º de ángulo (casi 3 vueltas de volante). Se dedica a sumar
los grados angulares. De esa forma, al sobrepasar la marca de los 360º reconoce que se ha ejecutado una vuelta
completa del volante.
La configuración especifica de la caja de la dirección permite dar 2,76 vueltas al volante de la dirección.
De esa misma forma se genera una secuencia de señales de tensión en cada pareja de barreras luminosas
aplicadas al anillo de valores absolutos.
Todas las secuencias de señales de tensión se procesan en la unidad de control para electrónica de la columna
de dirección.
Previa comparación de las señales, el sistema puede calcular a qué grados han sido movidos los anillos. Durante
esa operación determina también el punto de inicio del movimiento en el anillo de valores absolutos.
El sensor del par de giro acopla la columna y la caja de dirección a través de una barra de torsión. El elemento de
conexión hacia la columna posee una rueda polar magnética, en
la que se alternan 24 zonas de diferente polaridad magnética.
Para el análisis de los pares de fuerza se emplean dos polos respectivamente.
La contrapieza es un elemento sensor magnetorresistivo, que va fijado a la pieza de conexión hacia la caja de la
dirección.
Al ser movido el volante se decalan ambas piezas de conexión entre sí en función del par que interviene.
En virtud de que con ello también se decala la rueda polar magnética con respecto al elemento sensor, resulta
posible medir el par aplicado a la dirección de esa forma y se lo puede transmitir a la unidad de control en forma
de señal.
Aplicaciones de la señal
El sensor de régimen del rotor trabaja según el principio magnetorresistivo y su diseño es igual que el del sensor
del par de dirección.
Detecta el régimen de revoluciones del rotor que tiene el motor eléctrico para la dirección asistida
electromecánica; este dato se necesita para poder excitar el motor con la debida precisión.
Aplicaciones de la señal
La señal del sensor de régimen del motor es utilizada por la unidad de control del motor para detectar el número
de vueltas del motor y la posición exacta del cigüeñal.
Motor eléctrico
El motor eléctrico es una versión de motor asíncrono sin escobillas. Desarrolla un par máximo de 4,1 Nm para
servoasistencia a la dirección.
Los motores asíncronos no poseen campo magnético permanente ni excitación eléctrica. La característica que les
da el nombre reside en una diferencia entre la frecuencia de la tensión aplicada y la frecuencia de giro del motor.
Estas dos frecuencias no son iguales, en virtud de lo cual se trata de un fenómeno de asincronía.
Los motores asíncronos son de construcción sencilla (sin escobillas), lo cual los hace muy fiables en su
funcionamiento. Tienen una respuesta muy breve, con lo cual resultan adecuados para movimientos muy rápidos
de la dirección.
El motor eléctrico va integrado en una carcasa de aluminio. A través de un engranaje de sin fin y un piñón de
La unidad de control calcula las necesidades momentáneas de servoasistencia para la dirección. Calcula la
intensidad de corriente excitadora y excita correspondientemente el
motor eléctrico.
La unidad de control tiene integrado un sensor térmico para detectar la temperatura del sistema de dirección. Si la
temperatura asciende por encima de los 100 °C se reduce de forma continua la servoasistencia para la dirección.
Si la servoasistencia a la dirección cae por debajo de un valor de 60%, el testigo luminoso para dirección asistida
se enciende en amarillo y se inscribe una avería en la memoria.
Como ejemplos se han seleccionado aquí respectivamente una familia de características para un vehículo
pesado y una para uno ligero de entre las 8 familias de características implementadas para el Golf
2004. Una familia de características contiene cinco diferentes curvas asignadas a diferentes velocidades del
vehículo (p. ej. 0 km/h, 15 km/h, 50 km/h, 100 km/h y 250 km/h). Una curva de la familia de característica expresa
el par de dirección a que el motor eléctrico aporta mas o menos servoasistencia para hacer mas fácil y preciso el
manejo de la dirección teniendo en cuenta variables como por ejemplo: el peso del vehículo.
Baterías descargadas
El sistema detecta tensiones bajas y reacciona ante éstas. Si la tensión de la batería desciende por debajo de los
9 voltios se reduce la servoasistencia para la dirección hasta llegar a su desactivación y se enciende el testigo
luminoso en rojo.
Si surgen caídas breves de tensión por debajo de 9 voltios el testigo luce en amarillo.
Diagnosis
Los componentes del sistema de la dirección asistida electromecánica son susceptibles de autodiagnosis.
El captador de par y ángulo del volante, utiliza dos discos solidarios unidos por una barra de torsión que esta
debilitada en su centro, esto es para que permita un cierto retorcimiento cuando las fuerzas son distintas en sus
extremos. Unos rayos de luz atraviesan las ventanas practicadas en los discos, esto sirve en primer lugar para
conocer la posición angular del volante, es decir para saber cuanto se ha girado el volante. En segundo lugar
cuando las fuerzas que se aplican en los extremos de la barra de torsión son distintas, las ventanas del disco
superior no coinciden con las del disco inferior, esto provoca que el rayo de luz no llegue en su totalidad y parte
de la luz que envía el emisor no es recibida por el receptor del captador óptico.
Direccion
de dirección
Tornillos de fijación de la cremallera de
Reapretar
dirección flojos
de dirección (insuficiente
Correa trapezoidal dañada Sustituir
fuerza de asistencia)
de aceite
o dañadas
correctamente
Tapón de la horquilla apretado excesivamente Ajustar
y el travesaño
de la carrocería desgastados
la bomba de aceite
Uno de los más típicos es un siseo al girar el volante con el vehículo parado.
acoplamiento aflojada
acoplamiento desgastada
de aceite
Aire en el líquido Purga de aire
Rueda interior : 39 53 ± 1 30
COMPROBACIÓN DEL JUEGO LIBRE DEL
VOLANTE DE DIRECCIÓN
Rueda exterior : 32 10
1. Poner en marcha el motor con el volante en la posi-
ción recta.
Valor estándar
SEPA9002A
0-30mm
SKPKA001A
SEPA9003A
SKPNB070A
1. Poner el vehículo en una superficie plana con el Comprobar el retorno del volante y confirmar los puntos
volante en posición recta. siguientes:
Posición central
20˚ 20˚
SKPKA003A
SEPJB080A
COMPROBACIÓN DE LA TENSIÓN DE LA
CORREA DE LA DIRECCIÓN ASISTIDA
SEPNC0900
10kg de la servo
SEPKB085A
PRECAUCIÓN NOTA
Tras girar la correa trapezoidal en su dirección de 1. Si el nivel del líquido varía 5 mm (0,2 pulg.) o
rotación normal más de una vez, volver a compro- más, purgar el sistema.
bar la deflexión de la correa 2. Si al detener el motor el nivel del líquido au-
menta repentinamente, es necesario realizar
otra purga.
COMPROBACIÓN DEL NIVEL DEL 3. Si no se ha purgado suficientemente se pro-
LÍQUIDO DE LA DIRECCIÓN ducirá un traqueteo en la bomba y ruido en la
válvula de regulación de flujo, reduciendo la
ASISTIDA SEPNC1000 durabilidad de la bomba.
SKPNB090B SKPNB100A
SKPNB120A
DE ACEITE SEPNC1300
PRECAUCIÓN
(09572-21000)
Completamente cerrado
Presión de dascarga
de bomba de aceite
Indicador
Adaptador
de temperatura
09572-22100)
Dspósito
Adaptador de medidor
(09572-22100)
SEPNC130A
Par de apriete