Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics

Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics

Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics - Lecture 1
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
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Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
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Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
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Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
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Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
 The Structure of the Course, Scores and Grades
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics


Probabilities and Statistics
First seven
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
weeks are Probabilities
dedicated andto
Probabilities and Statistics
the Theory
Statistics of Probability
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
(7 lectures and 6 seminars), while the last six concern the Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Statistics
Probabilities (6 lectures
and Statistics and 7and
Probabilities laboratories).
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Probabilities and Statistics

We will
Probabilities have 6 seminars,
and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities7and
laboratories
Statistics and
Probabilities and Statistics
13 lectures.
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From
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Probabilities and Statistics
will get Probabilities
two intermmediate
and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
scores T1 and T2 as follows: Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
 The Structure of the Course, Scores and Grades
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics

Probabilities and Statistics
T 1 comes
Probabilities
from
and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
six small tests one on
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
each seminar (10-15
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
minutes). Those Probabilities
who failandto Statistics
receive Probabilities
at leastand 30Statistics
(from
Probabilities and Statistics
a maximum of Probabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
 =
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6 10 and60) Probabilities and Statistics
points Probabilities
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cannotand pass the
Statistics
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Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
T2 comes
Probabilities partially from
and Statistics the and
Probabilities presence
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activity and in Statistics
class
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
(20 points) and
Probabilities and Statistics
partially from homeworks
Probabilities and Statistics
(40 points) whose
Probabilities and Statistics
end-terms
Probabilities are in the
and Statistics last week
Probabilities of the semester.
and Statistics This
Probabilities grade
and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
also must be at least
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
30 (from a maximum
Probabilities and Statistics
of 20 40+ =
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
60) points. and Statistics
Those who Probabilities
fail and
to Statistics
receive 30Probabilities
points cannotand Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
pass the course (TProbabilities
Probabilities and Statistics 2 >
Probabilities and Statistics
30). and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
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Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
 The Structure of the Course, Scores and Grades
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
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Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics


Probabilities and Statistics
The final
Probabilities and score
Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
=
Probabilities
1 +
T andTStatistics T2 :
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics

Probabilities and Statistics
This score
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
will be graded on and
Probabilities the Probabilities and Statistics
normal (Gauss)
Statistics Probabilitiescurve in
and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
order to get the true grade. Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
 Intermediate
Probabilities and Statistics scores – Tand
Probabilities ; and T2 – Probabilities
1 Statistics must be andat least
Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
30, otherwise theProbabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
courseand will not be considered
Statistics
passed.
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and
Those who get T1 and/or T2 30 points must retake
Probabilities and Statistics
<
Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
all theand
Probabilities tests and/orProbabilities
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Statistics inStatistics
Probabilities and the
Probabilities
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session. Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
 Table of contents
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
1Probabilities
Random and experience
Statistics Probabilities
and random and Statistics
events. Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Random
Probabilities experience
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Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
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Random
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Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
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Probability
Probabilities of elementary
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Probabilities events Probabilities and Statistics
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Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
3 Exercises
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Random
Probabilities andEvents
Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probability Function Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
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Probabilities and Statistics
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Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
 Random experience
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
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 Intuitively,
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the possible outcomes
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Axiom 3. If
Probabilities and Statistics 1 ; ;:::;
Probabilities and Statistics
events A A A ;:::
2 and Statistics
Probabilities k
Probabilities and Statistics
are mutually ex-
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
clusive,and Statistics
then Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
!
Probabilities and Statistics 1
Probabilities
[ 1
and Statistics
X Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics P
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
A =
Probabilities kand Statistics
( ):
and Statistics
P Ak Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics =1
kProbabilities =1
andkStatistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
 Axioms of probability function
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics

Probabilities
Axiom and Statistics
1 says thatProbabilities and Statisticsasociated
the probability Probabilities
withanda Statistics
random
Probabilities and Statistics
event
Probabilities andis a real number
Statistics from
Probabilities [; ]
Probabilities and Statistics
and 0 1.
Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Axiom
Probabilities 2 says that
and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
any outcome
Probabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
of the experience
and Statistics Probabilities and belongs,
Statistics
Probabilities
with probability
Probabilities and Statistics

and Statistics 1, toProbabilities and Statistics

. Moreover,
Probabilities and Statistics
it says Probabilities
that theand Statistics
impos-
Probabilities and Statistics
sible event
Probabilities doesn’t occur.
and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics

Probabilities and Statistics
Axiom 3 says that
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
for a mutually Probabilities and Statistics
incompatible
Probabilities and Statistics
sequence of
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
random and Statistics
events, the Probabilities
probability and Statistics
of its union Probabilities
is the andsum Statistics
of the
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
probabilities
Probabilities and Statistics of these events.
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
If the sequence
Probabilities and Statistics
is Probabilities and Statistics
infinite, Axiom
Probabilities and Statistics
3 Probabilities and Statistics
guarantees the conver-
Probabilities and Statistics
gence ofandthe
Probabilities corresponding
Statistics series
Probabilities from the right
and Statistics member.
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
 Properties of the probability function
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Proposition 1
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
;
LetProbabilities ;:::;
A1 A2 and StatisticsAm be a finite sequence
Probabilities of mutually
and Statistics exclusive
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
random events, then Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics !and Statistics
Probabilities Probabilities and Statistics
[m Xm
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics P Probabilities =
Ak and Statistics ( ):
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
P Ak Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics k =1Probabilities and
k =1Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics

=? 8 > +
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
proof: Consider
Probabilities and Statistics in Axiom 3, Aand
Probabilities , k Probabilities
k Statistics m 1. and Statistics 
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
Proposition and Statistics
2 Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Let A and
Probabilities B be two random
and Statistics events,
Probabilities and Statisticsthen Probabilities and Statistics

( )= ( \ )+ ( n )
Probabilities and Statistics
(i) P Aand Statistics
Probabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
P A B Probabilities
P A andBStatistics
;
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
( [ )= ( ) ( \ )+ ( )
Probabilities and Statistics
(ii) P Aand Statistics
Probabilities B
Probabilities and Statistics
P A Probabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
P A andBStatisticsP B ;Probabilities and Statistics
(iii) ( )=
P A ( )
Probabilities and Statistics
; Probabilities
1 P A Probabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
and Statistics
and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
(iv) if A implies B (A  B ), then P (A) 6 P (B ) .
 Properties of the probability function
Probabilities and Statistics
proof: (i): andinStatistics
Probabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
Proposition 1 we and
Probabilities can =
take m Probabilities
Statistics = \
Probabilities and Statistics
;
2 A1 and Statistics
A
; = n
Probabilities
B A2 and :
A Statistics
B . (ii): we Probabilities
use (i)andand Statistics
PropositionProbabilities and Statistics
1. (iii): we can
use
Probabilities and Statistics
Proposition 1
Probabilities and Statistics and Axiom 2: = (
) = ( )+ ( )
Probabilities and Statistics
1 P
Probabilities and Statistics P
Probabilities and Statistics
A P A . (iv):
Probabilities and Statistics
useProbabilities
(i) and and AxiomStatistics ( ) = ( \ )+ ( n ) =
1 and Probabilities
get P Band Statistics P B AProbabilitiesP B andA Statistics
P A( )+ ( n )> ( )
Probabilities and Statistics
P Band Statistics
Probabilities A
Probabilities and Statistics
P A Probabilities
. and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics

Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Proposition 3
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
(Inclusion-exclusion
Probabilities and Statistics principle) ;
1 A2 ;:::;
ProbabilitiesIfandAStatistics A m are random
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
events, then and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities !
and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
[ and Statistics
m Xm
Probabilities X
P
Probabilities
Probabilities =
AStatistics
and k ( )
PProbabilities
Ak (
and Statistics
\
and Statistics P AProbabilities
k1 ) +


+
Probabilities and Statistics
Ak2 and Statistics
k =1 and Statistics
Probabilities k =1 6
Probabilities
1 k1and 6
<k2Statistics
m Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
X
+( ) p +1and Statistics
Probabilities
1 and Statistics
Probabilities P and
Probabilities \
AStatistics
k1 \ ::: \
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities
Ak2 Probabilities +


+

and Statistics
Akp and Statistics
Probabilities and6
1 Statistics 6
k1 <k2 <:::<kp Probabilities
m and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
+( ) 1 m +1
( \
P A1 A2 \ ::: \ Am ):
 Properties of the probability function
Probabilities and Statistics
dem.: We use
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
induction Probabilities
on m: for and m = Probabilities and Statistics
Statistics2 we have property
Probabilities 2,
and Statistics
Probabilities
(ii). Suppose and Statistics
now thatProbabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
the above and Statistics
relation holds
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
for any (
and Statistics
m 1 )
Probabilities and Statistics
random events.
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities!and Statistics !
Probabilities" and Statistics ! #
Probabilities and Statistics
[
m m[1 m[1
Probabilities
=
and Statistics
P Probabilities
Ak and Statistics
P
Probabilities and Statistics
AkProbabilities
P and Statistics
Ak \ + ( )=
Probabilities and Statistics
AProbabilities
m P and
Am Statistics
k =1 and Statistics k =1Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities k =1 Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
(1)
Probabilities and Statistics !Probabilities
" and Statistics #Probabilities and Statistics
m[1 m[1
=
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities andPStatistics Ak Probabilities ( \
Probabilities and Statistics
P and Statistics ) + ( ):
Ak Am Probabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
P Amand Statistics
k =
Probabilities and Statistics
1 k =
Probabilities and Statistics
1 Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
WeProbabilities
use the and inductive
Statistics
hypothesis for the first
Probabilities and Statistics
two terms:
Probabilities and Statistics
!
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
m[1 X1
m XStatistics
P
Probabilities
Probabilities =
and Statistics
( ) Probabilities and
AkStatistics P Probabilities
and Ak and Statistics ( \
P Probabilities
Ak1 Aand ) +


+
Probabilities and Statistics
k2 Statistics
k =1
Probabilities k =1
and Statistics 6
1 k1 <
Probabilities and 6
k2Statistics
m 1 Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
X
(2)
+( ) +


+

and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities
p +1
1 and Statistics
Probabilities ProbabilitiesPandA \
Statistics
k1 \ ::: \
Ak2 ProbabilitiesAkandp Statistics
6
1 k1 <k1 <:::<kp m 16
 Properties of the probability function
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
+( ) ( \
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics \ ::: \
mProbabilities and Statistics
1 P Probabilities );
Probabilities and Statistics
A1 A2 and StatisticsAm 1 Probabilities and Statistics
"
Probabilities and Statistics # and Statistics
Probabilities Probabilities and Statistics
m[1 mXStatistics
1
P
Probabilities and Statistics ( \
Probabilities and Statistics
) =
Probabilities and
AkProbabilities
Am and Statistics ( \ )
Probabilities and Statistics
P Ak Probabilities
Am and Statistics(3)
k =1
Probabilities and Statistics k =1Statistics
Probabilities and Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics X Probabilities and Statistics
= ( ) +


+
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics P Ak1 and \
Probabilities \
AkStatistics
2 Am Probabilities and Statistics
6 6
1 k1 <k2 m
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities
1 and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
X
+( ) p +and
Probabilities
1 1 Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
P A k \
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and
A k\ ::: \
1 Statistics
2 Akp Aand
Probabilities
\

+


+
Probabilities and Statistics
m Statistics
6
Probabilities and1 Statistics 6
k1 <k1 <:::<kpProbabilities
m 1 and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics

+( )
Probabilities and Statistics
1
Probabilities and Statistics
m +1
( \ Probabilities and Statistics
PProbabilities
A1 Aand \ ::: \
2 Statistics Am 1 \ ):
Probabilities and Statistics
Am and Statistics
Probabilities
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
Combining and Statistics
(1), (2) andProbabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
(3) we and getStatistics
the desired
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
relation. 
and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
 Probability of elementary random events
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics

(!)
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
 Let P
Probabilities be the probability
and Statistics Probabilities andofStatistics
the elementary random
Probabilities event
and Statistics
f!g 8 ! 2

Probabilities and Statistics

,
Probabilities and Statistics
. From Probabilities and Statistics
Axiom 3, for every
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
random event A, we
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
have and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
X
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics ( )=
Probabilities and Statistics
P A P (!):
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
(4)
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and ! 2
Statistics
A Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
If Aandcontains
Probabilities Statistics a finite
Probabilities and Statistics
number
Probabilities of elements,
and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
then and
Probabilities the above
Statistics
Probabilities
sum is and Statistics
finite; Probabilitiesaand
if A contains Statistics
countable Probabilities
infinite and Statistics
number of
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
elements,
Probabilities then the sum
and Statistics is an infinite
Probabilities and Statisticsseries.Probabilities and Statistics

Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
The sum is zero if A Probabilitiesis the impossible
and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
event.Probabilities and Statistics

Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
We get an equivalent definition if we replace Axiom
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
3 with
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and
Axiom 3’. For every random event A, Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics X
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics P (A) =
Probabilities P (! ): Probabilities and Statistics
and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics !2A
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
 Equiprobable elementary random events
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics

Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics

 In many
Probabilities situationsProbabilities
and Statistics consists of elementary
and Statistics random
Probabilities events
and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
having the same probability:
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics

= f! ; ! ; : : : ; ! g; (! ) = ; 8 6 6
Probabilities and Statistics 1 Probabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
2 nand PStatistics
i
Probabilities and Statistics
p Probabilities
1 i and ;
n Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
then and Statistics
Probabilities Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and StatisticsX n
Probabilities (
) = =
Pand Statistics
1 (! ) =
Probabilities and Statistics
P i and
Probabilities ;
npStatistics (! ) = = ; 8 :
Probabilities1and Statistics
i. e., P Probabilities
i p and Statistics
i
Probabilities and Statisticsi =1 Probabilities and Statistics Probabilitiesnand Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
Let us and Statistics in this
consider, Probabilities
case, andrandom
a Statistics eventProbabilities
A, with and Statistics

j j= = f!
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
A
Probabilities , AStatistics i1 i2Probabilitiesik and, Statistics
kand ;! ;:::;! g then Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics

(! ) = = jj
jj :
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
X k
Probabilities and Statistics
P
Probabilities and Statistics
( )=
AProbabilities and Statistics k
P ij Statistics
Probabilities and n
A
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics j =1 and Statistics
Probabilities Probabilities and Statistics
 Equiprobable elementary random events
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
We just proved
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Proposition
Probabilities 4
and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
If the elementary random
Probabilities and Statistics
events are equiprobable,
Probabilities and Statistics
then the
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities of
probability and a
Statistics Probabilities
random event andthe
A is Statistics Probabilities
ratio between theandnum-
Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
berProbabilities
of elements Probabilities and Statistics
from A and
and Statistics
the number of elements
Probabilities and Statistics
from .

Probabilities and Statistics

Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
In this and Statistics the Probabilities
situation probability and Statistics
of a random Probabilities
eventandisStatistics
the
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
number of "favorable"
Probabilities and Statistics
cases over the total number
Probabilities and Statistics
of cases.
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statisticsprobabilities
Computing Probabilitiesbecomes
and Statisticsa counting
Probabilities and Statistics
problem.

Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Situations
Probabilities in which
and Statistics we can and
Probabilities apply the above
Statistics theoretical
Probabilities result
and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
must be carefuly
Probabilities and Statistics
distinguished as
Probabilities and Statistics
the elementary random
Probabilities and Statistics
events and
Probabilities areStatistics
not always equiprobable.
Probabilities and Statistics As aProbabilities
witness and weStatistics
can
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
use the simmetry
Probabilities and Statistics
priciple: similar events
Probabilities and Statistics
must have equal
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
probabilities. Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
 Equiprobable elementary random events
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Example.
ProbabilitiesWhen we withdraw
and Statistics a ball
Probabilities and from a box, Probabilities
Statistics any ball and hasStatistics
the
Probabilities
same and Statistics
probility to be chosen. Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities
If the box contains Probabilities and Statistics
balls of different
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics and Statistics
colors: two
Probabilities white andProbabilities
and Statistics three black, a black Probabilities
and Statistics ball has and a different
Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
probability of occurrence
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
than a white ball. Probabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
| Probabilities and Statistics
and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Example.
Probabilities andIf we toss a Probabilities
Statistics fair die, and theStatistics
probability of occurrence
Probabilities of a
and Statistics
Probabilities
number and Statistics
is always
Probabilities and Statistics
the sameProbabilities
for all the and Statistics
numbers from
Probabilities and Statistics
f ; ;:::; g
Probabilities
1 2 and Statistics
6 .
Probabilities and Statistics
ButProbabilities
if threeand faces of the die
Statistics have and
Probabilities number
Statistics 1, and the remaining
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
have 2, 3,andand Statistics Probabilities
4 respectively, and Statistics
then the elementary Probabilities and Statistics
outcomes have
Probabilities and Statistics
different and
Probabilities probabilities.
Statistics | Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
 Seminar’s Exercises
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Random Events:Probabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
I.1., I.3., I.4. (a, c), I.6.
and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
(a, b, c) , I.7
Probabilities and Statistics
(b,c) and Statistics
Probabilities Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics


Probabilities and Statistics
Probability
Probabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
function:
and Statistics II.2, II.7.,
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
II.8., II.13., II.18.,andII.19.,
Probabilities Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
II.20., II.22. (b, c) Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics

Probabilities
Reserve:and Statistics Probabilities
II.24., II.27.,
Probabilities and Statistics
and Statistics
II.30.
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
End Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
 Exercises - Random Events
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
I.1. Three
Probabilities and players,
Statistics 1, 2, and 3 flip
Probabilities and (in this order)
Statistics a coin.andThe
Probabilities win-
Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
ner is the player which gets the tail first. The set of elementary Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
random events
Probabilities is (0 for head
and Statistics and 1andfor
Probabilities tail)
Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics

=f
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics ; ; Probabilities and Statistics
01 001 0001;
1 Probabilities ;:::;


g
Probabilities and Statistics
and Statistics 0000Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
a) Determineand Statistics Probabilities
the following and Statistics
random events: A i =
Probabilities and Statistics
"player i wins
the game, i =
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics 1; 3".
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
b) Determine the following
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
random events Probabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
[
A1Probabilities
A3and [
and Statistics
, AStatistics
1 A2 ,
[
Probabilities [
A1 A2and Statistics 1 [
A3 , and AProbabilities
A 2[ and
A 3Statistics
. Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
c)Probabilities
Show that A [
and Statistics
1 A 
Probabilities and Statistics
A . True
3 Probabilities
2 and or [
false: A1Probabilities
Statistics A3 and =
Probabilities and Statistics
A2Statistics
?
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
A limo and
I.2.Probabilities which deserves
Statistics an airport
Probabilities has a capacity
and Statistics of 6andplaces
Probabilities Statistics
Probabilities
and transportsand Statistics
passangers Probabilities
fromandthe Statistics
three hotelsProbabilities
of theandairport.
Statistics
 Exercises - Random Events
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
a) Describe
Probabilities the sample
and Statistics space and
Probabilities if we are interested
Statistics in the
Probabilities number
and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
of passangers fromProbabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
each of and theStatistics
hotels. Probabilities and Statistics
b)Probabilities
Describe andthe
Statistics Probabilities
sample space if weand are
Statistics Probabilities
interested only inandthe Statistics
in
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
the number
Probabilities of passangers
and Statistics which
Probabilities get to the airport.
and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics

=
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Two dice
I.3.Probabilities and are tossed (one
Statistics red and
Probabilities andStatistics
one black). Let Aand Statistics
Probabilities "the
sumProbabilities =
Probabilities and Statistics
is odd”,andBStatistics Probabilities and Statistics
"at least =
Probabilities and Statistics
one die is 1, and C Probabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
”the sum is 5”.
and Statistics
Describeand
Probabilities theStatistics
following Probabilities
random events using elementary
and Statistics outcomes
Probabilities and Statistics
\
A Probabilities
B , A and[ \
C ,Statistics \
A Probabilities
B C ,Probabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
C , and \and Statistics
A Statistics \ \
Probabilities and Statistics
B , and AProbabilities
B Cand
. Statistics
I.4.Probabilities
Let A and and Statistics
B be two randomProbabilities and Statistics
events associatedProbabilities and Statistics
with a random
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
experience. Show
Probabilities and that Probabilities and Statistics
Statistics Probabilities and Statistics

[ = \
a)Probabilities
A B andA \ = [
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
B , A Probabilities
Statistics B A and BStatistics
;
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
[ = \
b)Probabilities
A B andA \ = \( [ )
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
B , A Probabilities
Statistics B B andA B ;
Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
c) A \ B = B \ (A \ B ), A \ B = B n (A \ B ).
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
 Exercises - Random Events
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
I.5. Let A
Probabilities andand B be two
Statistics randomandevents
Probabilities Statisticsassociated withanda Statistics
Probabilities random
Probabilities and
experience. Statisticsas much
Reduce Probabilities and Statistics
as possible Probabilities
the following and Statistics
expressions
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
( [ )\( [ )
a)Probabilities
A B and StatisticsA B ; Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
( [ )\( [ )\( [ )
b)Probabilities
A B and StatisticsA B Probabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
A B .and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
I.6.Probabilities
Let A, and B ,Statistics
and C be Probabilities
three random and Statistics Probabilities and
events associated Statistics
with a
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
random experience.
Probabilities and Statistics Determine (asandexpression
Probabilities Statistics inProbabilities
A, B , and andStatistics
C)
Probabilities
the following and Statistics
random events Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
a)Probabilities
only A and occurs among
Statistics
the three events;
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
b) A and C occur but not B ; Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
c) at least and Statistics
two of theProbabilities
three eventsand Statistics
occur; Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
d) exactly and Statistics
one of theProbabilities
three events and Statistics
occurs; Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
e) at most
Probabilities three of them
and Statistics occur.
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
 Exercises - Random Events
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
I.7.Probabilities
Let A and and Statistics
B randomProbabilities
events. and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
a)Probabilities
Show that A = ( \ )[( \ )
and Statistics = ( \ )[( \ )
A BProbabilities
A B and Statistics
and B Probabilities
A B and
A Statistics
B ;
\ =( \ )[( \ )[( \ )
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
b)Probabilities
Show that A B
and Statistics A B andA
Probabilities B
Statistics AProbabilities
B . and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
c)Probabilities
Consider and rolling
Statistics a six-sided
Probabilitiesdie. Let A beProbabilities
and Statistics the set and of Statistics
out-
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
comes where the roll is an odd number. Let B be the set Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
of outcomes
Probabilities and StatisticswhereProbabilities
the rolland is Statistics
less than 4.Probabilities
Calculate the sets
and Statistics
Probabilities
on bothandsides Statistics Probabilities in
of the equality and part
Statistics
b), andProbabilities
verify that and Statistics
the
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
equalityandholds.
Probabilities Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
 Exercises - Probability Function
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
II.1. Weand Statistics a random
consider Probabilities
= f! ; ! ; : : : ; ! g
and Statisticswith Probabilities and Statistics .
experience 1 2 6
We knowandthat
Probabilities (f! ; ! ; ! g) = =
Probabilities and Statistics
P
Statistics 1 Probabilities
2 1 2, P
3 and Statistics (f! ; ! ; ! ; ! ; ! g) =
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
1Probabilities
2 3 and4 Statistics
5
=
5 6Probabilities(f! ; ! g) = =
and P and Statistics
1 2 1Probabilities
6. Weand Statisticsthe following
define Probabilities random
and Statistics

events = f! ; ! ; ! ; ! g = f! ; ! ; ! ; ! g
Probabilities and Statistics
A and1Statistics
Probabilities 2 4
Probabilities and Statistics
,B
5 Probabilities and
3 Statistics
4 5 6 Probabilities = f! ; ! ; !5g.
Probabilities and Statistics
and C and Statistics3 4
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
a)Probabilities
Events and A Statistics
and B are Probabilities
compatible? What about
and Statistics A and
Probabilities andC ?
Statistics

b)Probabilities
Compute and P ( [ ( n )) (
) ( [ )
Probabilities and Statistics
A B CProbabilities
Statistics , P AandB ( n )
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
, P A CProbabilities
Statistics and P and B Statistics
A.

= f! ; ! ; : : : ; ! g.
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
II.2. We consider
Probabilities a random
and Statistics experience
Probabilities having Probabilities
and Statistics 1 and2 Statistics 6
WeProbabilities
know that P (f! g) = (f! g) = =
Probabilities and Statistics
1
and Statistics
P (f! ; ! ; ! ; ! g) =
Probabilities and Statistics
1 6
2 and Statistics
Probabilities
and Probabilities and Statistics
P 2 3 and
Probabilities 4 Statistics
5
=
Probabilities
2 3. Let and = f! ; ! ; ! g
A Statistics3 4 Probabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
5 ; define and Statistics
a random event
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
B thatand Statistics
has to
Probabilities and Statistics
be incompatible
Probabilities and Statisticswith (but not and
Probabilities contrary
Statistics to) A. Probabilities and Statistics
a)Probabilities
Prove that ( [ )<
and Statistics B Probabilities
P A Probabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
and Statistics
1. and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
b)Probabilities
Compute and P ( n ) ( \ ) ( )
Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
A B ,P Probabilities
A Band, P Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
B and P (
)
Probabilities
A B and . Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
 Exercises - Probability Function
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
II.3. Let A
Probabilities and and B be two
Statistics random
Probabilities events associated
and Statistics with
Probabilities and a
Statistics
Probabilities
random experience ( n )=
and Statistics such Probabilities
that PandBStatistics
A = ( \ )=
1 Probabilities
3, P A andBStatistics =
1 6
and P ( n )= =
Probabilities and Statistics
A B
Probabilities and Statistics1 3.
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Compute ( ) (
) ( [ )
a)Probabilities and P
Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
A , P AProbabilities
B , P and A Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
( n )
B and PProbabilities
A B and . Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
b)Probabilities
Events and A Statistics
and B are complementary?
Probabilities and StatisticsA and B are compat-
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
ible? and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
II.4. Let
Probabilities and A and B be
Statistics two random
Probabilities and StatisticseventsProbabilities
associated with a
and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
random experience such that P A B ( n )=
Probabilities and Statistics
= ( \ )= =
Probabilities and Statistics
1 Probabilities
6, P A andBStatistics 1 6
( n )= =
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
andProbabilities
P B A 1 3.
and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Compute ( [ ) (
) ( \ )
Probabilities and Statistics
a)Probabilities P A
and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
B , P A B , P A
Probabilities and Statistics B and ( n )
Probabilities and Statistics
P A andBStatistics
Probabilities .
Probabilities
b) Events and Statistics
A and B are
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
compatibile?
Probabilities and Statistics
n
and StatisticsA andProbabilities
B A are and Statistics
comple-
Probabilities and Statistics
mentary?
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities
II.5. Let A and B be two random events such that and ( n )=
Statistics Probabilities
P AandB Statistics

= ( \ )= =
Probabilities and Statistics
2 7,Probabilities
P A and (
)= =
B Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
1 7 andProbabilities
P A Band Statistics 5 7.
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
a) Calculate P (A), P (B ), P (A [ B ), P (A n B ) and P (B n A).
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics

b) Events A and B are complementary? But compatible?

 Exercises - Probability Function
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
II.6. Let A
Probabilities and and B be two
Statistics random
Probabilities events associated
and Statistics with
Probabilities and a
Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics such
random experience Probabilities( n )=
that PandBStatistics
A = ( \ )=
2 Probabilities
5, P A andBStatistics =
1 5
and P ( )=
Probabilities and Statistics
A 5= 8.
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
a)Probabilities
Compute and P ( ) (
) ( [ )
Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
B , P AProbabilities
B , P and A Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
( n )
B and PProbabilities
A B and . Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
b)Probabilities
Events and A Statistics
and B are Probabilities
complementary?and Statistics But compatible?
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities
II.7. Let A and B be two random events associated and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
with a
Probabilities and Statistics
random experience
Probabilities and Statistics such ( n )=
Probabilities and Statistics
that PandAStatistics
Probabilities B = ( [ )=
Probabilities and Statistics
1 Probabilities
6, P A andBStatistics =
5 6
and P B A ( n )=
Probabilities and =
Statistics
1 3. Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics

( ) (
) ( \ ) ( n )
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
a)Probabilities
Calculate P A , P AProbabilities
and Statistics B , P and AStatistics
B and P A B and
Probabilities . Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
b)Probabilities
B and A are
and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
complementary? A and A
Probabilities and Statistics
n Probabilities and Statistics
B are compatible?
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
II.8. Weand Statistics a random
consider Probabilities
= f! ; ! ; : : : ; ! g.
and Statisticssuch that
experience Probabilities and1Statistics
2 6
We know that P (f! ; ! g) =
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics 2 Probabilities
3 =
1 3, P (f! ; ! ; ! ; ! ; ! g) = =
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
and Statistics 1 2Probabilities
3 4 and 5
5 Statistics 6
(f! ; ! g) = =
şi PProbabilities
4 5and Statistics
1 6. LetProbabilities
us defineandthe Statistics
followingProbabilities
randomandevents Statistics
= f! ; ! ; ! ; ! g
Probabilities and Statistics
A Probabilities
2 5 , B
3and 4Statistics = f! ; ! ; ! g
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
4 5 and6 Statistics = f! ; ! ; ! g
Probabilities and Statistics
and C Probabilities
1 4 and .
5 Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
a) A and B are complementary? What about A and B ?
( ) (
b) Compute P A [ C , P C n B and P A B . ) (
)
 Exercises - Probability Function
Probabilities and Statistics
II.9. We consider
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
a random experience
Probabilities with
= f! ; ! ; : : : ; ! g
and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
1
Probabilities 6 .
2 and Statistics
Probabilities
We knowandthat (f! ; ! ; ! g) = =
Statistics
P 2 Probabilities
4 6 and Statistics (f! ; ! g) = =
7 12, P Probabilities
3 5 and 1
Statistics
3 and
P (f! ; ! g) = =
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
2 and 4 Statistics5 12. We
Probabilities and Statistics
define the
Probabilities and Statisticsfollowing
Probabilities and Statistics
random events
Probabilities and Statistics
= f! ; ! ; ! g = f! ; ! ; ! ; ! g
A Probabilities
1 3and 5Statistics
,B
Probabilities and Statistics
1Probabilities
2 4 and6 Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
= f! ; ! g
and C Probabilities
1 6 .and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
a)Probabilities
Events and A Statistics
şi C are complementary to each other?
Probabilities and Statistics Events
Probabilities A
and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
and B sunt compatible?
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
b) Calculate ( [ ( \ )) (
) ( n ) ( n )
and Statistics
P A Probabilities
B C and , PStatistics
B C , PProbabilities
C A ,andPStatistics
B A
and and
Probabilities ( \ )
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
B C . Probabilities and Statistics
P Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
II.10. Consider
Probabilities and Statisticsa random experience
Probabilities and Statisticswith only six possible
Probabilities and Statisticsre-
sults
= f ; ;:::; g
Probabilities and
s1 s2Statistics Probabilities and
s6 . We know that P s2 s5Statistics(f ; g) = =
Probabilities 1and6Statistics
and
(f ; g) = (f ; ; ; g)
Probabilities and Statistics
2P Probabilities
s1 s4 and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
P s2 s3 Probabilities
s5 s6 ; and define
Probabilities and Statistics
the
Statistics following random
Probabilities and Statistics
=f ; ; ; g =f
Probabilities
events Aand Statistics
s1 s2 s4 sProbabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
5 , B ; ; ;
ands2Statistics g
s3 s5 s6 Probabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
=f
and C and Statistics;
s1 s4 . g
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
a) Events and Statistics
A and B are Probabilities and Statistics
compatible? What Probabilities
about Aand andStatistics
C?
( [ ( \ )) ( n ) ( \ )
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
b) Compute
Probabilities P B Probabilities
and Statistics A C ,andPStatistics A B and
C B , PProbabilities andStatistics
(
)
P A B .
 Exercises - Probability Function
Probabilities and Statistics
II.11. Consider
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
a randomProbabilities
experience having
and Statistics
=f
Probabilities and Statistics
; ;:::;
s1 s2 and Statistics
Probabilities g
s6 .
Probabilities
We knowandthat Statistics (f ; ;
P s1 Probabilitiesg) = =
s3 s6 and Statistics (f ;
2 5, P sProbabilities
2 s4 g) = =
and 2Statistics
5 and
(f ;
Probabilities ; g) = =
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
P s2 s4ands6Statistics 3 5. Probabilities
We define the following
and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
random
Probabilities events
and Statistics
=f ;
A Probabilities
s5 s6 and g =f ; ; ; g
, BStatisticss2 s4 Probabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
s5 s6 and =f
and Statistics
C
Probabilities and Statistics
; ; g
s1 s3Probabilities
s5 . and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
a)Probabilities
Events and A Statistics
and C are Probabilities
complementaryand Statisticsto eachProbabilities
other? and Statistics
Events
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
A and B
Probabilities and are compatible?
Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
b)Probabilities
Calculate ( [ ) (
)
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
P B C ,Probabilities
and Statistics
P A Cand and ( n )
Probabilities and Statistics
P C Probabilities
Statistics
A. and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
II.12. Consider a random experience with only six possible Probabilities and Statisticsre-

sults
=f
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities ; ;:::;
s1 s2
and Statistics gProbabilities and Statistics
s6 . Weandknow
Probabilities Statisticsthat P (f
s1 s2 and
Probabilities g) =
Probabilities and Statistics
; ; ; s4Statistics
s5
(f ; g)
2P Probabilities
s3 s6 andand (f
Statistics ; ;4 6g) = =
P s3 sProbabilities
s and1Statistics
2. Let usProbabilities
define and
the Statistics
fol-
Probabilities and Statistics
lowing random
Probabilities and Statistics =f ; ; g
Probabilities and Statistics
events AProbabilities s1 and
s2 Statistics
s5 , B =f g
Probabilities and Statistics
s4 and
Probabilities andC =
Statistics
f ; ; ; ; g
Probabilities
s2 s3ands5Statistics
s1 Probabilities s .
and 6Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
a) Events A and B are Probabilities and Statistics
compatible? What Probabilities
about Aand and Statistics
C?
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
b) Compute ( [ ) (
) ( n )
and Statistics
P B C Probabilities
, P A andBStatistics
, P C AProbabilities
and and Statistics
P (B \ (A [ C )).
 Exercises - Probability Function
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
II.13. Let us
Probabilities andconsider
Statistics a random
Probabilitiesexperience
and Statistics whose sample
Probabilities andspace
Statistics
is
= f! ; ! ; ! ; ! ; ! g
Probabilities and
1 Statistics
2 3 4 Probabilities
5 . What and Statistics Probabilities
of the following and Statistics
functions can
be a probability

Probabilities and Statistics

on
Probabilities and Statistics ?
Probabilities and Statistics
Why?
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics

(! ) = ; (! ) =
Probabilities and1Statistics
a) P and
Probabilities 1 StatisticsP
3
1
; (! ) = ; (! ) = ; (! ) =
Probabilities 1
and Statistics 1
Probabilities
P and3 Statistics P 4Probabilities
2 Probabilities
9 3 9
1
and Statistics
Pand 5Statistics ;
9
Probabilities and 1 Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities
1 and Statistics
(! ) = ; (! ) =
Probabilities
b) P and 1 Statistics
Probabilities and 4
P
Statistics
2
1
8
;
Probabilities
P (! ) = ; (! ) = ; (! ) =
and
Probabilities
3Statistics
1
4
and Statistics
PProbabilities
4 andPStatistics
5
2 and Statistics
Probabilities
3 and Statistics
Probabilities Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
;
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
8
(! ) = (! ) = (! ) = (! ) = (! ) =
Probabilities and Statistics
1 Probabilities
1 and Statistics
1 Probabilities
1 and Statistics3
c)Probabilities
P 1 and Statistics; P 2 ;
Probabilities ;
P 3 and Statistics ;
P 4 Probabilities
P 5and Statistics .
2
Probabilities and Statistics 8
Probabilities 8
and Statistics 8 and Statistics8
Probabilities
II.14. Let and
Probabilities A Statistics
and B be Probabilities
two random events associated
and Statistics with
Probabilities and a
Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
random experience such Probabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
that P A ( \ )= = ( )= =
Probabilities and Statistics
B
and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
1 4, P A 1 3,
Probabilities and Statistics
and P B ( )=
Probabilities and =
Statistics Probabilities ( [ ) ( n ) ( n )
and Statistics
1 2. Compute P A B , P A B , P B A , Probabilities and Statistics
andP ( [ )
Probabilities and Statistics
A B .
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
II.15. Let andA Statistics
and B be Probabilities
two random and Statistics Probabilities and
events associated Statistics
with a
random experience such that P A [ B
Probabilities and Statistics
3=4, P A \ B ( )=
Probabilities and Statistics
( ) = 1=6
Probabilities and Statistics

şi P B ( )=
4=5. Compute the probabilities for A, A, B ( n A),
 Exercises - Probability Function
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
II.16. Let Aandand Statistics
B be two Probabilities
disjointandrandom
Statistics events
Probabilities
with P ( )=
and A
Statistics
: ( )=
Probabilities and Statistics
0 3 Probabilities
and P Band Statistics : Probabilities and Statistics
0 5. What is the probability
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
of Probabilities
the eventand Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
a)Probabilities
exactly and one of the two
Statistics events and
Probabilities occur?
Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
b)Probabilities
B occurandbut A doesn’t
Statistics ?
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
c)Probabilities
both events occur? Probabilities and Statistics
and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
II.17. Two and
Probabilities senior, s1 and Probabilities
Statistics s2 and three juniors j1Probabilities
and Statistics , j2 and jand 3 are in
Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
a chess tournament. Probabilities
Any senior andisStatistics
twice as likelyProbabilities
to winand Statistics
as any
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
junior. and Statistics
Probabilities Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
a) Findandthe
Probabilities chances that
Statistics a junior
Probabilities wins the Probabilities
and Statistics tournament. and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
b) What
Probabilities andis the probability
Statistics that
Probabilities s1 or j1 wins
and Statistics the tournament?
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
 Exercises - Probability Function
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
II.18. Outand ofStatistics
the students Probabilities
in a and %
Statistics
class, 60 areProbabilities
geniuses, %
and Statistics
70
Probabilities and Statistics
loveProbabilities
chocolate, and 40
and Statistics %Probabilities and Statistics
fall into both
Probabilities and Statistics
categories.
Probabilities and Statistics Determine the
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
probability that a randomly selected student is neither a genius Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
nor a chocolate
Probabilities lover. Probabilities and Statistics
and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
II.19. US and Statistics signs
president Probabilities
in to andlaw Statistics Probabilities
a resolution onlyandifStatistics
this
Probabilities and Statistics
resolution
Probabilitiesisandvoted
Probabilities and Statistics
Statisticsin both Congress
Probabilities and Senate.
and Statistics %
Probabilities and Statistics
60 andof
Probabilities all
Statistics
Probabilities
resolution andpass
Statistics Probabilities
the Congress,
Probabilities and Statistics
%
70and Statistics Probabilities
pass the Senate,
Probabilities and Statistics
andand80 %
Statistics
pass
Probabilities and Statistics
at least of
Probabilities one of the Probabilities
and Statistics two chambers. and StatisticsCompute the probability
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
that
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
a) a certain
Probabilities resolution
and Statistics comes and
Probabilities to Statistics
president, Probabilities and Statistics
b)Probabilities
a certain and Statistics
resolution
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
passes Probabilities and Statistics
exactly one ofProbabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
the twoand chambers.
Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
 Exercises - Probability Function
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
II.20. A student
Probabilities has toProbabilities
and Statistics choose and two between Probabilities
Statistics three faculative
and Statistics
Probabilities
courses: and Statistics Maths,
French, Probabilities and StatisticsHe chooses
and History. Probabilities and Statistics
History with
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
probability 5 = 8, French
Probabilities and Statistics with probability
Probabilities and Statistics 5= 8, and chooses both
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
History and and Statistics
French with probability =
Probabilities and1Statistics
4. What isProbabilities and Statistics
the probability
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
thatProbabilities
he willandchoose
Statistics Maths? Butandthe
Probabilities probability
Statistics that and
Probabilities heStatistics
will
Probabilities
choose Historyand Statistics
or French?Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
II.21. Three
Probabilities horses compete
and Statistics in Statistics
Probabilities and arace: H1Probabilities
, H2 , and and H 3 . H1
Statistics
has twice the chances to win compared to H2 , and H2 twiceStatistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and the
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
chances to win compared
Probabilities and Statistics to H 3 .
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
a)Probabilities
What are the probabilities
and Statistics of winning
Probabilities and Statistics of the three horses?
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
b) What and is
Statistics Probabilitiesthat
the probability and Statistics
the first or Probabilities
the second and Statistics
horse
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
doesn’t
Probabilities win?
and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
II.22. Let A and B beProbabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
two random events. Show
and Statistics
that
Probabilities and Statistics
( \ )=
a)Probabilities
P A B ( ) ( )+ ( \ )
and Statistics
1 P AProbabilitiesP Band Statistics
P A B Probabilities
; and Statistics

b) P (A [ B ) = P (A n B ) + P (A \ B ) + P (B n A);
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics

c) P (A
B ) = P (A) 2P (A \ B ) + P (B ).
 Exercises - Probability Function
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
II.23. Prove
Probabilities the following
and Statistics identities
Probabilities (A, B , and
and Statistics C are
Probabilities and three
Statistics
Probabilities
random events)and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
(
Probabilities \
a) P Aand Statistics
B ) + [( n ) [ ( n )] + ( \ ) =
P AProbabilities
B and Statistics
B A P AProbabilities
B and 1; Statistics
( \
b) P Aand Statistics
Probabilities B )+ ( )+ ( \ )=
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
P A Probabilities
P A andBStatistics1;
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
(
Probabilities \
c) P Aand Statistics
B C \ )+ ( )+ ( \ )+ ( \ \ )=
Probabilities and Statistics
P A
Probabilities and Statistics
PandAStatistics
Probabilities B
Probabilities and Statistics
P Probabilities
A B and CStatistics
1;
d) P A B( \
Probabilities and) ( ) ( )= ( \ ) ( ) ( )
Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
P AP B Probabilities and
P A B Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
P AP B . and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
II.24. Let A1 , A2 andProbabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
A3 be three random events.
and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
a)Probabilities
When the and Statistics
following
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
relation holds
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Probabilities and Statistics
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( \( [ )) = ( \ )+ ( \ )+ ( \ \ )?
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P Aand
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Probabilities
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b)Probabilities
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= P (A1 \ A2) + P (A2 \ A3) + P (A3 \ A1):
 Exercises - Probability Function
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
II.25*. Two students X Probabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
and Y follow a courseProbabilities
and Statistics
for which one
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Probabilities
could getandone Statistics Probabilities
of the three and Statistics
grades: A, B or Probabilities and Statistics
C. The probability
that X gets
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B is 0 3; the
Probabilities and Statistics
probability
Probabilities that Y Probabilities
and Statistics :
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gets B isand0Statistics
4. The
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probability that neither get A but at least one gets B 0 1. What :
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is the probability
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and Statistics are ten and balls numbered
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Probabilities 10; we
Probabilities
randomly and Statistics
select two balls Probabilities
from theand Statistics
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the probability
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thatProbabilities
the sum andof the numbers
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if and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
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the twoand balls are simultaneously
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Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
b)Probabilities
the twoand balls are selected
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one without removing?
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Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
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the twoand balls are selected
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Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
 Exercises - Probability Function
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
II.27*. For a biased die Probabilities
Probabilities and Statistics
the probability of occurrence
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of a face
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
is proportional with the Probabilities
number andon
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that face.Probabilities
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die.
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Probabilities
a) What andis
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the probability thatand Statistics
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number? and Statistics
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Probabilities
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the probability thatand Statistics
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number? and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
II.28. Aand dieStatistics
is weighted Probabilities
so thatand Statistics
the even numbers Probabilities
have andthe
Statistics
same
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chance ofandappearing,
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Probabilities and Statisticshave Probabilities
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appearing, and Statistics
each even Probabilities
number and Statisticsas likely
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to appear as
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anyProbabilities
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and Statistics probability
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Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
a)Probabilities
a primeandnumber Statistics appears;
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Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
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an evenand number
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Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
c)Probabilities
an odd and prime numberProbabilities
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Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
 Exercises - Probability Function
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
II.29. A six-sided
Probabilities die is Probabilities
and Statistics loaded inanda Statistics
way that each evenandface
Probabilities is
Statistics
Probabilities
twice as and Statistics
likely as each Probabilities
odd face.andAll Statistics
even faces Probabilities
are equallyand Statistics
likely,
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as are all odd faces.
Probabilities and Statistics Find the probability
Probabilities and Statistics that the outcome is
Probabilities and Statistics
a)Probabilities
an odd and Statistics
number;
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
b)Probabilities
less than and4;
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Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
c)Probabilities
an evenand prime number.
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Probabilities and Statistics
II.30. A fair die is rolled Probabilities
three and times;
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is more andlikely:
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Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
sum of 11
Probabilities andor a sum of Probabilities
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Statistics Pascal.)
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
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Probabilities and Statistics
:
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B and0Statistics
8, show that
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( \ )>
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P A andBStatistics
Probabilities and Statistics
:
0 7.Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
a)Probabilities
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Probabilities and Statistics
P A B Probabilities
and Statistics P A and Statistics
P B
Probabilities and Statistics
1. Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
b) Prove by induction the Bonferroni inequality: given Probabilities and Statistics
n ran-
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
dom events A
Probabilities and Statistics 1 ; A ;::: A
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n and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics \ !
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Probabilities and Statistics
P Probabilities
Ai > ( )
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P Ai + :
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n 1
i =1 i =1
 Exercises - Probability Function
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
II.32*. Let and
Probabilities usStatistics
consider a Probabilities
random experience
and Statistics having an infinitely
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
countable elementary results: Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics

= f! ; ! ; : : : ; !
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1 2 ; : : :g:
Probabilities and Statistics
and Statistics
n
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
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a)Probabilities
Show that and Statistics
is not possibleProbabilities
thatand allStatistics
elementaryProbabilities
randomandevents Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
have the
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Probabilities and Statistics events have positive
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Probabilities and Statistics
probabilities? Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
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II.33*. Consider Probabilities and Statistics having
experience Probabilities
the sample and Statistics
space

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Probabilities and Statistics: P (
)  P (
) ! [ ; ]
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0 1
Probabilities and Statistics , defined by d (A ; B )=
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Probabilities and Statistics
P A (
)
Probabilities
B , isanda Statistics
metric on the
Probabilities and Statistics
P (
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family and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics
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Probabilities and Statistics
 Exercises - Probability Function
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
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Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
II.34**.andLet
Probabilities ;
Statistics ;:::;
A1 A2 ProbabilitiesAn be and random
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Probabilities the fol-
and Statistics
Probabilities
lowing and Statistics
properties: Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
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(i) A  A
i and Statistics
Probabilities j 8 = ;
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n;
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Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities6
j =and
i Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
\
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Probabilities
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Probabilitiesn and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
[ X n
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=
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and i ( )
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i =Statistics
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there exists at most Probabilities 6=
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 Bibliography
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
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Probabilities D. P., J.Probabilities
and Statistics N. Tsitsiklis, Introduction
and Statistics toand Statistics
Probabilities
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities
Probability, Athena Scietific, 2002. and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Gordon, H., Discrete
Probabilities and Statistics
Probability, Springer
Probabilities and Statistics
Verlag, New
Probabilities and Statistics
York, 1997.
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
Lipschutz, and Statistics
S., TheoryProbabilities
and Problemsand Statisticsof Probability,
Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Schaum’s Outline Series,
Probabilities and Statistics
McGraw-Hill, 1965.
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Ross, S. M., A
Probabilities and StatisticsFirst Course in Probability
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Probabilities Hall,
and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics1998. Probabilities and Statistics
5th edition, Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
Probabilities
Stone, and C.
Statistics
J., A CourseProbabilities
in and Statistics
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Duxbury
Probabilities Press, 1996.
and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics
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Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics Probabilities and Statistics