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1) Limits describe the value a function approaches as the input approaches some value and are essential to calculus. 2) Differentiation is a measure of how a function changes with respect to changes in the input. It describes the best linear approximation of a function near an input value. 3) Integration is the inverse process of differentiation and involves calculating the area under a curve defined by a function. Together, differentiation and integration are the two main operations in calculus.

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Khaled AlShikh
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5K views

Math Project

1) Limits describe the value a function approaches as the input approaches some value and are essential to calculus. 2) Differentiation is a measure of how a function changes with respect to changes in the input. It describes the best linear approximation of a function near an input value. 3) Integration is the inverse process of differentiation and involves calculating the area under a curve defined by a function. Together, differentiation and integration are the two main operations in calculus.

Uploaded by

Khaled AlShikh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Calculus: Limits, Differentiation, and Integration


Grade: 12 Al Riyada
Limits
In mathematics, the concept of a "limit" is used to describe the value that a function or
sequence "approaches" as the input or index approaches some value. Limits are essential to
calculus (and mathematical analysis in general) and are used to define continuity,
.derivatives, and integrals

The concept of a limit of a sequence is further generalized to the concept of a limit of a


.topological net, and is closely related to limit and direct limit in category theory

In formulas, limit is usually abbreviated as lim as in lim(an) = a, and the fact of approaching
a limit is represented by the right arrow (→) as in an → a

:Real Life Examples


A sky diver or any object reaching terminal velocity when falling. This happens when the -1
force of air pushing up on the object due to its shape and speed equals the force down due
.to gravity

A fox population hunting rabbits. Depending on the number of foxes and rabbits and -2
their death rates and hunting rates, after a long time, or the limit of the populations can
.reach stable levels, can be cyclic, or both die out and eventually reach a limit of zero

:Problems
Differentiation
In calculus, a branch of mathematics, the derivative is a measure of how a function changes
as its input changes. Loosely speaking, a derivative can be thought of as how much one
quantity is changing in response to changes in some other quantity; for example, the
derivative of the position of a moving object with respect to time is the object's
.instantaneous velocity

The derivative of a function at a chosen input value describes the best linear approximation
of the function near that input value. For a real-valued function of a single real variable, the
derivative at a point equals the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at that
point. In higher dimensions, the derivative of a function at a point is a linear transformation
.called the linearization. A closely related notion is the differential of a function

The process of finding a derivative is called differentiation. The reverse process is called
antidifferentiation. The fundamental theorem of calculus states that antidifferentiation is
the same as integration. Differentiation and integration constitute the two fundamental
.operations in single-variable calculus

:Real Life Examples


Engineers use differentiation to find the rate of certain things (e.g. rate which -1
water will flow down the side of a construction which they plan to build). These
rates may seem simple, but if not calculated properly, can cause an unsafe, or
.problematic buildings to be built up

Basically
we use them to measure how a system changes with time. Like in a chemical reaction of say,
oxygen+hydrogen goes to water, we can use the derivative of the rate equation to measure
how long it will take for a certain percentage of the reactants to be turned into products.
.This is vital for industrial processes

:Problems
Find y' = dy/dx for x3 + y3 = 4, D ( x3 + y3 ) = D ( 4 ), D ( x3 ) + D ( y3 ) = D ( 4 ) ,

3x2 + 3y2 y' = 0, 3y2 y' = - 3x2,


Integration
Integration is an important concept in mathematics and, together with its inverse,
differentiation, is one of the two main operations in calculus. Given a function f of a real
variable x and an interval [a, b] of the real line, the definite integral is defined informally to
be the area of the region in the xy-plane bounded by the graph of f, the x-axis, and the
vertical lines x = a and x = b, such that areas above the axis add to the total, and the area
.below the x axis subtract from the total

The term integral may also refer to the notion of antiderivative, a function F whose
:derivative is the given function f. In this case, it is called an indefinite integral and is written

The principles of integration were formulated independently by Isaac Newton and


Gottfried Leibniz in the late 17th century. Through the fundamental theorem of calculus,
which they independently developed, integration is connected with differentiation: if f is a
continuous real-valued function defined on a closed interval [a, b], then, once an
antiderivative F of f is known, the definite integral of f over that interval is given by

:Real Life Examples


Computer components Monitor,CPU,Mouse,Keyboard etc. can be tested seperately if it -1
works, but cannot perform independently. But only when all these individual components
are connected thro appropriate cables and installing neccessary softwares, it works as a PC
(personal computer). After this 'Integration' process, all components are able to perform
.and communicate with each other

In day to day life we use mobile phones. Now we can send messages to any other mobile
irrespective of mobile manufacturer and service provider. Our main intention would be
communication between mobile phones.Consider sender and receiver as two different
.modules so integration is successful if we can receive what sender has sent and vice versa

:Problems

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