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Call Setup: Access Schemes

CDMA uses unique spreading codes to transmit signals below the noise level. The receiver uses a correlator to despread the wanted signal and filter out unwanted signals. CDMA allows all users to transmit on the same frequency by assigning each user a unique code. Power control is important in CDMA systems to limit interference and maintain sufficient signal quality as users move between cells. Soft handovers allow connections to multiple base stations to reduce power requirements and increase capacity as users move between cells.

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43 views

Call Setup: Access Schemes

CDMA uses unique spreading codes to transmit signals below the noise level. The receiver uses a correlator to despread the wanted signal and filter out unwanted signals. CDMA allows all users to transmit on the same frequency by assigning each user a unique code. Power control is important in CDMA systems to limit interference and maintain sufficient signal quality as users move between cells. Soft handovers allow connections to multiple base stations to reduce power requirements and increase capacity as users move between cells.

Uploaded by

rohitkrrangra
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Call Setup

Basic Mobile Originating Call Diagram


CDMA:-

CDMA Overview

ACCESS SCHEMES
For radio systems there are two resources, frequency and time. Division by frequency, so that
each pair of communicators is allocated part of the spectrum for all of the time, results in
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA). Division by time, so that each pair of
communicators is allocated all (or at least a large part) of the spectrum for part of the time
results in Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). In Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA),
every communicator will be allocated the entire spectrum all of the time. CDMA uses codes to
identify connections.

Multiple Access Schemes

CODING

CDMA uses unique spreading codes to spread the baseband data before transmission. The signal
is transmitted in a channel, which is below noise level. The receiver then uses a correlator to
despread the wanted signal, which is passed through a narrow bandpass filter. Unwanted signals
will not be despread and will not pass through the filter. Codes take the form of a carefully
designed one/zero sequence produced at a much higher rate than that of the baseband data. The
rate of a spreading code is referred to as chip rate rather than bit rate.
See coding process page for more details.
CDMA spreading

CODES

CDMA codes are not required to provide call security, but create a uniqueness to enable call
identification. Codes should not correlate to other codes or time shifted version of itself.
Spreading codes are noise like pseudo-random codes, channel codes are designed for maximum
separation from each other and cell identification codes are balanced not to correlate to other
codes of itself.
See codes page for more details.
Example OVSF codes, used in channel coding

THE SPREADING PROCESS

WCDMA uses Direct Sequence spreading, where spreading process is done by directly
combining the baseband information to high chip rate binary code. The Spreading Factor is the
ratio of the chips (UMTS = 3.84Mchips/s) to baseband information rate. Spreading factors vary
from 4 to 512 in FDD UMTS. Spreading process gain can in expressed in dBs (Spreading factor
128 = 21dB gain).
See spreading page for more details.

CDMA spreading

POWER CONTROL

CDMA is interference limited multiple access system. Because all users transmit on the same
frequency, internal interference generated by the system is the most significant factor in
determining system capacity and call quality. The transmit power for each user must be reduced
to limit interference, however, the power should be enough to maintain the required Eb/No
(signal to noise ratio) for a satisfactory call quality. Maximum capacity is achieved when Eb/No
of every user is at the minimum level needed for the acceptable channel performance. As the MS
moves around, the RF environment continuously changes due to fast and slow fading, external
interference, shadowing , and other factors. The aim of the dynamic power control is to limit
transmitted power on both the links while maintaining link quality under all conditions.
Additional advantages are longer mobile battery life and longer life span of BTS power
amplifiers
See UMTS power control page for more details.

HANDOVER

Handover occurs when a call has to be passed from one cell to another as the user moves
between cells. In a traditional "hard" handover, the connection to the current cell is broken, and
then the connection to the new cell is made. This is known as a "break-before-make" handover.
Since all cells in CDMA use the same frequency, it is possible to make the connection to the new
cell before leaving the current cell. This is known as a "make-before-break" or "soft" handover.
Soft handovers require less power, which reduces interference and increases capacity. Mobile
can be connected to more that two BTS the handover. "Softer" handover is a special case of soft
handover where the radio links that are added and removed belong to the same Node B.
See Handover page for more details.

CDMA soft handover

MULTIPATH AND RAKE RECEIVERS

One of the main advantages of CDMA systems is the capability of using signals that arrive in the
receivers with different time delays. This phenomenon is called multipath. FDMA and TDMA,
which are narrow band systems, cannot discriminate between the multipath arrivals, and resort to
equalization to mitigate the negative effects of multipath. Due to its wide bandwidth and rake
receivers, CDMA uses the multipath signals and combines them to make an even stronger signal
at the receivers. CDMA subscriber units use rake receivers. This is essentially a set of several
receivers. One of the receivers (fingers) constantly searches for different multipaths and feeds the
information to the other three fingers. Each finger then demodulates the signal corresponding to
a strong multipath. The results are then combined together to make the signal stronger.

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