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Engineering and Numerical Analyses 8

1. The Frobenius method provides a power series solution to second order differential equations of the form y'' + (b(x)/x)y' + (c(x)/x)y = 0, where b(x) and c(x) are analytic at x=0. 2. The method involves writing a general power series solution and substituting it into the differential equation to obtain an indicial equation. 3. Depending on the roots of the indicial equation, there are three cases for the basis of solutions: distinct non-integer roots, a double root, or roots differing by an integer.

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37 views

Engineering and Numerical Analyses 8

1. The Frobenius method provides a power series solution to second order differential equations of the form y'' + (b(x)/x)y' + (c(x)/x)y = 0, where b(x) and c(x) are analytic at x=0. 2. The method involves writing a general power series solution and substituting it into the differential equation to obtain an indicial equation. 3. Depending on the roots of the indicial equation, there are three cases for the basis of solutions: distinct non-integer roots, a double root, or roots differing by an integer.

Uploaded by

شمس الضحى
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solution of 2nd order D.E.

by
Frobenius Method
(power series method)

University of Technology
Materials Engineering Dept.
Numerical and Engineering Analysis
By
Dr. Kadhum Muttar
Frobenius Method
Let b(x) and c(x) be any functions that are analytic at x = 0. Then the
ODE
b( x) c( x )
(1) y′′ + y′ + 2 y = 0
x x
has at least one solution that can be represented in the form
∞

(2) y( x)= x r
∑m
a x
m =0
m
= x r
( a0
+ a1
x + a 2
x 2
+ ) ( a0 ≠ 0)

where the exponent r may be any (real or complex) number


(and r is chosen so that a0 ≠ 0).
The ODE (1) also has a second solution (such that these two
solutions are linearly independent) that may be similar to (2) (with a
different r and different coefficients) or may contain a logarithmic
term.
Indicial Equation. Indicating the Form of
Solutions
We shall now explain the Frobenius method for solving (1).
Multiplication of (1) by x2 gives the more convenient form

(1’) x2y” + xb(x)y’ + c(x)y = 0.


We first expand b(x) and c(x) in power series,
b(x) = b0 + b1x + b2 x2 + … , c(x) = c0 + c1x + c2 x2 + … Then
we differentiate (2) term by term, finding
∞
y′( =
x) ∑ (
m =0
m + r ) a m
x m+ r −1
= x r −1
[ra0 + (r + 1)a1 x + ]

(2*) ∞
y′′(=
x) ∑ (
m=0
m + r )( m + r − 1) a m
x m+ r − 2

r −2
= x [r(r − 1)a0 + (r + 1)ra1 x + ].
By inserting all these series into (1’) we obtain

(3) x r [r(r − 1)a0 + ] + (b0 + b1 x + )x r (ra0 + )


+ (c0 + c1 x + )x r ( a0 + a1 x + ) =
0.

We now equate the sum of the coefficients of each power x’, x’r + 1,
x” r + 2, … to zero. This yields a system of equations involving the
unknown coefficients am. The smallest power is xr and the
corresponding equation is
[r(r − 1) + b0r + c0]a0 = 0.
Since by assumption a0 ≠ 0, the expression in the brackets
[ … ] must be zero. This gives
(4) r(r − 1) + b0r + c0 = 0.
This important quadratic equation is called the indicial equation
of the ODE (1).
Frobenius Method. Basis of
Solutions. Three Cases
Let r1 and r2 be the roots of the indicial equation (4). Then we
have the following three cases.

Case 1. Distinct Roots Not Differing by an Integer.


A basis is r1 2
(5) y1
( x )
= x ( a0
+ a1
x + a 2
x + )
and
(6) y2 ( x)= x r2 ( A0 + A1 x + A2 x 2 + )
with coefficients obtained successively from (3) with r = r1 and
r = r2, respectively.
Case 2. Double Root r1 = r2 = r
A basis is
(7) y1(x) = xr(a0 + a1x + a2 x2 + …) [r = (1 − b0)]
(of the same general form as before) and
(8) y2(x) = y1(x) ln x + xr(A1x + A2 x2 + …) (x > 0)
Case 3. Roots Differing by an Integer.
A basis is
(9) y1 ( x)= x r1 ( a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 +)
(of the same general form as before) and
r2 2
(10) y=
2
( x ) ky1
( x )ln x + x ( A0
+ A1
x + A2
x +),
where the roots are so denoted that r1 − r2 > 0 and k may turn out to be
zero.
For all cases y = y1 (x) + y2 (x)

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